Visual Annotated Bibliography
图书馆学专业英语词表
AACR 英美编目条例专英词汇表A detailed set of standardized rules for cataloging various types of library materials that had its origin in Catalog Rules: Author and Title Entries, published in 1908 under the auspices of the American Library Association and the Library Association (UK), and the A.L.A. Cataloging Rules for Author and Title Entries (1949), with its companion volume Rules for Descriptive Cataloging in the Library of Congress.academic library 高校图书馆; 学术图书馆A library that is an integral part of a college, university, or other institution of postsecondary education, administered to meet the information and research needs of its students, faculty, and staff. In the United States, the professional association for academic libraries and librarians is the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL), which publishes Standards for Libraries in Higher Education. Compare with research library. See also: college library, departmental library, graduate library, undergraduate library, and university library.accession 登录；登录文献To record in an accession list the addition of a bibliographic item to a library collection, whether acquired by purchase or exchange or as a gift. In automated libraries, the addition is usually recorded by enhancing a brief order record that is expanded in cataloging to become the full bibliographic record entered permanently in the catalog. Also refers to the material added. The process of making additions to a collection is known as accessions. The opposite of deaccession. Compare with acquisitions.acquisitions 采访（部）；采购（部）；收集The process of selecting, ordering, and receiving materials for library or archival collections by purchase, exchange, or gift, which may include budgeting and negotiating with outside agencies, such as publishers, dealers, and vendors, to obtain resources to meet the needs of the institution's clientele in the most economical and expeditious manner. Also refers to the department within a library responsible for selecting, ordering, and receiving new materials and for maintaining accurate records of such transactions,usually managed by an acquisitions librarian. In small libraries, the acquisitions librarian may also be responsible for collection development, but in most public and academic libraries, this responsibility is shared by all the librarians who have an active interest in collection building, usually on the basis of expertise and subject specialization. Compare with accession.almanac 年鉴;年历;历书Originally, a book introduced by the Moors to Spain, listing the days, weeks, and months of the year and providing information about festivals, holidays, astronomical phenomena, etc. In modern usage, an annual compendium of practical dates, facts, and statistics, current and/or retrospective, often arranged in tables to facilitate comparison. Almanacs can be general (example: World Almanac and Book of Facts) or related to a specific subject or academic discipline (Almanac of American Politics). Information Please is an example of a modern online almanac.American Library Association (ALA) 美国图书馆协会he leading professional association of public and academic libraries and librarians in the United States, the ALA was founded in Philadelphia in October 1876 by a group of library leaders (90 men and 13 women) that included Melvil Dewey. An "association of associations," the ALA is organized in divisions, each with its own officers, budget, and programs, and is closely tied to over 50 state and regional chapters. The Association also sponsors round tables on specific issues and topics and is affiliated with other independent library-related organizations. Its imprint is ALA Editions. The most widely read periodicals published by the ALA are the professional journal American Libraries and the review publication Booklist. The ALA is a member of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA).American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T)美国信息科学与技术学会An affiliate of the American Library Association, ASIS&T is a nonprofit association established in 1937 to provide opportunities for professionals in the information science field to communicate across the disciplines of library science, computer science, linguistics, mathematics, and the physical sciences. Formerly the American Society for Information Science (ASIS).annotated bibliography 提要式目A bibliography in which a brief explanatory or evaluative note is added to each reference or citation.录An annotation can be helpful to the researcher inevaluating whether the source is relevant to a giventopic or line of inquiry.archives 档案（资料）；档案馆An organized collection of the noncurrent records of the activities of a business, government, organization, institution, or other corporate body, or the personal papers of one or more individuals, families, or groups, retained permanently (or for a designated or indeterminate period of time) by their originator or a successor for their permanent historical, informational, evidential, legal, administrative, or monetary value, usually in a repository managed and maintained by a trained archivist. Also refers to the office or organization responsible for appraising, selecting, preserving, and providing access to archival materials.audiovisual (AV) 视听资料; 声像资料A work in a medium that combines sound and visual images, for example, a motion picture or videorecording with a sound track, or a slide presentation synchronized with audiotape. Also spelled audio-visual and abbreviated a-v.Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) 澳大利图书情报协会The professional association for the Australian library and information services sector, ALIA seeks to empower the library profession in the development, promotion, and delivery of quality services to all Australians, through leadership, advocacy, and mutual support. ALIA sponsors a biennial national conference, presents national and regional awards, and publishes Australian Library Journal (ALJ).auxiliary schedule 辅助分类表；辅表；复分表In library classification, a separate list of classes (with their notations) that serves only to subdivide the classes listed in the main schedules.Bback issue 过刊Any issue of a periodical that precedes the current issue. Back issues are usually retained in a back file, which may be stored in a different location in the periodicals section of a library, sometimes converted to a more compact format, such as microfilm or microfiche. In the catalog record, the extent of the back file is indicated in the holdings statement. Synonymous with back number.Banned Books Week 禁书周An annual event observed in the United States since 1981 during the last week of September, Banned Books Week is sponsored by the American Booksellers Association, American BooksellersFoundation for Free Expression, American Library Association, Association of American Publishers, American Society of Journalists and Authors, and National Association of College Stores and endorsed by the Center for the Book at the Library of Congress. Libraries and bookstores throughout the country celebrate the freedom to read by displaying recently banned books and books that have been banned throughout history.bibliographic instruction (BI) 图书馆指导; 文献检索教育Instructional programs designed to teach library users how to locate the information they need quickly and effectively. BI usually covers the library's system of organizing materials, the structure of the literature of the field, research methodologies appropriate to the discipline, and specific resources and finding tools (catalogs, indexes and abstracting services, bibliographic databases, etc.). Synonymous with library instruction and library orientation. Compare with user education.bibliography 书目Strictly speaking, a systematic list or enumeration of written works by a specific author or on a given subject, or that share one or more common characteristics (language, form, period, place of publication, etc.). A bibliography may be comprehensive or selective. Long bibliographies may be published serially or in book form. The person responsible for compiling a bibliography is the bibliographer. Compare with catalog.bibliotheca 藏书楼；藏书目录；文库From the Greek biblion ("book") and theke ("to place").A library or collection of books. Also refers to a list or catalog of books, especially one prepared by a bibliographer.bibliotherapy 阅读疗法The use of books selected on the basis of content in a planned reading program designed to facilitate the recovery of patients suffering from mental illness or emotional disturbance. Ideally, the process occurs in three phases: personal identification of the reader with a particular character in the recommended work, resulting in psychological catharsis, which leads to rational insight concerning the relevance of the solution suggested in the text to the reader's own experience. Assistance of a trained psychotherapist is advised. See also: readers' advisory.branch library 图书分An auxiliary service outlet in a library system, housed馆in a facility separate from the central library, which hasat least a basic collection of materials, a regular staff,and established hours, with a budget and policiesdetermined by the central library.British National Bibliography (BNB) 英国国家书目The most comprehensive record of books and first issues of serials published since 1950 in the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland, the BNB has been the responsibility of the British Library since the library's inception in 