凡尔赛宫英文介绍【精品】
凡尔赛宫英语作文
凡尔赛宫英语作文The Palace of Versailles is one of the most famous and opulent palaces in the world. It is located in the Île-de-France region of France and was the principal royal residence of France from 1682, under Louis XIV, until the start of the French Revolution in 1789.The Palace of Versailles is a symbol of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime. Its architecture, art, and landscaping are all breathtaking. The palace's Hall of Mirrors, with its 357 mirrors, is particularly famous and is a must-see for visitors.The palace also boasts beautiful gardens, featuring meticulously maintained lawns, flowerbeds, fountains, and sculptures. The Grand Trianon and the Petit Trianon, two smaller palaces located on the grounds, are also worth visiting.The history of the Palace of Versailles is as rich and complex as its architecture. It was originally a hunting lodge for King Louis XIII but was transformed and expanded by his son, Louis XIV, into the grand palace we see today.The palace was the center of political power in France for over 100 years and was the site of many importanthistorical events.Today, the Palace of Versailles is a UNESCO World Heritage site and a popular tourist destination. Visitors from all over the world come to marvel at its grandeur and learn about its fascinating history.凡尔赛宫是世界上最著名和豪华的宫殿之一。
凡尔赛宫英语作文
Versailles Palace: A Symbol of French RoyalSplendorNestled in the heart of France, surrounded by lush greenery and grand architecture, stands the magnificent Versailles Palace. This palace, once the seat of power for the French monarchy, is now a renowned tourist attraction and a testament to the grandeur and elegance of the past.The palace was built by King Louis XIV, known as theSun King, to demonstrate his absolute power and wealth. Construction began in 1661 and lasted for more than a century, resulting in a masterpiece of Baroque architecture. The intricate details of the facade, the grandeur of the interior, and the extensive gardens all contribute to the Palace's timeless beauty.Upon entering the Palace, one is immediatelytransported to a different era. The Hall of Mirrors, withits intricate gold and silver装饰, is a particular highlight. The ceiling, painted with scenes from French history, is a breathtaking display of artistic mastery. The rooms of the Palace are filled with beautiful furniture,tapestries, and paintings, all reflecting the taste and lifestyle of the French nobility.The Palace is not just a structure, but a symbol of the French monarchy's influence and power. It was here that King Louis XIV held court, entertaining guests with elaborate banquets and balls. The Palace was also the scene of many important political events, including the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, which ended World War I.Today, the Palace is open to the public, allowing visitors to explore its vast rooms and gardens. ThePalace's extensive collections of art and furniture are a testament to the cultural richness of France. The gardens, designed by Le Nôtre, are a peaceful oasis, filled with statues, fountains, and lush greenery.Versailles Palace is not just a tourist attraction, but a bridge to the past. It allows visitors to step into the shoes of the French nobility, to experience the grandeur and elegance of a bygone era. The Palace is a reminder of the rich history and cultural heritage of France, and a testament to the enduring power of art and architecture.**凡尔赛宫：法国皇家辉煌的象征**在法国的心脏地带，被茂密的绿植和宏伟的建筑环绕着，矗立着壮观的凡尔赛宫。
法国巴黎Paris 法国旅游景点英文
