大学英语四级阅读【突破英语考试资料】
大学英语四级阅读十天突破2
10天突破阅读训练-2深度阅读At the close of each business day, most trained teachers, administrators, politicians, and statesmen make objective analyses of all that has transpired. They then carefully evaluate performance in the achievement of certain specified objectives. You, as a student, would be wise to adopt the same practice and reflect upon your performance in relating to the achievement of certain personal and educational objectives.First, what was your purpose, your motivational force in seeking an education? Did you seek an education in active performance, or did you seek to be educated in passive reception and automatic acquisition(获取) of information that was fed to you? Was the profit motive your primary motivation for obtaining an education? Do you want a better education for the sole purpose of getting a better job? What does the educational process really mean to you?We are part of a world in which men thrill to the touch of gold and hearts respond to the word money instead of being thrilled by the thought of good. We five in a world in which we are taught that the pursuit of happiness is an equation for the most rapid acquisition of money, by whatever means.If profit and money are your first priorities, and compassion and commitment to people your least concern, you have done little other than accumulate some facts and compile some information for future reference. If making money is your daydream and losing money your nightmare, if poverty is your worst fear and making money your most fervent prayer, you have missed the opportunity for education. You have failed yourself and have only received Nome instruction.21.. This passage suggests that students should______.A. assess their aims for learningB. learn more to earn moreC. evaluate their politicians and statesmenD. keep knowledge to themselves22.The educational procedure should be one in which the student______.A. does what he is toldB. gets a better education to get a better jobC. makes principles of education for self-betterment of their aimsD. approaches the benefits of being well-off23. The author seems to feel that______.A. people's welfare should be the chief concern in learningB. profit has nothing to do with peopleC. poverty is good for the soulD. knowledge is not the main objective for learning24.A good title for the selection might be______.A. The Benefit of EducationB. Education Motivation—Progress or ProfitC. Self-EducationD. Profit and Money25. The word "nightmare" in the last paragraph is nearest in meaning to_______.A. a very bad dreamB. unhappinessC. sleeplessnessD. a hazard to your health快速阅读Does contagious yawning mean you’re nice?You’re in a conversation with another person and he casually yawns. As you wonder whether he’s bored with the discussion, you find that you’re yawning, too. A man walking by, sees you yawn, and pretty soon he yawns. It’s carried on and on, passin g from one person to another in a domino effect. Science is still investigating exactly what makes us yawn, but it’s a well-known and little-studied fact: Yawning is contagious.We know that much of yawning is due to suggestibility－it’s infectious. You don’t need to actually see a person yawn to involuntarily yawn yourself; hearing someone yawn or even reading about yawning can cause the same reaction. Chances are you’ll yawn at least once while reading this article.But contagious yawning goes beyond mere suggestibility. Recent studies show that the phenomenon is also related to our predisposition toward empathy--the ability to understand and connect with others’ emotional states. It sounds strange, but whether or not you’re susceptible to contagious yawning may actually be related to how much empathy you feel for others.Empathy is an important part of cognitive development. We learn from an early age to value ourselves based on the amount and type of empathy our parents display, and developmental psychologists have furred that people who weren’t shown empathy by their parents struggle later on in life. A lack of early empathy has been shown to lead to the development of sociopathic behavior in adults.So empathy is important, sure, but how could it possibly be related to contagious yawning? Leave it up to psychologists at Leeds University in England to answer that. In their study, researchers selected 40 psychology students and 40 engineering students. Each student was made to wait individually in a waiting room, along with an undercover assistant who yawned 10 times in as many minutes. The students were then administered an emotional quotient test: Students were shown 40 images of eyes and asked what emotion each one displayed.The results of the test support the idea that contagious yawning is linked to empathy. The psychology students－whose future profession requires them to focus on others－yawned contagiously an average of 5.5 times in the waiting room and scored 28 out of 40 on the emotional test. The engineering students--who tend to focus on things like numbers and systems －yawned an average of 1.5 times and scored 25.5 out of 40 on the following test. The difference doesn’t sound like much, but researchers consider it significant. Strangely, women, who are generally considered more emotionally attuned, didn’t score any higher than men.These findings support what neurologists found through brain imaging: Contagious yawning is associated with the same parts of the brain that deal with empathy. These regions, theprecuneus and posterior temporal gyrus, are located in the back of the brain. And although the link between contagious yawning and empathy has been established, explanations for the link are still being investigated.Researchers are looking into the world of development disorders and at higher.primates for answers to this riddle.Primate Yawing, Autism and Contagious Yawning Yawning may serve a number of functions, and these functions might be different for different animals. Humans aren’t the only animals that yawn--even fish do. But only humans and chimpanzees, our closest relative in the animal kingdom, have shown definite contagious yawning.One study, conducted in Kyoto, Japan, observed six chimps in captivity. Chimps were shown videos of other chimps yawning, along with chimps that opened their mouths but did not