外文资料翻译
外文资料翻译3000
无锡职业技术学院外文翻译The energy-conservation of freezer, with automaticallyingcontrol1 A present freezer of automatic control current situationsThough the cold storage self-control having been popularized all round, but great majority cold storages putting particular emphasis on is only a safeguard face to face , the energy conservation having increased Wenku picking up the self-adjustment and cold storage measuring and controlling, to entire system relates that under the control of seldom or. Even if another aspect, already getting the all-round universal safeguard, before actual condition in working can't admit of no sanguine, } pins up the cold storage self-control facilities having become "ear of the deaf person" even having become furnishing and decorating decorating front appearance only. The Shanghai cold storage association has done investigation in recent years to Shanghai area ammonia refrigerating system cold storage safeguard and autocontrol condition , concrete conditions has seen that are what form l shows. A spot of should inquire into a data as the leopard has reflected current cold storage self-control general situation Form what 1 shows a self-control interposes and runs status though the very good cold storage only having 5 tidal current and direction accounting for 9% of the number counting, but it is these cold storages to have represented a nowadays. With the development of electron technology, the self-control component is more and more advanced , changeable procedure controller (PLC) and the PC function are more and more strong , self-control procedure is more and more perfect, system optimization and the energy conservation consciousness are also more and more strong. The cold storage energy conservation and the autocontrol relation are more and more rapid and intense , need the cold storage energy conservation to be ready for and composing much better, do well in and be engaged in better the autocontrol vitally needing right away. Above-mentioned example adopted by five cold storages representing tidal current in the nowadays and advanced level has all got the pretty important effect to realizing cold storage energy conservation.2 How be ready for cold storage energy conservation autocontrolFundamental above-mentioned content starting point is the cold storage taking ammonia as all together style refrigeration working medium refrigerating system , is that refrigeration working medium decentralization, allows all together style , all together style refrigerating system cold storage to have got very big development , whose self-control degree overtops also sometimes the all together style refrigerating system cold storage taking ammonia as refrigeration working medium on behalf of a hydrocarbon with the thick gravy nowadays. Many working mediums are unlike cold storage of system of all kinds extensive use, content having enriched cold storage autocontrol tremendously, application in energy conservation at the same time also has provided the vast scope for one's ability to autocontrol in the cold storage.2.1 Cold storage energy conservation autocontrolCold storage energy conservation autocontrol is energy conservation under the control of procedure establishment and self-control component selecting and using from the content coming to study the autocontrol developing cold storage energy conservation's relates that mainly whom.The firm, special field designing institute or capable unit as self-control component may assume cold storage energy conservation autocontrol research and develop equally. The firm and the designing institute make a contribution to some extent without exception already by now within that field. Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol can be developed exploitation commonly by firm and designing institute best (not bad firm give first place to, the designing institute coordinates) , perfects in the process of putting into effect using an unit the new product getting into form and grinding unceasingly to get rich.2.2 Energy conservation autocontrol specific items design prepares a cold storage putting composition into practice.That a specific items energy conservation autocontrol's puts process into practice sometimes is that the purpose checking K amendment , reaching energy conservation until according with design demand by designing , assembling debugging , pilot run , effect is extremely. While the project requires that content is changed into a ratio to some extent, may revise K at any time satisfying a request.The cold storage energy conservation sometimes requires that the advanced refrigeration switches over to prepare , right system mates , effective the words emergency measure and strict operation manage to manage to be put into effect, be requiring that the refrigeration technician goes ahead in the basis optimizing refrigeration process design right now, know well that energy conservation needs , be tied in wedlock this project characteristic , the flow chart designing out entire cold storage energy conservation autocontrol. Ability accomplishes whose electricity self-control design according to the self-control flow chart , the electricity self-control technician , being able to wield whose professional knowledge at the same time, makes self-control technological process be simplification and an optimization more. Cold storage energy conservation is a cold storage autocontrol important component , all cold storage autocontrol is composed of refrigeration and electricity two parts content without exception , K makes cold storage energy conservation be carried out to the letter only when ability makes cold storage autocontrol come into effect in the field of two under technician's making joint efforts.3 Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol pilot run is also one very important ring , echoes the usage unit and the special field firm in the pilot run keeping close connection , uses an unit to discuss working effect , deliberates amendment measure with special field firm and.Energy conservation is one of cold storage autocontrol purpose.3.1 Adjusts storehouse temperature adjustment in the past about that the storehouse temperature and the evaporation temperature adjust the parametric storehouse of3.1.1 Storehouse temperature controlMultiple spots temperature temperature giving first place to dyadic adjustment of place, correct evaporate the temperature not sometimes doing adjustment , very difficult to reach good energy conservation effect.The ideal storehouse temperature control mode is that wind and their air-out temperature is entering parameter with the storehouse mean temperature , the air cooler moving forward , works out appropriate under the control of procedure , measures by the fact that PLC is in progress. So-called Wenku adjusts the request being able to reach energy conservation , also can satisfy the need that some storehouse high-accuracy temperature adjusts, self own but the accuracy reaching 0.250 C requires that energy conservation makes an appointment with 10% at present.3.1.2 Regard to relatively evaporate temperature higher cold right away be in no energy conservation operation statePs stop being unlike the diversity evaporates because K couplet operation can only work under evaporating the temperature with a with a systematic refrigeration compression engine evaporating the cold room of temperature temperature cold if K couplet work, with regard to relatively evaporate temperature higher cold right away be in no energy conservation operation state, should cold hot load increasingly be promoted to a higher post increasingly no energy conservation. Ought to try one's best to avoid this condition appearing. One machine reviews the cold storage method of work pair in freon refrigerating system , add the back pressure valve on time of high temperature warehouse air tube , add single check valve on time of low temperature warehouse air tube, be representative block of wood energy conservation methodof work, do not respond to encourage but suitable abolish.3.1.3 Unexpected turn of events evaporates temperature adjustmentSome one work state lower if evaporate temperature can use storehouse hot load and refrigerating system refrigerating output be parameter be in progress adjustment, then now that can reach energy conservation purpose can make energy adjustment be more rational. The sort Er Yan , refrigerating system evaporation implement and refrigeration compression engine equipment can satisfy maximal load need basically all. Load falls off but the refrigerating