高三英语词汇复习总结一轮.doc
Book 1 Unit 1 upset adj. ______________ vt add up ____________
ignore ____________
calm v _______________
adj. _________________
calm down _____________
concern vt. _____________ n. ___________ concerned adj. __________
be concerned about_______
walk the dog ____________
loose ____________
go through _____________
set down ___________
a series of ______________
on purpose _____________
in order to ______________
at dusk ______________
thunder ______________
entire adj. ____________
entirely ______________
power _______________
dusty ________________
settle ______________
suffer _______________
suffer from _____________
highway _____________
recover ______________
recover from __________
get/be tired of ___________
pack __________
pack up ________________
suitcase ______________
teenager _____________
exactly ______________
not exactly _____________
disagree _____________
grateful ______________
dislike _______________
join in _______________
tip ________________ -
swap ____________
item ____________
词汇拓展:
German n. _______________ n(德国)settle v __________________ n.(定居)
___________ (定居者)
suffer v -* _____________ n (困难)recover v —______________ n.
unit 2
elevator ________________
petrol /gas ______________
official adj. ______________
voyage n _______________
because of ______________
native adj. _______________ n ___________ come up _______________
apartment ______________
actually ________________
base vt. _____________ n _______________ be based on ______________
at present ________________
gradual ________________
gradually ________________
make use of ______________
make full use of ________________
make the most of _______________
latter ______________
later _______________
late ________________
latest _______________
lately _______________
identity _____________
fluent _______________
fluently ______________
frequent ______________
frequently ____________
command ________________
request ______________
expression ________________
play a part in ______________
recognize _______________
lorry ________________
accent ______________
lightning __________
straight ____________
block _____________
cab ________________
词汇拓展:conquer v— ____ n (征服者)rich adj f _________________ v
latter adj f ________________ (反义i司)
fluent adj.^ _________ adv ___________ n satify v f ______________ adj __________ n
unti3
journal n. ___________________
transport ____________
prefer ________________
prefer to ______________
disadvantage __________________
fare ________________
flow _______________
ever since ____________________ persuade ____________
cycle _______________
graduate vi __________ n. ____________ finally ______________
schedule ____________
be fond of ________________ shortcoming _______________
stubborn __________________
organize __________________
care about _________________
determine _________________ determined adj ________________
be determined to _______________
change one's mind _______________ journey _______________
altitude _____________
make up one\ mind _________________
give in________________
pace _______________
keep pace with _______________
bend _______________
attitude _____________
boil ________________
forecast _______________
parcel ______________
insurance _____________
wool
as usual _________________
reliable _________________
view _____________
pillow ______________
at midnight ______________
flame ____________
beneath _____________
temple ______________ cave ________________
词汇拓展:
flow __________ (过去式)_______ (过去分词)persuade v f _____________ adj. ____________n cycle v f ________________ n (骑自行车的人)graduate v f ________________ n (毕业生)
__________ n(毕业)finally —adj. organize v f ____________________ n (组织)
_______ (组织者)
determine —___________ adj ______________n reliable adj f __________________ v.
similar adj.?______________ n
unit 4
earthquake ________________
right away _________________
well adv ___________ n ________
pipe -------------------
burst ______________
event _____________
as if ______________
at an end ____________
canal ______________
steam ______________
dirt ______________
ruin _______________
in ruins ____________
suffering ________________
extreme _____________
injure _____________
destroy _____________
dam ______________
track _____________
useless
shock v ____________ n ______________ rescue _______________
trap ________________
electricity ____________
disaster ______________
dig out _______________
bury _________________
be buried in ________________
mine n ____________
miner __________________
shelter _____________
a great number of ___________
title ______________
reporter _____________
bar _______________
damage ______________
frighten ______________
frightened ____________
frightening _____________
congratulation _____________
judge n ___________ v ___________ sincerely _________________
express ____________
headline ________________
cyclist _______________
词汇拓展:nation-* _____________ adj n (国籍)
dirt n —____________ adj
extreme adj —_____________ adv
injure v ____________ n ___________ adj express v __________________ n
Unit5
qulity ______________
of high quality ________________
mean _______________
active ______________
take an active part in _______________ generous _______________
selflessly _______________
devote _________________
devoted adj _____________
be devoted to _______________
found _____________ republic _____________
principle ____________
peaceful _____________
lawyer ______________
guidance ______________
legal ______________
fee _______________
out of work ______________
hopeful _________________
league __________________
stage _______________
vote ______________
