乔治凯南8000字长电报(George+Kennan+8000+word+long+telegram

乔治凯南8000字长电报（George Kennan 8000 word longtelegram）乔治凯南8000字长电报(George Kennan 8000 word long telegram)The American embassy in Soviet union, George Kennan, sent the telegram to the state council......The first part of the Soviet propaganda machine's view of the postwar problem was as follows:A. The Soviet union still lives in hostile "capital encirclement", and in the long run, it is sustained with capitalismPeaceful coexistence is not possible. As Stalin told a delegation of American workers in 1927."Will be formed in the process of international revolution continues to develop the center of the scale of the two worlds. One is to put those tends to communist countries gathered around their communist center, one is to put those tends to capitalism countries gathered around their capitalist center. The two camps to dominate the world economy struggles will determine the fate of the whole world of capitalism and communism."B. Capitalism is plagued by the contradictions inherent in it. These contradictions cannot be resolved by peaceful compromise, and the biggest is the conflict between Britain and the United States.C. the inherent contradiction of capitalism is inevitably going tobe war. There are two types of wars: the wars between the two capitalist countries and the wars they have waged against the socialist world. The shrewd capitalists who want to escape the contradictions of capitalism tend to be in the latter category.D. Although interference with the Soviet union would bring disaster to the countries doing so, their intervention would, after all, delay the development of Soviet socialist socialism. So it must be prevented at all costs.E. the contradiction between the capitalist countries, although the Soviet union also is full of risk but also to promote the cause of socialism provides the possibility of a huge, remain strong, especially if the Soviet union in the military field rock solid in terms of ideology, and loyal to it wise leader.F. It must be remembered that the Soviet union believed that capitalism was not all bad. In addition to irredeemable reactionaries and bourgeois elements, capitalist societies include:(1) to unite some very open and positive people within the communist party.(2) some other molecules (now the sake of strategy called progress understanding or Democrats), their reactions, desire and activities happen to "objectively" is conducive to the interests of the Soviet union. The second species must be encouraged and used for the purpose of the Soviet union.G. characters on the opposite side of the capitalist society, the most dangerous is the so-called people's false friends that Lenin moderate socialists or social Democratic Party leaders (in other words, and never succumb to the communist party of the left). These people than outright reactionaries more dangerous, because the reactionaries emerged as they face, while moderate leftist leaders with socialist confuse people, to serve the interests of the reactionary capital.So that's the premise. From the point of view of Soviet policy, they were inferred from these premises:A. must do everything possible to improve the relative strength of the Soviet union as a member of the international community.Conversely, don't miss out on any opportunity to weaken the power and influence of all or very individual capitalist countries.B. The Soviet union and its friends abroad must be committed to deepening and exploiting the differences and contradictions between the capitalist powers. If the differences and contradictions between the capitalist countries and the "imperialist" wars were developed, then the capitalist countries would have to turn the war into a revolutionary uprising.C. Maximize the use of foreign "Democrats and progressives" to put pressure on the capitalist governments in accordance with the principles of Soviet interests.D. Must be ruthless with foreign socialists and social democratic leaders.The second part of this view is the background.Several aspects of the Soviet communist party line should be paid attention to before the concrete implementation of the communist party line.First, the communist party line does not represent the original view of the Russian people. Generally speaking, the Russian people are friendly to the outside world. They aspire to the recognition of the outside world, eager to compete with the people of the outside world for their talents, especially the fruits of their labours for a peaceful life. The party line only represents the official propaganda machine with the clever technique and the great patience to make the argument to the masses, while the masses "deep in the heart" often have a surprising resistance to those arguments. But the party line is binding on the views and actions of the people of the party, the secret police, the government, and so on.Second, pay attention to the elements of the Soviet communist party line, which are largely untrue. Experience has shown that peaceful coexistence between capitalism and socialist countries is entirely possible. The basic contradiction in advanced countries is not the contradiction between the capitalist ownership of the production information, but the contradiction between urbanization and industrialization itself. Russia has so far not suffered from a high degree of urbanization and industrialization, not because he issocialist, but because he is still backward. The competition within capitalism does not necessarily produce wars, and wars do not always result from it. After the destruction of Germany and Japan, after the recent war, the possibility of intervention in the Soviet union was a complete nonsense. If there is no provocation by the dissidents and the forces engaged in subversive activity, the possibility of peaceful coexistence between the capitalist world and between him and Russia is high. Finally, no sane person can doubt the sincerity of the moderate socialist leader in the west. In the Scandinavian peninsula, for example, whenever there is a chance, they always try their best to improve the living conditions of the working people, and deny that their achievements in this regard are unjust.These conclusions were made before world war ii and provedcompletely wrong by the war itself. In fact, the differences between Britain and America are not the main differences between the west. In addition to the axis countries,Capitalist countries have no intention of resolving theirdifferences by joining the anti-soviet crusaders. The Soviet union did not turn into a civil war or a revolution. Instead, the Soviet union had to publicly recognize it as a common goal to fight alongside thecapitalist powers.However, no