1973. Since 1990, bibliographic records created in accordance with international cataloging standards have been contributed by all the legal depository libraries in the UK, with CIP data on forthcoming titles provided by the Bibliographic Data Services. Coverage is selective, with emphasis on mainstream monographs available through regular book-buying channels. Research reports and non-trade monographs are recorded separately in the British National Bibliography for Report Literature. The BNB is available weekly in print, monthly on CD-ROM, and online.Ccall number 索书号A unique code printed on a label affixed to the outside of an item in a library collection, usually to the lower spine of a book or videocassette, also handwritten or printed on a label inside the item. Assigned by the cataloger, the call number is also displayed in the bibliographic record that represents the item in the library catalog, to identify the specific copy of the work and give its relative location on the shelf. In most collections, a call number is composed of a classification number followed by additional notation to make the call number unique.card catalog(ue) 卡片目录A list of the holdings of a library, printed, typed, or handwritten on catalog cards, each representing a single bibliographic item in the collection. Catalog cards are normally filed in a single alphabetical sequence (dictionary catalog), or in separate sections by author, title, and subject (divided catalog), in the long narrow drawers of a specially designed filing cabinet, usually constructed of wood.cataloging-in-publicati on (CIP) 在版编目A prepublication cataloging program in which participating publishers complete a standardized data sheet and submit it with the front matter or entire text of a new book (usually still in galleys) to the Library ofCongress for use in assigning an LCCN and preparing a bibliographic record, which is sent back to the publisher within 10 days to be printed on the verso of the title page. The Library of Congress distributes CIP records to large libraries, bibliographic utilities, and book vendors on a weekly basis to facilitate book processing. If incomplete, the initial record may be amended by the Library of Congress after the U.S. Copyright Office receives the deposit copy of the published work. The CIP Program began at the Library of Congress in 1971 and is used throughout the world. British spelling is cataloguing-in-publication.catalog 目录A comprehensive list of the books, periodicals, maps, and other materials in a given collection, arranged in systematic order to facilitate retrieval (usually alphabetically by author, title, and/or subject). In most modern libraries, the card catalog has been converted to machine-readable bibliographic records and is available online. The preparation of entries for a library catalog (called cataloging) is performed by a librarian known as a cataloger. British spelling is catalogue. Abbreviated cat. Compare with bibliography and index.central library 图书总馆The administrative center of a library system where system-wide management decisions are made, centralized technical processing is conducted, and principal collections are located. Synonymous with main library. See also: branch library.Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP) 英国特许图书情报专业人员协会A new professional association formed in April 2002 by the union of the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS) and the Library Association (UK), CILIP is now is the leading professional body for librarians, information specialists, and knowledge managers in the UK, with nearly 23,000 members working in all sectors, including business and industry, science and technology, education, local and central government, health services, national and public libraries, and the voluntary sector.chief information officer (CIO) 首席信息官The title of the person in a commercial company or nonprofit organization who is responsible for managing the flow of official information, including computing and any library services - a relatively new position in companies and organizations that recognize the need for such a management function.children's librarian 儿 A librarian who specializes in services and collections童图书馆员for children up to the age of 12-13. Most children'slibrarians have extensive knowledge of children'sliterature and are trained in the art of storytelling.church library 教会图书馆A library maintained on the premises of a house of worship, containing books, pamphlets, and other materials related to its faith and to the history of the institution. Very old church libraries often have rare books and manuscripts in their collections, for example, the Hereford Cathedral Library in England which owns a historical collection of chained books. Cathedral libraries may restrict the use of all or a portion of their holdings to readers who have a research interest in their collections (example: Canterbury Cathedral Library in England). Most synagogues also have a library, with some materials in Hebrew.circulating library 租借图书馆；租书处A type of library established by booksellers and other businessmen in Britain in the early 18th century that provided popular reading material to the general public for a limited period of time in exchange for payment of a modest fee (usually no more than a shilling per month), comparable to a modern rental collection. With the introduction of inexpensive paperback editions and the growth of public libraries in the early 20th century, interest in circulating libraries declined. Synonymous with two-penny library. Compare with subscription library.circulation 流通The process of checking books and other materials in and out of a library. Also refers to the total number of items checked out by library borrowers over a designated period of time and to the number of times a given item is checked out during a fixed period of time, usually one year.classification schedule 分类表The names assigned to the classes and subdivisions of a classification system, listed in the order of their symbolic notation. In a hierarchical classification system, the arrangement of the schedule(s) indicates logical subordination. For example, in Dewey Decimal Classification the schedules consist of the class numbers 000-999, the associated headings, and notes concerning use, with logical hierarchy indicated by indention and length of notation.classification scheme分类法; 分类系统See: classification system.classification system 分类系统; 分类法A list of classes arranged according to a set of pre-established principles for the purpose of organizing items in a collection, or entries in an index, bibliography, or catalog, into groups based on their similarities and differences, to facilitate access and retrieval. In the United States, most library collections are classified by subject. In the United States, most public libraries use Dewey Decimal Classification, but academic and research libraries prefer Library of Congress Classification.classification 分类The process of dividing objects or concepts into logically hierarchical classes, subclasses, and sub-subclasses based on the characteristics they have in common and those that distinguish them. Also used as a shortened form of the term classification system or classification scheme.class 类；类别；等级A grouping of objects or concepts based on one or more characteristics, attributes, properties, qualities, etc., that they have in common, for the purpose of classifying them according to an established system, represented in library classification systems by a symbolic notation. In hierarchical classification systems, the members of a class (example: books) are divided into subclasses (children's books), which are in turn subdivided into more specific subclasses (picture books), and so on.In human resources management, a group of positions within an organization for which the qualifications, duties, responsibilities, evaluation procedures, etc., are comparable and which share the same scale of rank and pay. In library employment, positions are typically classified as follows: library director, librarian, library technician, library technical assistant, and clerical assistant.closed reserve 闭架保存资料；闭架保存馆藏An item on reserve that may be checked out by a registered borrower but may not be removed from library premises. Also, a reserve collection shelved in a closed stack from which requested items must be retrieved by a member of the library staff. Compare with open reserve.closed stacks 闭架A shelving area in a library to which only members of the library staff have access, established to protect the collection or conserve space by using aisles narrower than the width that is standard in open stacks.Materials are retrieved from closed stacks by staff members upon request.collaborative reference 协作参考咨询A mode of digital reference in which reference questions are routed to reference librarians at different institutions, based on such criteria as expertise, availability, etc. The QuestionPoint service developed by OCLC and the Library of Congress, with input from participating members of the Global Reference Network, is an example of such a service. Compare with cooperative reference.college library 学院图书馆A type of academic library maintained by an independent four-year college, or by one of several colleges within a larger university, for the use of students and faculty. The Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) has established Standards for Libraries in Higher Education (June 2004). Compare