attack _________________
violence _______________
as a matter of fact _____________
blow up _______________
equal ________________
in trouble _____________
willing _______________
unfair ________________
turn to ________________
lose heart ______________
lose one's heart _________
escape _______________
blanket ______________
educate _____________
educated ____________
come to power _____________
beg ______________
relative ____________
terror _____________
cruelty ____________
remark ____________
reward ______________
reward sb with sth _____________
set up _____________
sentence ______________
be sentenced to ______________
anti_________________
president _________________
opinion _________________
in my opinion ________________
词汇拓展:active.adjf n. ________ adv
devote v — ____________ n
peaceful adj f ________________ n
legal adj _______________ (反义词)adj violence n f _______________________ adj f ________ adj (非暴力的)
unfair adj — ________________ (反义词) educate v ? ________________ n ? __________ n (教育者)
beg v —> ___________ n (乞丐)
cruelty n t _____________ adj ________ adv
free adj —> ___________ vt —> ____________ n _______ adv
prison n — _________ n (囚犯)
willing adj —? ______ (反义词) _______ adv _____________ n (意志)
evident adj ______________ evidence _______________ explode ________________ explosion _______________ entrance ________________ sink (sank, sunk ) __________ think highly of _______________ think little of ________________ informal ________________ debate ________________
词汇拓展:
cultural adjf ___________________ n amaze v ___________ adj (吃惊的)
__________ adj (令人吃惊的) decorate \一 ___________ n
wooden adj — _______________ n
doubt v — _____________ n _________ adj mystery n — ___________ adj
painting n — ___________ v _________ n (画家) eyewitness _________________ v (目睹,目击) evidence n — ________________ a dj
explode v — ____________ n ___________ adj sailor n — ______________ v informal adj -* _______________ (反义i 司)
unit2
ancient ______________ compete _____________
remove _______________
less than_______________ wooden _______________ doubt _________________ doubtful ________________ former ________________ latter _____________ worth _____________ worthy ____________ worthwhile ____________ local ______________
take apart _______________ painting ________________ castle _________ trail _____________
Book 2 Unitl
rare ___________
valuable______________
value n&v ________________ survive ______________ vase _____________
dynasty ______________ in search of _____________ amaze ______________ amazing_____________ select _______________ design ______________ designer______________
be designed for _____________ fancy adj ____________ style _____________ decorate______________ decoration ______________ jewel _____________ artist ____________
belong to ________________ in return ________________ in turn _________________ a troop of _______________ reception ______________ at war ________________
compete v ____________ n (比赛) _____ n (比 赛者) _____________ adj magical adj _____________ n basis n ____________ (pl )
athlete n _______________ adj _____________ n (体育运动) responsibility n __ a dj similarity n ______________ adj
physical adj __________________ n (物理学 家) __________ (物理) advertise v ______________ (广 告) _________ (广告商) glory ________________ adj
hopeless adj ___________ (反义词) pain n ______________ adj
unit 3
calculate v ______________ calculator n ______________ universal _____________ universe ________________ simplify ________________ sum ______________ operator ________________ operate _______________ logical _______________ logically ______________ technology ____________ technological ____________ revolution _______________ artificial _________________ intelligence _____________ intelligent _______________ solve ______________ from ….on reality _____ personal ________________ tube __________
as a result ________________ total ______________ totally ________
network ________________ website ______________ web __________
application _______________
competitor _____________ take part in ____________ medal ______________ stand for ______________ magical _____________ volunteer _______________ regular ______________ regularly _____________ basis ___________
base n ___________ v ________ be based on ________________ athlete ____________ athletic ___________ admit _____________ slave _____________ slavery ___________ nowadays _____________ gymnastics _____________ stadium _______________
gymnasium (gym ) ___________ as well ______________ host ________________
responsibility ________________ take responsibility for ___________ replace ____________
take the place of ______________ motto _____________ swift _______________
charge _____________________ in charge _____________ physical _______________ fine ________________ poster ______________ advertise ____________
advertisement _______________ advertiser ______________ glory _____________
bargain _______________ hopeless ______________ pain _________________ painful _______________
one after another _________________ deserve ______________
词汇拓展:
applicant _______________
apply ------------------------
apply for ____________
finance ______________
financial _______________
rocket ______________
explore _____________
explorer _____________
anyhow _____________
goal ______________
happiness ____________
download ____________
virus _____________
signal _____________
sign _____________
type ---------------------
in a way ___________
in the way ______________
in this way ______________
coach __________
arise ______________
rise _____________
with the help of _____________