yawn. Of the six, two chimps yawned contagiously a number of times. Even more interesting, like their human counterparts under age 5, the three chimp infants showed no susceptibility to contagious yawning.This may be related to the fact that empathy is taught and learned. If contagious yawning is the result of empathy, then contagious yawning wouldn’t exist until the ability to empathize was learned. But what if empathy is never developed?Another study, led by cognitive researcher Atsushi Senju, sought to answer that question.People with autism spectrum disorder are considered to be developmentally impaired emotionally. Autistics have trouble connecting with others and find it difficult to feel empathy. Since autistics have difficulty feeling empathy, then they shouldn’t be susceptible to contagious yawning.TO find out, Senju and his colleagues placed 48 kids aged 7 to 15 in a room with a television. Twenty-four of the test subjects had been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, the other half were non-autistic kids. Like the Kyoto chimp study, the test subjects were shown short clips of people yawning as well as clips of people opening their mouths but not yawning.While the kids with autism had the same lack of reaction to both kinds of clips, the non-autistic kids yawned more after the clips of people yawning.But there could be another interpretation to Senju’s findings. Autistics tend to focus on the mouths of people with whom they interact. But contagious yawning is thought to be cued---not by movements in the mouth area--but by changes to the area around the yawning person’s eyes. This could explain why autistics are less susceptible to contagious yawning –perhaps they’re just missing the cues.However, that notion is undermined by another study. Conducted by researchers at Yale University, this study examined the reactions of autistic adults while they watched emotionally charged scenes from the movie, "Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" Researchers found that those autistics who watched the eyes of the characters didn’t register any more emotional reaction than those who focused on the mouth. This indicates that contagious yawning amounts to more than just cues; the autistics who watched the eyes received little information from the cues they found there.It’s become pretty clear that contagious yawning is linked to empathy. But why?Perhaps the best explanation for why we yawn, as well as why yawning is contagious, can be found around the watering hole on the savannah tens of thousands of years ago.Some scientists believe that yawning is an involuntary response to a stressful situation:When we yawn, we increase the blood flow to the brain, thus making us more alert. Contagious yawning may be a method of quiet communication by which our ancestors spread the word that a hungry lion was nearby. Fear is an emotion with which we can empathize, and yawning may serve as a cue by which we spread that fear.1. Whether or not you’re easily influenced by contagious yawning may be linked to __[A]the personality of the person you are talking to[B] how much empathy you feel for others[C] your reaction when you see someone yawning[D] the ability to avoid other’s influence2. Early empathy is important for us in that __[A] parents first show their empathy to us"[B] it is related to contagious yawning[C]it’s an important part of cognitive development[D] it affects our later life a lot3. The results of the Leeds University’s test show that __[A] the less a man focuses on others, the higher he scores[B] men didn’t score any higher than women[C] contagious yawning and empathy are related to the same parts of the brain[D] it explained the link between contagious yawning and empathy4. Contagious yawning wouldn’t exist unless __[A] the ability of yawning is taught[B] the abilitv to emnathize is learned[C] empathy is never developed[D] vawning is controlled well5. Why autistics are less susceptible to contagious yawning?[A] Autistics have difficulty feeling empathy.[B] Autistics can’t communicate with others.[C] Autistics are not able to learn yawning.[D] Autistics focus much on people’s eyes.6. Another interpretation to Senju’s findings is that contagious yawning is thought to be cued by ___[A] movements in the yawning person’s mouth area[B] yawning person’s appearance[C] changes on emotion reaction[D] changes around the ya wning person’s eyes7. According to the Yale University’s study, why autistics aren’t susceptible to contagious yawning?[A] They didn’t register any emotional reaction.[B] They didn’t understand the movie.[C] They received little information from the cues around people’s eyes.[D] They di dn’t understand what people say just by seeing movement of mouths.8. The reason why contagious yawning is linked to empathy was_____________9. Some scientists believe that yawning is just to make us_____________10. Yawning may be considered as a cue by which people spread an emotion, and with theemotion_____________【答案】深度阅读：21. A 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. A快速阅读：本文主要议论了对打哈欠会传染这一事实的原因的多种猜测。
大学英语四级翻译突破之强调句
大学英语四级翻译突破之强调句
It is universally acknowledged that + 句子(全世界都知道…) 这是一个在四级作文里面用来阐述观点的经典句型，用词也很出色。
It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
It is…that + 句子…构成强调句型(The Emphatic Pattern)
英语常用的强调结构是“It is/was+被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)+ who(that)…”。
一般说来，被强调部分指人时，用who;指事物时，用that;在美国英语中指事物时常用which来代替that。
与之类似的常用句型还有：
It is conceivable that + 句子(可想而知的)
It is obvious that + 句子(明显的)
It is apparent that + 句子(显然的)
It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。
第 1 页共1 页。
大学英语考试能力突破听力(四级)