output can not make corresponding adjustment in time if the cold room is hot, the refrigerating output and hot load being that the refrigerating system evaporation temperature will may act in responses reduces , uses a compression engine reach a new balance burning. The lessening evaporating the temperature has increased but the refrigerating output evaporating an implement conversely but , has faced the hot load that self own cuts down taking form surely frequently opening the consequence staying. Evaporate temperature 10 C per change, electric energy about 3 ~ 5% acting in responses adding or subtracting. Be energy conservation on making system burn in another ideal balance of } if raising the evaporation temperature in time,have avoided freely not having achieved not only, having decreased by the refrigeration compression engine's frequently starts , is the energy conservation measure achieving two things at one stroke. Not changeable fundamental refrigerant rate of flow rate of flow evaporating an implement adjusts.3.1.4 Changeable rateChangeable rate of flow adjustment ammonia in the past refrigerating system; Freon system evaporates the implement refrigerant rate of flow , great majority achieve simple proportion measures. The air cooler air mass flow great majority do not measure or speed and the electric fan platform number measure only when two. This two kinds parametric rate of flow adjustment all are cold the adjustment assigning the equipment refrigerating output and storehouse temperature direct relevance , one of the content being also that the cold storage energy conservation self-control responds to in taking seriously with the storehouse.3.1.5 Fetch the warehouse taken heightSets up right under the control of accuracy and adds the storehouse temperature setting up the commodity and different storage period controlling the different storehouse , different stock out of gauge having no equal to and their under the control of accuracy request. Set off from the energy conservation angle, the storehouse temperature ought to take height not choosing low , the mild high-accuracy controlling accuracy ought to fetch the warehouse taken height , insisted to run after face to face unnecessarily low low controls as long as not affecting the commodity quality.To the cold room of many } storehouse temperature under the control of, except original storehouse temperature setting value, suitable add set up Kuwen transfinite controlling value. This pair of factors storehouse temperature adjusts deflect but premature bringing into service being able to achieve when refrigerating system needs bringing into service , incapable because of } pins up the storehouse temperature; Can not make cold according to reality that time at intervals, refrigerating system stops working untimely Ding , fully utilizes now having energy K avoid equipment or systematic frequently open Ding.3.1.6 Set up avoiding meeting high o perationInterpose avoid meeting high o operation under the control of electric power short-supplied be the universal phenomenon that current all parts of the country there exists in everywhere, huge bad especially heavy electric power of power consumption o grain is short-supplied , the electric charge o grain price differences puts into effect in a lot of city and price differences play big as early as successive steps for this purpose. Under the premise not affecting commodity mass, the cold storage is set up avoiding meeting high o peration , beneficial to the electrified wire netting cuts o repair a valley , help overall situation energyconservation on macroscopic view; Microcosmic Er Yan operation also beneficial toreducing a cold storage cost.3.2 Cold room relative humidities adjust cold room relative humidity adjustmentCold room relative humidities adjust cold room relative humidity adjustment and the temperatureadjusts the method similarity repeating description unnecessarily. But in general cold room relative humidity is in 85 ~ the relative humidity that the also a little bit cold room demands is lower than or the relative humidity higher than the be 98%, but some crops of relative humidity kind of quality warehouse being range , for instance some gases turn to obj1 = " 位" exchange the warehouse request demands 45% to be 40 ~ between 95%. During the period of high relative humidity adjustment and low relative humidity adjustment, Youyin attaches importance to energy conservation measure.3.2.1 High relative humidities adjust the adjustmentHigh relative humidities adjust the adjustment demanding the cold room to high relative humidity , are going try one's best to reduce the logarithm averages difference in temperature (2 advisable K) between the refrigerant temperature and the storehouse temperature, return refrigerating system back when being necessary but adopt to be loaded with the cold agent first; May adopt air defrosting K besides with defrosting water restoring to the storehouse. That this two measure is given by autocontrol being put into effect, is effective energy conservation method , the domestic trade headquarter has not been 20,000 tons of Long Kou City gas that the research institute designs obj1 exchange a warehouse being a very good example of one 17 }.3.2.2 Low relative humidities adjust the adjustmentLow relative humidities adjust the adjustment demanding the cold room to low relative humidity , controlling also should be ready for two aspect mainly. One is on the basis selecting and using dehumidification method and dehumidification machine stopping bringing quantity of heat into cold room to the full, hot few cold p rooms load controlling good dehumidification while procedure, reaching the relative humidity request. It's two is to avoid air current organizing the wet load controlling fever of taking now and then entering unnecessary outside; Once had the wet low one } low temperature crops kind of quality warehouse, wet load roughly accounts for about35% of plain meter { load from invading the heat within being put in storage outside.3.3 Measures about providing liquid wayDirect swelling is for liquid's expanding directly to be for liquid's being that great majority thick gravies pin up the confession liquid method that ammonia system adopts on behalf of hydrocarbon (include freon) system and }. This provides liquid method with adopt the heating power expansion valve to provide liquid in the past basically , self problem, has no way to realize the energy conservation purpose since choosing the type , adjustment and product. Electron expansion valve appearing measures combining with selecting parametric Kuwen of temperature much , can realize energy conservation operation fairly good, sort but energy conservation 10%. But the thick gravy generation hydrocarbon refrigerating system heating power expansion valve product already be commensurate to maturity and still have the special-purpose PLC Kuwen controller, for a variety of reasons, adopt extension , wait for to increase energy not yet commonly in cold storage refrigerating system. Working hot shot degree of ammonia refrigerating system evaporation implement is not big , degree of difficulty is under the control of relatively bigger , there is no at present still mature ammonia using electron to expand ? ? valve product. The system冷库节能与自动控制1 当前冷库自控现状冷库自控虽然得到了全面普及，然而大多数冷库的侧重面只是安全保护，或者还增加了温库捡测和控制，对于全系统的自动调节和冷库的节能控制还很少涉及。
外文资料及翻译