electronic ____________
appearance _____________
appear ___________
character _______________
mop ______________
deal with _______________
do with ________________
watch over ______________
niece ____________
nephew ___________
spoil ______________
词汇拓展:
operator n—v n (手术)analytical adj —v n (分析员)
universal adj n
simplify v adi adv logical adi n
technology n adj
revolution n n
intelligence n adj
reality n _____________ adj designer n ____________ v
personal adj _____________ n ___________ a dv total adj _______________ adv
application n ______________ n ___________ v finance n ________________ adj
supporting adj _____________ v __________ n(持者)
unit 4
protection _______________
protect v _____________
protect from ______________
protector ______________
decrease ______________
increase ______________
die out ________________
lose _______________
loss _______________
at a loss _______________
reserve n _____________ v____________ hunt ______________
zone ______________
in peace ______________
in danger of ___________
carpet _______________
respond v ____________
response ______________
respond to sth _____________
distant ________________
distance ______________
in the distance_____________
fur __________
relief _____________
reliese ____________
in relief ____________
burst into laughter ________________
mercy _____________
merciful ___________
for certain _______________
importance ______________
important _______________
rub ___________
mosquito _________________
insect _____________
contain ____________
container _____________
powerful _____________
affect ________________
effect ______________
affection ______________
pay attention to _____________
appreciate _________________
succeed _______________
success _______________
successful _____________
secure ___________
income ___________
employ ____________
employee ______________
employer _____________
harm ____________
do harm to _____________
harmful _______________
bite _____________
come into being ______________
inspect ____________
incident _______________
dust ___________
dusty ____________
according to _______________
fierce _____________
so that ____________
ending _____________
词汇拓展:
hunt v ___________ n
protection n ___________ v_______ adj threaten v ___________ n ___________ adj (威胁'的) _________ (受到威胁的)
endanger v _____________ adj (濒危的)distant adj ____________ n
relief n ___________ v
mercy n __________ a dj
certain adj _____________ n
affect v ______________ n
secure adj _____________ n
harm v&n _____________ adj
extinction n ____________ adj
faithfully adv ___________ adj _________ n unit 5
roll ____________
folk ____________
jazz ____________
musician ___________
dream of ___________
pretend ____________
to be honest __________
attach ____________
attach to _______________
form ______________
form the habit of _______________ passer-by _____________
earn ____________
extra __________
instrument _____________
perform ________________ performance ____________
pub ___________
cash ___________
in cash ______________
studio _____________
play jokes on ____________
actor ______________
actress _______________
rely ____________
rely on ______________ broadcast _____________ humorous _____________
humour ________________
familiar _______________
be/get familiar with ______________ or so ___________
break up _____________
attractive _______________ attraction ______________
attract _____________
in addition ______________
sort out _______________
dip ___________
confident _________
be confident in
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weep (wept -wept) ____________
set off ___________
remind ______________ '
remind _…of _________________
forgive __________
过去式______________过去分词__________ 词汇拓展:
celebration n ______________ v
origin n ______________adj
arrival n _____________ v
independence n ____________ adj agriculture n _______________ adj
energetic adj ______________ n
necessity n _____________ adj
permission n ____________ v
announcer n _______________ v
belief n ______________(pl)
unit2
diet _____________
go on a diet ______________
balance ______________
balanced _____________
keep balance ___________
barbecue ____________
mutton ______________
roast _____________
fry ______________
bacon ____________
lose weight ________________
curiosity _________________
curious ______________
hostess ______________
host ____________
raw _____________
vinegar ______________
get away with ______________
lie lied -lied _______________
tell a lie _______________
customer _____________
discount _____________
win ...back _____________
weakness ______________
strength _______________
consult ________________ fibre _____________
digest _________________
carrot ______________
earn one\ living _____________
debt _____________
in debt ____________
glare ____________
glare at ___________
spy ---------------------
spy on ___________
limit ______________
limited ____________
benefit ___________
benefit from ____________
beneficial ________________
sigh _____________
combine _______________
combine …with _______________
cut down ______________
before long _______________
long before _______________
put on weight _____________
词汇拓展:protective adj v ___________ n curiosity n __________ adj __________ adv poisonous adj ___________ n &v
limit v ___________ a dj
benefit v ____________ adj
consult v ___________ n (顾问)
unit 3
birthplace _____________
bring up ______________
novel ________________
adventure _____________
author ________________
scene ____________
on the scene ____________
wander ___________
pavement ______________
businessman _____________
permit v ___________ n ___________
