国际经济学第六章附录作业
【精品】国际经济学作业答案第六章(可编辑)
国际经济学作业答案-第六章------------------------------------------作者------------------------------------------日期Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International TradeMultiple Choice Questions1. External economies of scale arise when the cost per unit(a) rises as the industry grows larger.(b) falls as the industry grows larger rises as the average firm grows larger.(c) falls as the average firm grows larger.(d) remains constant.(e) None of the above.Answer: B2. Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unit(a) rises as the industry grows larger.(b) falls as the industry grows larger.(c) rises as the average firm grows larger.(d) falls as the average firm grows larger.(e) None of the above.Answer: D3. External economies of scale(a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.(b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.(c) tends to result in one huge monopoly.(d) tends to result in large profits for each firm.(e) None of the above.Answer: A4. Internal economies of scale(a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.(b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.(c) are associated only with sophisticated products such as aircraft.(d) cannot form the basis for international trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: B5. A monopolistic firm(a) can sell as much as it wants for any price it determines in the market.(b) cannot determine the price, which is determined by consumer demand.(c) will never sell a product whose demand is inelastic at the quantity sold.(d) cannot sell additional quantity unless it raises the price on each unit.(e) None of the above.Answer: C6. Monopolistic competition is associated with(a) cut-throat price competition.(b) product differentiation.(c) explicit consideration at firm level of the feedback effec ts of other firms’ pricing decisions.(d) high profit margins.(e) None of the above.Answer: B7. The most common market structure is(a) perfect competition.(b) monopolistic competition.(c) small-group oligopoly.(d) perfectly vertical integration.(e) None of the above.Answer: C8. Modeling trade in monopolistic industries is problematic because(a) there is no one generally accepted model of oligopoly behavior.(b) there are no models of oligopoly behavior.(c) it is difficult to find an oligopoly in the real world.(d) collusion among oligopolists makes usable data rare.(e) None of the above.Answer: A9. Where there are economies of scale, the scale of production possible in a country is constrained by(a) the size of the country.(b) the size of t he trading partner’s country.(c) the size of the domestic market.(d) the size of the domestic plus the foreign market.(e) None of the above.Answer: D10. Where there are economies of scale, an increase in the size of the market will(a) increase the number of firms and raise the price per unit.(b) decrease the number of firms and raise the price per unit.(c) increase the number of firms and lower the price per unit.(d) decrease the number of firms and lower the price per unit.(e) None of the above.Answer: C11. The simultaneous export and import of widgets by the United States is an example of(a) increasing returns to scale.(b) imperfect competition.(c) intra-industry trade.