matter how unsubstantiated and unproven, they are still bold today. What does that mean? This suggests that the Soviet partyline was not based on an objective analysis of Russian external forms.Indeed, he had little to do with anything beyond the Soviet border. Itis primarily a productof Russia's internal needs, which existed before the recent war.It's still there today.The kremlin's neurotic view of world affairs stems from theRussian's traditional and instinctive insecurities. A peaceful agricultural nation, living together with the fierce nomads in the vast wilderness, would create a sense of insecurity without insurance. In addition to these insecurities, the insecurities of the country, as well as the economic and advanced western countries, add to the fear of a more competent, more powerful and organized society in the west. This latter insecurity is not so much to torture the Russian people as to torture the Russian rulers. Because Russia's rulers always believed that their rulers knew the truth about the outside world, or that foreigners knew the truth inside Russia, that there would be consequences. The only way they learn to seek safety is to destroy the fight against the country that competes with him, and never agree or compromise with any other country.Has been around for a half a century in Western Europe and there is no effect of marxism, the first in Russia under the root, and caused the prairie fire, it is no accident, think that the social and economic contradictions by peaceful means to solve this doctrine, only get promoted in Russia, because the country has never been a friendly neighbors. In fact, there has never been a balance of tolerance amongthe great powers, inter and international. After the Bolshevik regime set up by Lenin explanation of marxism more cruel, more intolerant, thus become to spread the perfect tool of insecurity, this anxiety makes the bolsheviks even ruled more distressing than Russia in the past. In this basic goal belongs to the doctrine of altruism,the bolsheviks to their innate fear of the outside world, for their dictatorial system, for their use of torture, and to demand the sacrifice, find a theoretical basis. Under the guise of marxism, they discard all moral values in methods and strategies. Today, they can't live without marxism. Marxism makes them a FIG leaf of moral and ideological respectability. They did not have this FIG leaf in history, at best, the last generation of the tyrannical and civil Russian ruler. The ruthless rulers of Russia brought their military strength to an unprecedented peak to ensure that the infirmity of the regime was externally secure. The intent of the Soviet union must always be solemnly clothed in the cloak of marxism,That is why it is important to not underestimate the importance of dogma in Soviet affairs. This way, the leader of the Soviet union under the history and status quo of the practical need of, puts forward a kind of doctrine, the external, as a sin, hostile, and threat of the Soviet union the world, and that the world within gestates the bacteria spread disease, is bound to be more and more internal unrest, finally received thriving socialist forces a fatal blow, thus giving way to a new and better world. This theory has given them legitimate grounds forexpanding their military and police forces, isolating the Russian people from the outside world and exerting constant pressure to expand the powers of the Russian police. All these are natural and instinctive demands of the Russian rulers. This is mainly to show that, over the centuries, the uneasy Russian nationalist movement has made remarkable progress. In this movement, the concept of aggression and self-defence is not well known. However, a new international marxist cloak, with sweet words to a desperate, war damage to the outside world to make promises, Russian democracy righteousness is more dangerous and more cunning than ever.But we should not assume that all those who have made the path for the Soviet party are false and insincere. Many of them are too ignorant of the outside world and are so dependent on their minds that they do not doubt themselves. They were credulous about things that only the words could make people feel comfortable and convenient. Finally, we also have a mystery, that is, in this great country, who - if there is such a person - can you get about the outside world more accurate and unbiased information. In the mysterious and secretive atmosphere of the east, the possibilities for distorting and poisoning intelligence are limitless in an atmosphere of widespread intrigue in the government. The Russian people don't respect the objective real reason - in fact, they don't believe in the existence of objective reality principle - the fact that everything that makes them understand as a tool, used to achieve the goal of this or that skeletons. There is good reason to suspect thatthis government is actually a small plot in a big conspiracy. At least I personally don't believe, Stalin can get massive long-term credit, I believe that the Soviet government may finally be done like it in the 30 s, for international economic exchanges is desirable that verbally talk. On the contrary, I think most Soviet foreign trade may limit itssecurity domain of the Soviet union, including the German occupation, and in critical view shall implement the principle of the general economic cooperation between countries.H. as for cultural cooperation, the Soviet union also verbally say, for instance, deepen cultural exchanges between ourpeoples is desirable, in practice never made any could undermine the safety of all nationalities in the Soviet union. Policy in the aspects of the actual performance, will be limited to someone with official visit, and join the ceremony, assembly, so that some libraries in pointless ways, and eating too much vodka and lengthy speeches, but does not produce lasting results.I. In addition to the official relations between the Soviet union and various diplomatic states,It would take a route that could be called "right" to maintain the prestige of the Soviet union and its leaders, with meticulous attention to international etiquette (which runs counter to good manners).......The fifth part is the actual deduction from the Angle of American policy....... To sum up, we face a political force, a frenetic state of support for his ways, and the damage to our country's international authority. The political power can control one of the greatest nation in the world energy and one of the most prosperous country in the world of information, and it is behind a strong Russian nationalism trend inoculation. In addition, he has a delicate, wide range of