大学英语考试能力突破听力(四级)(课外听力)答案Model test 1Section A1.C2.C3.C4.A5.B6.B7.B8.D9.A 10.BSection BPassage 111.B 12.D 13.APassage 214.A 15.B 16.DPassage 317.C 18.B 19.C 20.DSection CMark …affection… donors… portrait… protested… Publicly…Modern…(8) Churchill was so unhappy about the portrait that finally his wife had it destroyed.(9) Claimed that the destruction of the picture had been a crime.(10) All agreed that the Churchills didn’t have the right to do what they had done.Test 2Section A1.D2.A3.C4.D5.B6.B7.C8.C9.A 10.C Section BPassage 111.D 12.A 13.APassage 214.D 15.B 16.APassage 317. A 18.B 19.D 20.DSection CSubsequently … exploration… fantastical… spacecraft…proposition… prior…utterly...(8) However, what physicists now know is that time is rather more flexiblethan the old regular universe ideas they had it.(9) Put simply, Einstein’s idea was that every object in the universe hasits own ‘time” and these vary as objects move.(10)The extreme situation would be if an object could move as fast as the speed of light, its time would be completely halted.Section A1. D2.A3.A4.C5.B6.D7.A8.D9.B 10.B Section BPassage111.A 12.C 13.BPassage 214.B 15.A 16.DPassage 317.C 18.C 19.B 20.CSection Cfinance… intended… disbelief… fuel…engine…insure…laden…(8) For several hours the weight of the petrol prevented the young pilotfrom flying more than a few feet above the wave-tops.(9) flew steadily on, hoping that his course was the right one.(10)He struggled to keep awake, checking the fuel all the time to keephis mind active.Section A1.B2.C3.C4.C5.C6.C7.A8.B9.C 10.D Section BPassage 111. C 12.B 13.APassage 214.C 15.A 16.DPassage 317. A 18.D 19.C 20. BSection Cprocess… grain… axe… value…complicated… stocks … offer(8) Thus the difficulties of exchange led by degrees to the invention ofmoney.(9) If the smith had any shells left when he had bought his food,(10)In some countries quite large things such as cows or camels or evenbig flat stones were used for trade.Section A1.D2.C3.C4.B5.D6.D7.D8.A9.B 10.A Section BPassage 111.C 12.D 13.CPassage 214.C 15.A 16.BPassage 317. A 18.C 19.C 20.ASection Csettlement… symbols…created…consisted…representing…adopted…admitted(8)Congress in 1818 restored the original design of 13 stripes andprovided that each state was to be represented by one star.(9)He ordered that there be six even rows of eight stars each.(10)After the admission of Hawaii into the Union in 1959, the flag was officially changed for the 26th time since its creation.Section A1.D2.C3.C4.A5.B6.D7.D8.C9.A 10.BSection BPassage 111.B 12.A 13.BPassage 214.A 15. D 16.APassage 317. A 18. C 19.B 20. BSection C routine…rigidly…casual…assembly…promote…staff…frowned…(8) how to disengage from the friendly chatter without alienatingco-workers.(9) When you must cut short a conversation to get to work, it helps toannounce your reason in a friendly manner.(10)If you disengage graciously, there should be no problem except forthose relatively few workers who don’t get the message.Section A1.D2.D3.B4.B5.D6.C7.C8.A9.D 10.DSection BPassage 111.B 12.C 13.APassage 214.B 15.A 16.CPassage 317.D 18.A 19.D 20.CSection Chigh-tech…dominance…skip… digital…upgrading…access…utilize…(8)is a firm believer in the marriage of content and distribution.(9) In 1998 it aggressively began courting cable customers and convertingexisting analog satellite customers to digital.(10)It currently has 5.7 million customers, all with digital TV – aprerequisite for most iTV features.Section A1.A2.D3.B4.B5.A6.B7.D8.C9.D 10.C Section BPassage 111.A 12.C 13.DPassage 214.D 15.A 16.CPassage 317.B 18.A 19.C 20.DSection Cequally…right-handed…grasp.. inherited…ancestors…closest…prefer…(8) There are as many right-handed monkeys as there are left-handed ones.(9)some of them will prefer to swing from their right hands.(10)We live in a right-handed world.Section A1.C2.D3.A4.D5.B6.C7.D8.A9.C 10.ASection BPassage 111.A 12.B 13.B 14.BPassage 215.B 16.A 17.CPassage 318.D 19.C 20.DSection Cundernourished… responsive.. established… significantly…concentrated…pace…accelerated…(8)There is no immediate access to the fresh air of the countryside,(9)In consequence their performance at school is inferior to that ofchildren educated in healthier surroundings.(10)buildings should be designed to ensure the maximum space and attentionfor each child.Section A1.B2.D3.D4.A5.A6.D7.B8.C9.D 10.D Section BPassage 111. B 12.D 13.DPassage 214.C 15.A 16.DPassage 317.B 18.B 19.C 20.CSection C1)mute 2.)result 3.Fortunately, 4）recommended 5).constant6).talents 7). graduated8.)Her education and training represent an almost miraculous achievementfor a person so handicapped.9).she subsequently devoted her life to their welfare.10) who otherwise might have led a silent, hopeless existence.Section A1 D 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.ASection BPassage 111. A 12.D 13.BPassage 214.A 15.D 16.A 17.CPassage 318. D 19.C 20. DSection C1) faith 2)effect 3) case 4) energy 5) frequent 6) length 7)through8).there is nothing seriously wrong with your physical condition9) I had the first good night’s sleep last night in two months.10.Turning to his nurse, he said ,“It’s wonderful what a few Vitamin Cpills can do.”Section A1. B2.D3.C4.A5.D6.C7.B8.D9.A 10.B Section BPassage 111. B 12.A 13.CPassage 214.A 15D 16.B 17.APassage 318. D 19.B 20.BSection C1.navigator2. engaged3. westward4. sail5. coast6. voyage7. journey8. He never realized that the lands he had visited were not part of Asia.9. the king grew suspicious of him10. the great discoverer died in poverty in Spain.Section A1.B2. B3.B4.B5.D6.A7.C8.A9. D 10.ASection BPassage 111.C 12.D 13.BPassage 214.D 15.C 16.BPassage 317.C 18.D 19.B 20.CSection C1.design2. unique3. determined4. physically5.fences6. respect7. sign8. the physical division of space and the use of architectural features allow a sense of privacy.9. it is acceptable for them simply to look into themselves10.People who act as though man is one thing and his houses or cities are something else undoubtedly are making a mistake.Section A1.A2.A3.B4.A5.D6.D7.A8.B9.B 10.BSection BPassage 111.C 12.B 13.DPassage 214.C 15.C 16.DPassage 317.C 18.C 19.A 20.BSection C1.emotions2. notion3. indicators4.straightforward5.mutual6. refers7. intimate8. when two people are in an intense conversation, sitting only a few feet apart and looking at one another.9. we can mentally reorganize our thoughts10.we are more likely to gaze at the other personSection A1.A2.B3.D4. B5.A6.B7.A8. B9. C 10.DSection BPassage 111.B 12. A 13. DPassage 214. B 15. A 16.CPassage 317.C 18. A 19. A 20. BSection C1. divorce2. bids3. presidency4. his defeats5. occupy6. expectancy7. breakthroughs8. they feel vital and look younger at more advanced9. one divorce is not taboo and two is no longer shocking.10.No one would get married with plans to get divorced. These people value love and romance and they want to get right.。
大学英语四级阅读理解部分
Answer: out of religious and political considerations.