A New Contact less Fault Diagnosis Approach forPantograph-Catenary Syst emRailway transport is one of the most important mass transportation media in the worldwide.With the development of trains speed, safety and comfort levels of railways is getting more importance day by day. Besides high level of security requirement, detection of anomaly for rail and road shall be early identified for decreasing operation and maintenance expenditures. The pantograph-catenary system has an important role for collecting the current in electrical railways. The problem occurred in this system will affect the current collection performance of electrified trains. In this paper, a new image processing based technique is proposed to detect the arcing faults occurred between catenary and pantograph contact. The proposed method takes one frame from the digital camera and then the edge detection algorithm extracts the edges of pantograph. The arcing between contact wire and pantograph is detected by examining the position of contact wire of pantograph’s edge. INTRODUCTIONWith the development of the high-speed electrified trains, the demands for safety of railway transport come into more important. A pantograph is the most utilized component for transmission electric power from overhead wire to locomotive. To ensure the power without any problem, pantographs should maintain good contact under different train speeds. In recent times, the speeds of electrified trains have reached rather high levels. Under these speeds, maintain good contact is challenging problem. Via railroad maintenance planning based on early rail and road anomaly detection technologies, derailment accidents are prevented. Pantograph and overhead line are two fundamental components for the collection of current signals in electrified trains. The wear between pantograph and overhead wire will result with catastrophic faults. The pantograph arcing faults occurs because of below reasons.In railway systems, the pantograph is manually inspected to detect damages. In this inspection, locomotive should be taken to a service. This method is undesirable because of loss of service time and cost . Pantograph arcing is one of the most seen fault in electrified railway systems. This arcing generally occurs at higher speed, increasing load, and in cold weather condition. In most case, there is a sliding contact between pantograph and catenary system. A pantograph laterally draws a zigzag on overhead line. However, overhead line applies more contact to some location of pantograph because of a faulty condition. In normal condition, there is a moisture layer between the contact surface and pantograph. In winter season, this moisture layer is frozen and it is more difficult the sliding between two components.Mechanical sensor based contact type rail and road measurement and inspection techniques has been used in the railway industry. The contact force between pantograph and catenary system was monitored by using a fiber strain sensors . Static and dynamic strains were detected by developed system. With the latest technological developments, contact less measurement techniques are now being used in railway measurement systems. Pantograph and overhead wire system was analyzed by using infrared camera. This analysis was used to detect overheating pantograph strip, bursts of arcing, and irregular positioning of contact line. For an efficient wear measurement of contact wire, a new multi-camera based optical inspection system was proposed. Different cameras were mounted at different positions of the roof of the vehicle and overhead contact was visually inspected from different angles. Abrasion on pantograph slide was detected by using edge detection algorithm. Discrete wavelet and Hough transform based method was applied to image of pantograp h slide and abrasion related features were extracted. The five kinds of edge detection algorithms were evaluated for the examination of the pantograph slipper images. The results show that Canny edge detection algorithm gives better results than other algorithms. The contact performance between pantograph and overhead line affects the current collecting performance. An image processing based method was proposed to monitor the contact performance. In recent years, there is more relevance about using contact less condition monitoring of railway systems. However, the developed system is suitable for laboratory applications.In this paper, a new method is proposed to monitor the contact between pantograph and catenary system. The proposed method takes one frame from a video in each step and then the Canny edge detection algorithm extracts edges from image frame. The position of overhead wire is determined in the edge image. This position is used to detect the contact force between pantograph and overhead wire. The obtained signal from position of contact wire is analyzed by two statistical parameters and anomaly in the position is detected.SLIDING CONTACT BETWEEN PANTOGRAPH AND OVERHEAD WIREThe contact between pantograph and overhead wire, which is found on the roof of an electrified train, allows the collecting current from overhead feeding conductor. Contact wire takes the electric from feeder station that connected at regular space.The contact wire is connected to the messenger wire using dropper wires. The continuity of contact wire is important to ensure better electrical performance. One way to maintain contact is to increase the up-lifting force. However, it increases the resonance of overhead wire and this causes the loss of the contact and wear of contact wire. When the contact has been lost or a gap has been occurred, the power of train will be interrupted. The loss of the contact alsocauses the arcing between contact wire and pantograph. For high speed train, current collection is based on good contact performance. On a straight way, the contact wire moves slightly to the left and right corner of pantograph.The contact wire applies an impression to different points of the pantograph. Such a system extends the life time of a pantograph. The sliding contact between pantograph and overhead wire consists of three layers. These layers are copper wire, layer of oxide and carbon, and thin film of water.The conduction mechanism is realized by using thin film of water. The gap between two electrodes should be maintained. However, the thin film of water can get frozen in winter and the sliding contact may extend.The sliding contact is affected from weather condition. The harsh winter condition affects lifting force of pantograph and this leads to appearance of arcing. Thereafter, the contact wire and pantograph can cause damage.CONTACTLESS FAULT DIAGNOSIS APPROACH FOR PANTOGRAPH -CATENARY SYSTEMTo measure automatically the contact strip, the images taken from a camera are used. The main task is to monitor the sequential video frames and detect the anomaly conditions. The obtained images will be analyzed by using canny edge detection algorithm. Edges of pantograph system are extracted for all frames. Contact wire position of each frame is determined from the extracted edge images. The y-axis of this wire continuously changes. This change is saved for each frame. All positions of the contact wire in the video are saved as a signal and then the anomaly of this signal is detected by using statistical parameters. Therefore, the monitoring process will be automated.The first step is to extract the edge of each frame from video. Afterwards, the y-position of the contact wire is detected and added to the YS array. When all of frame is read, the algorithm will produce the position array of y-axis. The features extracted from contact wire signal (YS) are skewness and kurtosis. They can be computed as represent the mean and standard deviation of each window.The edges in an images are the pixels that their brightness’s change suddenly. Edges characterize the boundaries and therefore they have an important topic in image processing . An edge detection algorithm generally consists of three steps: filtering, derivation, and edge detection. In the filtering stage, the image is filtered in order to remove the noise. In the derivation stage, edge areas in the image are brightening up via density change in the edge area. In the last stage, edges of the image are determined.Canny algorithm is known as an optimal edge detection algorithm . Canny algorithm usesGaussian filter to smooth the image and eliminate the noise in the first step. In the next step, these regions are tracked and the algorithm suppresses any pixel that is not at the maximum. In the hysteresis step, the remaining pixels that have not been suppressed are tracked. In this step, two thresholds are used. If the magnitude is smaller than first threshold, it is taken as non-edge. If the second threshold is smaller than magnitude, this magnitude is taken as an edge.X and y shows the coordinates of the images and σis the standard deviation. G n and n show the first derivative of G and direction, respectively. The image is depicted as g. The first step of the algorithm is to apply the canny algorithm to each frame of pantograph’s video. After the edge image is obtained, the position of contact wire will be detected. For each frame, the obtained positions are added to an array. This array will be used to detect the disorder between contact wire and pantograph.The algorithm takes the edge image of the current frame and finds the y-axis position of contact wire. The algorithm starts the searching of contact wire from the first pixel of the current frame. If the algorithm detects a candidate pixel, contact wire method inspect whether the detected pixel is contact wire or not. When the position of contact wire is found, the algorithm will be