法国巴黎Paris拉法叶购物中心Galeriers Lafayette排水系统Sewer System 香榭丽舍大街Avenue des Champs Elysees蓬皮杜艺术中心The Pompidou Center击剑fencing swords 酿酒葡萄园vineryard法国是一个浪漫迷人的国家，也是世界最多游客前往的国家，巴黎是世界最多游人的都市，那充满品味的花都令人百游而不腻，但如果你认识法国只是巴黎，那你会损失很多，穿梭法国，深入一些鲜为人认识而又迷人的胜景，隆河阿尔卑斯迷人的胜地令神仙也心驰神往，碧水丹崖的科西嘉、奢华的罗亚尔河谷、神秘的中央山地、碧水蓝天的蔚蓝海岸、充满原始美态的庇里牛斯山、酒香弥漫的美酒之乡、熏衣草之乡的普罗旺斯、热闹迷人的尼斯华及芒果柠檬节，更有法国名厨英文名称：Eiffel Tower法文名称：La tour Eiffel别称：巴黎铁塔设计者：亚历山大·居斯塔夫·埃菲尔（Alexandre Gustave Eiffel)建设用途：餐厅、观景建设地点：法国巴黎战神广场开工时间：1887年1月27日竣工时间：1889年3月31日埃菲尔铁塔120岁生日亮灯埃菲尔铁塔从1887年起建，分为三楼，分别在离地面57.6米、115.7米和276.1米处，其中一、二楼设有餐厅，第三楼建有观景台，从塔座到塔顶共有1711级阶梯，共用去钢铁7000吨，12000个金属部件，259万只铆钉，极为壮观。
编辑本段文化象征1889年5月15日，为给世界博览会开幕式剪彩，铁塔的设计师居斯塔夫·埃菲尔亲手将法国国旗升上铁塔的300米高空，由此，人们为了纪念他对法国和巴黎的这一贡献，特别还在塔下为他塑造了一座半身铜像。
巴黎：跨塞纳河两岸,为法国第一大城市和举世闻名的旅游大城。
1）巴黎圣母院(Notre Dame de Paris)巴黎圣母院始建1163年，前后历时四百年才完工，是哥德式教堂的代表，精雕细凿，颇有鬼斧神工之能，尤其是正门三个大拱门上的浮雕，共有千余人物，非常细致。
凡尔赛宫英文简介VersaillesPalace
凡尔赛宫英⽂简介Versailles Palace富丽堂皇的凡尔赛宫内景之⼀ The creation of the great castle was due to Louis ⅩⅣ who abandoned the Louvre to build a royal palace. In 1789 the royal family finally returned to Paris. In 1837， Louis-Philippe decided to convert it as the museum of French History. Nowadays，the castle has been restored to be as beautiful as in the past.凡尔赛宫内景 The visit to the gardens in Versailles can be done on foot， but the mini train may be better. For a few Euros you can visit the park without effort. The train visites the Grand Canal， the park before going back to the Chateau of Versailles. You can hop on and off as many times as you want.凡尔赛宫⼀⾓ Visitos should not miss two very special gardens found in Versailles： the "Orangery" and Vegetable Garden. In the "Orangery" there are 1，000 Mediterranean trees - orange， lemon and pomegranate trees.凡尔赛宫厅堂顶部装饰 凡尔赛宫的建造是因为当年路易⼗四想离开卢浮宫另建⼀座宫殿。
凡尔赛宫
中文词条名：凡尔赛宫英文词条名：Versailles Treaty1979年根据文化遗产遴选标准(I) (II) (VI)被列入《世界遗产目录》评为遗产的报告：世界遗产委员会第3届会议报告世界遗产委员会评价：凡尔赛宫，法国国王路易14世到路易16世的王宫，经过数代建筑师，雕刻家，装饰家，园林建筑师的不断改进，润色，一个多世纪以来，一直是欧洲王室官邸的第一典范。
简介：凡尔赛宫和园林是17世纪专制王权的象征，也是法国古典主义艺术最杰出的典范。
凡尔赛宫最初是路易十三修建的用于特猎的行辕，路易十四当政时开始建宫。
从1661年动工，到了1689年才得以完成。
宫殿主体达707米，有700多个房间，中间是子宫，两翼是宫室和政府办公处、剧院、教堂等。
室内地面、墙壁都用大理石镶嵌，并饰有雕刻、油画等装饰。
中部的镜厅是凡尔赛宫不同于其他皇宫的地方，长73米，宽100米，高12.3米。
拱顶是勒勃兰的巨幅油画。
长廊一侧是17面落地镜，镜子由483块镜片镶嵌而成，将外面的蓝天、绿树都映照出来，别有一番景色。
厅内两旁排有罗马皇帝的雕像和古天神的塑像，并有3排挂烛台、32座多支烛台和8座可插150支蜡烛的高烛台，经镜面反射可形成3000支烛台，映照得整个大厅金壁辉煌。
凡尔赛宫的园林在宫殿西侧，面积有100万平方米，呈几何图形。
南北是花坛，中部是水池，人工大运河、瑞士湖贯穿其间。
另有大小特里亚农宫及雕像、喷泉、柱廊等建筑和人工景色点缀。
放眼望去，跑马道、喷泉、水池、河流，与假山、花坛、草坪、亭台楼阁一起，构成凡尔赛宫园林的美丽景观。
凡尔赛宫位于距巴黎西部15千米的凡尔赛镇(另一资料:凡尔赛在离巴黎不到24公里的地方)。
她历史悠久，雄伟壮观。
作为其最著名部分的镜厅，更是尽显当年皇室的奢华之风。
其园林则具有欧洲古典园林艺术的风格特征。
而作为世界近代史上重大事件的见证地，更是使它闻名于世。
凡尔赛宫及其园林的总面积为1.11平方千米，其中建筑面积只占0.11平方千米，其余为园林面积。
凡尔赛宫英语作文
Versailles Palace: A Symbol of French RoyalSplendorNestled within the lush greenery of the Yvelines region, stands the magnificent Versailles Palace, a testament tothe grandeur and pomp of French royalty. This palace, once the residence of King Louis XIV, exudes a sense of opulence and luxury that has captivated visitors for centuries.The palace, with its elaborate facades and intricate architecture, is a masterpiece of French Baroque style. The intricate carvings and sculptures on the exterior walls are a testament to the skilled craftsmanship of the era. Upon entering the palace, one is greeted by the Hall of Mirrors, a stunning room adorned with hundreds of mirrors and dazzling chandeliers. The room reflects the opulence and grandeur of the French monarchy, with its rich tapestries, marble floors, and gilded ceilings.The palace is not just a testament to royal splendor, but also a witness to historical events that shapedFrance's destiny. It was here that King Louis XIV巩固了his power, established the absolutism of the monarchy, and hosted foreign dignitaries and ambassadors. The palace alsoplayed a pivotal role in the French Revolution, as it was the scene of many significant events that led to the downfall of the monarchy.Today, Versailles Palace stands as a national monument and a popular tourist destination. Visitors from around the world come to marvel at its grandeur and to relive the rich history of French royalty. The palace also hosts various cultural events and exhibitions, allowing visitors to