【考研1号资料】经济学人双语阅读：节肢动物学,情人为食
经济学人双语版
经济学人双语版:动物行为狡猾的冷血动物Science and technology科学技术Animal behaviour动物行为Cold-blooded cunning狡猾的冷血动物Reptiles are more intelligent than previously thought爬行动物的智商比人们之前想象的要高IT IS no compliment to call someone lizard-brained. The reptilian mind is usually equated in the human one with traits like aggression, dominance and sexual appetite.如果某人被称为蜥蜴脑，那可不是什么恭维的说话。
爬行动物的头脑通常情况下与人脑相同，也具有侵略、支配和性欲的特性。
That analysis was given currency in the 1960s when Paul MacLean theorised that the human brain has three levels, the most basic—both functionally and literally—being the “reptilian” part, composed of structures called basal ganglia.这种分析在20世纪60年代得到流行，当时保罗?麦克莱恩从理论上推断人脑具有三个层次，人脑最基本的层次—从功能和字面上理解与"爬行"动物相同，它由基底神经节结构组成。
MacLean's analysis is not much believed now by neuroscientists, but it has stuck in the popular imagination. And it has also, subliminally, affected research. For, until recently, no one had actually thought to ask by experimentation just how intelligent reptiles really are.麦克莱恩的分析并不为现在的神经学家所认同，但它始终存在于大众的意识中，并一直对科学研究有着潜在的影响。
2017考研英语阅读理解题材解析之城市饲蜜
2017考研英语阅读理解题材解析之城市饲蜜每年考研英语阅读篇章很多都取材于经济学人，因此考研复习之初，一定要从基础打好，稳扎稳打。
凯程网考研频道分享《经济学人》文章，希望大家能够多看、多练，提升阅读能力！考研英语阅读题源经济学人文章：饲蜜Urban beekeeping乡村饲蜜Honey monsters蜜怪City dwellers cultivate a taste of the country城市居民培养出乡村嗜好A new kind of pinstripe新型细条纹WHEN Camilla Goddard first started to keep bees in London, it was difficult to find places awayfrom anxious neighbours or teenage vandals. Nine years later she has hives all over the city: inparks, churchyards, primary schools and on the roofs of hotels. She collects swarms frompeople's attics and sells honey at her local shop. A hobby has become a thriving business.起初，卡米拉.高达(Camilla Goddard)着手在伦敦饲养蜜蜂时，很难找到合适的驻点，因为附近要么是颇有戒备心理的邻居，要么就是淘气爱搞破坏的青少年。
如今九年过去了，而她的蜂箱已经遍布整个城市：公园里、教堂里、小学校园里及旅馆屋顶上都随处可见。
她通过收集隐匿在居民阁楼中的蜂巢，然后在自家经营的小超市中出售蜂蜜。
而现在，这已俨然成为一种新兴商业模式。
Apiculture is fashionable. Since 2008 membership of the British Beekeepers Association(BBKA) has almost doubled, to 24,000 people. Around 1,500 are in London. Courses in thecapital are always buzzing, says Angela Woods, an enthusiast. Despite the stereotype ofbeekeepers as luxuriantly bearded eccentrics, many newbies are young—women are particularlykeen.The boom was partly a by-product of worries about bees and awareness of the hugebenefits they bring. Colonies in many countries have been suffering mysterious suddencollapses since 2006. Urban eco-warriors found beekeeping an appealing practical outlet fortheir angst. Businesses, keen for green plaudits, also leapt on the trend. Fortnum &Mason, London's poshest department store, has hives on its roof (this newspaper, aneighbour, does not—yet).眼下，养蜂业十分火热。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
How Long Does a Bottle of Wine Generally Last Once It's Opened?葡萄酒开瓶后一般能放多久？There are many stuffy rules about wine, from the type of container it should come in to how expensive it should be. One common myth is that a bottle of wine should be fully consumed the same day it's opened.从盛酒的器具到酒的价格，关于葡萄酒有着很多传统讲究。
一个常见的误区是，一瓶葡萄酒应该在开瓶当天喝完。
While it's true that vino does start to oxidize the moment the cork comes out, that's no reason to guzzle a liter of it all by yourself, or pour your leftover liquid down the drain. According to Bon Appétit, an open bottle of wine is still good for several days—as long as you know how to store it properly.虽然葡萄酒确实在打开瓶塞的那一刻就开始氧化了，但你没有必要因此一个人喝完一瓶，或是把剩下的酒倒进下水道。