with undergraduate library.community information system (CIS) 社区信息系统A centralized source providing government, business, historical, and geographic information about a local community or small group of communities, intended primarily for the use of local residents, prospective residents, and visitors.community information 社区信息；社区信息格式A format in MARC 21 designed to carry descriptions of non-bibliographic resources that fulfill the information needs of a community, including programs, services, events, organizations, and individuals (storytellers, civic leaders, etc.).compact disc (CD) 激光唱盘；激光唱片A digital audiorecording medium introduced in 1982 capable of storing up to 74 minutes of high-fidelity stereophonic sound in a single spiral track on one side of a 4.75-inch disc, similar to the track on a phonograph record. Designed to be read by a laser beam and decoded inside a device called a CD player, compact discs not only provide clearer sound than phonograph records and audiotape but are capable of recording a much wider range of volume.In libraries, CDs are usually shelved separately, often in specially designed display cases. Some libraries provide listening equipment on the premises. In AACR2, the term "sound disc" is used in the physical description area of the bibliographic record representing a compact disc, with "digital" given as type of recording. See also: optical disk.conservation （文献）Physical or chemical intervention to ensure the survival修复；（文献）保护of manuscripts, books, and other documents, forexample, the storage of materials under controlledenvironmental conditions or the treatment ofmildew-infected paper with a chemical inhibitor.Non-invasive techniques are preferred as a means ofpreserving items in their original condition. In a moregeneral sense, any measures taken to protect archivalor library collections from damage or deterioration,including initial examination, documentation, treatment,and preventive care supported by research. Currentethical standards require respect for the historicalintegrity of the item. A person educated, trained, andexperienced in such procedures is a conservator.consortium （图书馆）联盟An association of independent libraries and/or library systems established by formal agreement, usually for the purpose of resource sharing. Membership may be restricted to a specific geographic region, type of library (public, academic, special), or subject specialization. In the United States, two leading examples are the Orbis Cascade Alliance, serving member colleges, universities, and community colleges in Oregon and Washington, and OhioLINK, serving the college and university libraries of Ohio and the Ohio State Library. Plural: consortia.cooperative reference 合作参考咨询Reference services provided by referring the user or the user's question(s) to library or information personnel at another institution, according to a formally established system of protocols, rather than on an informal case-by-case basis. When such services are provided digitally, the service is known as collaborative reference. The Reference and User Services Association (RUSA) of the American Library Association (ALA) has developed Guidelines for Cooperative Reference Service Policy Manuals (1998) to assist libraries in establishing and evaluating cooperative reference service.copyright 著作权；版权The exclusive legal rights granted by a government to an author, editor, compiler, composer, playwright, publisher, or distributor to publish, produce, sell, or distribute copies of a literary, musical, dramatic, artistic, or other work, within certain limitations (fair use and first sale). Copyright law also governs the right to prepare derivative works, reproduce a work or portions of it, and display or perform a work in public.corporate library 企业图书馆; 公司图书馆A type of special library established and maintained as a unit within an incorporated company or organization to meet the information needs of its employees and facilitate the achievement of its mission and goals. Some corporate libraries also serve as the repository for the official records of the organization. For internal security reasons, most corporate libraries are closed to the public except by special appointment. Synonymous with corporation library or company library.current awareness service 新书通报；最新资料通报；新知通报A service or publication designed to alert scholars, researchers, readers, customers, or employees to recently published literature in their field(s) of specialization, usually available in special libraries serving companies, organizations, and institutions in which access to current information is essential. Such services can be tailored to fit the interest profile of a specific individual or group. Synonymous with selective dissemination of information.current issue 现刊The latest number of a serial publication, bearing the most recent issue date. In some libraries, current issues are displayed with the front cover facing forward on sloping shelves or on a periodical stand to facilitate browsing. Back files are typically stored in a different location, sometimes on microfilm or microfiche to conserve space. Synonymous with current number. Compare with back issue.cybrarian 网络图书馆员A shortened form of cyberlibrarian, coined from the terms "cyberspace" and "librarian" to refer to a librarian whose work routinely involves information retrieval and dissemination via the Internet and the use of other online resources. Despite its catchy sound, the appellation has not been widely adopted within the library profession.Ddeaccession 注销馆藏（记录）The process of deleting from an accession record documents and other materials that are to be removed from a library collection. Also refers to any item so removed. The opposite of accession.departmental library 系资料室；系图书馆A type of academic library that serves the information and research needs of the faculty members of a department within an institution of higher learning, usually a large university. Departmental libraries are also used by students enrolled in courses in the discipline(s) taught by the department, especiallygraduate students. If acquisitions are funded through the department, selection is usually the responsibility of the teaching faculty in collaboration with the departmental librarian.deposit copy 呈缴本A copy of a new publication sent without charge to a copyright depository or other designated library by the author or publisher in compliance with national copyright law. In the United States, the deposit copy is sent with the completed copyright application form and copyright fee to the U.S. Copyright Office of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Synonymous with statutory copy.depository library 储存图书馆A library legally designated to receive without charge all or a portion of the government documents provided by the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) and other federal agencies to the Superintendent of Documents for distribution through the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP), having made a legal commitment to comply with federal regulations concerning maintenance and accessibility. Some federal depositories also collect publications issued by state government agencies. A regional depository library receives and retains permanently at least one copy of all the documents distributed through the FDLP, but a selective depository library receives only a percentage of the available publications and is required to retain them for a minimum of 5 years. Depository libraries are required to complete a self-study and/or undergo inspection at intervals of 6-7 years to assure compliance with FDLP rules and regulations. Compare with repository.descriptive cataloging 描述性编目The part of the library cataloging process concerned with identifying and describing the physical and bibliographic characteristics of the item, and with determining the name(s) and title(s) to be used as access points in the catalog, but not with the assignment of subject and form headings. In the United States, Great Britain, and Canada, descriptive cataloging is governed by Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR2).Dewey, Melvil (1851-1931) 麦威尔•杜威One of the founders of the American Library Association, Melvil Dewey served as editor of Library Journal from 1876 to 1881, published the Dewey Decimal Classification system in 1876, and served aslibrarian at Columbia University from 1883 to 1888, where he founded the first professional library school in 1887. He became the director of the New York State Library in Albany in 1888, taking the library school with him. Dewey was also a spokesman for professionalism in librarianship, for library education, and for equality of opportunity for women in the profession. A dynamic man, he also advocated standardization of library education, methods, tools, equipment, and supplies and was an advocate of spelling reform.Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) 杜威十进分类法A hierarchical system for classifying books and other library materials by subject, first published in 1876 by the librarian and educator Melvil Dewey, who divided human knowledge into 10 main classes, each of which is divided into 10 divisions, and so on. Developed and updated continuously for the past 125 years, most recently by a 10-member international Editorial Policy Committee (EPC), DDC is the most widely used classification system in the world. According to OCLC, it has been translated into 30 languages and is used by 200,000 libraries in 135 countries. The national bibliographies of 60 countries are organized according to DDC.digital divide 数字鸿沟A term coined by former Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Telecommunication and Communication Larry Irving, Jr., to focus public awareness on the gap in access to information resources and services between those with the means to purchase the computer hardware and software and necessary to connect to the Internet and low-income families and communities that cannot afford network access. Public libraries are helping to bridge the gap between information "haves" and "have-nots" with the assistance of substantial grants from industry leaders such as Bill Gates of Microsoft. The E-rate established by the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (TCA) has helped schools, public libraries, and rural health care institutions bridge the gap. Synonymous with information gap.Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI) 数字图书馆研究计划；数字图书馆工程A multi-agency interdisciplinary research program of the National Science Foundation (NSF) that provides grants to facilitate the creation of large knowledge bases, develop the information technology to access them effectively, and improve their usability in a wide。