terminated. For each frame in video, the positions of contact wire is detected and saved to an array.EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSThe proposed algorithm is applied to a real pantograph’s video. All images of the pantograph are taken from the roof of the locomotive. The video of pantograph system is saved for a determined time. While the camera takes a frame, the algorithm will scan the current frame in order to find the position of contact wire.For our experiment, the size of the video is selected as 240x320 for healthy condition. The pantograph video, which has not any arcing and is taken as a healthy condition, is saved for duration of 23 seconds. The original frames of their edges are given in Fig. for a healthy condition.The pixel view of the edge images are given for three frames of the pantograph video. The contact wire zigzags over the pantograph system with an order for a healthy condition. The obtained signal is normalized with z-score normalization. This technique centers the original signal at zero mean and scales it to unit standard deviation.As shown in Fig, the contact wire zigzags a balanced motion over the pantograph. The camera's point of view, the image resolution or the contact wire position in frame are not affect the performance of the algorithm. This feature is provided by used the normalizationtechnique. The video size of faulty condition is selected as 270x480. The original frames and their edges are given in Fig for a faulty condition.In faulty condition, contact wire draws more zigzags in some parts of pantograph than others. The more contact occurred on some part of pantograph causes the arcing between contact wire and pantograph. The y-axis position of contact wire is given in Fig for a faulty condition.As shown in Fig, the motion of contact wire has a disorder. The contact wire draws more zigzags on the bottom of image than other pixels. This disorder is analyzed by using two statistical parameters. These parameters are given in TABLE for each motor condition. CONCLUSIONSThis paper presents a new approach for monitoring catenary-pantograph system. A simple image acquisition system is used and an image processing based technique is proposed to detect arcing faults. The canny edge detection is selected for image edge detection to deal with image edge of pantograph slipper. The experimental results of the proposed method showed that the position detection of the contact wire was efficient method to detect arcing faults and disorder in contact between pantograph and contact wire. In literature, image processing based condition monitoring of pantograph systems was only performed in laboratory environment. However, the proposed method can be applied in real-time. The realization of the proposed method is not only low cost but also it can be setup to a real system.The monitoring of contact wire and active pantograph control system brings following contributions:•Development of a railway measurement and inspection train for both conventional and high speed railway lines,•Real time fault diagnosis that has high accuracy and has immunity to environment condition,•Low cost measurement system,•Increasing safety and comfort levels of railways.接触网受电弓系统的一个新的非接触式故障诊断方法在全世界，铁路运输是最重要的公共交通运输工具之一。
外文资料及翻译
外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologiesemerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reduce the energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in avariety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity and promotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficient building can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。
如何翻译外文文献
如何翻译外文文献在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下：1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。
注：1、Google 翻译google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。
我利用它是这样的。
一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。
回到我自己说的翻译上来。
下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。
大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。
2、CNKI翻译CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。
外文资料翻译
毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：管理系专业：班级：姓名：学号：外文出处：<<ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT PROFESSION>>工程管理专业附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。
指导教师评语：签字：年月日1、外文原文；Scheduling systems and their selectionScheduling systemsNow we are ready to discuss the various methods for scheduling capital construction projects that are available. The two basic methods that will be discussed are bar charts and logic-diagram-based schedules. Both methods are used extensively, and sometimes interchangeably, in project and construction work. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Knowing when to select the correct method is half the battle in successfully making and controlling your project schedule.Bat chartsThe forerunner to the bar chart was developed by two industrial engineers, Frederick W. Taylor and Henry L. Gantt, for scheduling production operations during World War I. the name “Gantt chart” is still in use today to designate certain types of bar charts. It was sometime after World War I that bar-charting was adapted to the scheduling of construction projects.Bar charts are the simplest from of scheduling and have been in use the longest of any of the systems we have available. They offer the advantage of being cheap and simple to prepare; they are easy to read and update, and they are readily understood by anyone with a basic knowledge of the capital projects business. They are still in wide use today, even as a final product of the computerized CPM scheduling system. The main disadvantage of the bar chart is its inability to show enough detail to cover all the activities on larger, complex projects. On large projects, the number of pages required to bar- chart the project becomes cumbersome, and interrelation of work activities becomes difficult to follow from page to page.As the size and complexity of projects grew in the late fifties and sixties in the 20th century, finishing projects late became the rule rather than the exception. Late finishes, along with their associated cost overruns, caused increased pressure on owners and contractors to develop improved scheduling techniques. Now when we try to schedule a larger project in that sort of detail with bar charts, we quickly lose most of the advantages that we listed earlier. The schedule becomes unwieldy and difficult to interpret, and we run the risk of losing control of the project time plan.Logic- based schedulesFortunately, on the same time, the network schedule and the computer came on thecapital projects scene. We now had a tool available to make the many repetitive calculations for the earl and late start dates, and a place to store and sort the data needed to control a large number of work activities.In the late 1950s the U.S. Navy and the Du Pont Company concurrently developed two different logic-diagram-based scheduling systems at about the same time. The Naty’s system was called PERT, for Program Evaluation and Review Technique. Its first successful application was on the Polaris Missile Program. At about the same time, Du Pont first successfully used their critical path method (CPM) of logic diagram scheduling on several new petrochemical plants.Other owners and contractors lost no time in adapting the new scheduling methods to their projects in order to improve their timely completion performance. The CPM system was somewhat simpler than the PERT method, so it soon became the system favored for use on commercial and industrial capital projects. The KISS principle triumphed again! The basic logic-diagraming principles developed in the 1960s are still and graphical output. In the 1980s, the development of the relatively low-cost PC made the use of the CPM system possible for even the smallest companies.Shortly after the introduction of the PERT/CPM systems in the early sixties, the pendulum swung from simple bar charting to the side of overly detailed, computerized schedules. That didn’t work out as well as the early success with the systems had seemed to indicate it would. If a little bit of CPM was good, more had to be better! Everyone promptly defied the kiss principle and started to schedule in too much detail on each activity. The result was reams and reams of computer output that virtually inundated many untrained people.Most of the construction managers and field schedulers of that period were entrepreneurial craft people who had worked themselves up through the