根据美食杂志《好胃口》的说法，只要保存方式得当，一瓶打开过的葡萄酒仍然可以放好几天。
If you pop open a new bottle of cabernet just to have a glass or two, hold onto the cork. Corks have been an important part of the wine-making process for centuries. The material is dense enough to keep liquids fresh without sealing off air altogether. A minimal amount of oxygen allows the flavors of the wine to continue to develop, while too much oxygen creates an acrid, unpleasant taste.如果你打开一瓶新的解百纳只是为了喝一两杯，那么就把软木塞留好。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读八十三
Pets have gained the upper paw over their so-called owners宠物比它们所谓的主人的地位更高There is a range of theories about how Homo sapiens came to rule the planet.Opposable thumbs,cranial size,altruism and cooking all played a part,but central to the naked ape’s success was its ability to dominate other species.对于智人是如何统治地球的有着一系列的理论。
对生拇指、颅骨大小、利他主义和烹饪技能都起到了一定的作用，但人类之所以能够成功地统治地球，最重要的一点是拥有支配其他物种的能力。
Bovids,equids and,in particular,canids,were put to work by H.sapiens; felids always took a slightly different view of the matter,butwere indulged for their rodent-catching talents.牛、马、尤其是狗都是由智人一手创造的；虽然人们对猫的看法略有不同，但正是因为其捕鼠能力，人们才对它情有独钟的。
As humanity has got richer,animals’roles have changed.People need their services less than before.Fewer wolves and bandits meant less demand for dogs for protection;the internal-combustion engine madehorses redundant;modern sanitation kept rats in check and made cats less useful.随着人们的生活变得越来越富足，动物的角色也有所变化。
考研英语经济学人文章阅读训练六十
The toils and spoils of Congo’s crocodile-killers刚果鳄鱼猎手的辛劳与收获They threaten wildlife.But other jobs are scarce他们对野生动物构成了威胁，但他们别无选择Ciceron Nyalowala’s parents are disappointed.Their son took a boat from their riverside village to the city of Mbandaka,in the heart of the Congo Basin rainforest,where he enrolled in a teacher-training college.西塞隆·尼亚洛瓦拉的父母感到很失望。
他们的儿子乘船从河边的村庄来到了地处刚果盆地中心的姆班达卡市，在那里上了一所师范学校。
They wanted him to become a crocodile hunter,like his father and most of his ancestors.“There is a lot of pressure,”says Mr Nyalowala.Hunting for bush meat is popular—and may pay better than teaching.他们本想让他成为一名鳄鱼猎手，就像他的父亲和许多祖先那样。
尼亚洛瓦拉说：“我感到压力很大。
”这里有很多人在猎捕野生动物，而且挣得钱可能比教书更多。
However,it harms wildlife in the rainforest,which spans six countries and is second in size only to the Amazon.Around6m tonnes of bush meat are thought to come out of the Congo Basin each year.然而，捕猎却对热带雨林中的野生动物造成了伤害。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Malaysia’s elephants stay more outside protected areas than in马来西亚大象呆在保护区外的时间比呆在保护区内的时间更久The grub is better there因为那里有更好的食物Way back in 1999, Iain Douglas-Hamilton, adoyen of research into African elephants, made an intriguing discovery. Using the Global Positioning System (GPS) to track them—a first—he found that they knew exactly where the boundaries of protected areas were.早在1999年，研究非洲象的老前辈伊恩·道格拉斯-汉密尔顿就有了一个有趣的发现。
他最早利用全球定位系统（GPS）追踪非洲象，发现它们非常清楚保护区的边界在哪里。
They ranged freely within these areas, but when crossing between them, through apparently similar but unprotected habitat, they did so at night and at what was (for an elephant) a gallop.它们会在保护区内自由活动，而一旦想穿过看似没什么区别但未受保护的栖息地时，它们会选择在夜间且疾驰而过（对于大象而言）。