文献注释Annotated Bibliography Sample Assignment
Annotated Bibliography: Study Abroad and Language ProficiencyStudent NameSchool NameDateAnnotated Bibliography: Study Abroad and Language Proficiency IntroductionThe following list of references centers on the topic of study abroad and subsequent language competency demonstrated by study abroad participants immersed in a foreign language. The list is comprised of various types of research in order to cover a broad spectrum of issues related to the subject in an effort to capture the diversity of variables involved in language development. While some of the publications are empirical, citing either qualitative or quantitative data (or both), others represent compilations of theory on the subject. Because language acquisition embodies a complex network of interaction involving, of course, the language itself, sociocultural considerations, explicit and implicit stimuli as well as individual behavioural factors,a combination of research methods is key to answering the question: how does study abroad influence participants’ language proficiency? The qualitative data is helpful because it provides perspective on wider social significance, while the quantitative studies included draw attention to specific trends in linguistic form on a more micro level of analysis. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the theoretically based references offer a framework from which to construct a critical examination of this topic.Bayley, R., & Regan, V. (2004). Introduction: The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 8(3), 323-338. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2004.00263.xThis chapter presents a diverse collection of studies providing sociolinguisticinquiry into L2 acquisition. Bayley and Regan, well-known authors on this topic,examine publications combining SLA with variationist (Labovian) linguistics,with conversation analysis, and with contextualized, sociolinguistic approaches.The evaluations of both the findings and principal research questions within thecited studies present a comprehensive discussion on language acquisition. Thisresource contributes to the understanding of sociolinguistic competence,recommending that these three themes not be isolated but integrated for a moreinterdisciplinary approach. Further, future considerations in L2 languageacquisition combining variation with gender, ethnographic analysis andpsycholinguistics are proposed.DeKeyser, R. (2010). Monitoring processes in Spanish as a second language during a study abroad program. Foreign Language Annals, 43(1), 80-92.doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2010.01061.xFrequently cited, this recent study substantiates the idea that motivation alone isnot enough to ensure success in language acquisition while studying abroad andthat adequate grammar (language study) preparation is an important factor. Thedata collected represents a broad range of strateg ies for evaluating the participants’ abilities and backgrounds prior to and following a 6-week study abroadexperience, providing a rich body of information from which to draw conclusions about factors influencing their learning experience.Dewey, D. P., Bown, J., Baker, W., Martinsen, R. A., Gold, C., & Eggett, D. (2014).Language use in six study abroad programs: An exploratory analysis of possiblepredictors. Language Learning, 64(1), 36-71. doi:10.1111/lang.12031An expansive study on several (6) study abroad locations, this study providesinsight into variables that influence language use both in and out of class duringstudy abroad. The two main factors contributing to increased language use wereage (older participants used the target language more) and the program itself. Iflanguage use is in fact a predictor of proficiency, these conclusions support theidea that more consideration of individual and cross-program characteristics isneeded in order to promote language development while studying abroad. George, A. (2014). Study abroad in central Spain: The development of regional phonological features. Foreign Language Annals, 47(1), 97-114.doi:10.1111/flan.12065Angela George is a professor of Spanish and Foreign Language Education.This article takes a phonological approach to Spanish language acquisition. Thestudy tested students’ interdental and uvular fricatives ([θ] and [χ]) at thebeginning, middle and at the end of a term abroad through three oral testingactivities. Most students were not able to demonstrate an ability to effectivelypronounce these sounds, and the few that could, were inconsistent in doing so.Further, the article presents several extralinguistic variables correlated with thedata on sound production providing the reader with a number of predictive factors to consider including prior contact with the target language while abroad,metalinguistic awareness, social network, and desire to learn and attitude. Kinginger, C. (2011). Enhancing language learning in study abroad. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31(Mar), 58-73. doi:10.1017/S0267190511000031An important resource by Celeste Kinginger, who is one of the foremostauthorities on study abroad, and who has published extensively on the topic, thisarticle provides extensive review and discussion on the literature available onstudy abroad and language learning. This resource is important to the presentresearch because it synopsizes leading research on the topic as well asmethodologies that have been utilized. This gives a broad understanding of thedata available at this time. This source also offers rationale for promoting greater social engagement during study abroad while supporting that with more integrated curriculum.Nadasdi, T., Mougeon, R., & Rehner, K. (2005). Learning to speak everyday (Canadian) French. The Canadian Modern Language Review / La Revue Canadienne DesLangues Vivantes, 61(4), 543-561. doi:10.1353/cml.2005.0035This Canadian publication presents a continuum of language proficiencydistinguishing between vernacular, informal and formal French language but takes an interesting approach by adding in a third category: the “hyper-formal” variant.Nadasdi, Mougeon and Rehner have done innovative research here, pointing outthat conventional classroom instruction often promotes proficiency in highlyformalized language instead of the more pragmatic, vernacular, informal or evenformal varieties. Several pedagogical strategies are provided, focusing on changes in input towards more contextualized and native-like French for improvedsociolinguistic competence. This resource is key to understanding the wayclassroom learning can influence language learning while studying abroad.Pérez-Vidal, C., & Juan-Garau, M. (2011). The effect of context and input conditions on oral and written development: A study abroad perspective. IRAL - InternationalReview of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 49(2), 157-185.doi:10.1515/iral.2011.008A comprehensive and current publication, this article reviews some of the keyvariables and research on predictors of success in study abroad languageacquisition. It summarizes two longitudinal studies carried out on the influence of formal instruction (FI) on oral and written performance over time following a 3-month study abroad experience. The results indicate that both oral and writtencompetency improved because of the study abroad experience, and that FI playeda key role, especially for advanced learners. Most significantly, those deemed“high achievers” in writing showed the following characteristics while abroad:higher interaction with target language speakers, living in families or apartments,simultaneous coursework, eagerness and self-awareness. In oral competency:employment opportunities while abroad, listening to media and living in residence with native speakers.Stewart, J. (2010). Using e-journals to assess students' language awareness and social identity during study abroad. Foreign Language Annals, 43(1), 138-159.doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2010.01064.xThis study utilizes an innovative way of extracting information about studentstudy abroad experience and language gain (including language awareness)through e-journaling. This resource is