by accident ___________
bay _____________
stare at ______________
fault ______________
spot v ___________ n______________
passage _____________
account ______________
account for _______________
embassy ______________
seek ____________
seek for _________________
patience ______________
patient _______________
on the contrary ______________
envelope ________________
unbelievable ________________
steak ______________
dessert ______________
amount ______________
take a chance _____________
rude ______________
manner ____________
scream _____________
genuine _____________
rag _____________
in rags _____________
indeed _____________
as for ______________
bow _______________
barber _____________
词汇拓展:patience n _ adj ___________ (病人)permit v ______________ n
account ______________ n(会计)
embassy n _______________ n (大使)
penny n ______________ adj (身无分文的)novel n _________________ a dj (新奇的)
unit4
astronomy n _____________
system ______________
solar system ______________
religion ______________
theory _______________
atom ________________
billion ______________
globe ______________
violent ______________
in time ______________
carbon ______________
carbon dioxide _______________
atmosphere _____________
unlike ________________
fundamental _________________
harmful ______________
harm ________________
do harm to ____________
acid _________________
chain ________________
multiply ______________
oxygen ______________
lay egg _____________
exist _______________
give birth to ___________
thus _____________
in one's turn _______________
prevent …from _______________
puzzle _____________
biology ____________
biologist ____________
gravity _______________
satellite ____________
gentle ______________
physicist ___________
block out _______________
climate _____________
crash ______________
spaceship ____________
pull _______________
cheer up ______________
float ____________
now that ______________
break out _____________
watch out for ____________
词汇拓展:
religion n _______________ adj
globe n _____________ adj __________ v presence n __________ adj __________ (反义词)harmful adj ____________ n ___________ v reaction ______________ v
exist v _____________ n
biology n _____________ n(生物学家)exhaust v __________________ adj (筋疲力尽
的)_____________ adj (令人筋疲力尽的)atom n ______________ adj
unit 5
quiz _____________
rather than _____________
continent ______________
baggage _______________
chat______________
scenery ________________
surround _______________
be surrounded by ______________ surrounding adj _____________ surroundings _______________
harbour _____________
measure ___________________
take measures to do sth ______________ aboard _____________
abroad _____________
settle down _____________
manage to do ____________
catch sight of ____________
eagle ___________
have a gift for _______________
have a talent for _____________
within __________
border ______________
slight ______________
slightly _____________
urban _______________
topic ________________
mix _________________
mixture ______________
bush _______________
naple___________
frost _______________
confirm _____________
wealth_____________
wealthy ____________
distance ___________
in the distance ___________
mist ____________
misty ___________
booth ___________
downtown ______________ approximately ___________ dawn _____________
buffet _____________
broad _____________
tradition ____________
traditional __________
terrify ______________
terrified ____________
pleased ____________
impressed _____________
impressive ____________
词汇拓展:mix v n
distance n _____________ adj
terrify v ____________ adj (令人害怕的)
__________ (受惊吓的)impress v adj
slight adj _____________ adv
surround v ______________ adj _______________ n(周围环境)_
downtown adj _________________ (反义词)BOOK 4
Unit 1
achievement _____________
welfare ________________
project _______________
institute _______________
specialist ______________
connection _____________
campaign _______________
organization _____________
behave _______________
behaviour _______________
shade ______________
move off _______________
worthwhile ______________
nest __________
bond ____________
observe ________________
observation _____________
childhood _______________
outspoken ______________
respect _______________
argue ________________
argument _____________
entertainment __________
lead a ...life _____________
crow ____________
crow in ____________
inspire _________________
support _________________
look down upon ______________
refer _______________
refer to ____________________
audience ______________
by chance _____________
come across _____________
rate ________________
sickness ______________
intend ________________
emergency ______________
generation ____________
kindness ____________
considerate ____________
consideration ____________
deliver _______________
carry on ______________
modest _______________
词汇拓展:connect v — __ n
organize v __________ n (组织)________ adj behave v ___________ n
observe v _____________ n
argue v _____________ n
entertain v ____________ n ___________ adj determine v _____________ n __________ adj consider v _____________ n ___________ adj
unit 2
statistic n __________
sunburnt adj ___________
struggle ______________
decade _______________
super __________
output ________________
crop ______________
hunger ______________
disturbing adj ______________
expand ___________
circulate ______________
thanks to _____________
battle _______________
rid _________________
be satisfied with _______________
freedom __________
would rather _____________
therefore ____________
equip _____________
grain _____________
export ____________
nationality ___________