At first sight, it looks as though Asian elephants did not get the memo. They seem to travel outside protected areaswith gay abandon. But a study by Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, in Yunnan province, China, and Benoit Goossens of Danau Girang Field Centre, in Sabah, Malaysia, suggests that this abandon is not quite as gay as it seems.乍一看，亚洲象似乎不懂这些。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一二七
Why eating bugs is so popular in Congo刚果人为什么这么爱吃虫子？The creepy superfood is rich in protein and magnesium这种让人毛骨悚然的超级食物富含蛋白质和镁At a market in Goma,a city in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo,an old woman pulls the wings off live grasshoppers and tosses their wriggling bodies into a bucket.She collected the insects from the airport at5am that morning,and will go back the next day.Grasshopper season has just begun.在刚果民主共和国东部城市戈马的一个市场上，一位老妇人将活蚱蜢的翅膀扯下来，然后把它们扭动的身体丢进桶里。
早上5点，她便去机场捉蚱蜢，直到第二天才回来。
蚱蜢繁殖的季节才刚刚开始。
Throughout November dozens of grasshopper-hunters gather at Goma airport most mornings.It is one of the few buildings in the city with constant electricity,and the lights that mark the runway attract swarms of the bug.整个11月，几乎每天都有几十个蚱蜢猎人聚集在戈马机场。
戈马机场是整个城市为数不多的几个持续供电的建筑之一，飞机跑道上的灯光吸引了成群结队的蚱蜢。
People stuff them into plastic bottles to take to market.Buyers season them with salt and eat them with rice or cassava.他们捉住蚱蜢塞进塑料瓶，然后拿到市场上去卖。
2021考研英语冲刺：阅读理解易错篇目来源何处
2021考研英语冲刺：阅读理解易错篇目来源何处2021年考研考题大数据预测仅限300席立即抢购!在冲刺的最后阶段，相信考生们的知识宝库里还总是存在这样一些题目，每次做错都会认真分析一遍，第二次还是错，第三次仍旧……知道阅读理解的文章究竟选自哪里，对于那些屡做屡错的题目才能更好的回到原始出处学习。
下面都教授就将这些考生经常犯错误的篇目总结，以帮助考生复习。
2021年Text1本文节选自2003年9月20日的《经济学人》，原文题目为FairandSquare《和平与公正》。
这篇文章主要讲述社会情感因素在卷尾猴身上的体现，表明动物同样拥有跟人类相似的情绪。
【解题点拨】本文是一篇议论文，依旧遵循总-分-总的结构，第一段提出观点，第二、三、四段给出科学论证，第五段重申观点。
在文章第一段起铺垫作用，最后一句提出作者观点，即猴子也有鱼人类似的情绪。
第二段介绍研究对象的性格特点，第三段讲述选择雌性卷尾猴为研究对象的原因，第四段具体谈在什么条件下卷尾猴的反映会有很大不同。
第五段重申观点：卷尾猴和人一样受社会感情支配。
2021年Text2本文节选自2001年6月25日的《美国新闻与世界报道》，原文标题为WarmingtotheTask《赛前热身》。
这篇文章跟环保有关，旨在提高人们的环保意识，说明环保的必要性。
文章遵循的是“发现问题-分析问题-解决问题”的套路。
第一、二段发现问题，第三、四段分析问题，第五段解决问题（提出建议）。
【解题点拨】第一段为铺垫，首先从吸烟问题谈起。
作者指出当年科学家们指出吸烟会致人死亡时，很多反对者认为科学证据不足。
第二段，切入主题，第一句话是一个过渡句，将吸烟问题过渡到全球变暖这个话题上。
第三段作者对质疑者的观点进行了反驳。
第五段在批评美国政府应对措施之后，提出自己的观点：要应对全球变暖，不但需要科研，还需要立法，如果政府不立法，国会应当帮助其出台相关政策。
2021年Text4本文节选自2021年1月17日的《时代》，原文的题目为TheArtofUnhappiness《悲情艺术》。
考研英语阅读综合辅导——动物学类
阅读综合辅导[动物学类]题⽬序号题型归类第1题中⼼主旨题型第2题归纳推导题型第3题审题定位题型第4题主题句理解题型第5题句间关系题型 Investigators of monkey’s social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’ aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys’ social behavior. Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, at time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression. Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition. These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se. 1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with [A] advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behavior. [B] comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys. [C] explaining the reasons for researcher’s interest in monkey’s social behavior. [D] discussing the development of investigators’ theories about aggression among monkeys. 2.Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the text about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’ behavior? [A] Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys. [B] Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives. [C] Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increase among monkeys in the wild. [D] Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict. 3.The text suggests that investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because [A] aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys. [B] successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group. [C] situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory. [D] most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses. 4.The text supplies information to answer which of the following questions? [A] How does the reduction of space affect intragroup aggression among monkeys in an experimental setting? [B] Do family units within a monkey social group compete with other family units for food? [C] What are the mechanisms by which the social order of an established group of monkeys controls aggression within that group? [D] How do monkeys engaged in aggression with other monkeys signal submission? 5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph? [A] A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described. [B] A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it is cited. [C] Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn. [D] Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed. [答案与考点解析] 1.【答案】D 【考点解析】本题是⼀道中⼼主旨题。
考研英语经济学人文章阅读训练2020011101
Dung beetles prefer human faeces to those of wild animals相比野生动物的粪便，屎壳郎更喜欢人类的粪便Ecosystems arecomplex things,and monitoring their health is hard.To track every species would be impossible,so ecologists commonly focus on those that,like canaries in coal mines,are thought to indicate when the system as a whole is beginning to suffer.Dung beetles are one such group, and have been relied on heavily for years to monitor the effects of things like logging,grazing and road-building.生态系统是个复杂的东西，我们很难监测它的健康状况。
想要追踪生态系统中的每一个物种几乎是不可能的，因此生态学家们通常只关注那些可以用来指示生态系统何时开始遭到破坏的物种，比如煤矿中的金丝雀。
而屎壳郎正是这样的一个物种，多年来，生态学家们一直极度依赖于屎壳郎来监测伐木、放牧和修路等人类活动对生态系统的影响。
When there are lots of species of dung beetles around,and faeces vanish quickly,an ecosystem is assumed to be in good shape.When their diversity drops and faeces hang about unconsumed,it suggests something is wrong.如果一个地方周围有大量各种各样的屎壳郎，那么粪便很快就能被处理掉，生态系统也就处于良好的状态。
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【经济学人】双语阅读：节肢动物学，情人为食Science and technology科学技术Arachnology节肢动物学Having a mate for dinner情人为食Male spiders make the supreme sacrifice for their children雄蛛对后代的无私奉献AMONG spiders, the female of the species really is more deadly than the male. 蜘蛛家族中,雌蛛致命性比雄蛛高得多。
交配后将配偶狼吞虎咽地吃掉，雌蛛因此声名在外。
Lady arachnids have a well-deserved reputation for polishing off their suitors, post copula, in a manner that Hannibal Lecter might have admired.它们的这一行为或许在一定程度上赢得了汉尼拔莱克特的敬仰，But it has never been clear why this happens.然而其原因一直不为人所知。
Some biologists believe it is simply a mixture of female hunger and the availability of a meal that is in no position to run away.一些生物学家认为这仅仅是因为雌蛛饿了，而盘中餐又无力逃脱。
Others suspect that the male is actually sacrificing his life for the good of his genes.一些生物学家认为雄蛛是为他的基因而牺牲的。
In other words, his becoming a meal for his paramour somehow helps the offspring of their union.换句话说，他成为情人的腹中食某种程度上有助于他们共同的后代。
Peng Yu, of Hubei University in China, and his colleagues, decided to try to settle the question.中国湖北大学的彭宇及其同事决定尝试解开这一谜题。
The results of their investigation are published this week in Behavioral Ecologyand Sociobiology.他们的条查结果刊登在《行为生态学与社会生物学》。