ranks. In many cases they were literally untrainable in the new technology of computerized CPM scheduling. Fortunately, some of the users of the newly developed techniques remembered the KISS principle and developed some easy-to-use systems. Several good mainframe programs came onto the market, including McDonnell Automation’s MSCS system, Metier’s Artemis system, and IBM’s PCS system. As computer capacity and new software bloomed , the programs developed and improved rapidly over the next 20 years.The rapid development of low-cost PC hardware and software has now virtually taken over the CPM capital projects scheduling market. Mainframe computers are now required only on the very largest and most complex projects, those whose logistics demands are too great for memory capabilities of the PC.Comparison and selection of scheduling systemsEvaluating the advantages and disadvantages of bar charts versus CPM allows us to select the most effective system for a given project. It also leads us to some simple rules that are applicable to the selection.Advantages of CPMA. Handling complex projectsThe number-one advantage of the CPM system is its ability to handle many work activities on complex projects with ease. Let me introduce a word of caution on that point: don’t fall into the trap of using more activities than necessary, just because it is easy to do so. You risk getting your schedule bogged down in too much detail, which Makes it harder to use and costs more money to operate. Remember , that's the same trap that almost killed the CPM system in its early days ! One way to avoid the problem is to break out some of the less complicated scheduling areas and use bar charts for them .They could be offsite areas such as small office buildings ,warehouses ,tank farms, and roads . A blend of the two systems often results in a simpler and more effective overall project schedule.B .Dry Run of the projectsAnother outstanding advantage of CPM is the intangible benefit of forcing the project team to dissect the project into all of its working parts. This forces the early analysis of each work activity. The CPM schedule an in checking the resulting logic diagram.The actual scheduling phase, such as calculating the early an late start dates and the associated float, is best left to the scheduling technicians and the computer. It is usually necessary to run the fist pas of the schedule several times, to test and debug the logic diagram before the final version is ready for review and approval.C. Beneficial Output SortsThe large menu of output sorts is another big advantage of a computerized CPM schedule. It allows the various interest members of the construction team to order the output sort best suited to their work. Most CPM programs will yield a sort menu as follows:(1)Total float per activity(2)Limited look-ahead sorts(3)Critical-path sort(4)Critical-equipment sort(5)Project-milestone sort(6)Bar-chat printout(7)Human resource levelingMost CMs, for example, will find the sorts by total float and by milestone most valuable for their needs. The total -float sort starts with the low-float(most critical)work activities listed first for immediate attention. The less critical high-float items show up later on the list. By using the period look- ahead sorts, one can also home in on specific time period, A 30-,60-,90-day look ahead sort will list only those critical items that will occur in the next 30,60,90 days. Material control people find the critical-item sort more convenient in tracking their required delivery dates and actual progress are fed in to the computer,, revised printouts quickly reflect the delivery changes and their effect on the field schedule. Field people usually find that the key-milestone-date sort better suits their needs.Most CPM scheduling software even delivers a bar-chart printout, which is most convenient for upper management and reporting purposes in reviewing project progress. Simplified bar charts are usually included in the progress reports to give a graphic view of actual progress against the schedule.The human resource leveling can level peak personnel requirements, which occur during the project's design and construction phases. By taking advantage of the available during the project's design and construction phases. By taking advantage of the available flat and rescheduling the start of noncritical activities, it's possible to shave personnel peaks. Leveling the personnel requirements leads to more effective use of the project's human resources. This option is invaluable for smoothing out craft manpower peaks in key areas of the work. Judicious use of the early and late start dates can also keep subcontractors from getting in each other's way.D. Convenient Schedule ControllingOn smaller projects, a simple time -scaled bar chart might be used in the progress report. The rapid turnaround of data by the computer also allows the project team to perform what-if exercises with the logic diagram. When scheduling problems arise, the project team can try alternative solutions by reworking elapsed times for problem activities. This generates new early and late start dates that can be shifted to improve the critical path. The computer calculates a new critical path in a matter of seconds, with immediate access to the new output data right there on the computer screen.A CPM/computer system also simplifies recycling the schedule. Recycling becomes necessary whenever schedule deviations grow to a point at which some of the intermediate goals are in jeopardy. Recycling involves revising any target dates that may have slipped beyond repair, perhaps because a significant change in scope has occurred. Exercising some what-if options should allow you to obtain the scheduling-revision option best suited to keeping the project on schedule.Disadvantages of CPMThere are only a few disadvantages to using the CPM method for project scheduling, and even these can be avoided with proper attention from the CM. However, overlooking any of the disadvantages can scuttle your effects to control the project schedule!It's extremely important that your key field people be trained in CPM techniques. That includes all levels from the design group to procurement, and through the construction management team. Remember the story about construction managers trashing the CPM/computer printouts in earlier days!I don't recommend controlling a large project with only a newly trained crew, or usinga new software system without running your old scheduling system in parallel, at least until the new system has been prove to work. If the new system breaks down for any reason, you will be without any means of controlling the end date on the project.The cost of running a CPM schedule is likely to be higher than that of using bar charts, particularly on smaller projects. That was especially true of running the CPM schedule on a mainframe computer. In recent years the relatively modest cost of PC hardware, software, and training has enabled us to expense off that cost for computerized CPM scheduling on a medium-to-large project. It might take several small-sized projects to cover the cost of a PC scheduling system.The cost of the training could be the sleeper in the scheduling cost budget, depending on the experience and computer literacy of your project people. But regardless of the cost, training is the linchpin of the whole system, so don’t ignore it.The real savings in using a PC-computerized schedule is that it will generate a good deal more data than is possible with bar charts. That means the unit cost of the data is low. However if the data is not being used (or worse, is being improperly used!), you will not be getting your money’s worth. It is up to the CM to see that the computerized schedule output is used in a cost-effective manner.The cost effectiveness of using CPMIt is difficult to accurately quantify the cost effectiveness of using CPM scheduling systems on capital projects. First, there is no absolute measure of the time saved by using CPM versus bar charts. Second, the value of the time saved must be balanced against the value to the owner of having earlier access to the facility. Any comparisons of that nature have proved to be highly speculative and difficult to verify.Most owners and contractors accept any additional cost of using CPM scheduling systems as a way to improve the odds of completing their projects on time. Those who do not believe that CPM saves money and ensures a project’s earlier completion date cancontinue to use manual bar-charting with reasonable hope of success.O’Brien’s