occupation ___________
confuse ______________
regret ________________
chemical _____________
production ____________
bacteria ______________
pest _________________
build up ______________
lead to ______________
nutrition ______________
mineral ______________
discovery ____________
focus ________________
focus on ______________
soil _________________
reduce ____________
keep ...from/of ______________
root ___________
skim _____________
underline _____________
summary _____________
comment n ____________ v _____
词汇拓展:
disturbing adj __________ v __________
freedom n _____________ adj ________ v
hunger n ______________ a dj
discover v ______________ n
production n _________ v __________ n (生产者)equip v _____________ n
unit 3
humour __________
comedy __________
up to now ____________
content adj ___________ n _________ v _______ feel/ be content with ________________ performer ___________
astonish __________
astonishing _____________
fortunate ______________
unfortunately ______________
badly off __________________
ordinary _____________
bored _______________
entertain _____________
throughout ___________
homeless ____________
moustache ___________
worn __________
failure _________
overcome ____________
过去式__________ 过去分词 _________ leather ________
pick out __________
cut off ____________
chew ____________
convince __________
convincing ____________
direct v __________ a dj ________
star in ____________
outstanding ____________
gesture __________
particular ___________
particularly __________
occasion __________
budget ___________
actress
slide v _____________ n___________
amuse ___________
amusing ___________
explanation __________
detective ____________
whisper ____________
vast _______________
mess ____________
in a mess __________
react _________
drunk adj __________
词汇拓展:
depress v __________ adj (令人沮丧
的)________ adj (沮丧的)
perform v __________ n(表演者)_________ n astonish v __________ a dj ________ adj ________ entertain v _________ - n ___________ adj explanation n _____________ v unit 4
statement ____________
greet ___________
represent _____________
association ____________
dormitory _____________
canteen ____________
flight _____________
curious ______________
curiously ____________
approach v ____________ n ___________ cheek ___________
defend ____________
defend ..against ______________ defence _____________
major _______________ misunderstand ____________ misunderstanding ____________
dash ____________
adult ____________
spoken __________
likely ___________
be likely to ___________
in general ____________
crossroads tournament
facial settler
function n V minority
ease cloth
at ease iunsle
truly creature
false advance
anger in advance
lose face advanced
turn one's back to brand
fist get close to
vawn come to life
subjective outing
objective admission
huR shuttle
rank freeway
词汇拓展:souvenir
defend v n brochure
employ v】(雇主)n (雇员)词汇拓展:
ansry adi n various adi V n curious adj n attraction n V adj statement n V length n adj
settler n V n (定居)unit 5athletic adi n
translator n V n theme minority n n仮义词)central advance v adj
various admission n V
cartoon
be famouse for
whichever
fantasy Book 5
amusement
swing Unit 1
attraction characteristic
no wonder radium
tourism painter
unique put forward
carpenter scientific
engine conclude
preserve conclusion
length draw a conclusion
deed analyse
be modeled after defeat v n
sword expert
attend _____________ physician _____________ expose _______________ expose ...to ... ______________ cure __________
challenge v ____________ victim _______________ absorb _______________
be absorbed in _________ suspect v ___________ n _____ enquiry n _____________ severe _______________ pump ________________ foresee ______________ blame _______________ pollute _______________ handle ______________
link ______________
link to ____________
高考英语词汇173单选题详解
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1 why should a student of English study English lexicology ? First ,it will help his personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power . second ,it will give him a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable him to organize ,classif y and store words more effectively .third, it will gradually raise his awareness of meaning and usages of words ,and enable him to use words more accurat ely and appropriat ely. f ourth, it will improve his skills of using reference books and raise his problem-solving ability and eff iciency of individual study .and at last ,it will improve his receptive and productive skills in language processing as will as language production. 2 How does a students of English study English lexicology? We have two approaches to the study of English words, namely synchronic and diachroni c. From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time, regardless of changes whatsoever. From a diachronic point of view, we can consider words historically, looking into their origins and changes in f orm and meaning. These two ways are complementary. As f or the course of English lexicology, there are quite some def initions, principles and explanations that govern the law of English words. We need to be clear about them. Everything has its own special aspects. We should grasp them so that we can closely f ollow its law. So it is also the case with English lexicology 3 Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples. A word is a symbol that stands f or something else in the word. Each of the world’s cultures has come to agree that certain sounds will represent certain persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities arbirtrary, and there is“no logical