(d) inter-industry trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C12. If output more than doubles when all inputs are doubled, production is said to occur underconditions of(a) increasing returns to scale.(b) imperfect competition.(c) intra-industry trade.(d) inter-industry trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: A13. Intra-industry trade can be explained in part by(a) transportation costs within and between countries.(b) problems of data aggregation and categorization.(c) increasing returns to scale.(d) All of the above.(e) None of the above.Answer: D14. If some industries exhibit internal (firm specific) increasing returns to scale in each country, weshould not expect to see(a) intra-industry trade between countries.(b) perfect competition in these industries.(c) inter-industry trade between countries.(d) high levels of specialization in both countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: B15. Intra-industry trade is most common in the trade patterns of(a) developing countries of Asia and Africa.(b) industrial countries of Western Europe.(c) all countries.(d) North-South trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: B16. International trade based on scale economies is likely to be associated with(a) Ricardian comparative advantage.(b) comparative advantage associated with Heckscher-Ohlin factor-proportions.(c) comparative advantage based on quality and service.(d) comparative advantage based on diminishing returns.(e) None of the above.Answer: E17. International trade based on external scale economies in both countries is likely to be carried out by a(a) relatively large number of price competing firms.(b) relatively small number of price competing firms.(c) relatively small number of competing oligopolists.(d) monopoly firms in each country/industry.(e) None of the above.Answer: A18. International trade based solely on internal scale economies in both countries is likely to be carriedout by a(a) relatively large number of price competing firms.(b) relatively small number of price competing firms.(c) relatively small number of competing oligopolists.(d) monopoly firms in each country/industry.(e) None of the above.Answer: D19. A monopoly firm engaged in international trade will(a) equate average to local costs.(b) equate marginal costs with foreign marginal revenues.(c) equate marginal costs with the highest price the market will bear.(d) equate marginal costs with marginal revenues in both domestic and in foreign markets.(e) None of the above.Answer: D20. A monopoly firm will maximize profits by(a) charging the same price in domestic and in foreign markets.(b) producing where the marginal revenue is higher in foreign markets.(c) producing where the marginal revenue is higher in the domestic market.(d) equating the marginal revenues in domestic and foreign markets.(e) None of the above.Answer: D21. A firm in monopolistic competition(a) earns positive monopoly profits because each sells a differentiated product.(b) earns positive oligopoly profits because each firm sells a differentiated product.(c) earns zero economic profits because it is in perfectly or pure competition.(d) earns zero economic profits because of free entry.(e) None of the above.Answer: D22. The larger the number of firms in a monopolistic competition situation,(a) the larger are that country’s exports.(b) the higher is the price charged.(c) the fewer varieties are sold.(d) the lower is the price charged.