Eg.2 08.1 66
解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与 主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关 系。
长难句常涉及的类型
3. 定语从句类
规律：找真正的谓语动词时， 如果定语从 句修饰主语，找第二个可以做谓语的动词， 第一个是属于定语从句的谓语动词。
Tips. 先括出定语从句部分，跳出从句， 抓住主干再解题。
Answer: Man can find solutions sooner or later to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up.
长难句常涉及的类型
2.分词做状语类 （主干，现在分词、过去分词） Eg.1 Motivated in part by Christian compassion for the helpless as well as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement, Chancellor Bismarck created the world’s first workers’ compensation law in 1884.
Answer: to give up their former way of life
2021年6月大学英语四级考试完型填空突破(21)
2021年6月大学英语四级考试完型填空突破(21)In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, comprise the whole vocabulary.First, there are those words 1 which we become acquainted in daily conversation, which we 2 ,that is to say, from the 3 of our own family and from our familiar associates, and 4 we should know and use 5 we could not read or write.They 6 the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who 7 the language.Such words may be called“popular”, since they belong to the people 8 and are not the exclusive 9 of a limited class.On the other hand, our language 10 a multitude of words which are comparatively 11 used in ordinary conversation.Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little 12 to use them at home or in the market-place.Our 13 acquaintance with them comes not from our mother's 14 or from the talk of our school-mates, 15 from books that we read, lectures that we 16 ,or the more 17 conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular 18 in a style appropriately elevated above the habitual 19 ofeveryday life.Such words are called“learned”, and the 20 between them and the“popular”words is of great importance toa right understanding of linguistic process.1.A.at B.with C.by D.through2.A.study B.imitate C.stimulate D.learn3.A.mates B.relatives C.members D.fellows4.A.which B.that C.those D.ones5.A.even B.despite C.even if D.in spite of6.A.mind B.concern C.care D.involve7.A.hire B.apply C.adopt e8.A.in public B.at most C.at large D.at best9.A.right B.privilege C.share D.possession10.A.consists prises C.constitutes poses11.A.seldom B.much C.never D.often12.A.prospect B.way C.reason D.necessity13.A.primary B.first C.principal D.prior14.A.tips B.mouth C.lips D.tongue15.A.besides B.and C.or D.but16.A.hear of B.attend C.hear from D.listen17.A.former B.formula C.formal D.formative18.A.theme B.topic C.idea D.point19.A.border B.link C.degree D.extent20.A.diversion B.distinction C.diversity D.similarity 1.【答案】B【解析】本句中由with which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词those words.短语become acquainted with sb./sth.意为“认识某人，了解某事。
2014年大学英语四级冲刺模拟题及答案(共四份)(高分突破模拟题+参考答案)
2014年大学英语四级冲刺模拟题及答案（共四份）（高分突破模拟题+参考答案）关于本文档：由马宁新搜集整理本文档共分四部分：大学英语四级冲刺模拟题及答案解析；共30页，19335字；宋体，五号字目录2014年大学英语四级模拟试题及答案参考一............ . (2)2014年大学英语四级模拟题及答案之二................ .. (11)2014年大学英语四级模拟题及答案之三................ ........ .......... (18)2014年大学英语四级模拟试题含答案（四）................ ........ . (25)2014年大学英语四级模拟试题及答案参考一Part ⅠTapescript of Listening ComprehensionSection A1. M: Excuse me, could you tell me where Dr. Brown’s of fice is?W: The doctor’s office is on the fifth floor, but the elevator can only go to the fourth. So you’ll have to use the stairs to reach there. It’s the seventh room on the left.Q: On which floor is the doctor’s office?2. M: Did you hear about the computer that John bought from Morris?W: He got a bargain（便宜货）,didn’t he?Q: What do we learn from the conversation?3. W: Your sister Jane didn’t recognize me at first.M: I’m not surprised. Why on earth don’t you lose some weight?Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?4. M: Between the two houses we saw yesterday, which one do you prefer?W: I think the white one is prettier, but the brick one has a bigger yard, so I like it better.Q: Which house does the woman prefer?5. M: It sure is hot today. This must be the hottest summer in years.W: Well, it’s certainly hotter than last summer. I was out in the sun today, and I think I’m five pounds lighter than I was this morning.Q: What does the woman mean?6. M: I heard the student bus was overturned（翻倒）in a traffic accident.W: Yes, and what’s more, no one on the bus was not injured.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?7. W: Hello, Robert. What are you doing here? Drawing money?M: No. I only want to put some money in my deposit account（储蓄账户）. Not very much, but I’m trying to save.Q: What is the man doing?8. M: Oh, no, I am not lazy. You should have seen my school report! They said I was reliable, industrious and conscientious.W: Well, teachers nowadays expect too little.Q: What does the woman think of teachers nowadays?9. W: Don’t worry about it, Stanley. There’s nothing we can do now.M: I can’t help it, Stella. If I’d been thinking, this wouldn’t have happened.Q: What can we learn from the conversation?10. M: You look very nice in this dress. Perhaps the waist is little too tight. Would you like to try a size larger?W: Well, the style isn’t quite what I had in mind. Thank you anyway.Q: Why didn’t the woman buy the dress?Part ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage One这是一篇人文类说明文。
大学英语四级阅读习题及答案
大学英语四级阅读习题及答案大学英语四级阅读习题(一)1、A2、D3、C4、C5、B大学英语四级阅读习题答案Acculturation, which begins at birth, is the process of teaching new generations of children the customs and values of the parents culture. How people treat newborns, for example, can be indicative of cultural values. In the United States it is not uncommon for parents to put a newborn in a separate room that belongs only to the child. This helps to preserve parents privacy and allows the child to get used to having his or her own room, which is seen as a first step toward personal independence. Americans traditionally have held independence and a closely related value, individualism, in high esteem. Parents try to instill these prevailing values in their children. American English expresses these value preferences: children should "cut the (umbilical) cord" and are encouraged not to be "tied to their mothers apron strings." In the process of their socialization children learn to "look out for number one" and to "stand on their own two feet".Many children are taught at a very early age to make decisions and be responsible for their actions. Often children work for money outside the home as a first step to establishing autonomy. Nine-or ten-year-old children may deliver newspapers in their neighborhoods and save or spend their earnings. Teenagers (13 to 18 years) may baby-sit neighbors homes in order to earn a few dollar a week. Receiving a weekly allowance at an early age teaches children to budget their money, preparing them for future