important because it includes the use oftechnology for language learning. These e-journals highlighted a number offactors influencing language awareness and social identity (gender, personalityand living situation, among others). The study also contributes to the body ofknowledge on social networks and their correlation with improved listening skills.The researcher, a professor of foreign languages at Eastern University, calls forfuture use of e-journaling as a tool for fostering awareness of language featuresand cultural and self-identity training prior to studying abroad.Yang, J., & Kim, T. (2011). Sociocultural analysis of second language learner beliefs: A qualitative case study of two study-abroad ESL learners. SYSTEM, 39(3), 325-334.doi:10.1016/j.system.2011.07.005This two-participant study provides transcribed interview data suggesting thatindividual beliefs combined with meaningful learning environment are the twomost significant factors in success in study abroad. Further, it concludes thatindividual perspectives evolve over time, changing learners’ goals throughout alearning experience. This points to the value of qualitative research on study abroad as it pertains to language acquisition. This recent publication reconfirms the fact that although the study abroad context provides an immersed learning environment, that alone is not an indicator of increased language proficiency, and more strategic planning must go into study abroad programming to promote positive outcome.。
图书情报专业词汇及缩写(中英双语)
a * annual年刊(鉴)A and I abstracting and indexing编制文摘和标引AA *Cataloguing Rules: Author and Title Entries英美条例AAC Anglo-American Code英美条例(规则)AACR *Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules英美编目条例AAL Association of Assistant Librarians [UK][英国]助理图书馆长协会AALS Association of American Library Shools美国图书馆学院协会AAP Association of American Publishers美国出版商协会AB automated bibliography自动化文献目录ABA American Booksellers Association美国书商协会ABACUS Association of Bibliographic Agencies of Britain,Australia,Canada and the United States英国、澳大利亚、加拿大与美国书目机构协会ABC (1) Abridged Building Classification [UDC][国际十进分类法] 建筑专业简表(2) American Bibliographical Center美国书目中心ABI advance book information form新书预告单ABPB Annual Bibliography of the Printed Books and Libraries [Holland][荷兰]《印本图书与文库书目年刊》abr. * abridgment节略(本),摘要abs. * abstract摘要,文摘ABTICS Abstract and Book Title Index Card Service [UK][英国]文摘与图书书名索引卡片服务ACORDD Advisory Committee for the Research and Development Department [BL,UK] [英国图书馆]研究与发展部咨询委员会ACRILIS Australian Centre for Research in Library and Information Science 澳大利亚图书馆与情报学研究中心ACRL Association of College and Research Libraries[USA][美国]学院图书馆与参考图书馆协会ACSTI Advisory Committee for Scientific and Technical Information[UK][英国]科技情报咨询委员会act. std. actual standard现行标准ad. * addenda补遗,附录ADA (1) automatic data acquisition自动数据收集(2) automatic document analysis自动文献分析ADAM automatic document abstracting method自动编制文摘方法adap. adapted改写(编)的ADI * American Documentation I nstitute美国文献学会ADONIS * Article Delivery Over Network Information Systems ADONIS 系统,网络文章提供情报系统ADP (1) American Data Pro.cessing,Inc.美国数据处理公司(2) automatic data processing自动数据处理ADPC automatic data processing center自动化数据处理中心ADPS automatic data processing system自动化数据处理系统ADRS Automatic Document Request Service [BLLD][不列颠(英国)图书馆外借部]自动文献需求服务A.D.S. autograph document signed签署人手迹文件ADX automatic data exchange自动数据交换AFIPS American Federation of Information Processing Societies 美国信息处理学会联合会AFLA Asian Federation of Library Associations亚洲图书馆协会联合会AFNOR Association Francaise de Normalisation法国标准化学会AFP * associative file processor相联文件处理机AFR automatic field/format recognition字段格式自动识别AFSARI automation for storage and retrieval of information情报存贮与检索自动化AGLINET Agricultural Libraries Information Network[UN][联合国]农业图书馆情报网络AGRIS * Agricultural I nformation System [FAO][联合国粮农组织]农业情报系统AIC automatic information center自动化情报中心AID (1) automatic information distribution自动情报分发[系统](2) International Association of Documentalists and Information Officers 国际文献与情报工作者协会AIDS automated information dissemination system自动情报提供系统AIDUS automated input and document update system自动化输入与文献更新系统AIL Association of International Libraries国际图书馆协会AIRS (1) automatic image retreval system自动影像检索系统(2) automatic information retrieval system自动情报检索系统AKWIC author-and-keywordin-context上下文关键词及作者索引ALA * American Library Association美国图书馆协会ALAS automated literature alerting system自动化文献快报系统ALBIS Australian LibraryBased Information System澳大利亚图书馆情报系统ALDP automatic languagedata processing自动语言数据处理ALG Automation in Libraries Group [UK][英国]图书馆自动化小组ALIS automated library information system自动化图书馆情报系统ALMS automated library management system自动化图书馆管理系统ALPHA automated literature processing,handling and analysis文献自动化处理、加工与分析A.L.S. autograph letter signed签署人手迹信件ALS Automated Library System [Company,Ltd.]自动化图书馆系统[公司]AMACUS automated microfilm aperture card updating system自动缩微胶卷窗孔卡片更新系统AMFIS automatic microfilm information system自动缩微胶卷情报系统A.Ms.S. autograph manuscri t signed签署人手迹手稿A.N. absque nota出版情况不详ANA American National Archives美国国家档案馆ann * annual年刊(鉴)Ann.Rep. annual report年报annot. (1) annotated注释的,提要的(2) * annotation注解(释),提要A.N.S. autograph note signed签署人手迹记录ANSI American National Standards Institute美国国家标准学会ANSTEL Australian National Scientific and Technological Library 澳大利亚国家科学技术图书馆antq. antique珍本,古旧书anx. * annex[e]附录(件)app. * appendix附录appx. * appendix附录APR annual progress report年度进展报告AR (1) accession/report num,ber索取或报告号(2) annual report年报ARL Association of Research Libraries [USA][美国]研究图书馆协会ARLIS Art Libraries Society[UK][英国]艺术图书馆学会art. * article论文,文章ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange美国信息交换用标准代码ASDI automatic (automated) selective dissemination of information自动化定题情报提供ASI (1) * alphabetical subject index字顺主题索引(2) American Society of Indexers美国标引员学会(3) * articulated subject index挂接主题索引ASIDIC Association of Information and Dissemination Centers[USA][美国]科技情报提供中心协会ASIS * American Society for Information Science美国情报科学学会ASLIB * Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux[UK][英国]专门图书馆及情报机构协会ASTED Association pour l’Avancement des Sciences et des Techniques de la Documentation [Canada][加拿大]文献工作科学技术促进协会ASTIA Armed Services Technical Information Agency [USA][美国]武装部队技术情报局ATIS automatic terminal information service自动终端情报服务auth. * author著(作)者AUTODOC automatic documentation自动化文献管理AV audio-visual视听的,声像的AVIP Association of Viewdata Information Providers可视数据系统提供者协会AVLINE * Audiovisual OnLine视听资料联机数据库BB * bit[二进制]位,比特BA * Biological Abstracts《生物学文摘》BAC British Archives Council英国档案委员会BAIT bibliography,abstracts,index,translation书目、文摘、索引、译文BALLOTS Bibliographic Automation of Large Library Operations using Time-Sharing [USA][美国]大型图书馆管理中使用分时系统的书目自动化BALS bachelor of arts in library science图书馆学文学士BASE basic semantic element基本语义单位BASIC Biological Abstracts’Subjects in Context 《生物学文摘》题中关键词轮排索引BBC basic bibliographic citation基本书目引证(文)BC (1)* Bibliographic Classification书目分类法(2) Bliss Classification布利斯分类法(3) British Council英国委员会BCD binary-coded decimal[interchange code]二一十进制[交换码]BCM British Catalogue of Music《英国音乐目录》bd. bound装订成册的,合订本bdg. * binding装订BDU basic display unit基本显示装置BHI British Humanities Index《英国人文科学索引》Bibl. *bibliography书目,目录Bibl. Ind. bibliographic index书目索引BI DAP bibliographic data processing programme 文献目录数据处理程序biog. biography传记Biog.Ind. biographical index传记(人名)索引BIOSIS Biosciences Information Service [USA] [美国]生物科学情报服务社BIP (1)*books in print在版图书(2)* Books in Print《在版图书目录》BIRS (1) basic indexing and retrieval system基本索引与检索系统(2) British Institute of Recorded Sound英国录音学会BIS Biological Information Service [UK][英国]生物情报服务社bi-w * biweekly双周刊bk. * book图书,书籍bk. rev. * book review书评bklt. booklet小册子BL * British Library不列颠图书馆BLAISE * British Library Automated Information Service不列颠图书馆自动化情报服务处BLBSD British Library Bibliographic Services Division不列颠图书馆书目服务部BLCMP * Birmingham Libraries Co-operative Mechanisation Project [UK] [英国]伯明翰图书馆机械化协作计划BLEND Birmingham Loughborough Electronic Network Development [UK] [英国]伯明翰-拉夫巴勒电子网络开发[计划]BLLD British Library Lending Division不列颠图书馆外借部BLLR Bureau of Libraries and Learning Resources[USA][美国]图书馆与学术资源委员会BLRD British Library Reference Division不列颠图书馆参考部BLRDD British Library Research and Development Department不列颠图书馆研究与发展部BLS bachelor of library science图书馆学学士bm. * bimonthly双月刊BML * British Museum Library不列颠博物院图书馆BN *Bibliothéque Nationale[France][法国]国家图书馆BNB * British National Bibliography《英国国家书目》BNBC British National Book Centre英国国家图书中心BNCDST British National Committee on Data for Science and Technology英国科技数据全国委员会BOLD bibliographic on-line display system书目联机显示系统BPA British Patents Abstracts《英国专利文摘》BPR American Book Publishing Record《美国图书出版记录》BRASTACS Bradford Scientific,Technical and Commercial Service [UK][英国]布拉德福科学、技术与商业服务社BRIMARC BNB/Brighton MARC英国国家书目/布赖顿机读目录BROWER * Browsing Online with Selective Retrieval浏览联机定题检索系统BRS *Bibliographic Retrieval Services Inc. [USA][美国]文献检索服务公司BRT BioResearch Titles《生物研究题录》BS (1) Bibliographical Society [UK][英国]目录学会(2) British Standard英国标准BSA Bibliographical Society of America美国目录学会BSD [British Library] Bibliographic Services Division[不列颠图书馆]书目服务部BSH * Basic Subject Headings基本件名标目表BSIB British Society for International Bibliography英国国际目录学会BSLS bachelor of science in library science图书馆学理学士BSO * Broad System of Ordering.概略分类体系BTI British Technology Index《英国工程索引》BUCCS Bath University Comparative Catalogue Study [UK][英国]巴思大学比较目录研究BUCOP * British Union-Catalogue of Periodicals《英国期刊联合目录》BUCOP -WLSP British UnionCatalogue of PeriodicalsWorld List of Scientific Periodicals《英国期刊联合目录——世界科学期刊目录》Bull. * bulletin.