book, CPM in Construction Management, contains a chapter on costs and some expected saving from using CPM. On average , the cost of applying a CPM system to a project is about 0.5 percent of the total facility cost. The major cost areas for using the system are schedules’ time , software cost ,and computer time.CMs must be aware of the type of scheduling system that is being proposed for their projects, so they can budget funds to cover the cost. Small projects can be done with a part-time scheduler; medium-size projects need at least one person full-time; and larger project require two or more schedulers to handle the workload. Include all computer costs (including necessary training)in the project budget. Be especially carefully if a mainframe computer is used.Advantages of bar-chart schedulesAs I said earlier, bar charts are inexpensive to produce and are easily understood by people with a minimum of scheduling training. I heartily recommend them for small, less complex projects, as being suitable and cost-effective. The more comprehensive CPM system is often too complicated, and represents unnecessary overkill when used on small projects. There are some good PC-based CPM programs available for scheduling a series of small projects, which draw from the same resource pool.The only thing that threatens the economic advantages of using bar charts on small projects has been the advent of PCs, Along with less complicated scheduling software. It is easy to temped into the use of a PC, with the construction manager or engineer acting as the project scheduler. That can be all right if the designated scheduler does the scheduling work in his or her free time. IF ,however, the project leader gets so involved in running the CPM schedule that he or she lets he rest of the rest of the project direction go its own way, the project is doomed to failure.Disadvantages of bar-chart schedulesBar charts have only a limited ability to show many detailed work activities and their associated interactions, They become bulky and unwieldy on larger project with as few as 100 activities.Bar charts cannot show clearly the interaction between early start and late finish dates of activities and the resulting float of noncritical activities. There is no clear identification of the critical path through the project that appears with the CPM system. Also, it’s impossible to develop the wealth of scheduling detail with a bar chart like that developed and manipulated with the CPM system. With bar charts there are no concise information sorts as with the CPM.Computer versus manual scheduling methodsThe major factors in selecting computer over manual scheduling methods are project size and complexity. Small projects are best done manually, since good time control is possible at low cost. However ,a complex plant turnaround project, with a relatively low budget but working three shifts on a tight schedule, definitely warrants a computerized CP approach.On larger projects using CPM, computer operation is a must if the many repetitive critical path calculations are to be performed in short time. Manipulating and sorting the expanded database of project information is well worth the additional expense if the system is properly applied. The arrival of PCs and minicomputers, with their associated scheduling software, has brought the cost well within acceptable limits. The simpler operations of the PC-based systems have also reduced the cost of the necessary CPM training.Scheduling system selectionOur discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the available scheduling systems should allow us to develop guidelines for selecting an effective scheduling system. The selection involves such factors as:1.Size and complexity of project2.Scope of services required3.Sophistication of user organizations(i.e., client, field organization, subcontractors,and so on )4.Available scheduling systems5.Scheduling budget6.Client preference7.Mixing schedule and costSize of projectWe have already discussed this point earlier. The rule of thumb is bar charts and manual systems for small projects, and computerized CPM for medium-size and lager projects. The level of sophistication of the system tends to become greater as the projects become larger.Complexity of projectEven small complex projects can make good use of computerized CPM schedules, if the fewer activities take place in a very short time span. An example is a plant turnaround worth﹩1 million or less, with only 10 days to do it. On the other hand, a﹩1 million project with a 12-month schedule might not warrant a computerized CPM schedule.Scope of servicesFull-scope design, procurement and construction projects lend themselves to more complex scheduling methods, because of the extra interfaces among the many design, procurement, and construction activities. A project involving just one of these macroactivities could effectively controlled with a less sophisticated and less costly system.Sophistication of user organizationsThe sophistication of user organizations is probably the most overlooked factor in selecting a scheduling system. Often, the need to produce a full-blown CPM schedule exists. However, one key project group may not be experienced enough in CPM to properly interpret their part in it. Assure yourself that the failure of that group to perform properly will not defeat the propose scheduling method.An example would be working with a client in a developing country. If the client’s people lacked system, they might not feel comfortable using it to track job progress. Also, they might not keep their contributions to the project on schedule/. Another example would be an inexperienced construction force not being able to sue the output of the CPM scheduling system, such as we discussed earlier.The worst possible case would occur if the CM were not versed in the selected scheduling system! That underscores the need for present-day CMs to stay current on the latest CPM scheduling methods available in their companies and the marketplace. I definitely recommend that you success-oriented CMs do further, more in- depth study of logic-based scheduling than I have presented here.If there is a shortage of CPM know-how in your organization, it is possible to hire a CPM consultant to handle your project scheduling. At least one member of your team, however, should have enough knowledge of the work. That is the best way to ensure that the resulting schedule will be effective for your project.Existing company systems availableThe availability of company systems is important, because we want to use a system that has been in use within the organization, and that has been thoroughly tested on prior similar projects. Introducing a new system on a project often causes more problems than it solves. As an owner’s project manager, you would do well to assure yourself that the contractor is proficient in the system before allowing its use on your project. It is also not a good idea to force the use of your corporate standard system on the contractor just because your organization is familiar with it. A much wiser curse is to train your people in the use of the contractor’s scheduling system.Scheduling budgetIf the field indirect cost budget dose not allow sophisticated scheduling method, you are going to come up short of money. Most computerized CPM scheduling costs have a tendency to grow and overrun their budgets. A common problem is job stretch-out, which increase the schedule cycles, which in return runs up the scheduling personnel hours and computer time. A factual estimate of the total cost of the proposed scheduling system is needed if an effective system for the project to be selected.Client preferenceOwners who want computerized CPM schedules, and who are willing to pay for them, are entitled to have them. If the owner does not specify a preference for a scheduling system, some common ground for developing a cost-effective system will have to be found.In recent years most federal government contracts have required adherence to a strict contractual standard, calling for use of CPM schedule-control and reporting,. Careful attention must be given to investigating the latest scheduling requirements for any federal work on which you may be proposing.2、外文资料翻译译文。
毕业论文外文资料翻译【范本模板】
毕业论文外文资料翻译题目(宋体三号，居中）学院（全称，宋体三号，居中)专业(全称，宋体三号，居中）班级（宋体三号,居中）学生（宋体三号，居中）学号（宋体三号,居中)指导教师(宋体三号，居中)二〇一〇年月日(宋体三号，居中，时间与开题时间一致）（英文原文装订在前)Journal of American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(7）: 2421-2425. (文献翻译必须在中文译文第一页标明文献出处:即文章是何期刊上发表的,X年X卷X 期,格式如上例所示,四号，右对齐，杂志名加粗。
