化学专业词汇

普通化学术语中英文对照表原子atom原子核nucleus质子proton中子neutron电子electron(abbr.e)离子ion[an]阳离子cation阴离子anion分子molecular[mlekjl]单质element化合物compound纯净物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相对原子质量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar)相对分子质量relativemolecularmass(abbr.Mr)化学式量relativeformulamass物质的量amountofsubstance阿伏加德罗常数Avogadroconstant(abbr.NA)摩尔mole摩尔质量molarmass实验式/最简式/经验式empiricalformula气体摩尔体积molarvolume阿伏加德罗定律Avogadro’sLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve浓度concentration质量/体积分数mass/volumeconcentration浓缩concentrate稀释dilute蒸馏distillation萃取extraction化学反应方程式chemicalequation反应物reactant生成物product固体solid液体liquid气体gaseous溶液aqueous配平balance化学计量学stoichiometry酸acid 碱base/alkali(referstosolublebases)盐salt酸式盐acidsalt离子方程式ionicequation结晶水waterofcrystallisation水合的hydrated无水的anhydrous滴定titration指示剂indicator氧化数oxidationnumber氧化还原反应redoxreaction氧化反应oxidationreaction还原反应reductionreaction歧化反应disproportionationreaction 归中反应comproportionation(symproportionat ion)reaction氧化剂oxidisingagent还原剂reducingagent电子层(壳)(electron)shell电离能ionisationenergy(abbr..)第一，第二，第三等电离能first,second,third,etc.ionisatione nergy(abbr.1st,2nd,3rd,etc..)电子亲和能electronaffinityenergy(abbr..)屏蔽效应electronicshielding(screening)原子轨道atomicorbital电子云electroncloud电子亚层sub-shell 能层layer能级energylevel电子排布electronconfiguration 电子云重叠shelloverlap洪特规则Hund’srule泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple 基态groundstate激发态excitedstate跃迁transition手性chirality[kai-]化学键chemicalbond键长bondlength键级bondorder键角bondangle键能bondenthalpies离子键ionicbond供体donor受体acceptor静电吸引electrostaticattraction巨型离子结构giantionicstructure共价键covalent[k'velnt]bond巨型共价结构giantcovalentstructure 共用电子对sharedpair/bondingpair 孤对电子lonepair/non-bondingpair σ键σ-bondπ键π-bondδ键δ-bond非极性共价键non-polarbond配位键dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coo rdinatebond 电负性electronegativity极性polarity偶极子dipole分子间作用力intermolecularforces 氢键hydrogenbond范德华力vanderWaal’sforce色散力dispersionforce诱导力inductionforce取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforc e金属键metallicbond离域delocalisation[di:,luklai'zein]延展性malleability[,ml'blti]可锻性ductility[dk'tlt]导电性electricalconductivity 合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable 周期period族group原子序数protonnumber同位素isotope[astp]核素nuclide['njuklad]同量异位素isobar['as()bɑ]金属metal非金属nonmetal碱金属alkalimetal碱土金属alkalineearthmetal 卤素halogen稀有气体noblegas元素周期律periodictrends 活泼active稳定noble分解反应decompositionreaction化合反应combination(synthesis)reaction取代反应displacementreaction复分解反应saltmetathesis[mtθsis]reaction/do ublereplacement(displacement)react ion沉淀precipitation[pr,sp'te()n]官能团functionalgroup碳氢化合物/烃hydrocarbon饱和烃saturatedhydrocarbon不饱和烃unsaturatedhydrocarbon脂肪烃aliphatic[,l'ftk]hydrocarbon 脂环烃alicyclic['saklk; ]hrdrocarbon同系物homologous[h'mlgs]series 异构现象isomerism['aismrizm]同分异构体isomeride[ai'smraid]同素异形体allotropy/allotropism 分子式molecularformula通式generalformula结构式displayedformula结构简式structuralformula键线式skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission异裂heterolyticfission亲核试剂nucleophile['njuklifail]亲电子试剂electrophile加成反应additionreaction加水加成hydrationreaction 加成聚合反应additionpolymerisation 聚合物polymer单体monomer链节repeatunit缩合聚合反应condensationreaction 缩聚物condensationpolymer取代反应substitutionreaction脱水dehydration水解hydrolysis卤代反应halogenationreaction酯化反应esterificationreaction亲核取代nucleophilicsubstitution 消去反应eliminationreaction裂化反应cracking(reaction)石油分馏fractionaldistillation燃烧combustion发酵fermentation氟氯烃chlorofluorocarbons产率percentageyield原子利用率atomeconomy红外光谱学infraredspectroscopy质谱分析massspectroscopy光谱spectrum挥发性volatility冷凝回流reflux反应机理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy热力学thermodynamic[θ:mudai-]焓enthalpy(abbr.H)[en'θlpi]焓变enthalpychange(abbr.ΔH)标准焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.ΔH)标准反应焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.ΔHr)燃烧热heatofcombustion标准燃烧焓standardenthalpychangeofcombustion (abbr.ΔHc)标准生成焓standardenthalpychangeofformation( abbr.