Dr Peng and his team collected almost 400 young wolf spiders, of both sexes, from local fields.彭博士和他的小组在当地收集了几乎400只狼蛛，They then raised the animals separately until they were sexually mature.再雌雄分开饲养，直到它们性成熟。
Then, one at a time, they introduced the females to a male and watched until one of three things happened:然后他们每次一只，将雌蛛与雄蛛配对，直到出现以下三者之一的情况发生：the male got eaten; the male mated with the female and successfully avoided being eaten; or the male survived for half an hour, but did not mate with the female within that time.雄蛛被吃；雄蛛与雌蛛交配后幸免于难；或者雄蛛存活了半小时，而期间未与雌蛛交配。
有时，他们将未交配的雌雄蛛配对；Sometimes the researchers paired virgin males with virgin females; sometimes they paired virgin males with females that had recently bred.有时他们将未交配的雄蛛与刚繁殖过的雌蛛配对。
And in one crucial set of tests they paired virgin males with virgin females that had been taken off their regular diet of fruit flies a fortnight beforehand, and were thus presumed to be feeling more than a little peckish.在一项关键性实验中，他们将未交配的雄蛛与停饲果蝇两周的雌蛛配对—此时假设雌蛛处于极度饥饿状态。
After doing all this, the team chose 16 females that had mated and then eaten their partners, and ten that had mated but not done so, and followed their reproductive success.配对后，实验小组挑选了16只交配后吃掉配偶的雌蛛，10只交配后未吃掉配偶的雌蛛，观察其繁殖成功的过程。
When these females laid their egg sacs, the researchers picked ten sacs at random from each group and monitored those until the eggs hatched.当这些雌蛛产下卵袋时，研究者从每组随机挑选了10个卵袋观察，直到卵孵化。
At that point they selected 20 spiderlings from each group for further study. 这时，他们从每组挑选10只幼蛛用于后续研究。
Their first pertinent observation was that, while female wolf spiders did indeed sometimes eat males before breeding with them, that happened only 10% of the time, and did not seem to be more frequent if the female had been starved.他们第一个客观观察结果是，雌狼蛛有时确实会在交配前吃掉雄狼蛛，这种概率是10%，并且似乎不比雌蛛挨饿后比率高。
Their second observation was that if a male was deemed suitable to mate with, he was never eaten in copula—even though copulation could last as long as an hour and a half.第二个观察结果是，如果雄蛛被认为适合交配，它们绝不会在交配中被吃—即使交配过程可能长达一个半小时。
Their third was that, 28% of the time, a male that had mated was indeed eaten afterwards.他们第三个观察结果是，有28%的几率雄蛛会在交配后被吃。
Successful suitors, then, succumbed more often than unsuccessful ones.如此可得出，交配成功的雄蛛被吃的比未成功的多。
The crucial finding, however—which makes sense of all the others—was the success of the spiderlings.然而，幼蛛成活率是关键的发现—这使得其他发现都有了意义。
Young born of females that had eaten their partners had a 48% chance of making it through their first month of life.吃掉配偶的雌蛛其后代48%可以活过一个月，Those born of females who had let their partners live, had only a 12% chance of surviving that long.而放生配偶的雌蛛的后代存活相同时间的只有12%。
That is a staggering difference—and certainly, in evolutionary terms, enough to drive self-sacrificial behaviour by males,这个差距是巨大的—当然，按照进化论原则，足以使雄蛛采取自我牺牲行为。
since a male would have to mate successfully another three times to match the benefit he gains by this one suicidal act.因此，为获得这一次自杀行为带来的好处，它之前必须成功交配三次。
The reason a male is almost three times as likely to be eaten if he has mated with the female in question than if he has not is thus probably that he wants to be eaten, for the good of his posterity.讨论中，如果与雌蛛交配成功，雄蛛被吃的概率几乎是未交配成功的雄蛛的三倍，其原因可能是为后代着想，它希望被吃。
Just what it is that a male meal gives, via the female's digestive system, to the hatchling spiders, remains to be determined.通过雌蛛的消化系统，雄蛛给予孵化蜘蛛的是什么？这还有待探索。