)［点击输入译文题目—标题1,黑体小二][点击输入作者，宋体小四］[点击输入作者单位，宋体五号］摘要［点击输入，宋体五号]关键词［点击输入,宋体五号]1［点击输入一级标题-标题2，黑体四号］［点击输入正文，宋体小四号，1。
25倍行距］1。
1［点击输入二级标题-标题3，黑体小四］［点击输入正文,宋体小四，1。
25倍行距]1.1。
1[点击输入三级标题-标题4，黑体小四］［点击输入正文,宋体小四，1。
25倍行距］说明：1.外文文章必须是正规期刊发表的。
2.翻译后的中文文章必须达到2000字以上，并且是一篇完整文章。
3.必须要有外文翻译的封面,使用学校统一的封面；封面上的翻译题目要写翻译过来的中文题目；封面上时间与开题时间一致。
4.外文原文在前，中文翻译在后；5.中文翻译中要包含题目、摘要、关键词、前言、全文以及参考文献,翻译要条理清晰，中文翻译要与英文一一对应.6.翻译中的中文文章字体为小四，所有字母、数字均为英文格式下的，中文为宋体,标准字符间距。
7.原文中的图片和表格可以直接剪切、粘贴，但是表头与图示必须翻译成中文。
8.图表必须居中，文章段落应两端对齐、首行缩进2个汉字字符、1.25倍行距。
例如:图1. 蛋白质样品的PCA图谱与8-卟啉识别排列分析(a)或16—卟啉识别排列分析（b).为了得到 b的数据矩阵，样品用16—卟啉识别排列分析来检测，而a 是通过捕获首八卟啉接收器数据矩阵从b 中萃取的.。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
外文资料及翻译
外文资料原文High Productivity —A Question of Shearer LoaderCutting SequencesK. Nienhaus, A. K. Bayer & H. Haut, Aachen University ofTechnology, GERR ecent l y, t he focus in underground longwal l coal mi ni ng has been on i ncreasi ng t he inst al l ed m ot or power of s hearer loaders and armoured face conve yors (AFC), m ore sophi st i cat ed support cont rol s yst em s and l onger face l engt h, in or der to reduce cos ts and achi eve hi gher producti vi t y. These efforts have res ul t ed i n hi ghe r out put and previ ousl y uns een face advance rat es. The t rend t owards“bi gger and bet t er” equi pm ent and l a yout schem es, however, i s rapi dl y neari ng the li mi t at i ons of t echni cal and economi cal feasi bi li t y.To reali se furt her producti vi t y i ncre as es, organi sat ional changes of l ongwall m i ni ng procedures l ooks l ike the onl y r easonabl e ans wer. The benefit s of opt i-m is ed s hearer loader cutt i ng sequences, l eadi ng t o bett er perform ance, are di s cus sed i n t hi s paper.IntroductionsTradi ti onal l y, i n underground l ongwal l m i ni ng operati ons, s hearerloaders produce coal usi ng ei ther one of t he fol lowi ng cutt ings equences: uni-di recti onal or bi-di recti onal c ycl es. Besi des t hesepre-domi nant m ethods, al t ernat i ve mi ni ng c ycl es have al so beendevel oped and s uccessfull y appli ed in underground hard coal mi nes al l over t he worl d. The hal f-web cut ti ng c ycl e as e.g. uti liz ed i n R AG Coal Int ernati onal’s Twent ym i l e Mine in Colorado, US A, and t he“Opt i-C ycl e” of M atl a’s S out h Afri can short wal l operati on m ust bem enti oned i n t hi s cont ext. Ot her mi nes have al so t est ed s i mi l ar but modi fi ed cut ti ng c ycl es res ul ti ng i n i m proved out put, e.g.im provem ent s i n t erms of product iv-it y i ncreas es of up to 40 % are thought possi bl e。
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淮阴工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系（院）：电子与电气工程学院专业：自动化姓名：洪波学号：1061204214外文出处：/index/VK20202146155322.pdf(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：该生所选材料与毕业设计课题比较相近，翻译质量较好，语句较通顺，字数符合要求，如果能够加深些内容就好了，符合设计要求。
签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文基于CAN总线的分布式数据采集与分析系统摘要：关于大型核物理设置分布式远程控制系统的目的是收集、存储和分析数据以及检测设备运行，通过WEB对其进行可视化。
系统使用CAN工业数据传送网络和DeviceNet高层协议。
其硬件部分是转换成频率信号的检测设备，并通过CAN 网络传输他们的数字形式到主机电脑。
该软件实现屏蔽，以保证协议栈的数据采集、传输。
用户界面是基于动态网页。
服务器脚本执行其形成和数据的图形可视化。
该系统用于监测BOREXINO中微子探测器（意大利）的光电倍增管黑暗噪音。
一、硬件部分系统的结构体系在工业系统，需要从很多模拟传感器组织数据采集，其中模拟参数转换成频率信号最合适4 - 20 mA的电流和频率接口。
这些物理参数随温度、电压、压力转换成可以轻易在传输过程中，以方便的频率信号进行进一步的处理。
这在技术上较为简单，更便宜，以确保大型分布式系统在电偶解耦多通道数据采集的所需。
因此，通用变频器在输入的建筑设计的模块，其中有几个是具有测量频率数的投入。
这些模块共有一个统一的工业通讯网络，确保了建设一个分层分布式系统，使接近传感器传感装置的频率输出。
在大量现有工业网络中，选择控制器区域网络（CAN）总线，便于我们系统模块的链接。
鉴于自身的特色（按位仲裁，差分信号传输模式，高度可靠的错误处理和错误逮捕算法），CAN工业网络很适合创建分布式数据采集、监测和控制系统。
CAN总线为数据传输，具有高速度(1 Mbit / s)和很强的抗噪能力。
CAN的灵活性是指CAN模块可以简单连接到总线和断开；在这种情况下，组件的总数是不受限于低级协议。
CAN2.0B最新标准描述只有两个低层次的ISO / OSI网络参考模型：（i）物理层和（ii）数据自动传输装置层。
为建立数据传输系统，它需要一个或另一个高(用于应用)水平的协议。
这个协议，方便使用DeviceNet或CanOpen协议，因为他们有一个开放的规格和适当的国际标准设计并支持他们。
DeviceNet协议被使用在黑暗的环境噪声中研制BOREXINO探测器的监测系统。
建筑系统的特色是数据采集系统划分成任意数量独立子系统的可能性。
在每个子系统中，多达256个频道，可衡量几个独立控制器，频率表，以及它们之间的通信是由DeviceNet协议的支持。
在这种情况下，每个子系统的控制器可以有不同的技术特点（通道数和测量频带），这取决于特定的物理问题。
然而，他们都有一个共同的建筑和同一简报的系统。
目前，使用8 、16 、64米的通道频率。
这是假设所有的传感器位于一个地区的设置是连接到一个模块。
每个频率计有CAN控制器，并作为从器件连接到CAN网络。
主设备的数据采集子系统控制计算机。
各个子系统的控制是独立的网络。
从控制计算机数据到达服务器，并把它们储藏和发送到客户站供其查询。
在开发该系统，我们假设相对缓慢变化的数据应该是衡量，即受监视的典型参数变化时间应该是1秒或以上。
在这种情况下，测得的频率值由10赫兹到0.5兆赫。
测量的频率为1赫兹在经营范围中边界；在此范围的边界，误差≤10％。
标准模块转换器通过CAN总线连接，可添加到系统中，以测量频率和其他物理参数。
该系统是通过增加模块使用标准的高级别CAN总线网络协议。
创建的系统实现了经典的三个层次的数据控制和采集系统各：（1）对象的访问级别，（2）管制站的水平，（3）支持图形界面的服务水平。
这是大型分布式系统的最佳架构。
此外，它允许一个规模相适应的数据采集系统，对以不同类型的大型物质设置。
这个独立的控制器用于允许一个逻辑组传感器根据自己的位置和功能。
因此，该系统可以被视为一个平台开发类似系统。
二、软件部分系统的结构体系我们考虑一个一般方框图系统软件的两个子系统的控制。
本软件为系统的监测、数据采集、基于多级方案分析；在特殊情况下，它是可能在这四个层面来区分：(1)硬件，(2)数据采集，(3) 数据处理及(4)数据展现的水平。
此外，它可以区分六子系统软件的功能：(1)数据采集子系统、(2)物理数据仿真系统；(3)数据处理系统，(4)数据存储子系统，(5)状态监测(可视化)子系统，(6)离线分析子系统。
两个客户端服务器链接用于传输系统之间的水平数据。
一个是位于层次之间的数据采集，其中服务器是TCP / IP守护进程模块和数据处理水平，其中客户端是数据服务器程序模块。
在其他环节之间的数据处理，其中服务器是数据服务器模块，数据编制水平，其中客户端是可视化子系统。
交换数据的客户端和服务器端之间通过标准的inquiryanswer原则插槽机制。
在适当时由系统执行数据采集、处理和演示水平物理隔离，分离的数据采集和分析过程的时间，也为成分的负载平衡。
我们考虑一个方案的操作和相互作用的各种模块的系统。
在数据采集方式的信息的前提下，由许多不同传感器参数组合的几个测量模块统一的CAN网络。
因此，这是数据采集子系统。
这些数据通过数据采集模块(DeviceNet主站)都写进了分布式存储空间。
如果安装不在工作模式，即分布式控制系统是关闭的，数据可以到从模拟到模块的分布式的内存空间。
仿真模块用于调试系统。
它允许一个模拟频繁和设置紧急状态，也就是说，它是用于检查监测系统的行为是否足够使用。
当模拟模块开始运行，它会检查是否基本数据采集系统运行或不和，只有当它关闭时，模拟数据写入分布内存空间。
该仿真系统接口部分允许指定的网上通过舒适的图形界面进行每个通道的模拟。
数据通过数据传输模块的分布式存储空间（TCP / IP协议守护程序）收集，模块提供数据的数据处理模块（数据服务器）。
数据传输模块发出采集的数据可以从每个频率计分系统和子系统同时进行所有操作。
这个数据调查发生的计时器时间，和审讯周期（T = 0.5秒）是典型的数据到达时间（T2 = 1秒）的1/2。
数据处理模块的数据包到数据库（DB）和暂时存储数据的频率。
临时存储空间的布置，是一个环形缓冲区，允许正在运行的可视化模块中的临时窗口模式的实现。
缓冲区的大小可以调整到所需史前长度可视化模块的要求。
包装子系统的DB数据执行数据初加工，其参照绝对时间，如果有可能，他们的压缩、包装到结构形式DB。
在收到的数据格式成为一个非物质的一种物质形式（频率，温度和电压转换）再存储和传输到Web客户端。
这些数据被保存在该方案的定期运行过程中，并在必要时，数据存储可以在测试模式下被禁用。
这个数据采集和模拟子系统和Dataserver模块都在Linux的操作系统下使用ANSI C语言写。
数据可视化显示数据的频率模块的频率计通道是在线模式。
该子系统将显示所有的渠道和设备的国家，在这种情况下，要求在DB状态的监视和校验设备整合状态的频率计通道到一个真正的物理设备。
调查数据分析模块生成的数据库管理系统（DBMS），以便得到关于在指定时间监测参数信息。
数据可视化和分析模块写入通过使用Perl和PHP语言.模块是通过使用Perl和PHP语言编写的CGI脚本。
三、结论软件和硬件组件，形成一个为我们开发建设的监控系统，包括数据采集和分析等系统，并以此为基础的完整平台可以确保及时监测大型核物质设置，包括及时对故障研设备响应.这个平台结构使人们能轻松扩展、更新和扩大在此基础上创建的系统的功能。
利用黑暗中噪声BOREXINO探测器监测系统的经验，使人们将其看作一个建立在基础的大型分布式物理设置在线监测系统平台。
附件2：外文原文（复印件）A Distributed Data AcquisitionAnd Analysis System Based on a CAN BusAbstract—A distributed remote-control system for large nuclear physical setups is intended to collect, store,and analyze data arriving from detecting devices and to visualize them via the WEB. The system uses the CAN industrial data transmission network and the DeviceNet high-level protocol. The hardware part is the set of controllers,which convert signals of the detecting devices into a frequency and transmit them in the digital form via the CAN network to the host computer. The software realizes the DeviceNet protocol stack, which ensures the data acquisition and transmission. The user interface is based on dynamic WEB pages. Server scripts carry out their formation and graphical visualization of data. The system is used for monitoring dark noises of photomultiplier tubes in the BOREXINO neutrino detector (Italy).ARCHITECTURE OF THE HARDW ARE PART OF THE SYSTEMIn industrial systems, where it is necessary to organize the data acquisition from many analog sensors, the most suitable are 4- to 20-mA current and frequency interfaces in which the analog parameter is at once generated or converted into the frequency signal. Such physical parameters as temperature, voltage, and pressure can be easily converted into frequency, ensuring convenience during transmission of signals for further processing. When the signal is transmitted in frequency form, it is technically simpler and cheaper to ensure the galvanic decoupling required for the multichannel data acquisition in large distributed systems. Thus, the universal input converter in the proposed architectural design is the module, which has several inputs for measuring frequency. The modules are unified by an industrial communication network, ensuring a possibility of constructing a hierarchical distributed system and bringing the sensing devices closer to sensors with the frequency output.Of a great number of existing industrial networks,the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus was selected in order to connect the modules of our system. In view of its own special features (bitwise arbitration, differential signal transmission mode, andhighly reliable algorithm of error handling and bug arrest), the CAN industrial network is well suitable for creating distributed data acquisition, monitoring and control systems. The CAN bus is characterized by a high data transmission speed (up to 1 Mbit/s) and high noise immunity. The CAN flexibility is attained due to the simple connection of CAN modules to the bus and disconnection from it;in this case, the