financial independence. Many parents believe that managing money helps children learn responsibility as well as appreciate the value of money.21. According to this passage, the way people treat newborns _____.A) is a sign of their customsB) is an indication of their level of knowledgeC) symbolizes their social systemD) varies from culture to culture22. The expression, "to cut the cord", is used to show that _____.A) children dont like their parentsB) parents dont feel close to their childrenC) parents would not like to live together with their childrenD) independence from ones family is an important personal goal in USA23. Children who are "tied to the apron strings" _____.A) are caught in their mothers apronsB) must always wear an apron when they eatC) are very dependent on their mothersD) are independent from their parents24. American people often let their children work for money outside the home at a very early age because _____.A) children have to earn money to help the familyB) they need more moneyC) they want them to begin establishing autonomyD) children have to save money for future use25. It can be inferred from this passage that _____.A) Americans are money loversB) Americans admire independenceC) Americans are good at decision-makingD) Americans are all responsible大学英语四级阅读习题(二)Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.The researcher organized an experimental tournament (锦标赛) involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.Observers noted down the referees errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number.The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters.There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.If FIFA, footballs international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.He also says that FIFAs insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.21. The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to ________.A) review the decisions of referees at the 1998 World CupB) analyse the causes of errors made by football refereesC) set a standard for football refereeingD) reexamine the rules for football refereeing22. The number of refereeing errors in the experimental matches was ________.A) slightly above averageB) higher than in the 1998 World CupC) quite unexpectedD) as high as in a standard match23. The findings of the experiment show that ________.A) errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ballB) the farther the referee is from the incident, the fewer the errorsC) the more slowly the referee runs, the more likely will errors occurD) errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot24. The word “officials” (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably refers to ________.A) the researchers involved in the experimentB) the inspectors of the football tournamentC) the referees of the football tournamentD) the observers at the site of the experiment25. What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment?A) The ideal retirement age for an experienced football referee is45.B) Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee.C) A football referee should be as young and energetic as possible.D) An experienced football referee can do well even when in poor physical condition.。
（完整版）英语四级阅读试题库含答案解析
（完整版）英语四级阅读试题库含答案解析英语四级阅读题库含答案解析1.Passage OneGlobal warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21 st century, but regardless of whether it is or isn ’t –we won ’t do much about it. We will argue overit and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoidit. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely theyare to be observed.Al Gore calls global warmi ng an “inconvenient truth, ”as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution. But the real truth is that we don ’t know enough to relieve global warming, and –without major technological breakthroughs —we can ’t do much about it.From 2003 to 2050, the world ’s population is projected to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1billion, a 42% increase. If energy use per person and technology remain the same, totalenergy use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly, CO2) will be 42% higher in 2050. butthat ’s too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy. We need economicgrowth unless we condemn the world ’s poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else‘s living standards. With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economicgrowth and personal freedom (limits on electricity usage, driving and travel) that might cut back global warming. Still, politicians want to show they ’re “doing something. ”Consi der the Kyoto Protocol (京都议定书). It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn ’t. But it hasn ’t reduced CO2 emissions (up about 25% since 1990), and many signatories (签字国) didn ’t adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets.The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it.The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem whenit ’s really an engineering one. The inconvenient truth is that if we don ’t solve the engineering problem, we ’re helpless.57. What is said about global warming in the first paragraph?A) It may not prove an environmental B) It is an issue requiring world wide crisis at all. commitments.C) Serious steps have been taken to avoid D) Very little will be done to bring it underor stop it. control.58. According to the author ’s understandin g, what is Al Gore ’s view on global warming?A) It is a reality both people and politicians are unaware of.B) It is a phenomenon that causes us many inconveniences.C) It is a problem that can be solved once it is recognized.D) It is an area we actually have little knowledge about.59. Green house emissions will more than double by 2050 because of _______.A) economic growth C) wasteful use of energyB) the widening gap between the rich and D) the rapid advances of science and poor technology60. The author believes that, since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, ________.A) politicians have started to do something to better the situationB) few nations have adopted real tough measures to limit energy useC) reductions in energy consumption have greatly cut back global warmingD) international cooperation has contributed to solving environmental problems61. What is the message the author intends to convey?A) Global warming is more of a moral issue than a practical one.B) The ultimate solution to global warming lies in new technologyC) The debate over global warming will lead to technological breakthroughs.D) People have to give up certain material comforts to stop global warming.Passage TwoSomeday a stranger will read your e-mail without your permiss ion or scan the Websites you ’ve visited. Or perhaps someone will casually glance through your creditcard purchase or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits.In fact, it ’s likely some of these things have already happened to you. Who wouldwatch you without your permission? It might be a spouse, agirlfriend, a marketing company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you neverintended to be seen —the 21 st century equivalent of being caught naked.Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it ’s important to reveal yourself to friends, family and lovers in stages, at appropriate times. But few boundaries remain. The digital bread crumbs ( 碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. In some cases, a simpleGoogle search can reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a worldwhere you simple cannot keep a secret.The key question is: Does that matter?When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say they are concerned aboutlosing it. A survey found an overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent ofrespondents saying they feel their privacy is “slipping away, and that b others me. ”But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny fraction of Americans changeany behaviors in an effort to preserve their privacy. Few people turn down a discount attollbooths (收费站) to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can track automobile movements. And few turn down supermarket loyalty cards. Privacy economist Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-offcoupon (优惠券).But privacy does matter –at least sometimes. It ’s like health: When you have it, youdon ’t notice it. Only when it ’s gone do you wish you ’d done more to protect it.62. What does the author mean by saying “the 21 st century equivalent of being caughtnaked ”(Lines 3-4, Para.2)?A) People ’s personal information is easily accessed without their knowledge.B) In the 21 st century people try every means to look into others ’secrets.C) People tend to be more frank with each other in the information age.D) Criminals are easily caught on the spot with advanced technology.63. What would psychologists advise on the relationships between friends?A) Friends should open their hearts to C) There should be a distance even each other. between friends.B) Friends should always be faithful to D) There should be fewer disputes each other. between friends.64. Why does the author say “we live in a world where you simple cannot keep a secret ”(Line 5, Para.3)?A) Modern society has finally evolved into an open society.B) People leave traces around when using modern technology.C) There are always people who are curious about others ’affairs.D) Many search engines profit by revealing people ’sidentities.65. What do most Americans do with regard to privacy protection?A) They change behaviors that might disclose their identity.B) They use various loyalty cards for business transactions.C) They rely more and more on electronic D) They talk a lot but hardly do anythingdevices. about it.66. According to the passage, privacy is like health in that ________.A) people will make every effort to keep itwoman.B) its importance is rarely understoodThere are many reasons forC) it is something that can easily be lostD) people don ’t cherish it until the y lose itthis-typically, men take more risks thanwoman and are more likely to drink andsmoke but perhaps more importantly,men don ’t go to the doctor.“Men aren ’t seeing doctors as often2.Passage Oneas they should, ”says Dr. Gullotta, “This Question s 57 to 61 are based on theis particularly so for the over-40s,when following passage.diseases tend to strike. ”If you are a male and you are readingGullotta says a healthy man should this ,congratulations: you are avisit the doctor every year or two. For survivor .According tostatistics .you arethose over 45,it should be at least once amore than twice as likely to die of skinyear.cancer than a woman ,and nine timesTwo months ago Gullotta saw a more likely to die of AIDS. Assuming you50-year-old ma who had delayed doing make it to the end of your natural term,anything about his smoker ’s cough for a about 78 years for men in Australia, youyear.will die on average five years before a“When I finally saw him it had alreadyspread and he has since died from lung Regular check-ups for men would cancer ”he says, “Earlier detection and inevitably place strain on the public purse, treatment may not have cured him, but it Cartmill says. ”But prevention is cheaper would have prolonged this life ”in the long run than having to treat the According to a recent survey, 95%of diseases. Besides, the ultimate cost is far women aged between 15 and early 40s greater: it is called premature death. ”see a doctor once a year, compared to 57.Why does the author congratulate his 70% of men in the same age group. male readers at the beginning of the “A lot of men think they are invincible passage?（不可战胜的）”Gullotta says “They only A. They are more likely to survive serious come in when a friend drops dead on the diseases today.golf course and they think ”Geez, if it B. Their average lifespan has been could happen to him. considerably extended.Then there is the ostrich approach, ” C. They have lived long enough to read some men are scared of what might be this article.there and would rather not know, ”says D. They are sure to enjoy a longer and Dr. Ross Cartmill. happier live.“Most men get their cars serviced 58.What does the author state is the mostmore regularly than they service their important reason men die five years bodies, ”Cartmill says .He believes most earlier on average than women?diseases that commonly affect men could A. men drink and smoke much more thanbe addressed by preventive check-ups. womenB. men don ’t seek medical care as often disease becaus e of fearas women 61. What does Cartmill say about regularC. men aren ’t as cautions as women in check-ups for men?face of danger A.They may increase public expensesD. men are more likely to suffer from fatal B.They will save money in the long rundiseases C.They may cause psychological strains on59. Which of the following best completes menthe sentence “Geez, if it could happen to D.They will enable men to live as long ashim ?’