通报CC (1)* chapter章,回(2)* citation引证(文)(3)* copy抄(副)本(4)* copyright版权,著作权CA (1)* Chemical Abstracts《化学文摘》(2) current awareness新书预告,现期文献报道CAAS * computer-assisted acquisition system计算机辅助采购系统CABLIS Current Awareness for British Library Staff不列颠图书馆工作者现期通报服务CABS computerized annotated bibliography system计算机化提要书目系统CAG Co-operative Automation Group [UK][英国]协作自动化小组CAIA * computer-assisted information analysis计算机辅助情报研究CAIC computer-assisted indexing and classification计算机辅助标引与分类CAIRS computer-assisted information retrieval system计算机辅助情报检索系统CALM computer-assisted library mechanization计算机辅助图书馆机械化CAN/SDI Canadian Selective Dissemination of Information 加拿大定题情报提供系统CAR * computer-assisted retrieval计算机辅助检索CAS (1)*Chemical Abstracts Service化学文摘社(2) computerised acquisition system计算机化采购系统CASIA Chemical Abstracts Subject Index Alert《化学文摘主题索引通报》cat. catalog[ue]目录CAT (1) computer-aided translation计算机辅助翻译(2) computer-aided typesetting计算机辅助排版CATCALL completely automated technique for cataloguing and acquisition of literature for libraries图书馆文献全自动编目与采购技术catlg. *catalog[ue]目录CATNI Catchword and Trade Name Index [CTI][《现期技术索引》] 《关键词与商标名索引》CATNIP computer-assisted technique for numerical index preparation计算机辅助数值索引编制技术CATV * community antenna television共用天线电视CBI * Cumulative Book Index《累积图书索引》c.c. carbon copy复写副本CC (1) card code卡片代码(2) * card column卡片列(3) * Colon Classification冒号分类法(4) Current Contents《现期期刊目次》CCC (1) Central Classification Committee [FID][国际文献工作联合会]中央分类法委员会(2) Copyright Clearance Center [USA][美国]版权批准中心CCF * Common Communication Format通用交换格式CCLN Council for Computerized Library Network[USA][美国]计算机化图书馆网络委员会CCTV * closed circuit television闭路电视cd catalogued已编目的CD compact disc小型光盘CDCR Center for Documentation and Communication Research [USA][美国]文献处理与通信研究中心CD-I compact disc interactive交互型小型光盘CD-ROM * compact discread-only memory小型光盘只读存贮器CDS Computerized Documentation Service [UNESCO][联合国教科文组织]计算机化文献服务CDU central display unit中央显示装置CED capacitance electronic disc电容式电子录像片(盘)CEIS cost and economic information system成本与经济情报系统CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research欧洲核研究组织CETIS Centre Europeen pour le Traitement de l’Information Scientifique欧洲科学情报处理中心cfr confer参看,对照CFSTI Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information[USA] [美国]联邦科学技术情报交换中心ch. * chapter章,回ch. lbr. * chief librarian图书馆馆长chap. * chapter章,回CHAR * character字符CI (1) cham index链式索引(2) cumulative index累积索引CICRIS Co-operative Industrial and Commercial Reference and Information Service [UK][英国]工商业合作咨询与情报服务CIF central information file中央情报文档CIM (1) computer-input media计算机输入载体(2) * computer-input microfilm计算机输入缩微胶片(3) continuous image microfilm连续影像缩微胶片(4) Cumulated Index Medicus《累积医学索引》CIP * cataloguing in publication在版编目CIRCA computerized information retrieval and current awareness计算机化情报检索与现期文献通报CIS (1) cataloguing in source书源编目(2) country information system国家情报系统(3) current information selection现期情报选报CISTI Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information加拿大科学技术情报学会CISTIP Committee on International Scientific and Technical Information Programs[USA][美国]国际科学技术情报计划委员会cl. * cloth布面[装订]CLA Canadian Library Association加拿大图书馆协会CLR Council on Library Resources,Inc. [USA][美国]图书馆资源委员会CM *cartographic materials地(制)图资料CMC code for magnetic characters磁字符代码CMDR Council for Microphotography and Documentary Reproduction [UK][英国]缩微摄影与文献复制理事会CNK common noun keyword普通名词关键词CNLA Council of National Library Associations全国图书馆协会理事会CNPIEC * China National Publications Import & Export Corporation中国图书进出口总公司CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique [France] [法国]国家科学技术研究中心CODASYL Conference on Data System(s) Language(s) [UK][英国]数据系统语言会议CODATA * Committee on Data for Science and Technology [ICSU][国际科学协会理事会]科学技术数据委员会COINS computer and information sciences计算机与信息科学col. coloured彩色的COM (1)* computer-output microfilm计算机输出缩微胶片(2) computer-output microfilming计算机输出缩微化设备(3) computer-output microform计算机输出缩微品COMAC continuous multiple access collator连续多次存取校对程序COMARC Cooperative Machine-Readable Cataloging [LC,USA][美国国会图书馆]合作机读编目COMEINDORS composite mechanized information and documentation retrieval system 综合机械化情报与文献检索系统comp. (1) compiled编纂(辑)的(2) *compiler编纂人(者)COMP computer output microfilm peek-a-boo计算机输出缩微胶片重叠比孔COMPAC computer output microfilm package计算机输出缩微胶片软件包COMPENDEX Computerized Engineering Index《计算机化工程索引》CONLIS Joint Committee on National Library Information Systems[USA][美国]国家图书情报系统联合委员会CONSER (1) Conversion of Serials Project[USA][美国]连续出版物建库计划(2)* Cooperative Conversion of Serials连续出版物合作转换计划cont. * contents目次,内容contin. * continuation续编contr. controlled限制发行cop. (1)* copy抄(副)本(2)* copyright版权,著作权co-part counterpart副(复)本COPIC Computer Program Information Center[European Community][欧洲共同体]计算机程序情报中心corr. (1) corrected校订的(2) corrigendum勘误表COSATI * Committee on Scientific and Technical Information [USA] [美国]科学技术情报委员会COSI Committee on Science Information [USA][美国]科学情报委员会COSTAR conversational online storage and retrieval会话式联机存贮与检索CP * card punch卡片穿孔机CPM cards per minute[卡片阅读速度]卡片/分CPS characters per second字符/秒CPU (1) card punching unit卡片穿孔机(2)* central processing unit中央处理机CR (1) card reader卡片阅读机,读片机(2) confefence report会议报告CRAM card random access mechanism磁卡片随机存取方法CRESS computerized reader enquiry service system计算机化读者咨询服务系统CRG *Classification Research Group [UK][英国]分类法研究小组CRIS (1) Command Retrieval Information System命令检索情报系统(2) Current Research Information System当前研究情报系统CRL (1) Central Reference Library [UK][英国]中央参考图书馆(2) certified record librarian合格图书馆员(3) certified reference librarian合格参考图书馆员(4) college and research libraries学院图书馆和研究图书馆CRSG Classification Research Study Group [USA][美国]分类法研究小组CRT cathode-ray tube阴极射线管CRUS Centre for Research in User Studies [UK] [英国]用户研究中心CSBN * China Standard Book Number中国标准书号CSF central serials file中央连续出版物文档CSR central serials record中央连续出版物记录CT Chemical Title《化学题录》ctd. continued接上页(期)CTI Current Technology Index《现期技术索引》CTR contract technical report合同技术报告CTS (1) card-to-magnetic tape conversion system 卡片-磁带转换系统(2) communication technology satellite通信技术卫星(3)* computer typesetting计算机排版CULS college and university libraries高等院校图书馆cum. ind. cumulative index累积索引CUMARC cumulated machine readable cataloguing累积机读编目Dd. *daily日报(刊)DA (1) data administrator数据管理员(2) data analysis数据分析(3) Documentation Abstracts《文献工作文摘》DACOM datascope computer output microfilmer计算机数据显示输出缩微胶片机DARE documentation automated retrieval equipment 文献自动化检索设备DAS (1) data acquisiton system数据采集系统(2 ) data automation system数据自动处理系统dat. datum数据DATACOM * data communication数据通信DATAX * data transmission数据传输DB * data base数据库DBAM database access method数据库存取方法DBK data bank数据(资料)库DBMS *database management system数据库管理系统DC (1)* data centre数据中心(2)* data conversion数据转换(3) Decimal Classification[Dewey][杜威]十进分类法DCAS data collection and analysis system 数据收集与分析系统DCE data communications equipment数据通信设备DCR (1) data conversion receiver数据转换接收机(2) digital conversion receiver数字转换接收机DCS data communication system数据通信系统DDC (1) data distribution center数据分配中心(2) Defense Documentation Center [USA] [美国]国防文献中心(3)* Dewey Decimal Classification杜威十进分类法DDCE digital data conversion equipment 数字数据转换设备DDP (1) digital data processor数字式数据处理机(2) distributed data processing分布型数据处理DE (1) digital element数字单元(2) display element显示单元(3) display equipment显示设备diagr. diagram图,图表DIANE * Direct Information Access Network for Europe欧洲直接情报存取网络dict. * dictionary字(词)典dig. *digest摘要,文摘DIGICOM digital communications system数字通信系统DIMDI Deutsches Institut für medizinische Dokumentation und Information 德国医学文献与情报研究所DIN Deutsche Industrie Norm德国工业标准DIODE digital input/output display system数字输入输出显示系统DIRS * DIMDI Information Retrieval ServiceDIMDI情报检索服务处DISISS Design of Information Services in the Social Sciences [UK][英国]社会科学情报系统设计diss. * dissertation学位论文DLAI documentation,library and archives infrastructures文献工作、图书馆与档案馆基础DLS. doctor of library science图书馆学博士DM data management数据管理D.M.C. district materials center地区教材中心DMS * data management system数据管理系统do. ditto同上,同前doc. * document文献(件)DOR digital optical recording数字光学记录DOS disk operation system磁盘操作系统DP * data processing数据处理DPIR data processing and information retrieval数据处理和情报检索DPS (1) data processing system数据处理系统(2) document processing system文献处理系统DRAW * direct read after write写后直读DRDW * direct read during write边写边读DRIC Defence Research Information Centre [UK][英国]国防研究情报中心DRS document retrieval system文献检索系统DS data set数据集D.S. document signed著者签署文件(献)DSE data storage equipment数据存贮设备DSR data survey report数据调查报告DSTI Division of Scientific and Technical Information [IAEA] [国际原子能机构]科技情报部DT (1)* data transmission数据传输(2) display terminal显示终端DTIC Defense Technical Information Center [USA][美国]国防技术情报中心DTS data transmission system数据传输系统DTU display terminal unit显示终端设备dup. *duplicate抄(副)本d.w. * dust wrapper包封,封套DXS data exchange system数据交换系统EEB *Encyclopaedia Britannica《不列颠百科全书》,《大英百科全书》EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code扩充二一十进制交换码EBR electronic beam recording电子束记录EC * Expansive Classification展开分类法ed. (1) edited编辑(2)* edition版[本](3) *editor编者EDIAC electronic display of indexing association and content 标引结合与内容的电子显示EDICT engineering document information collection technique 工程文献情报搜集技术edit. (1) edited编辑(2) * edition版[本](3) * editor编者e.d.l. edition de luxe豪华版EDP (1)* electronic data processing电子数据处理(2) estimated date of publication估计的出版日期EDPC electronic data processing center电子数据处理中心EDPM electronic data processing machine电子数据处理机EDPS electronic data processing