外文资料及其翻译
外文资料与中文翻译
外文资料及中文翻译
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外文资料及其翻译
Theory System of SuspensionProbation, general, refers to a penalty for sentenced to criminal, in compliance with certain conditions, not enforce the punishment system. Sin ruling Probation, first apply to Britain. But it is only for some prisoners for reprimanded,And ordered to make a statement of repentance, vowed not to repeat, we had the delivery supervision, began in and release a kind of means.The system of suspension, since since the creation of more than years of history, has now become a criminal law by national by a formal criminal law system.The current criminal law, countries by mainly have the suspension of the punishment that suspension, the penalty to Sue the suspension of the execution of gentle three.Our country criminal law stipulated to probation, belong to punish the suspension of the execution, i.e. on original punishment conditions do not comply with a penalty system.According to article 72 of the criminal code to the provisions of article 77, China's criminal law's probation, is refers to the people's court for a criminal sentenced to criminal detention, three years imprisonment of criminals, according to its the circumstances of the crime and his demonstration of repentance think the suspension of the execution original punishment does not to harm the social, stipulate a test period, the suspension of the execution of the punishment, if the criminal sentenced in test period from making new crime, or not been found, or no leakage sin violates laws, rules and regulations, and the relevant provisions, original punishment. No longer execution of the system.This is our country criminal law the general system of suspension.Probation, but not penalty punishment specific use a kind of system, penalty discretion is one of the basic contents of the system.Suspension sentenced to a punishment must be declared as a prerequisite.The basic characteristics of the suspension performance: one is the criminal crime is lighter, less harmful to the society, has his demonstration of repentance think the suspension of the execution punishment will no longer cause harm to society on the premise of that offenderssentenced to a punishment, and at the same time announced the suspension of the execution.Second, in a certain period of execution of the sentence to keep the possibility that in the test period, the criminals don't make new crime, or not been found sin, or no leakage violation of laws, regulations or the relevant provisions, original punishment will no longer execution;If it again new crime, or found leaking, it should be revoked sin before the probation, crime and the punishment imposed for punishment in accordance with the principle of combined punishment for several crimes, decides to implement the punishment;Any violation of laws, rules and regulations, or relevant regulations, should be revoked probation, the original punishment shall be executed.in the declaration of punishment system, or says probation hesitate declared socialist, namely young misdemeanor punishment of the accused, although after the determined for guilty, but not only pay the execution, and still not declared guilty, and within a certain period, if HangZhuang test their good deeds after this period is to forgive the punishment.The existence of the system of suspension has its inevitability:1,From our system of suspension of the social effect and see.(1)Is helpful to arouse the enthusiasm of the self-improvement.To meet the conditions for the criminal system of suspension, put them in the society transformation, which can reduce the supervision and regulation in place to avoid cross infection caused by a vicious circle, at the same time also is able to eliminate the phenomenon with others antagonism government, encouraging them to consciously, QiJiuTuXin ideology reconstruct.(2)The negative factors to promote positive factors, for the development of the production.The criminal was sentenced to probation in accept reform in the process, they will redouble efforts to work, and do more contribution to the society, so as to wash off her past shame, thanked the government to their leniency.(3)Is propitious to mobilize social forces, to criminals for education reform.The system of suspension is the essence of social forces to light punishment on to make supervision reform.The probation in society, make make their life in mass in, can arouse the masses and all social forces to criminals, education reform supervision.(4)To the stability of the society, the stability and promoting comprehensive control of public security work.(5)Helped to lighten the pressure of reform-through-labour institutions reform-through-labour institutions focused on reconstruction felons are contacted.2, Suspension of the system from the important meaning of the look.(1)Probation can help to avoid the disadvantages of short-term freedom penalty, to play the penalty function optimization.(2)Probation help to better achieve the aim of penalty.The penalty important goal of the offender is to prevent crime.The way to realize the purpose of penalty is mainly to the criminal sentenced to and punishment, but this mainly depends on the subjective efforts in the offender to self-discipline social life get in the special prevention effect, this will be a criminal detention in detention facilities in punishment, in order to give priority to jail in heteronomy get special prevention effect, rather more reliable.