(e) None of the above.Answer: D23. The monopolistic competition model is one in which there is/are(a) a monopoly.(b) perfect competition.(c) economies of scale.(d) government intervention in the market.(e) None of the above.Answer: C24. In industries in which there are scale economies, the variety of goods that a country can produce isconstrained by(a) the size of the labor force.(b) anti-trust legislation.(c) the size of the market.(d) the fixed cost.(e) None of the above.Answer: C25. An industry is characterized by scale economies, and exists in two countries. Should these twocountries engage in trade such that the combined market is supplied by one country’s industry, then(a) consumers in both countries would suffer higher prices and fewer varieties.(b) consumers in the importing country would suffer higher prices and fewer varieties.(c) consumers in the exporting country would suffer higher prices and fewer varieties.(d) consumers in both countries would enjoy fewer varieties available but lower prices.(e) None of the above.Answer: E26. An industry is characterized by scale economies and exists in two countries. In order for consumersof its products to enjoy both lower prices and more variety of choice,(a) each country’s marginal cost must equal that of the other country.(b) the marginal cost of this industry must equal marginal revenue in the other.(c) the monopoly must lower prices in order to sell more.(d) the two countries must engage in international trade one with the other.(e) None of the above.Answer: D27. A product is produced in a monopolistically competitive industry with scale economies. If thisindustry exists in two countries, and these two countries engage in trade one with the other, then we would expect(a) the country in which the price of the product is lower will export the product.(b) the country with a relative abundance of the factor of production in which production of theproduct is intensive will export this product.(c) each of the countries will export different varieties of the product to the other.(d) neither country will export this product since there is no comparative advantage.(e) None of the above.Answer: C28. The reason why one country may export a product which is produced with positive scale economies is(a) its labor productivity will tend to be higher.(b) it enjoys a relative abundance of the factor intensely used in the product’s production.(c) its demand is biased in favor of the product.(d) its demand is biased against the product.(e) None of the above.Answer: E29. Two countries engaged in trade in products with no scale economies, produced under conditions ofperfect competition, are likely to be engaged in(a) monopolistic competition.(b) inter-industry trade.(c) intra-industry trade.(d) Heckscher-Ohlin trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: B30. Two countries engaged in trade in products with scale economies, produced under conditions ofmonopolistic competition, are likely to be engaged in(a) price competition.(b) inter-industry trade.(c) intra-industry trade.(d) Heckscher-Ohlinean trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C31. History and accident determine the details of trade involving(a) Ricardian and Classical comparative advantage.(b) Heckscher-Ohlin model consideration.(c) taste reversals.(d) scale economies.