total number of the modules is not limited by low-level protocol.The up-to-date CAN 2.0B standard [4] describes only two lower layers of theISO/OSI reference network model [5]: (i) the physical layer and (ii) the data link layer. For building the data transmission system, it is required that one or another high (applied)-level protocol be used. As this protocol, it is convenient to use DeviceNet or CanOpen protocols, since they have an open specification and appropriate international standards have been designed and supported for them. The DeviceNet protocol is used in the developed dark noise monitoring system of the BOREXINO detector [6].The architectural special feature of the system is the possibility of dividing the data acquisition system into an arbitrary number of independent subsystems. In each subsystem, up to 256 frequency channels can be measured by several independent controllers–frequency meters, and communication between them is supported by the DeviceNet protocol. In this case, the controllers for each subsystem can have different technical characteristics (the number of channels and measured frequency band), depending on the specific physical problem. However, they have a common architecture and the same presentation in the system. At present, 8-, 16-, and 64-channel frequency meters are used. It is assumed that all sensors located in one region of the monitored setup are connected to one module. Each frequency meter has a CAN controller and is connected to the CAN network as a slave device. The master device is the control computer of the data acquisition subsystem.Each subsystem of controllers is the independent CAN network. Data from the control computer arrive at the server, where they are stored and issued in accordance with inquiries of client stations.While developing the system, we assumed that relatively slowly varying data should have been measured, i.e., that the typical variation time of the monitored parametershould be 1 s or over. In this case, the measured frequency value can vary from 10 Hz to 0.5 MHz. The frequency is measured with an accuracy of 1 Hz in the middle of the operating range; at the borders of this range, the error is ≤10%.Standard modules–converters connected via the CAN bus can be added into the system in order to measure physical parameters other than frequency. The system is expanded by adding modules using standard high-level protocols of the CAN-bus network.The created system realizes all levels of classical three-level data control and acquisition system [7]:(i) object access level, (ii) control station level, and (iii) service level for supporting the graphical interface.It is this architecture that suits distributed and large systems best. In addition, it allows one to scale and adapt the data acquisition system to large physical setups of different types. The independent groups of controllers used allow one to logically group sensors according to their location or function. Therefore, the system can be considered a platform for developing similar systems.ARCHITECTURE OF THE SOFTW ARE PART OF THE SYSTEMWe consider a general block diagram of the system software for two subsystems of controllers. The software for the system of monitoring, data acquisition, and analysis is based on a multilevel scheme; in particular, it is possible to distinguish four levels in it: (i) hardware, (ii) data acquisition, (iii) data processing, and (iv) data presentation levels.In addition, it is possible to distinguish six functional subsystems in the software: (i) data acquisition subsystem, (ii) physical data simulation subsystem; (iii) data processing subsystem, (iv) data storage subsystem,(v) status monitoring (visualization) subsystem,and (vi) off-line analysis subsystem.Two client–server links are used to transmit data between levels of the system. One is located between the data acquisition level, where the server is a TCP/IP Daemon module, and the data processing level, where the client is the Dataserver program module. The other link is located between the data processing level, where the server is the Dataserver module, and the data presentation level, where the client is the visualization subsystem.Data are exchanged between the client and server via a standard socket mechanism on the inquiryanswer principle.The data acquisition, processing, and presentation levels are physically separated and located in different computers due to the nonuniformity of problems executed by the system, the separation of data acquisition and analysis processes in time, and also for balancing the loads on components.We consider a scheme of operation and interaction of various modules of the system.In the data acquisition mode, the information on the monitored parameters arrives from many various sensors grouped by means of several measuring modules and unified by the CAN network. Hence, the data acquisition subsystem is distributed.These data are written into the distributed memory space via the data acquisition module (DeviceNet Master). If the setup is not in the working mode, i.e., the distributed controller system is off, the data can arrive into the distributed memory space from the simulation module.The simulation module is intended for debugging the system. It allows one to simulate infrequent and emergency states of the setup; i.e., it is used for checking the adequacy of the monitoring system behavior. When the simulation module starts operating, it checks whether the basic data acquisition system is operating or not and, only if it is off, simulated data are written into the distributed memory space. The interface part of the simulation system allows one to specify online the behavior of each simulated channel via the comfortable graphical interface.Data are collected by the data transmission module (TCP/IP Daemon) from the distributed memory space.In response to inquiries, the module delivers data to the data processing module (Dataserver). The data transmission module can issue data acquired both from each individual frequency meter subsystem and from all operating subsystems simultaneously. The data inquiry takes place in accordance with the timer, and the interrogation period ( T = 0.5 s) is equal to 1/2 of the typical data arrival time ( T = 1 s).The data processing module packs data into the database (DB) and temporarily stores data on frequencies. The temporary storage space is arranged as a ring buffer,permitting the realization of the running temporary window mode in the visualization module. The buffer size can be adjusted to the required prehistory length requested by the visualization module. The DB data packing subsystem executes primary processing of data; their referencing to the absolute time; if it is possible, their compression; and packing into the DB in structured form. Data received in a nonphysical format are converted into a physical form (frequency, temperature,and voltage) before storage and transmission to WEB clients. The data are saved periodically during operation of the program, and, if necessary, the data saving can be disabled in the test mode.The data acquisition and simulation subsystems and the Dataserver module are written in language ANSI C for use in the Linux operational system.The data visualization module displays data on frequencies in frequency meter channels in an online mode. This subsystem displays the states of all the channels and devices, in this case, requesting in the DB the status of the equipment and verifying the conformity of the status of the frequency meter channel to a real physical device.The data analysis module generates inquiries for the database management system (DBMS) in order to receive information on the monitored parameter over the specified time. The data visualization and analysis modules are written by using CGI scripts in the Perl and PHP languages.modules are written by using CGI scripts in the Perl and PHP languages.CONCLUSIONThe software and hardware components that we developed form a complete platform for building the systems for monitoring, data acquisition, and analysis.The systems based on it are capable of ensuring prompt monitoring of the large nuclear physical setup, including timely response to malfunctions in the equipment.The platform structure allows one to easily scale,update, and expand the functional capabilities of the systems created on its basis. The experience of using the dark noise monitoring system of the BOREXINO detector allows one to consider the platform as a basis for building distributed online monitoring systems for large physical setups.。