(line2,para,8)? womenA. it could happen to me, too Passage TwoB. I should avoid playing golf Questions 62 to 66 are based on theC. I should consider myself lucky following passage.D. it would be a big misfortune High-quality customer service is60what does Dr. Ross Cartmill mean by preached( 宣扬)by many ,but actually“the ostrich approach ”(line q para.9) keeping customers happy is easier saidA. a casual attitude towards one ’s health than doneconditions Shoppers seldom complain to the B. a new therapy for certain psychological manager or owner of a retail store, butproblems instead will alert their friends, relatives, C. refusal to get medical treatment for fear co-workers, strangers-and anyone whoof the pain involved will listen.D. unwillingness to find out about one ’s Store managers are often the last tohear complaints, and often find out only include filled parking lots, cluttered (塞满when their regular customers decide t 了的) shelves, overloaded racks, frequent their competitors, according to a out-of-stock items, long check-out lines, study jointly conducted by Verde group and rude salespeople.and Wharton school During peak shopping hours, some “Storytelling hurts retailers and retailers solved the parking problems by entertains consumers, ”said Paula getting moonlighting （业余兼职的）local Courtney, President of the V erde group. ”police to work as parking attendants.the store loses the customer, but the Some hired flag wavers to direct shopper must also find a replacement. ”customers to empty parking spaces. This On average, every unhappy customerguidance eliminated the need forwill complain to at least four other, and customers to circle the parking lotwill no longer visit the specific store for endlessly, and avoided confrontationevery dissatisfied customer, a store will between those eyeing the same parkinglose up to three more due to negative space.reviews. The resulting “snowball effect ”Retailers can relieve the headaches bycan be disastrous to retailers. redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking According to the research, shoppers sales items, hiring speedy and who purchased clothing encountered the experienced cashiers, and having salesmost problems. ranked second and third representatives on hand to answerwere grocery and electronics customers. questions.The most common complaints Most importantly, salespeople shouldbe diplomatic and polite with angry them.customers. C Few customers believe the service will “Retailers who ’re responsive and be improved.friendly are more likely to smooth over D Customers have no easy access to storeissues than those who aren ’t so friendly. ”managers.said Professor Stephen Hoch. “Maybe 63. What does Paula Courtney imply by something as simple as a greeter at the saying “?the shopper must also find astore entrance would help. ”replacement ”(Line 2, Para. 4)?Customers can also improve future A New customers arebound to replace shopping experiences by filing complaints old ones.to the retailer, instead of complaining to B It is not likely the shopper can find thethe rest of the world. Retailers are same products in other stores.hard-pressed to improve when they have C Most stores provide the sameno idea what is wrong. D Not complaining to the manager causes注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答the shopper some trouble too.62. Why are store managers often the last 64. Shop owners often hire moonlightingto hear complaints? police as parking attendants so that A Most customers won ’t bother to shoppers_____complain even if they have had unhappy A can stay longer browsing in the store experiences. B won ’t have trouble parking their carsB Customers would rather relate theirC won ’t have any worries about securityunhappy experiences to people around D can find their cars easily after shopping65. What contributes most to smoothing over issues with customers?A Manners of the salespeopleB Hiring of efficient employeesC Huge supply of goods for saleD Design of the store layout.66. To achieve better shopping experiences, customers areadvised to _________.A exert pressure on stores to improve their serviceB settle their disputes with stores in a diplomatic wayC voice their dissatisfaction to store managers directlyD shop around and make comparisons between stores3. The January fashion show, called Future Fashion , exemplified howfar green design has come. Organized by the New York-based nonprofitEarth Pledge, the show inspired many top designers to work with sustainable fabrics for the first time. Several have since made pledges toinclude organic fabrics in their lines.The designers who undertake green fashion still face many challenges. Scott Hahn, cofounder with Gregory of Rogan and Loomstate,which uses all-organic cotton, says high-quality sustainable materials canstill be tough to fine . “Most designers with existing labels are findingthere aren ’t comparable fabrics t hat can just replace what you ’re doing and shat your customers are used to, ”he says. For example, organic cotton and non-organic cotton are virtually indistinguishable once woven into a dress. But some popular synthetics, like stretch nylon, stillhave few eco-friendly equivalents.Those who do make the switch are finding they have more support.Last year the influential trade show Designers & Agents stopped charging its participation fee for young greenentrepreneurs (企业家) who attend its two springtime shows in Los Angeles and New York and gavespecial recognition to designers whose collections are at least 25% sustainable . It now counts more than 50 green designers, up from fewerthan a dozen two years ago. This week Wal-Mart is set to announce amajor initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buytransitional (过渡型的) cotton at higher prices , thus helping to expand thesupply of a key sustainable material . “Mainstream is about to occur, ”says Hahn.Some analysts ( 分析师) are less sure . Among consumers, only 18%are even aware that ecofashion exists, up from 6% four years ago.Natalie Hormilla, a fashion writer, is an example of the unconverted consumer, when asked if she owned any sustainable clothes, she replied:“Not that I ’m aware of. ”Like most consumers, she finds little time toshop, and when she does, she ’s on the hunt for “cute stuff that isn ’t too expensive. ”By her own admission, green just isn ’t yet on her mind. But–thanks to the combined efforts of designers, retailers and suppliers –one day it will be.57. What is said about Future Fashion?A) It inspired many leading designers to start going green.B) It showed that designers using organic fabrics would go far.C) It served as an example of how fashion shows should be organized.D) It convinced the public that fashionable clothes should be madedurable.58. According to Scott Hahn, one big challenge to designers who will goorganic is that .A) much more time is needed to finish a dress using sustainablematerials .B) they have to create new brands for clothes made of organicmaterials .C) customers have difficulty telling organic from non-organicmaterials .D) quality organic replacements for synthetics are not readilyavailable .59. We learn from Paragraph 3 that designers who undertake greenfashion .A) can attend various trade shows free .B) are readily recognized by the fashion worldC) can buy organic cotton at favorable prices .D) are gaining more and more support .60. What is Natalie Hormilla ’s attitude t oward ecofashion?A) She doesn ’t seem to care about it. C) She is doubtful of itspractical value.B) She doesn ’t think it is sustainable D) She is very muchopposed to the idea61. What does the author think of green fashion?A) Green products will soon go mainstream.B) It has a very promising future.C) Consumers have the final say.D) It will appeal more to young people.Passage TwoQuestions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.Scientists have devised a way to determine roughly where a personhas lived using a strand( 缕) of hair , a technique that could help track the movements of criminal suspects or unidentified murder victims .The method relies on measuring how chemical variations in drinkingwater show up in people ’s hair.