ΔHf)放热反应exothermic[eksu-]reaction 吸热反应endothermicreaction热化学方程式thermochemical[θ:mu-]equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比热容specificheatcapacity键焓bondenthalpy平均键焓averagebondenthalpy盖斯定律Hess’law有效碰撞理论collisiontheory反应速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反应动力学reactionkinetics催化剂catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzyme['enzaim]波尔兹曼分布律theBoltzmanndistribution化学平衡(chemical)equilibrium[i:kwi-]可逆反应reversiblereaction动态平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常数chemicalequilibriumconstant 浓度幂concentrationpower平衡移动shiftofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.ΔG)阿累尼乌斯方程theArrhenius[ri:nis]Equation自发反应spontaneous[spnteinis]reaction熵entropy(abbr.ΔS)温室效应greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption绿色化学greenchemistry溶解度solubility离子反应ionicreaction电离ionisation电解质electrolyte电离平衡ionisationequilibrium电离常数ionisationconstant离子积ion-productconstant氢离子浓度指数hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfr omFrenchpotentield'hydrogène)溶解平衡dissolutionequilibrium[ds'lu()n] ekw溶度积solubilityproduct原电池galvanic(voltaic)cell[gl'vnk]盐桥saltbridge电极electrode正极/阳极anode负极/阴极cathode标准电极电势standardelectrodepotential(abbr.E0 )干电池drycell一次电池primarycell(battery)二次电池/蓄电池secondarycell/storagebattery充电charge放电discharge燃料电池fuelcell电解electrolysis电解池/电解槽electrolyticcell电镀galvanisation[,ɡlvnai'zein]电偶腐蚀/电化腐蚀galvaniccorrosion 分子空间构型moleculargeometries杂化hybrid轨道orbital晶格lattice晶体crystal晶胞crystalstructure堆积作用sedimentation[,sedmn'ten]常见元素氢hydrogen(abbr.H)['haidrdn]氦helium(abbr.He)['hi:lim]锂lithium(abbr.Li)['liθim]硼boron(abbr.B)['b:rn]碳carbon(abbr.C)['kɑ:bn]氮nitrogen(abbr.N)['naitrdn]氧oxygen(abbr.O)['ksidn]氟fluorine(abbr.F)['fluri:n]氖neon(abbr.Ne)['ni:n]钠sodium(abbr.Na)['sudim]镁magnesium(abbr.Mg)铝aluminum(abbr.Al)[,lminim]硅silicon(abbr.Si)['silikn]磷phosphorus(abbr.P)['fsfrs]硫sulfur(abbr.S)['slf]氯chlorine(abbr.Cl)['kl:ri:n]氩argon(abbr.Ar)['ɑ:ɡn]钾potassium(abbr.K)[ptsim]钙calcium(abbr.Ca)[klsim]钛titanium(abbr.Ti)[tai'teinim]铬chromium(abbr.Cr)['krumjm]锰manganese(abbr.Mn)[mɡni:z]铁iron(abbr.Fe)['an]钴cobalt(abbr.Co)[ku'b:lt]镍nickel(abbr.Ni)['nikl]铜copper(abbr.Cu)['kp]锌zinc(abbr.Zn)[zik]砷arsenic(abbr.As)['ɑ:snik]溴bromine(abbr.Br)['brumi:n]银silver(abbr.Ag)['silv]锡tin(abbr.Sn)[tin]碘iodine(abbr.I)氙xenon['zenn]钡barium(abbr.Ba)['berim]钨tungsten(abbr.W)[tstn]铂platinum(abbr.Pt)['pltinm]金gold(abbr.Au)[ɡuld]汞mercury(abbr.Hg)['m:kjuri]铅lead(abbr.Pb)[led]常见单质氢气、氮气、氧气、氟气、氯气、液溴、固态碘的名称同元素名称金刚石diamond['daimnd]石墨graphite['grfait]臭氧ozone['uzun]红磷redphosphorus白磷whitephosphorus常见根离子(commonradicals)氢化的hydride['haidraid]硼酸boric(acid)['bret]碳化的carbide['ka:baid]碳酸carbonic[kɑ'bnk] (acid)adj. carbonate碳酸氢根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate氮化的nitride['naitraid]叠氮化的azide['zaid]硝酸nitric(acid)亚硝酸nitrous['natrs] (acid)氧化的oxide['ksaid]二氧化的dioxide[dai-']三氧化的trioxide[tra'ksad]过氧根peroxy(radical)adj.peroxide[p'ksaid]超氧化的superoxide[sjup'ksaid]氢氧根hydroxyl[hai'drksil](radical)adj. hydroxide水合氢离子hydronium氟化的fluoride偏铝酸meta-aluminic[met'ljuminik](acid)a dj.meta-aluminate['ljumnet]四羟基合铝酸hydroxyl-aluminic[hai'drksil-'](ac id)硅酸silicic['silisik](acid)磷酸phosphoric(acid)磷酸二氢根dihydrogenphosphate磷酸氢根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide硫氢根bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulp hide硫酸sulphuric(acid)硫酸氢根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亚硫酸sulphurous(acid)亚硫酸氢根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosulphate[θaiu-']焦硫酸根persulphate[p:-']氯化的chloride['klraid]氢氯酸/盐酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸perchloric(acid)氯酸chloric(acid)亚氯酸chlorous(acid)次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)溴化的bromide氢溴酸、高溴酸、溴酸、亚溴酸、次溴酸名称参见氯碘化的iodide['aidaid]氢碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亚碘酸、次碘酸名称参见氯卤化的halide铵根ammonium[munim]高锰酸根permanganate锰酸根manganate氰根cyanide['sainaid]硫氰根thiocyanate[θaiusaineit]铬酸根chromate重铬酸根dichromate常见无机化合物(commoninorganiccompounds)氢化钠sodiumhydride氨ammonia/azane[-]硅烷silane[si-]磷化氢phosphine硫化氢hydrogensulphide氮化镁magnesiumnitride四氧化三铁iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氢hydrogenchloride氯化亚铁iron(II)chloride/ferrouschloride氯化铁iron(III)chloride/ferricchloride氯化亚锡tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羟基合铝酸钠sodiumaluminate磷酸二氢钠monosodiumphosphate磷酸氢二钠disodiumphosphate氯化铵ammoniumchloride硫氢化钠/硫氢酸钠sodiumhydrosulphide系统命名法(chemicalnomenclature)一mono-二di-三tri-四tetra-五penta-六hexa-七hepta-八octa-九nona-十deca-烷烃alkane(preffixalkyl-,suffix-ane)甲meth-乙eth-丙prop-丁but-戊pent-己hex-庚hept-辛oct-壬non-癸dec-十一undec-十二dodec-十三tridec-十四tetradec-十五pentadec-十六hexadec-十七heptadec-十八octadec-十九nonadec-二十eicos-三十triacont-四十tetracont-五十prntacont-正构型normal-(n-)异构型iso-(i-)新构型neo-(n-)聚poly-烷基alkyl甲基methyl(abbr.Me)乙基ethyl(abbr.Et)丙基propyl(abbr.Pr)环烷烃cycloalkane(preffix-cyclo,suffix-a