delve deeper into the rich cultural heritage of France.The gardens of Versailles Palace are equally as impressive as the palace itself. Spanning over 800 hectares, the gardens are a perfect blend of nature and art. Withtheir对称布局, geometric designs, and elaborate fountains, the gardens provide a serene and peaceful setting forvisitors to relax and unwind. The Grand Canal, with its impressive water features and lush greenery, is aparticular highlight of the gardens.Versailles Palace is not just a physical structure; itis a symbol of French royal splendor and history. It tells the tale of a dynasty that rose to power,巩固了its authority, and eventually fell victim to the tides ofrevolution. Today, it stands as a reminder of the rich cultural heritage of France and a testament to the enduring power of art and architecture.**凡尔赛宫：法国皇家辉煌的象征**凡尔赛宫坐落于伊夫林地区郁郁葱葱的绿意之中，是法国皇家辉煌的象征，也是曾经的路易十四国王的居所。
凡尔赛宫简析
凡尔赛宫的背景
1、政治：路易十四完成了全国范围的绝对君权的专制统治。 2、经济：经过路易十三的首相等的努力，到17世纪中叶，法 国已经是欧洲最大的国家，经济繁荣。 3、文化：哲学家的唯理论在当时产生了广泛的影响；为了建立 和巩固专制的中央集权，政府在意识形态领域里建立官方的绝 对统治；古典主义在经过半个世纪与巴洛克文化的较量后成为 正统。 4、社会背景：刚刚摆脱封建内战，在一切方面建设现代化的国 家和社会；科学开始突飞猛进，人们对自己的认识能力、自己 的理性有充分的信心。 5、溯源：16世纪中后手意大利造园艺术的影响。
凡尔赛宫始终是法国封建统治历史时期的一座华丽的纪念碑。从内容上讲 不仅是法兰西宫廷，而且是国家的行政中心，也是当时法国社会政治观点、 生活方式的具体体现。它是欧洲自古罗马帝国以来，第一次表现出能够集 中如此巨大的人力、物力、财力的专制政体力量。可见，凡尔赛宫的成功， 有力地证明了当时法国经济和技术的进步和劳动人民的智慧。从艺术上讲， 凡尔赛宫宏伟壮丽的外观和严格规则化的园林设计是法国封建专制统治鼎 盛时期文化上的古典主义思想所产生的结果。几百年来欧洲皇家园林几乎 都遵循了它的设计思想。凡尔赛宫的建筑风格引起俄国、奥地利等国君主 的羡慕仿效。彼得一世在圣彼得堡郊外修建的夏宫、玛丽亚·特蕾西亚在 维也纳修建的美泉宫、腓特烈二世和腓特烈·威廉二世在波茨坦修建的无 忧宫、以及巴伐利亚国王路德维希二世修建的海伦希姆湖宫（Schloss Herrenchiemsee）都仿照了凡尔赛宫的宫殿和花园。北京长春园的西洋 楼部分就曾模仿过它的一些局部
凡尔赛宫立面解析
凡尔赛宫宫殿为古典主义风格建筑，立面为标准的古典主义三段处 理，即将立面划分为纵、横三段，建筑左右对称，造型轮廓整齐、庄重 雄伟，被称为是理性美的代表。
凡尔赛宫介绍
Features of the Palace of Versailles[edit] Grands appartementsAs a result of Le Vau’s enveloppe of Louis XIII’s château, the king and the queen had new apartments in the new addition, known at the time as thechâteau neuf. The grands appartements, which are known respectively as the grand appartement du roi and the grand appartement de la reine, occupied the main or principal floor of the château neuf. Le Vau’s design for the state apartments closely followed Italian models of the day, as evidenced by the placement of the apartments on the next floor up from the ground level — the piano nobile — a convention the architect borrowed from 16th and 17th century Italian palace design (Berger, 1986; Verlet, 1985).[edit] Grand appartement du roiLe Vau’s plan called for an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the then known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. Le Vau’s plan was bold as he designed a heliocentric system that centered on the Salon of Apollo. The salon d’Apollon originally was designed as the king’s bedchamber, but served as a throne room. During the reign of Louis XIV (until 1689), a solid silver throne stood on a Persian carpet covered dais on the south wall of this room (Berger, 1986; Dangeau, 1854-1860; Josephson, 1926; 1930; Verlet, 1985).The original arrangement of the enfilade of rooms was thus:Salon de Diane (Diana, Roman goddess of the hunt; associated with the Moon)[6]Salon de Mars (Mars, Roman god of war; associated with the planet Mars)Salon de Mercure (Mercury, Roman god of trade, commerce, and the Liberal Arts; associated with the planet Mercury)Salon d’Apollon (Apollo, Roman god of the Fine Arts; associated with the Sun)Salon de Jupiter (Jupiter, Roman god of law and order; associated with the planet Jupiter)Salon de Saturne (Saturn, Roman god of agriculture and harvest; associated with the planet Saturn)Salon de Vénus (Venus, Roman goddess of love; associated with the planet Venus)The configuration of the grand appartement du roi conformed to contemporary conventions in palace design (Baillie, 1967). However, owing to Louis XIV’s personal taste and with the apartment’s northern exposure, Louis XIV