(e) None of the above.Answer: D32. We often observe intra-industry North-South trade in “computers and related devices.” This is due to(a) classification and aggregation ambiguities.(b) monopolistic competition.(c) specific factors issues.(d) scale economies.(e) None of the above.Answer: A33. We often observe “pseudo-intra-industry trade” between the Unite d States and Mexico. Actually,such trade is consistent with(a) oligopolistic markets.(b) comparative advantage associated with Heckscher-Ohlin model.(c) optimal tariff issues.(d) huge sucking sound.(e) None of the above.Answer: B34. Intra-industry trade will tend to dominate trade flows when which of the following exists?(a) Large differences between relative country factor availabilities(b) Small differences between relative country factor availabilities(c) Homogeneous products that cannot be differentiated(d) Constant cost industries(e) None of the above.Answer: B35. The most common form of price discrimination in international trade is(a) non-tariff barriers.(b) Voluntary Export Restraints.(c) dumping.(d) preferential trade arrangements.(e) None of the above.Answer: CEssay Questions1. Why is it that if an industry were operating under conditions of domestic internal scale economies(applies to firm in the country)—then the resultant equilibrium cannot be consistent with the pure competition model?Answer: Because once one firm became bigger than another, or if one firm began the industry, then no other firm would be able to match its per unit cost, so that they would be driven out ofthe industry.2. Is it possible that if positive scale economies characterize an industry, that its equilibrium may beconsistent with purely competitive conditions? Explain how this could happen.Answer: Yes. If the scale economies were external to the firm, then there is no reason why the firms may not be in perfect competition.3. If a scale economy is the dominant technological factor defining or establishing comparativeadvantage, then the underlying facts explaining why a particular country dominates world markets in some product may be pure chance, or historical accident. Explain, and compare this with the answer you would give for the Heckscher-Ohlin model of comparative advantage.Answer: This statement is true, since the reason the seller is a monopolist may be that it happened to have been the first to produce this product in this country. It may have no connection toany supply or demand related factors; nor to any natural or man-made availability. This isall exactly the opposite of the Heckscher-Ohlin Neo-Classical model’s explanation of thedeterminants of comparative advantage.4. It is possible that trade based on external scale economies may leave a country worse off than itwould have been without trade. Explain how this could happen.Answer: One answer is that the terms of trade effects may dominate any other factors.5. If scale economies were not only external to firms, but were also external to individual countries.That is, the larger the worldwide industry (regardless of where firms or plants are located), thecheaper would be the per-unit cost of production. Describe what world trade would look like in this case.Answer: Presumably each country would specialize in some component of the final product. This would result in much observed intra-industry trade.6. Why are increasing returns to scale and fixed costs important in models of