system电子数据处理系统EDRS engineering data retrieval system工程数据检索系统EDU electronic display unit电子显示器EEA Electrical and Electronics Abstracts《电气与电子文摘》EEI ess ential element of infor mation情报要素EI (1) *The Engineering Index《工程索引》(2) Engineering Index,Inc. [USA][美国]工程索引公司ELINT (1) eletromagnetic intelligence电磁情报(2) electronic intelligence电子情报(3) electronic intelligence system电子情报系统EM Excerpta Medica《医学文摘》(磁带版)EMIS electromagnetic intelligence system电磁情报系统EMMA extra-MARC materials附加机读目录资料EMOL Excerpta Medica Online [Holland][荷兰]医学文摘联机[系统]EMP everyman paperback普及本,大众平装本EMS electronic message system电子信息系统Ency. Amer. * Encyclopedia Americana《美国百科全书》Ency. Brit. * EncyclopaediaBritannica《不列颠百科全书》,《大英百科全书》encyc. * encyclop[a]edia百科全书enl. ed. * enlarged edition增订版EPC editorial processing centre编辑处理中心EPROM erasable programmable read-only memory可擦可编程序只读存贮器ERA electronic reading automation电子自动阅读[机]ERIC Educational Resources Information Center[USA][美国]教育资源情报中心ERIC/CLIS Clearinghouse for Library and Information Sciences of the Educational Resources Information Center[USA][美国]教育资源情报中心图书馆学情报学交换中心Err. errata勘误表ESA-IRS * European Space Agency—Information Retrieval Service欧洲空间组织情报检索服务中心ESS electronic switching system电子交换系统est. established创刊于ESTC Eighteenth Century Short-Title Catalogue《十八世纪简明书目》EUDISED European Documentation and Information System for Education欧洲教育文献与情报系统*Euronet European Community Network欧洲共同体网络EUSIDIC European Association of Scientific Information and Dissemination Centres欧洲科学情报与提供中心协会EVR * electronic video recording电子录像带Ff. *fortnightly双周刊f.co. fair copy清样,誊清稿fac. *facsimi’e摹真(写)品,书影facsim. facsimile摹真(写)FAIRS fully automatic information retrieval system全自动化情报检索系统fasc. fascicule分卷(册)FBR full bibliographic record完整书目记录FCS facsimile communications system传真通信系统FEDLINK Federal Library and Information Network [USA][美国]联邦图书馆与情报网FGMC Federal Government Micrographics Council[USA][美国]联邦政府缩微摄影委员会FI false information假情报FIAF International Federation of Film Archives国际影片资料馆协会FID *International Federation for Documentation(Federation Internationale de la Documentation)国际文献工作联合会fig. *figure数字,[插]图FILA Federation of Indian Library Associations印度图书馆协会联合会FIP International Federation of Record Libraries国际唱片图书馆联合会FIRST fast interactive retrieval system technology快速会话式检索系统技术FLD * field字段,信息组FLIP film library instantaneous presentation胶卷库快速显示FN (1) file number文件(宗卷,存档)号码(2) * footnote脚注fo.folio对开[本]fortn. * fortnightly双周刊FOSDIC film optical scanning device for input to computers胶卷输入计算机光扫描设备freq. * frequency出版频率(周期)front. * frontispiece冠图,卷首插图FS file separator文件(档)分隔符FTX (1) freetext system自由文本检索系统(2)* free-text retrieval自由文本检索fv. folio verso见本页背面GGIPSY generalized information processing system通用情报处理系统GIS generalized information system通用情报处理系统GL general list总目录gl. * glossary词汇表,术语汇编gloss. * glossary词汇表,术语汇编GMD * general material designation文献类型标识,一般文献类型标识GP * government publication政府出版物GPI general patent index综合专利索引GPO Government Printing Office [USA][美国]政府印刷局GRI Government Reports Index《政府报告索引》GRIN Glasgow Referral and Information Network[UK][英国]格拉斯哥咨询与情报网GRIPHOS general retrieval and information processing forhu manities-oriented studies面向人文科学研究的通用检索与情报处理Hhb. (1) half-bound半革(布)装订(2) * hard bound硬面装订HC * hard copy硬拷贝hdbk. * handbook手册HICLASS * hierarchical classification等级分类法HILC Hampshire Inter-Library Center [USA][美国]罕布什尔馆际中心HMSO *Her (His) Majesty’s Stationery Office [UK][英国]皇家出版局HSP high-speed printer高速打印机HSR high-speed reader高速阅读器h.t. * half-title简略题名,简书名II & D information and documentation情报和文献I and A indexing and abstracting标引和编制文摘IAALD *International Association of Agricultural Librarians and Documentalists 国际农业图书馆员与文献工作者协会IABLA Inter-American Bibliographical and Library Association泛美目录学与图书馆协会IAC * information analysis centre情报分析中心IACBDT International Advisory Committee on Bibliography,Documentation and Terminology [UNESCO][联合国教科文组织] 国际目录学、文献学与术语学咨询委员会IACDLA International Advisory Committee of UNESCO on Documentation,Libraries and Archives联合国教科文组织国际文献工作、图书馆与档案馆咨询委员会IACDT International Advisory Committee for Documentation and Technology[UNESCO] [联合国教科文组织]国际文献工作与技术咨询委员会IACODLA International Advisory Committee on Documentation,Libraries and Archives [UNESCO][联合国教科文组织]国际文献工作、图书馆与档案馆咨询委员会IADIS Irish Association for Documentation and Information Services爱尔兰文献工作与情报服务协会IALL * International Association of Law Libraries国际法律图书馆协会IAMCR International Association for Mass Communication Research国际大众传播研究协会IAML (1) International Association of Music Libraries国际音乐图书馆协会(2)* International Association of Music Libraries,Archives and Documentation Centres国际音乐图书馆、档案馆与文献中心协会IAOL International Association of Orientalist Librarians国际东方学图书馆员协会IASA International Association of Sound Archives国际音响档案馆协会IASL * International Association of School Librarianship国际学校图书馆协会IASLIC Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres印度专门图书馆与情报中心协会IATUL * International Asscciation of Technological University Libraries 国际工科大学图书馆协会IB (1) information bulletin情报通(公)报(2) information bureau情报局ib. ibidem同书,出处同前IBBY * International Board on Books for Young People国际少年儿童图书委员会IBFD International Burean of Fiscal Documentation国际财政文献委员会ibid. ibidem同书,出处同前IBI-ICC Intergovernmental Bureau for Information-International Computation Center政府间情报局国际计算中心IBIS International Book Information Services,Inc.国际图书情报服务公司IBN indexed by name按名称标引IBSR interactive bibliographic search and retrieval交互式书目查询与检索IBY * International Book Year国际图书年IC (1)* information centre情报中心(2) interchange centre交换(流)中心ICA * International Council on Archives国际档案理事会ICBA International Community of Booksellers Associations国际书商协会组织ICBD International Children's Book Day国际儿童图书日ICCP * International Conference on Cataloguing Principles国际编目原则会议ICIC International Copyright Information Centre[UNESCO][联合国教科文组织]国际版权情报中心ICIREPAT International Cooperation in Information Retrieval among Examining Patent Offices专利审查局情报检索国际合作组织ICLG International and Comparative Librarianship Group [LA][英国图书馆协会]国际图书馆学与比较图书馆学组ICP International Congress of Publishers国际出版者大会ICR International Council for Reprography国际复制委员会ICSI International Conference on Scientific Information国际科学情报会议ICSSD International Committee for Social Sciences Documentation国际社会科学文献工作委员会ICSSID * International Committee for Social Sciences Information and Documentation国际社会科学情报与文献委员会ICSU * International Council of Scientific Unions国际科学协会理事会ID (1) identification标识,识别(2) identifier标识符IFD * International Federation for Documentation国际文献工作联合会IFFA International Federation of Film Archives国际电影档案馆联合会IFIP * International Federation for Information Processing国际情报处理联合会IFLA * International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions 国际图书馆协会和机构联合会IFN * in formation情报,信息IHS * Information Handling Services美国情报处理服务公司IIS Institute of I nformation Scientists [UK][英国]情报科学家学会IL * information language情报语言ILIC * International Library Information Center国际图书馆情报中心。
annotated bibliography的组成 -回复
annotated bibliography的组成-回复如何编写一篇关于“annotated bibliography”的文章。
Step 1: 引言(Introduction)[注：在这一部分中，你需要简要介绍annotated bibliography的概念和目的。
你可以解释什么是annotated bibliography以及它在学术研究中的重要性。
]Annotated bibliography是一种重要的学术写作形式，广泛用于研究论文、学术报告和毕业论文等。
本文将一步一步回答如何编写一篇关于annotated bibliography的文章。
首先，我们将讨论annotated bibliography的基本组成部分，然后详细说明每一部分的内容和格式要求。
最后，我们将介绍一些写作时需要注意的要点。
Step 2: 组成部分(Components)[注：在这一部分中，你需要详细介绍annotated bibliography的组成部分。
这些部分通常包括书目信息、摘要和评价。
]一个annotated bibliography通常由三个主要部分组成：书目信息、摘要（或注释）和评价。
书目信息包括作者、标题、出版日期、出版社等重要的引用信息。
摘要是对文献内容的简短总结，可以包括作者的主要观点、方法和结论。
评价部分则是对文献的评价和批判性分析，可以涵盖对作者观点的评估、实证研究的有效性和可靠性等。
Step 3: 书目信息(Bibliographic Information)[注：在这一部分中，你需要详细解释书目信息的内容和格式要求。
这包括作者的姓名、出版日期、标题、出版社等信息。
]在书目信息部分，你需要提供每个文献源的相关信息，以便读者能够追溯到原始文献并了解其来源。
根据引用格式的要求，你需要包括作者的姓名（或姓氏首字母）、出版日期、标题、出版社等信息。
这些信息应该以特定格式排列，并使用适当的标点符号进行分隔。
annotated bibliography例子
annotated bibliography例子以下是一份注释参考书目的例子：1. Smith, John. "The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity." Environmental Journal, vol. 35, no. 2, 2019, pp. 45-60.该论文探讨了气候变化对生物多样性的影响。
作者研究了全球气候变暖对动植物种群和物种分布的影响，并提出了应对气候变化的管理策略。
该研究为生态学、环境保护等领域的专业人士提供了重要的参考。
2. Johnson, Emily. "The Role of Social Media in Political Movements." Communication Studies Quarterly, vol. 42, no. 3, 2020, pp. 78-95.本文分析了社交媒体在政治运动中的作用。
作者研究了社交媒体平台在政治动员、组织和传播信息方面的影响，并提出了社交媒体对于推动社会变革和促进公民参与的重要性。
该研究对政治学和传媒学领域的学术界和从业人员具有参考价值。
3. Chen, Li. "The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Emerging Economies." Journal of Development Economics, vol. 28, no. 4, 2018, pp. 123-140.该论文研究了外国直接投资对新兴经济体经济增长的影响。
作者分析了外国直接投资对经济增长、就业和贸易的积极影响，并提出了一些政策建议，以吸引更多的外国直接投资。
该研究对于新兴经济体的经济发展和政策制定有重要意义。
4. Rodriguez, Maria. "The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health." Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 15, no. 1, 2017, pp. 56-70.本文研究了运动对心理健康的影响。
Annotated Bibliography 书目简介
• [10] 姜望琪. Halliday论语篇分析及有关学科[J]. 中国外语，2012，(2): 29-37. • 本文主要总结了Halliday在同济会议上对语篇分 析的观点和看法。主要内容如下： 肯定了语篇分析是语言学的一部分。 篇章和语言系统的关系 篇章和小句的关系 语篇语义学与语篇分析 语用学与语篇分析
• 引言 • 理论框架和研究方法 • 称谓的态度系统 称谓中的态度类型 称谓的正负语义与态度的正向语义关系:对 称与不对称 强度：态度语势 • 结论
• [4] McCarthy, Michael, & Carter, Ronald. Language as Discourse Perspectives for Language Teaching. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2004. This book focuses on a discription of the discourse properties of language which can be applied to language teaching. Michael and Ronald put forword a new discourse-based approach for language teaching in this book.One of the main aims of them is to examine what insights that language teachers and students can get from language study at the level of discourse.