found the rooms too cold and opted to live in the rooms previously occupied by his father. The grand appartement du roi was reserved for court functions — such as the thrice-weekly appartement evenings given by Louis XIV for members of the court (Berger, 1986; La Varende, 1959; Marie, 1968, 1972; Nolhac, 1911; Verlet, 1985).The rooms were decorated by Le Brun and demonstrated Italian influences, the particularly that of Pietro da Cortona, with whom Le Brun studied while he was in Florence. Le Brun was influenced by the decorative style the da Cortona devised for the decoration of the Pitti Palace in Florence, which influenced his style Louis XIV at Versailles. The quadratura style of the ceilings evoke Pietro Cortona’s Sale dei Planeti at the Pitti, but Le Brun’s decorative schema is more complex (Blunt, 1980; Campbell, 1977). In his 1674 publication about the grand appartement du roi, André Félibien described the scenes depicted in the coves of the ceilings of the rooms as allegories depicting the “heroic actions of the king” (Félibien, 1674). Accordingly, one finds scenes of the exploits of Augustus, Alexander the Great, and Cyrus alluding to the deeds of Louis XIV (Lighthart, 1997; Sabatier, 1999). For example, in the salon d’Apollon, the cove painting “Augustus building the port of Misenum”[7] alludes to the construction of the port at La Rochelle; or,de picted in the south cove of the salon de Mercure is “Ptolemy II Philadelphus in his Library”, which alludes to Ptolemy’s construction of the Great Library of Alexandria and which accordingly serves as an allegory to Louis XIV’s expansion of the Bibliothèqu e du roi.[8] Complementing the rooms’ decors were pieces of massive silver furniture. Regrettably, owing to the War of the League of Augsburg, in 1689 Louis XIV ordered all of this silver furniture to be sent to the mint, to be melted down to help defray the cost of the war (Berger, 1986; Dangeau, 1854-1860; Josephson, 1926; 1930; Marie, 1968, 1972, 1976; Nolhac, 1911; Verlet, 1985).Le Vau’s original plan for the grand appartement du roi was short-lived. With the inauguration of the third building campaign, which suppressed the terrace linking the apartments of the king and queen, the salon de Jupiter, the salon de Saturne, and the salon de Vénus for the construction of the Hall of Mirrors, the configuration of the grand appartement du roi was altered. The decorative elements of the salon de Jupiter was removed and reused in the decoration of the salle des gardes de la reine; and elements of the decoration of the first salon de Vénus, which opened onto the terrace, were reused in the salon deVénus that we see today[9] (Marie, 1972, 1976; Nolhac, 1925; Verlet, 1985).From 1678 to the end of Louis XIV’s reign, the grand appartement du roi served as the venue for the king’s thrice-weekly evening receptions, known as les soirées de l’appartement. For these par ties, the rooms assumed specific functions:Salon de Vénus: buffet tables were arranged to display food and drink for the king’s guests.Salon de Diane: served as a billiard room.Salon de Mars: served as a ballroom.Salon de Mercure: served as a gaming (cards) room.Salon d’Apollon: served as a concert or music room.In the 18th century during the reign of Louis XV, the grand appartement du roi was expanded to include the salon de l’Abondance (Hall of Plenty) — formerly the entry vestibule of the petit appartement du roi — and the salon d'Hercule — occupying the tribune level of the former chapel of the palace (Verlet, 1985).[edit] Grand appartement de la reineForming a parallel enfilade with that of the grand appartement du roi, the grand appartement de la reine served as the residence of three queens of France —Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche, wife of Louis XIV, Marie Leczinska, wife of Louis XV, and Marie-Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI. Additionally, Louis XIV's granddaughter-in-law, Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, as duchesse deBourgogne, occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to her death in 1712.