international trade andmonopolistic competition?Answer: There are many answers. Three of these are(a) Increasing returns to scale, and high fixed costs may be inconsistent with perfectcompetition. In such a case, the initial autarkic state may be a suboptimal equilibrium.For example, relative prices may not equal marginal rates of transformation. It followsfrom this that a change in output compositions associated with trade may result in anational welfare for one or both trading countries that is inferior to that associatedwith the initial autarkic conditions. Hence no “gains from trade.”(b) In a case of increasing scale economies at the firm or plant level, the determination ofwhich product will be exported by which country is ex-ante indeterminate. Therefore,deriving clear implications concerning the effects of trade on income distributionssuch as may be derived from the Samuelson-Stolper Theorem is no longer generallypossible.(c) Market structures containing positive scale economies and imperfect competition mayallow for “two-way trade,” or intra-industry trade. As in b. above, the varioustheorems derivable from the Heckscher-Ohlin model concerning directions of tradeand income distributions are no longer generally applicable.7. Explain why it may be argued that the relative importance of the intra-industry component of worldtrade is likely to lessen economic strife or confrontation (a la Stolper-Samuelson) associated with commercial policy within countries in which overall trade is expanding?Answer: In the case of the Neo-Classical H-O model, the expansion of trade will tend to increase the incomes of those factors in which the exports are relatively intense. This may createsituations i n which unskilled labor’s already relatively low relative incomes would worsenin a country such as the U.S., hence heating up “class warfare.” In the case of intra-industry trade, the expanding exports will tend to be in relatively fragmented subsets ofp roducts (“brands”). Such export expansion will have no determinant or systematictendency to affect relative factor returns in any deterministic manner.8. Explain why positive economies of scale in one (of two) sectors may establish a comparativeadvantage for the large (as compared to the small) country in the production of the commoditywhich exhibits positive scale economies.Answer: In the case of the H-O model, the actual size of the country is irrelevant in thedetermination of the direction of trade (though it may affect the equilibrium terms oftrade). When positive scale economies apply to the production of one product, the countrythat can devote more resources (in absolute terms) will be able to sell that product cheaper,and therefore will be mo re likely to gain a “revealed” comparative advantage in thatproduct. This will be the country with more factors (both labor and capital)—the largercountry.Quantitative/Graphing Problems1. The figure above represents the demand and cost functions facing a Brazilian Steel producingmonopolist. If it were unable to export, and was constrained by its domestic market, what quantity would it sell at what price?Answer: It would sell 5 (million tons) at a price of $8/ton.2. Now the monopolist discovers that it can export as much as it likes of its steel at the world price of$5/ton. It will therefore expand for-export production up to the point where its marginal