ne)烯烃alkene(preffixalkenyl-,suffix-ene)二烯烃allene(suffix-adiene)环烯烃cycloalkene(preffixcyclo-,suffix-e ne)炔烃alkyne(preffixalkynyl-,suffix-yne)顺式异构preffixcis-(Z-)反式异构preffixtrans-(E-)苯基phenyl(abbr.Ph)(preffixphenyl-,suffix-benzene)苄基benzyl(abbr.Bn)(preffixbenzyl-,suffix-toluene)醇alcohol(preffixhydroxy-,suffix-ol)带卤素的化合物halogens (preffixfluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,etc .)酮ketone(preffixoxo-,suffix-one)醛aldehyde(preffixoxo-,suffix-alorno t includedincarbonchainpreffixformyl -,suffix-carbaldehyde)羧酸carboxylic[ka:bk'silik](acid)adj. carboxylate(suffix-oicacid)羧基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl-,suffix-oicacidormultiplegroupssuffix-di,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr.Ac)醚ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)脂ester(preffixR-oxycarbonyl-, suffix-oicacid/-oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffix-amineor accordingtopositionof Natomwithpre/suffix-N-)andamide(preffixcarbamoyl-andamido -,suffix–amideand-carboxamideorac cordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphonic(acid)(preffixsulpho-,suf fix-sulphonicacid)腈nitrile(preffixcyano-,suffix-nitri le)酚phenol/carbolicacid常见有机化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚酞phenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph) [finlf'θeili:n]石蕊litmus溴酚蓝bromophenoblue百里酚蓝thymolblue 甲基橙methylorange龙胆紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform异戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcene[mair'si:n]聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龙poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon晴纶orlon二甲醚methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蚁酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid 乙二酸/草酸oxalicacid丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid 软脂酸/棕榈酸hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid 硬脂酸钠sodiumstearate柠檬酸citricacid柠檬酸钠sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid乳酸钠sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacid氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose 果糖fructose半乳糖galactose核糖ribose脱氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj. sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-s ulphonicacid)腈nitrile(preffixcyano-,suffix-nitri le)酚phenol/carbolicacid常见有机化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚酞phenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph)[fin lf'θeili:n]石蕊litmus溴酚蓝bromophenoblue百里酚蓝thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龙胆紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform异戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcene[mair'si:n]聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龙poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon 晴纶orlon二甲醚methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蚁酸methanoicacid/formicacid 乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid 乙二酸/草酸oxalicacid丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid 软脂酸/棕榈酸hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid 硬脂酸钠sodiumstearate柠檬酸citricacid柠檬酸钠sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid乳酸钠sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacid氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose半乳糖galactose核糖ribose脱氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose曲颈瓶retort[ri'-]表面皿watchglass石棉网asbestos[s'bests]gauze玻璃棒glassrod/stirringrod/stirrod 铁架台ironstand滴定管burette/buret泥三角pipeclaytriangle启普发生器Kipp'sapparatus/Kippgenerator酒精喷灯alcoholblastburner坩埚钳tong坩埚pot索氏提取器Soxhletextractor冷凝管coldfinger称量瓶weighingbottle。