annotated bibliography的组成 -回复
annotated bibliography的组成-回复"Annotated Bibliography"的组成方式是其标题部分写在文档的顶部，然后按照特定的格式列出参考文献清单，每个参考文献后面紧接着是对其进行评注的短文。
1. 标题部分：在文档的顶部，将标题“Annotated Bibliography”居中，使用较大的字号，以便突出显示这个部分。
2. 参考文献清单格式：按照特定的引用格式，如MLA、APA或者Chicago Style等，将参考文献清单按照字母顺序列出。
每个参考文献的格式包括作者姓名、引文标题、出版日期、出版商或期刊名称等基本信息，具体格式与引用风格有关。
3. 评注部分：在每个参考文献的后面，写下对该文献的评注。
评注可以包括以下几个方面的内容：a. 概况：简要介绍该文献的内容和目的。
b.可信度：评估该文献的可信度和权威性，考虑作者的资质和作品的来源。
c. 适用性：探讨该文献与研究主题的联系，以及其对研究项目的相关性。
d. 方法：描述研究方法或者理论框架，以及该文献在研究领域中的地位。
e. 分析：分析文献中的论点、证据和结论，评估其对研究项目的价值和贡献。
4. 文档结构与排版：根据具体要求，将参考文献清单和评注按照字母顺序编排，并保持一致的格式。
可以使用不同的标题或者子标题，将文档分为几个主题部分，以帮助读者更好地理解和阅读。
通过完成这些步骤，一个完整的"Annotated Bibliography"就形成了。
这种格式可以帮助研究者在整理自己的文献资料时，更好地组织参考文献，并提供对每个文献的评注，使读者能够更深入地了解参考文献的内容和其与研究项目之间的联系。
这种方法在文献综述、学术论文和研究项目中非常常见，并为研究者提供了一个有效的工具，以评估和整理相关文献资料。
annoted bibliography格式
annoted bibliography格式注释参考文献（Annotated Bibliography）是一种文献列表，每个文献条目都附有作者对该文献内容的短评。
以下是一份注释参考文献的一般格式，通常根据学术领域和出版要求可能会有轻微的变化。
注释参考文献格式：文献条目：包括文献的完整引用信息，按照所使用的引文风格（如APA、MLA、Chicago等）书写。
包括作者、标题、出版信息等。
注释：在文献条目之后，加上一段注释，提供对文献内容的简要评价。
注释应该包括作者的主要观点、方法、结论等。
例子（APA风格）：Smith, J. (2005). The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture. Journal of Environmental Studies, 30(2), 123-145.This article discusses the potential effects of climate change on global agriculture. Smith argues that rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns posesignificant challenges to crop production. The author provides a comprehensive review of current research findings and suggests potential strategies for adapting agriculture to a changing climate.在实际写作时，请确保参照所使用的引文风格的规范，包括作者名字的格式、文献标题的格式等。
注释的内容应该简洁明了，旨在为读者提供对文献内容的概览。
请注意，这只是一个简单的例子，实际注释参考文献可能需要满足特定出版物、学科或教育机构的要求。
annotated bibliography的组成 -回复
annotated bibliography的组成-回复被引用评注（annotated bibliography）是一种对已有文献进行系统化整理并附有评注的文献综述。
它由多个文献引用及其相关评注组成，用于回答研究主题或问题。
本文将逐步解释被引用评注的组成以及如何撰写一篇1500-2000字的文章。
一、引言（Introduction）文章的引言部分应该简要介绍你选择阐述的主题，并概括几篇被引用评注的主要观点和结论。
在引言中，还可以提出你的研究问题或目标，让读者了解你为什么选择了这些被引用评注，并指导他们在阅读文章时关注什么。
二、文献引用（Citations）在文献引用部分，你需要列举出相关的文献，并给出全面的引用信息。
每个文献引用应该包括作者的姓名（姓在前），标题，出版日期，期刊或书籍的名称以及页码（如适用）。
确保使用适当的引用格式，如APA、MLA 或Chicago style。
文献引用应以编号或按字母顺序排序。
三、评注（Annotations）评注是被引用评注的核心部分，提供了对每个文献引用的详细解释、评论和分析。
评注应该回答以下问题：1. 文献的目的：作者写这篇文章的主要目的是什么？2. 研究方法：作者采用了什么方法或途径进行研究？3. 结果和结论：作者得出了什么结论或结果？这些结果与该研究领域的其他研究相比如何？评注还可以讨论文献的可靠性、局限性、相关性以及对你的研究问题的重要性。
你还可以在评注中提到文献的一些关键观点或论证，以及作者的主要观点和论点。
四、讨论（Discussion）在讨论部分，你可以总结并比较每篇文献的主要观点、结论和评注。
你可以探讨这些文献之间的共同点和差异，以及它们如何回答你的研究问题或目标。
你还可以提及其他相关的文献，如果适用的话。
确保在讨论部分中提供逻辑和流畅的连接来组织你的观点。
五、结论（Conclusion）在结论中，总结你对被引用评注的分析和讨论。
再次回答你的研究问题或目标，并强调被引用评注对你的研究的重要性和价值。
文献注释(Annotated Bibliography)
文献注释（Annotated Bibliography）⏹Annotated Bibliography一般指用一种特殊引用风格描述的资源列表，这些引用风格可以不同，每个文献注释实体主要包括两部分：a)引用，用合适的格式如APA或MLA来确定文献的来源b)注释，对该文献进行简短的描述，描述的内容有该文献的主要内容、对作者研究的帮助、对文献的总结等，有的可能只需要文献的主要内容。
文献注释的主要用途是：a)为读者提供材料背景b)为了更进一步的研究提供帮助c)说明研究的意义⏹下面是我写的一个文献注释:S.Subashinin, V.KavithaA, Survey on security issues in service delivery models of cloud computing, Journal of Network and Computer Applications,2010.这篇文章首先对云计算中的基本概念进行了介绍，例如PaaS、SaaS、IaaS，阐述了云计算给企业带来的各种优点；然后重点介绍了云计算中的安全问题，有数据的存取安全、传输安全、数据库安全问题，罗列了当前已有的关于云计算安全问题的研究，并且对这些研究进行了分析和总结；最后作者提出了自己的安全模型，在目前的已有安全模型上添加一些模块如存储安全模块，通过这些添加的模块来提高云计算的安全。
虽然这篇作者阅读了大量的文献可以给读者提供许多参考文献，但是这些文献涉及的面并不广，主要集中在SaaS 的安全性问题，而且文章中并没有很详细的给出作者所提出的模型框图，导致模型不够清晰。
总体来说，这篇文章比较适合于刚刚涉足云计算安全性问题的读者，因为它对当前的一些研究进行分别进行了分析并总结，所以读了这篇文章对云计算安全问题会有一个比较好的理解，并且对当前的研究进展有一个很好的了解。
总结：上述是我写的一个文献注释，它包括两部分a)一部分是文献引用，标识了文件的来源文件名等b)另一部分就是对该文献的注释，注释内容包括三段，第一段主要阐述了该文献的主要内容，第二段分析了该文献的一些优缺点，最后给出了该文献适合的读者。
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Chris McCormick
PWR3-13
Annotated Bibliography
5/13/2003
Dr. Alyssa J. O’Brien
Visual Annotated Bibliography
Clockwise from top-left: A human serving a robot; A scene of the future in
Terminator 2; A sentinel from The Matrix; The spiders in Minority Report; A
robotic businessman; HAL 9000 from 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Thesis: Images depicting Artificial Intelligence’s profound impact on the future present a largely plausible prediction. Inaccuracies exist, but are ultimately insignificant.
This essay will not investigate the specific form that Artificial Intelligence will take, or how soon AI’s final development and its changes to society will occur. It aims to analyze the depictions of the future we see in various images, and to investigate their plausibility. It will also explore the intention of each image.
For example: The image from Terminator 2 depicts an entirely possible future in which intelligent robots have turned on mankind. However, the robot’s semblance to a human body is unlikely. Bipedal motion is cumbersome, the robot would benefit from additional appendages, the facial features are entirely unnecessary, etc. The decision to make the robots resemble humans was probably to make the robots appear more frightening. The addition of facial features affords them a permanently sinister countenance.
Research struggles:
There are huge disagreements over what form AI will take, how far its capabilities will reach, and whether it poses any threat to humanity. In order to resolve the conflicting sources, I decided to focus on the independent plausibility of each image, and not try to determine which image is more accurate. For example, I will show that the AI dominated future of Terminator 2 and the Matrix are entirely possible, and that the intelligent but docile spiders in Minority Report are possible as well.
Menzel, Peter and D'Aluisio, Faith. Robo sapiens. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c2000. Robo sapiens is written by journalists, giving it an objective perspective, in comparison to researchers in the field, who must sensationalize their work in order to spark interest and secure funds for further research. The book explores many of the different approaches to AI, and explores their potential influence on society. Because the book is non-technical, it often relies on allusions to popular culture, including images and films, to describe concepts. Ultimately, this source will serve to confirm many of the technologies seen in images of AI. To show that a technology is indeed plausible, I will refer to a group or individual highlighted in this book that is researching the same type of technology.
Kurzweil, Ray. The Age of Spiritual Machines. New York : Viking, 1999.
This article from the IBM Systems Journal explores the difficulties of defining AI, and looks at the Turing test in particular. The first point of my research paper will be to establish a working definition of AI, this article is key to establishing that definition. Additional Sources
Aleksander, Igor. How to Build a Mind.New York : Columbia University Press, 2001. Dartnall, Terry. Artificial Intelligence and Creativity. Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic, c1994.
Asaravala, Amit. All by themselves.
Found Online at:
/itw/infomark/501/478/37085763w2/purl=rc1_CDB_0 _A97724686&dyn=6!bmk_1_0_A97724686?sw_aep=stan90222
Featherly, Kevin. AI Pioneer Minsky: Machines Must Use Their Common Sense. People Magazine.
Found Online at:
/itw/infomark/501/478/37085763w2/purl=rc1_CDB_0 _A77780387&dyn=13!xrn_1_0_A77780387?sw_aep=stan90222
Johnson, R. Colin.Robot researchers get some hints from nature. Electronic Engineering Times, Sept 9, 2002 p57.
Found Online at:
/itw/infomark/968/537/35817858w6/purl=rc1_CDB_0 _A91179064&dyn=9!xrn_23_0_A91179064?sw_aep=stan90222。