cost equals $5. How much steel will the monopolist sell, and at what price?Answer: It would sell 10 million tons at $5/ton.3. Given the opportunity to sell at world prices, the marginal (opportunity) cost of selling a tondomestically is what?Answer: $5/ton.4. While selling exports it would also maximize its domestic sales by equating its marginal(opportunity) cost to its marginal revenue of $5. How much steel would the firm sell domestically, and at what price?Answer: 4 million tons at $10/ton.5. The Brazilian firm is charging its foreign (U.S.) customers one half the price it is charging itsdomestic customers. Is this good or bad for the real income or economic welfare of theUnited States? Is the Brazilian firm engaged in dumping? Is this predatory behavior on the partof the Brazilian steel company?Answer: Good. Yes, if you define dumping as selling abroad at a price lower than domestically. No, if by dumping you mean selling below marginal cost. No—this is not being done in orderto capture market shares, but rather is “mere” static profit maximization behavior, as isexpected of any self-respecting monopolist.6. The following Table describes the labor-input coefficients needed to produce one Widget in Englandand Portugal. Both countries are identical in size, tastes, technology. This technology is described in the table below:To ProduceThis Many Widgets, Or This Many Apples Labor-Hour Requirements1 32 53 64 75 86 97 10Let us assume that each country has 10 labor-hours available. Further, consumers always consume an equal amount of apples and widgets.(a) How of each product will be produced in England under autarky? 2 widgets and 2 apples.(b) Judging from autarky conditions, which country has a comparative advantage in widgets?(c) If England (completely) specialized in widgets, how many widgets would be produced, and howmany apples?(d) If the world terms of trade were established at 3.5 widgets 3.5 Apples, which country wouldenjoy gains from trade (as compared to The autarky solution?)(e) If Portugal were to completely specialize in widgets, how would the answers to c and d change?(f) What would the production possibility curve look like in each country?Answers: (a) 2 widgets and 2 apples(b) None(c) 7 widgets in England and 7 apples in Portugal(d) both would gain from trade. Instead of consuming 2 widgets and 2 apples, they wouldeach consume 3.5 widgets and 3.5 apples.(e) Same numbers as c, except that the countries will each be assigned a different product.Exactly the same answer for d.(f) convex to the origin.。
第六章 关税(国际经济学第二版)
a 称为关税的生产效应；b 称为生产的扭曲效应；c 称为关税的税 收效应；d 称为社会净福利损失
第一节 关税
（三）征收关税的经济效应（大国） P
B
S
1．征税之前
世界市场和国内市场价格：PW
消费者剩余： BHPW
Pt PW
FG
a C
b
c e
d
H
PW'
生产者剩余： ACPW
A
D Q
社会剩余： BHCA
c e
d
H
社会剩余的变化： - ( b + d - e ) A
D
Q
三．关税的效应：一般均衡分析
Y
C
C'
征税前 国内国际相对价格 ：PW
Q' PW
PW* PW*
Q
生产均衡点 ： Q 消费均衡点 ： C
PW X
第一节 关税
征税后
国际市场相对价格: PW 国内市场相对价格 ：PW* 生产均衡点 ： Q’ 消费均衡点 ：C’
A Q1 Q2
FS d H
D Q
Q3 Q4
第三节 出口补贴
四．有效保护率与关税结构
Y
C
C'
Q' PW
PW*
PW*
Q PW X
（一）有效保护率
关税或其它贸易政策措施引起的国内生产附加值的变动率
（二）有效保护率的意义
第一节 关税
通常情况下，如果从国外进口原材料，在国内加工生产，国内就会 创造部分产品附加值，即国内的国民收入就会增加。如果从国外直 接进口制成品，则国内就会丧失这部分的附加值收入。因此，在进 口制成品时征收关税会减少制成品的进口，增加国内进口替代部门 的生产，相当于使国内通过生产得到的附加值增加。
东财《国际经济学》6至14章练习题