organizations, to play its influence in foreign, the agency has amazing flexibility and variety of skills, to manage it for underground work method is probably an unprecedented experience and skill. In the end, thepolitical force seems to be making a fundamental response that seems to be not to think about the real situation. For him, a lot of objective facts about human society, is not like us, is often used to test and modify people view of scale, but from a grab bag of arbitrarily, have a tendency to take out the specific facts in order to support the established views. This is certainly not a pleasant picture. Thequestion of how to deal with this power is undoubtedly the greatest task that China's diplomacy has ever faced. He should be the starting pointfor our political staff to work at this moment. To deal with this problem in the same spirit and prudence as in the resolution of the wartime major strategic issues, it is necessary to make the same big efforts in the planning work as necessary. I can't try to come up withall the answers here, but I would like to express my confidence that we have the ability to solve this problem without having to go through acomprehensive military conflict. To prove my belief, I would like to offer some more encouraging views.(1) unlike Hitler's Germany, the Soviet regime did not have systematic planning, nor did it engage in risky activities. He is not acting on a fixed plan. He doesn't take unnecessary risks. Logic is indifferent to reason, but it is sensitive to the logic of force. Because of this, when he encounters strong resistance anywhere, he can easily retreat, and he often does. Therefore, if the other party has sufficient force, and indicates readiness to use force, it practically USES no force. If the other person handles the situation correctly, there is no need to have a reputation showdown.(2) the Soviet union was a much weaker force than the rest ofthe western world. Therefore, their success will depend on the degree of unity, identification and strength that the western world can achieve. And this is a factor that we have the ability to influence.(3) as a form of domestic power, the success of the Soviet systemhas not been proved. Whether he can stand the power to move from one person to another, or from a small group of people to another, has yet to be proved. The first such transfer of power after Lenin's death resulted in the destruction of the Soviet union for years.A second transfer of power will occur after Stalin's death or retirement. But this will not be the final test. Because of the recent territorial expansion, the Soviet domestic system will now be subjected to a series of additional pressures that prove to be a serious burden onthe tsarist regime. Here, we are convinced that, since the end of the civil war, the vast majority of the Russian people have never been more emotionally detached from the communist party doctrine. In Russia, it is now a huge and successful dictatorship - but he is no longer a source of charisma. There is no guarantee that internal volume and movement will last.(4) all Soviet propaganda, outside the Soviet security sphere, was basically negative and destructive. It should be easy, therefore, to combat it with any smart, truly constructive platform.For all these reasons, I think we can deal with Russia calmly and bravely. As for the approach, I only want to make thefollowing observations as a conclusion.1. I think the first step must be to understand and understand the nature and truth of the movement we are dealing with. We must study hard to bundle with a doctor and the patient's that kind of courage, without reason is a transcendental attitude and objective spirit, study of it, and have the determination, such as doctors was not swayed by emotion, don't make by it.We must try our best to learn the truth about the form of Russia by our people. The importance of this point cannot be overemphasized. It should not be done by the newspaper alone. It should be done by the government. The government must have more experience and more knowledge of the practical issues involved. In this work, we needn't be daunted by the ugly situation. I firmly believe that if the people of our countryknow more about the true situation of this situation, today our country will be much less anti-soviet. There is no more dangerous and scarier than ignorance. Perhaps there is a debate about how much more of our difficulties in dealing with Russia could have an adverse effect on russian-american relations. I think if there is any risk here, we should have the courage to face it, and the sooner the better. But I don't see what we're going to risk. Even after all the hype about our friendship with the Russian people, our stakes for them are minimal. There we have no investment to defend, no real trade to be lost, and few citizens to protect, and there is little cultural exchange to sustain. The only thing we have a stake in them is not what we have, but what we want. I am convinced that we will have more opportunities to achieve these hopes that if citizens know the situation in our country, if our relationship with the russianscompletely built on the basis of reality, seeking truth from facts.A large part of the problem depends on the health and vitality ofour own society. The world communist movement, like the malignant parasite, relies on diseased muscle tissue to feed itself.This is where domestic policy and foreign policy will be. Whatever our own internal social problems, to strengthen the confidence of our people, discipline, morale and team spirit of any item of the kokang powerful measures, is a diplomatic victory for Moscow, its value can be comparable to one thousand diplomatic notes and the joint communique. If we can't abandon fatalism in front of their social defects andindifferent attitude, Moscow will get benefits, Moscow in its foreign policy is not to benefit from it.4. We have to plan and propose for other countries, more actively and constructively than we have been in the past, and the kind of world picture we would like to see. Similar to our country's political process only urged other countries to people's development is not enough, many foreign people, at least, the peoples of Europe, for the past experience has tired and afraid, for freedom in the abstract has not interested in the safe. They are seeking guidance. If we don't give guidance, the russians will.Finally, we must have the courage and confidence to adhere to our own methods and our views on human society. In the end, when we deal with the problem of Soviet communism, the greatestdanger that may fall on our heads is that we make ourselves thesame as the people we are dealing with.。