[10]When Le Vau’s enveloppe of the château vieux was completed, the grand appartement de la reine came to include a suite of seven enfilade rooms with an arrangement that mirrored almost exactly the grand appartement du roi. The configuration was:Chapel — which was pendant with the salon de Diane in the grand appartement du roi[11]Salle de gardes — which was pendant with the salon de Mars in the grand appartement du roiAntichambre — which was pendant with the salon de Mercure in the grand appartement du roiChambre —which was pendant with the salon d’Apollon in the grand appartement du roiGrand cabinet — which was pendant with the salon de Jupiter in the grand appartement du roiOratory — which was pendant with the salon de Saturne in the grand appartement du roiPetit cabinet — which was pendant with the salon de Vénus in the grand appartement du roi[12]As with the decoration of the ceiling in the grand appartement du roi, which depicted the heroic actions of Louis XIV as allegories from events taken from the antique past, the decoration of the grand appartement de la reine likewise depicted heroines from the antique past and harmonized with the general theme of a particular room’s decor.[13]With the construction of the Hall of Mirrors, which began in 1678, the configuration of the grand appartement de la reine changed. The chapel was transformed into the salle des gardes de la reine and it was in this room that the decorations from the salon de Jupiter were reused.[14] The salle des gardes de la reine communicates with a loggia that issues from the escalier dela reine, which formed a parallel pendant (albeit a smaller, thoughsimilarly-decorated example) with the escalier des ambassadeurs in the grand appartement du roi. The loggia also provided access to the appartement du roi, the suite of rooms in which Louis XIV lived, and to the apartment of Madame de Maintenon. Toward the end of Louis XIV's reign, the escalier de la reine became the principal entrance to the château, with the escalier des ambassadeurs'' used on rare state occasions. After the demolition of the''escalier des ambassadeurs'' in 1752, the ''escalier de la reine'' became the main entrance to the château (Verlet, 1985). From 1682, the ''grand appartement de la reine'' included:Salle des gardes de la reineAntichambre (formerly the salle des gardes)Grand cabinetChambre de la reineWith the death of Louis XIV in 1715, the court moved to Vincennes and shortly after to Paris. In 1722, Louis XV reinstalled the court at Versailles and began modifications to the château’s interior. Among the most noteworthy of the building projects during Louis XV’s reign, th e redecoration of the chamber de la reine must be cited.To commemorate the birth of his only son and heir, Louis-Ferdinand, in 1729, Louis XV ordered a complete redecoration of the room. Elements of the chamber de la reine as it had been used by Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche and Marie-Adélaïde de Savoie were removed and a new, more modern decor was installed[15] (Marie, 1984; Reynaud and Villain, 1970; Verlet, 1985).During her life at Versailles, Marie Leczinska lived in the grand appartement de la reine, to which she annexed the Salon of Peace to serve as a music room. In 1770, when the Austrian archduchess Maria Antonia married the dauphin, later king Louis XVI, she took up residence in these rooms. Upon Louis XVI’s ascension to the throne in 1774, Marie-Antoinette ordered major redecoration of the grand appartement de la reine. At this time, the queen’s apartment achieved the arrangement that we see today (Verlet, 1985).Salle des gardes de la reine — this room remained virtually unchanged by Marie-Antoinette.