第6章对外贸易措施单选题：1．征收关税以后，国内受损失最大的群体是 ( )政府；生产者；出口商；消费者2．小国同大国的区别在于 ( )前者是价格的制订者；前者是价格接受者；前者征收关税损失较小；前者有可能通过征收关税获益3．对于大国征收关税的情况，下列说法正确的是 ( )消费者可能从中获益；生产者会有净损失；政府会损失关税收入；国家的净福利可能为正4．对于小国征收关税，下列说法正确的是 ( )消费者可能从中获益；生产者会有净损失；政府会损失关税收入；国家的净福利不可能为正5．对于小国征收关税，下列说法正确的是 ( )消费者剩余增加；生产者剩余减少；政府财政收入增加；国家净福利增加6．一国的最优关税可以使该国征收关税带来的净受益最大，这种说法 ( )正确；不正确；无法判断7．一国的最优进口关税同最优出口关税是相等的，这种说法 ( )正确；不正确；无法判断8．对小国而言，最优关税 ( )是最高关税；是零关税；是禁止性关税；介于零关税和禁止性关税之间9．一国海关对外公布的关税税率是进出口商缴纳关税数额的依据，这个税率就是有效保护率，这种说法 ( )正确；不正确；无法判断10．一国对某产成品的进口税率为10%，对生产该产品所用原料的税率为50%，则该产品的有效保护率同名义保护率相比， ( )名义保护率高；有效保护率高；一样高；无法判断11．如果在自由贸易条件下的各种进口要素成本与最终产品价格比例为0，则对最终产品生产者的有效保护率 ( )等于名义保护率；大于名义保护率；小于名义保护率；无法判断12．一国对进口实施配额以后，则 ( )消费者福利增加；生产者不受影响；政府财政收入随之增加；国家的净福利受到影响13．进口配额发生作用主要通过影响 ( )进口数量；进口价格；出口数量；出口价格14．同关税和配额一样，出口补贴也是限制进口的措施，这种说法 ( )正确；不正确；无法判断15．同小国相比，大国实行出口补贴而导致的净福利损失 ( )更大；较小；没有差别；无法判断16．一国实施出口补贴之后 ( )消费者剩余会增加；生产者剩余会增加；政府财政收入会增加；上述说法都对17．大国实施出口补贴之所以受损失更大，是因为 ( )大国的实力不强；大国的财政补贴太多；大国的进口量太大；大国会影响国际市场价格18．同出口补贴相比，鼓励出口的生产补贴的鼓励作用 ( )效果不好；效果更好；二者一致；无法判断19．同关税相比，保护进口竞争产品的生产补贴的保护作用 ( )效果不好；效果更好；二者一致；无法判断20．鼓励出口的生产补贴同出口补贴不同的是 ( )对消费者没有造成损失；对生产者没有造成损失；对政府没有造成损失；对净福利没有造成损失21．一国实施了保护进口竞争行业的生产补贴之后 ( )消费者剩余减少；生产者剩余增加；消费者剩余增加；生产者剩余减少22．一国实施了鼓励出口的生产补贴之后 ( )消费者剩余减少；生产者剩余增加；消费者剩余增加；生产者剩余减少23．无条件的最惠国待遇条款又被称为（）欧洲式最惠国待遇；美洲式最惠国待遇；亚洲式最惠国待遇；联合国最惠国待遇单选题答案：1．D2．B3．D4．D5．C6．A7．A8．B9．B10．A11．A12．D13．A14．B15．A16．B17．D18．B19．B20．A21．B22．B23．A多选题：1．关境是海关管辖的势力范围，同国境相比，二者 ( )很可能一致；关境有可能大于国境；关境有可能小于国境；二者无法比较；上述说法都不正确2．一国征收关税的目的有 ( )提高外国产品竞争力；限制本国产品出口；增加财政收入；保护本国生产；推进贸易自由化3．根据征收的对象或商品流向，关税可以分为 ( )财政关税；保护关税；进口税；出口税；过境税4．关税所产生的经济效应主要包括 ( )国内效应；进口效应；出口效应；价格效应；贸易条件效应5．征收关税的方法主要有 ( )正常关税；从价税；从量税；差价税；滑动税；混合税6．关于最优关税，下列说法正确的是 ( )是最高关税；是零关税；是禁止性关税；小国的零关税是最优关税；是针对一国的利益而言的最优7．一国征收最优关税后，会 ( )使本国贸易条件改善；使贸易量减少；使全世界的福利增加；使本国得自贸易的福利最大化；改变本国的比较优势8．关于有效保护率，下列说法正确的是 ( )又叫实际保护率；反映对加工过程的保护程度；对消费者很重要；对生产者很重要；通常大于名义保护率9．有效保护率的局限性在于 ( )采用的是局部均衡的分析方法；只考虑了关税结构的影响；没有考虑对保护对象之外的其他产业部门的福利影响；采用的是一般均衡的分析方法；只考虑了小国的情况10．进口配额的主要形式有 ( )相对配额；绝对配额；国别配额；全球配额；关税配额11．同相同水平的关税相比，进口配额 ( )保护效果更好；容易在外国出口商中相成垄断；更透明；不会破坏市场机制；对自由贸易的危害更大12．同进口配额相比，自动出口配额 ( )不会起到限制商品进口的作用；形式上稍有不同；收入效应不是由进口国获得；对进口国没有影响；垄断利润由进口国获得13．补贴的形式有 ( )财政补贴；行政补贴；直接补贴；间接补贴；消费补贴14．最惠国待遇条款适用的范围包括（）有关进口、出口、过境商品的关税及其他各种捐税；有关商品进口、出口、过境、存储、转船方面的海关规则、手续和费用；有关进出口许可发放的行政手续；有关船舶驶入、驶出、停泊时的各种税收、费用和手续；有关移民、投资、商标、专利及铁路运输方面的待遇。
国际经济学(黄卫平版)国际经济学-第六章
第二节 发展中国家的贸易政策实践
(一)初级产品的出口与价格水平 阿根廷经济学家劳尔·普雷维什等认为： 1.发展中国家从贸易中所得到的利益少于工业化国家。 2.初级产品出口国贸易条件较差，且在继续恶化。
3.扩大初级产品的出口可能导致悲惨的增长。
第二节 发展中国家的贸易政策实践
稳定初级产品价格
第二节 发展中国家的贸易政策实践
非关税壁垒有所减少。 对发展中国家提供普惠制待遇。
第一节 发达国家的贸易政策实践
二、保护主义贸易政策 1、早期的贸易保护政策 18世纪中期到19世纪后期，是资本主义的自由竞争阶
段。这个阶段在英国的推动下，自由贸易政策基本处 于主导地位。 但是这一时期的美国和德国实行的基本上仍是保护贸 易政策。由于这两个国家的国内工业发展还处于起步 阶段，无法与英国、法国等国的工业产品相竞争，因 此不得不实行保护贸易政策，扶持本国幼稚工业的发 展。
第一节 发达国家的贸易政策实践
2、战后新贸易保护主义的兴起 70年代以后，西方国家普遍出现了较为严重的经济
“滞胀”局面，即经济增长缓慢，通货膨胀率和失业 率则居高不下。 在此情形下，为了增加国内需求，刺激经济增长，西 方各国又普遍推行了保护贸易的政策。由于战后的贸 易保护主义出现了一系列新的特点，故被称为“新贸 易保护主义”。 也称“新重商主义”或“管理贸易政策”
发展中国家的基本特征包括： (1)历史上有着共同的遭遇。 (2)它们都面临着共同的任务。 (3)绝大多数国家处于不发达或欠发达的地位。 (4)共同的国际立场与对外政策。
第二节 发展中国家的贸易政策实践
二、发展中国家走工业化道路的原因 固守农业难以获得劳动生产率的持续增长。 社会对农产品和工业品的需求弹性是不同的。 农业部门难以像工业部门那样形成垄断或不完全竞争。
国际经济学6章
2、进口配额对一国福利的影响
总的来说，配额的影响取决于其对进口的限制程度；在一般条件下，由于其 所规定的进口量通常要小于自由贸易下的进口量，所以配额实施会引起进口 商品在国内市场的价格上涨，从而导致福利的下降。 假设我们讨论的对象是一个小国，因而配额不会影响世界价格。如图所示，
P Sd Pq f Pw e a b c d O Q1 Q3 Q4 Q2
－(a+b+c+d)
（2）关税的生产效应（Production effect）: +a （3）关税的财政收入效应（Fiscal revenue effect）: +c
（4）关税的收入分配效应（Income distribution effect）: 根据斯托尔珀－萨谬尔森定理，关税将增加受保护商品 中密集使用的生产要素的收入。 （5）关税对市场竞争的影响：征收进口关税意味着保护 本国的厂商垄断或默认国内厂商的垄断，妨碍竞争机制发 挥作用可能造成资源配置的扭曲。
f Pt Pw e a b c d
O S0 S1 D1 D0
Dd Q