relationship between the sound which stands f or a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”.a dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. It is only symbolic. The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refers to the animal with this cluster of sound. In dif ferent language the same concept can be represented by diff erent sound. Woman, f or example, becomes “frau”in German, “f emme”in French and “f u nu”in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound /mi:t/ may be used to mean meet, meat, mete, denoting entirely different thing. Differences of Sound and Form:语音和类型的区别the internal reason f or this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans;the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart;some of the differences were created by the early scribes;f inally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary。 4 Enumerate the major modes of modern vocabulary development. (列举现代英语词汇发展的主要方式) generally speaking, there are three modes of modem English vocabulary development. They are: creation, semantic change and borrowing. 1, creation refers to the f ormation of new words by usin g the existing materials, namely roots, aff ixes, and other elements. 2, semantic change means an old f orm which takes on a new meaning to meet the new word. This does not increase the number of word f orms but create many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary. 3, borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times. 5 What are the f undamental f eatures of the core of the English vocabulary? (英 语基本词汇有什么基本特征?) the f oundamental features of the basic word stock are f ollows:1, all national character 2, stability 3, productivity 4, polysemy 5, collocability 6 What is reference? (什么是所指关系?) reference is the relationship between language and the word. “by means of reference, a speaker indicat es which thing in the word (including persons) are being talked about. ”words have meaning only when they have acquired reference. In other words, only when a connection has been est ablished between the linguistic sign and a referent, i.e. an object , a phenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become ,meaningf ul. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. 7 What is the dif f erence between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning? (语法意义和词汇意义有何区 别?) unlike lexical meaning, different lexical items, which have different lexi cal meaning, may have the same grammatical meaning. On the other hand, the same word may have diff erent grammatical meaning. Functional words, though having little lexical meaning, possess strong grammatical meaning whereas content words have both meaning, and lexical meaning in particular. Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning. It is known that grammatical meaning surfaces only in use. But lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to the word conveys. 8 Associative meaning comprises f our types: connotative, stylistic, aff ective, and collocative.(联想意义包括四种类别:内 涵意义,文体意义,感情意义,搭配意 义) 9 What is the different between the processes of radiation and concatenation? (辐射型和 连锁型有什么区别?) unlike radiation where each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between. 10 Differentiation of homonyms f rom polysemants. (同形同音异义词与多义 词的区别) the f undamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the f ace the f ormer refers to diff erent words which happen to share the same f orm and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are f orm different sources whereas a polysemant is f orm the same source which has acquired different meaning in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relat edness. The various meaning of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree. On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate enties. 11 sources of synonyms. (同义词的来源) 1, borrowing 2, dialects and regional English 3, f igurative and euphemistic use of words 4, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. 12 discrimination of synonyms. (同义词 的区别) 1,diff erent in denotation. 2, dif ferent in connotation 3, diff erent in application. 13 type of antonyms. (反义词的类别) 1,contradictory terms 2, contrary terms 3, relative terms 14 some of the characteristics of antonyms. (反义词的一些特点) 1,antonyms are classi f ied on the basis of semantic opposition. 2, a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3, antonyms diff er in semantic inclusion. 4, contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite. 15 give examples to explain the characteristics of each of the three types of antonymys: contradictiory terms, contrary terms, relative terms. (举例解 释下列三种反义词:1 互为矛盾的反义 词 2 相对反义词 3 表示相互关系的 反义词) contradictiory terms: these antonyms truly represent to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. Examples: dead—alive; present—absent; contrary terms: antonyms of the type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. f or instance, rich—poor; old—young; relative terms: this type consists of relative opposites such as parent—child; husband—wi f e; 16 What are the causes of semantic charge? (语义变化的原因?) there are many causes of semantic change. The main causes are extra—linguistic f actors and linguistic f actors. In extra—linguistic f actors, there are historical reasons, class reasons, and psychological reasons. In linguistic factors, there are shortening of phrases, inf lux of borrowings and analogy. 17 Types of changes. (词义变化的种类) 1, extension (词义的扩大) 2, narrowing (词义的缩小) 3,elevation (词义的升格) 4,degradation (词义的
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