“You’re what you eat and drink, and that ’s recorded in you hair, ”said Thure Cerling, a geologist at the University of Utah.While U.S diet is relatively identical, water supplies vary. The differences result from weather patterns. The chemical composition of rainfall changes slightly as raid clouds move.Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable , but traces ofboth elements are also present as heavier isotopes (同位素) . The heaviest raid falls first .As a result, storms that form over the Pacific deliver heavierwater to California than to Utah.Similar patterns exist throughout the U.S. By measuring the proportion of heavier hydrogen and oxygen isotopes along astrand ofhair, scientists can construct a geographic timeline. Each inch of hair corresponds to about two months.Cerling ’s team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a mop of the regional differences. They checked the accuracy of the map by testing 200 hair samples collected from 65 barber shops.They were able to accurately place the hair samples in broad regionsroughly corresponding to the movement of raid systems.“It’s not good for pinpointing ( 精确定位),”Cerling said . “It’s goodfor eliminating many possibilities. ”Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learnmore about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake.The woman was 5 feet tall. Police recovered 26 bones, a T-shirt andseveral strands of hair.When Park heard about the research, he gave the hair samples to the researchers. Chemical testing showed that over the two years before herdeath, she moved about every two months.She stayed in the Northwest, although the test could not be morespecific than somewhere between eastern Oregon and western Wyoming.“It’s still a substantial area, ”Park said “But it narrows it way downfor me. ”62. What is the scientists ’new discovery?A) One ’s hair growth has to do with the amount of water they drink.B) A person ’s hair may reveal where they have lived.C) Hair analysis accurately identifies criminal suspects.D) The chemical composition of hair varies from person to person.63. What does the author mean by “You’re what you eat and drink ”(Line 1, Para.3)?A) Food and drink affect one ’s personality development.B) Food and drink preferences vary with individuals.C) Food and drink leave traces in one ’s body tissues.D) Food and drink are indispensable to one ’s existence.64. What is said about the rainfall in America ’s West?A) There is much more rainfall in California than in Utah.B) The water it delivers becomes lighter when it moves inland.C) Its chemical composition is less stable than in other areas.D) It gathers more light isotopes as it moves eastward.65. What did Cerling ’s team produce in their research?A) A map showing the regional differences of tap water.B) A collection of hair samples from various barber shops.C) A method to measure the amount of water in human hair.D) A chart illustrating the movement of the rain system.66. What is the practical value of Cerl ing ’s research?A) It helps analyze the quality of water in different regions.B) It helps the police determine where a crime is committed.C) It helps the police narrow down possibilities in detective work.D) It helps identify the drinking habits of the person underinvestigation.4.Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on thepresidential candidates and how they ’ll change America. Rightly so, but selfishly, I ’m more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might beable to do, not just for this country, but for me as an African-Americanwoman. As the potential First Lady, she would have the world ’s attention.And that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get upclose and personal with the type of African-American woman they so rarely see.Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. The prevailing theory seems to be that we ’re all hot-tempered single mothers who can ’t keep a man. Even in the world of make-believe, blackwomen still can ’t esca pe the stereotype of being eye-rolling, oversexedfemales raised by our never-married, alcoholic ( 酗酒的) mothers.These images have helped define the way all women are viewed, including Michelle Obama. Before she ever gets the chance to commit toa cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhapsmost complicated duty may be simple to be herself.It won ’t be easy. Because few mainstream publicationshave donein-depth features on regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, what we think and what we face on a regular basis.For better or worse, Michelle will represent us all.Just as she will have her critics, she will also have millions of fans whousually have little interest in the First Lady. Many African-American blogshave written about what they ’d like to see Michelle bring to the WhiteHouse —mainly showing the world that a black woman can support herman and raise a strong black family. Michelle will have to work to pleaseeveryone —an impossible task. But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise ( 沉着), confidence and intelligence will goa long way in changing an image that ’s been around for far too long.57. Why does Michelle Obama hold a strong fascination for the author?A) She serves as a role model for African women.B) She possesses many admirable qualities becoming a First Lady.C) She will present to the world a new image of African-American women.D) She will pay closer attention to the interests of African-Americanwomen.58. What is the common stereotype of African-American women according to the author?A) They are victims of violence. B) They are of an inferior violence.C) They use quite a lot of body language. D) They live on charity andsocial welfare.59. What do many African-Americans write about in their blogs?A) Whether Michelle can live up to the high expectations of her fans.B) How Michelle should behave as a public figure.。