（6）进口关税对一国经济的净影响： －(a+b+c+d)＋a+c= －(b+d) 关税造成一国社会福利净损失（Deadweight loss），也称为关税的保护成本 （Protection cost），其中b为生产扭曲（Production distortion），即征税后 国内成本高的生产替代原来来自国外成本低的生产，从而使资源配置效率下 降；d为消费扭曲（Consumption distortion），即征税后由于价格提高使得 消费者需求和消费量下降，从而造成资源闲置的损失。 总之，关税有利于进口国的生产者和政府，不利于进口国的消费者，会 降低进口国总体的福利水平。
国际经济学课程学习题集与参考答案
国际经济学习题集及参考答案一、填空、选择、判断题（每题1分）：第一章：1、国际贸易理论以微观经济学原理为基础，讨论世界围的资源配置问题。
2、最常用国际贸易模型的结构形式为两个国家、两种产品（或部门）和两种要素。
3、在完竞争的假设前提下，封闭条件下的相对价格是国际贸易产生的基础。
4、国家间的供给、需求方面的差异是造成相对价格的根源。
5、贸易后，国际均衡价格由两国的供需共同决定，国际均衡价格处于两国封闭下的相对价格之间。
6、国际贸易利益包括两个部分：来自交换的利益和来自专业化的利益。
7、贸易理论主要围绕三个问题展开：国际贸易的格局、国际贸易的条件、国际贸易的收益。
第二章：1、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；嘉图的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
2、哈伯勒首先用机会成本概念来阐明比较优势论。
3、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
4、嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
5、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；劳动生产率的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
6、在嘉图模型中，生产可能性边界线方程是一个线性方程式，表示A、B两国的PPF曲线是一条直线段。
7、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
8、嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
9、机会成本概念表明：彼种选择的机会成本就构成此种选择的机会成本。
选择题：1、首先用机会成本理论来解释比较优势原理的学者是： C、A、嘉图B、罗布津斯基C、哈伯勒D、穆勒第三章：1、要素禀赋理论最初是由赫克歇尔和俄林提出的，后经萨缪尔森等人加工不断完善。
2、要素禀赋理论由H-O定理、要素价格均等化定理和罗伯津斯基定理、斯托伯-萨缪尔森定理等构成3、要素价格均等化理论指出国际贸易通过商品价格的均等化会导致要素价格的均等化，从而在世界围实现资源的最佳配置。
严建苗 《国际经济学》第6.章
9
在外部规模经济存在的情形下，贸易模式
并不能根据比较优势而加以确定，强烈的 外部经济会巩固现有的贸易模式：可能导 致一国被“锁定”在某种以无比较优势的 专业化分工模式中，甚至可能导致该国因 国际贸易而遭受损失。 如图2，D代表某种产品的世界需求，该产 品可以有A国或B国来供给，平均成本分别 为AC1和AC2。假定两国在该产品生产上 对于单个厂商来说均存在外部规模经济， 并且由于厂商内部不存在规模经济，两国 的产业都是由许多完全竞争的小厂商构成， 竞争的结果使得产品价格等于厂商的平均 成本。
5
在贸易中，A国可以在点B完全分工生 产商品X，B国可以在点B′完全生产商 品Y。通过彼此间用60X和60Y相互交换， 两国最终消费组合均为无差异曲线Ⅱ上 的点E，在贸易中都获得了20X和20Y。 只有各国都在一种商品上面临规模经济 时贸易获利才会发生。 A国沿着其生产可能性曲线向A点右侧 移动，则商品X的相对价格（生产可能 性曲线的斜率）就会不断下降直到A国 在X上实现完全分工为止。
新产品创新总是在美国，然后再传递和扩散到 西欧各国，最后到发展中国家和地区。
同时，各国在国际贸易中的地位也相应地发生
变化。
26
解释贸易发生的机制时，传统的是从供给的
角度来分析的； 从需求的角度来说明要素禀赋相似的条件下 工业发达国家之间贸易发生的原因。 1.国内需求是产品出口的可能性条件。出口是 国内市场超越国界发展的结果。 2.创造发明新产品与国内市场的需求之间存在 密切关系。 3.两国的需求结构越相似，两国对商品需求的 重叠部分就越大，相互的贸易量就越大。 4.平均收入水平是偏好相似的指标。不同收入 的消费者将需求不同质量和档次的产品。
23
（2）两国的收入水平和市场范围差距越
《国际经济学》（第四版）教学案例与答案详细版-第6章
《国际经济学》（第四版）教学案例与答案详细版-第6章（p96-97）案例6—1 赫尔普曼和克鲁格曼著《市场结构与对外贸易》【基本案情】【基本案情】《市场结构与对外贸易》是赫尔普曼和克鲁格曼的力作，是赫尔普曼和克鲁格曼的力作，是国际是国际贸易理论方面的“重大突破”（迪克西特、巴格瓦蒂），是“我们每个人的书房里都需要的里程碑式的书”（萨缪尔森）。
该书自1985年出版以来就受到西方经济学界的重视。
版以来就受到西方经济学界的重视。
它建立了一个新的分析框架，它建立了一个新的分析框架，将各种新的贸易理论综合起来，提炼出共同的精髓，发展出自己的理论，使原来处于外围的理论上升到能与传统国际贸易理论并驾齐驱的核心地位。
该书对产业内贸易和贸易的福利效应做了分析。
此外，该书还有对公司的分析，而传统的国际贸易理论是不涉及公司的。
还有对公司的分析，而传统的国际贸易理论是不涉及公司的。
【国际经济问题】【国际经济问题】赫尔普曼和克鲁格曼《市场结构与对外贸易》的主要内容和基本思想。
思想。
【案例分析】【案例分析】《市场结构与对外贸易》有14章，即要素比例理论、技术和市场结构、外部效应、可竞争市场、寡占、相异产品的需求、公司行为、贸易量和贸易构成、福利、运输成本和非贸易商品、中间投入品、单产品公司、垂直一体化、总结和结论。
该书为不完全竞争的市场结构提高供了一个完整的新的国际贸易理论。
作者赫尔普曼和克鲁格曼发展出来的理论解释了贸易模式，展出来的理论解释了贸易模式，特别是工业国家的贸易模式，特别是工业国家的贸易模式，特别是工业国家的贸易模式，并使贸并使贸易和跨国公司的作用结合了起来。
本书为可竞争市场、寡头、福利以及跨国公司提供了全新的材料，及跨国公司提供了全新的材料，为外部经济、为外部经济、中间投入品和贸易构成提供了新的洞见。
提供了新的洞见。
【知识点】【知识点】不完全竞争与国际贸易。
不完全竞争与国际贸易。
（p97）案例6—2 产业内贸易与中美贸易摩擦【基本案情】【基本案情】一项研究表明[柳剑平等（2009）]，中美贸易摩擦的2/3以上发生在纺织服装、钢铁制品等产业内贸易指数较低的产业中；钢铁制品等产业内贸易指数较低的产业中；而在以产而在以产业内贸易指数较高的化学化工、塑料制品、纸制品、公路车辆及设备、机械和机电产品等产业中，贸易摩擦发生的次数相对较少。
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国际经济学
研1022班
1002021088
许敏问题：画图表示一个单独厂商的外部经济
答：一个单独厂商的外部经济，在厂商给定的产出水平下，厂商的AC曲线移动到更低的位置，即厂商的平均生产成本更低。
问题：学习曲线可以用等式表示为AC=aQ b ,解释每一个常数的含义，以及为了获得学习曲线是否需要给出每一个常数的正负号。
答：参数a指的的是AC曲线的起始部分，当产量为0时的数值，参数b指的是当累计产业产量增加时AC曲线倾斜的斜率，所以b应该是负的，b值越大，AC曲线倾斜的越快。