[16]Antichambre — this room was transformed into the antichambre du grand couvert. It was in this room that the king, queen, and members of the royal family dined in public. Occasionally, this room served as a theater for thechâteau.Grand cabinet — this room was transformed into the salon des nobles. Following the tradition established by her predecessor, Marie-Antoinette would hold formal audiences in this room. When not used for formal audiences, the salon des nobles served as an antechamber to t he queen’s bedroom. Chambre de la reine —this room was used as the queen’s bedroom, and was of exceptional splendor. On the night of 6/7 October 1789, Marie-Antoinette fled from the Paris mob by escaping through a private corridor that connected her apartment with that of the king.。
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Court of Honor
Garden Faç ade in the scheme of 1669 by Louis LeVau
In 1678, Jules-Hardouin Mansart filled in the center section of west side to create the Hall of Mirrors (Galerie des Glaces) as part of a major expansion of the palace.
The garden façade seen from the “Tapis vert” (green carpet) of the Versailles Park
The palace situated between the village of Versailles and the park with grand avenues radiating from the Court of Honor
Some facts and information about Versailles Louis XIV proclaimed Versailles to be the seat of the government on May 6, 1682. In effect, the entire bureaucracy moved from Paris to the suburban villa of the king. The court consisted of 20,000 persons that included 9,000 soldiers, 5,000 servants, 1,000 great lords and members of the nobility, 1,000 lesser aristocrats (who visited the court on a daily basis) and 4-5,000 bureaucrats to manage the official business. The court was further supported by 2,500 horses, 200 coaches, and 5,000 hunting dogs. The great lords and members of the nobility were required to live at Versailles--in the palace--so that the king could keep track of them. They were required to wear entirely new clothing (down to their linens) for the king’s fetes and other important social occasions. They could beg permission to return to their lands periodically in order to regroup financially!
The fountains with the main e-w axis in view.
Naval battles were staged on the lagoon to the west of the sloping grass terrace
The fountains from a bird’s eye view of Versailles Park
The principal approach connected with the Champs Elysees in Paris. The garden in detail reflects the geometry of the plan at the urban and regsailles
Architecture and Art in the Service of Absolute Power
First stage of the enlargement of the hunting lodge of Louis XIII (built in 1624) into the Palace at Versailles under Louis XIV (1668-9) by Louis LeVau; the black portions of the plan represent this stage.
The Mansart expansion of Versailles brought the total length of the garden faç ade to about one-third of a mile.
Main pavilion with south wing, viewed from the south
A brief history of Louis XIV’s reign and his relationship to his principal ministers - Louis XIII (father of Louis XIV) reigned 610-1643, beginning at the age of nine. His principal adviser was Cardinal Richelieu, 1624-42 In 1643, Cardinal Jules Mazarin succeeded Richelieu as Louis XIV accedes to the throne. Mazarin from an Italian family (Mazzarini). Richelieu had been very powerful and influential; Mazarin continued that trend. He continued and expanded state patronage of the arts: 1648: creation of the French Academy of Art with Charles Lebrun as Director The intention of the academy was to train artists and control artistic style in France. To this end, Mazarin and Lebrun imposed strict rules for admission to membership in the academy and for the form and content of the art produced in the academy.