(3)Is to realize the socialization of punishment of suspension system guarantee important.The sentence is suspended avoid punishment because the actual, with all kinds of adverse effect, not from society in under the condition of the majesty of the law, both feeling, also experience to legal and social tolerance, and thus more conscientiously carry out reform task, received the actual punishment effect, and to avoid the actual punishment for all sorts of bad influence brought.In China, the suspension of the existing problems and reasons(a),Legislative provisions, apply the principle of suspension of sentence is the lack of specific, scientific evaluation standard, leading to the region for probation differences, the wide gap between the case.The provisions of article seventy-two of the criminal law of the suspension of the legal conditions, only "sentenced to three years in prison under the condition is relatively" certain must objective standard, the other two conditions "performance", "step to repentance will no longer cause harm to society" is more is a subjective criteria.For criminals are applicable probation, mainly depends on the judge's subjective understanding and judgment, that depends on the judge for criminals forgiveness degree.The judge in the case of different also, thesame judge in different period, due to similar case subjective understanding of the variable is bigger, its not the same judgment.Because the judge group for suspension of the significance and the effect, so there are also know gap between regions also has the work suspension of the parable case in point in the majority, and in to probation to point to namely ShiXing be in the majority.Similar to the punishment of the case there is a big gap, leading to the integrity of the punishment, authority to set up the judicial justice is damaged, the image.Suspension of the provisions of the applicable principle and general too the main performance of the:(1)"Performance" step to repentance of specific meaning clearly.In practice, some think that as long as their criminal facts explain, you can believe that there is a step to repentance and suspension performance;Some think, suspension is the defendant must have sincere his demonstration of repentance should not only make a confessed his crime fact, and other actions, such as: truthfully explain partners in crime, actively take remedial measures to prevent the occurrence of harmful consequences, to carry out actively spoils or financial compensation, back to surrender, etc.Understand and grasp of the different standards, a direct impact on the suspension of the balance of the applicable.(2)"Not to harm the social" strong, lack of evaluation of subjectivity auxiliary standards.So that some subjective vicious deep, nature, serious harm to society and the crime with only the judge think won't harm the social and sentenced to probation, result the probation period is not made new crime.(3)Legislation on probation applicable guidance is unknown.Say commonly, the criminal negligence because its subjective vicious is not big, should be advocated many sentenced to probation, and serious harm the social nature of the crime, such as robbery, rape, and drug trafficking, etc should be restricted or prohibited convicted probation.But legislation and not corresponding judicial guidelines, cause shall be awarded the probation is not found, and should not be convicted of suspension of sentence is sentenced to warrant a situation occurred frequently;The legislation, which leads to unknown spirit of suspension of sentence supervision and correct difficult.(2),To the duty crime is the probation is too wide, and the requirements of the people down on corruption formed the voices of the strong contrast.A law-abiding citizen, abuse their power of criminals by the masses scold called "corrupt", our people for these people, whom he hope judicial organs shall be severely punished corrupt elements of very strong voice.And, in fact, at present the bribery and corruption, abuse, the suspension of the duty crime is much higher than the proportion of other properties of the crime.At present, corruption and bribery crime of suspension of the average ratio of more than 40%, in some places of more than 60%.Malpractice crime more than economic crime probation ratio, average rate of more than 50%, and in some time inside probation rates as high as 80% above, quite a lot of dereliction of duty crime in quite some time is 100% probation.To suspension of the duty crime is the tendency of abuse of too much, too, that the people think that the party and the government anti-corruption is "full of hot air", make "GuanGuanXiangHu", dampened the people involved in the struggle against corruption enthusiasm, the impact of the struggle against corruption thorough development.Lead to corruption and bribery crimes such as suspension of the high proportion of both judicial practice of historical reason, also have law enforcement know factors.To sum up the main have the following:1,To economic crime, be given a lighter punishment of practice influence.In 89 by economic criminals better urged to notice of surrender to surrender, and positive spoils the criminal to back in the larger a lighter and reduce prices.For cash policy, was a large number of judicial organs with the economic crime notice spirit in "method" for down the processing.On the notice period after a period time, judicial organ for investigation, prosecution, trial smoothly economic crimes, in fact also the notification of the spirit be put on the economic crime for leniency, ten thousand yuan of above fifty thousand yuan of above, be exempt of suspension of sentence is often the case to appear.History of the economic crime had appeared on the practice, in part from law enforcement personnel and law enforcement agencies formed the duty crime can light the lighter the misunderstanding.2,"For the duty crime shall be convicted and punished, already enough to preventits again use the possibility of duty crime" point of view, is causing judicial organs of the duty crime suspension of the important reasons.Some judicial personnel to think, once the duty crime molecules that has been shall be convicted and punished in fact deprived of their duties, and has lost to use its position on the conditions of the crime, so make has lost, have the possibility of can achieve the purpose of the special prevention.In such a thought under the control of, often can lead to the duty crime sentencing light-duty, in part to pass weak duty crime control. For probation 3,Suspension of sentence regulation measures on the duty crime is easy to carry out one of the causes of the suspension of the many.The duty crime molecular original stable job unit, applicable to the probation, generally all can better implement the effective supervision, won't cause investigation, supervision of out of control.Therefore, the duty crime molecular former unit is responsible for supervision become more reason for suspension.4,The duty crime molecular political achievement, "special talent" often becomes the suspension of the reason.Generally speaking the duty crime molecules in the former unit all have certain duties, have a plenty of unit, the person in charge of the department, have certain ability to work.Some in the work before the achievements is relatively conspicuous, or has an art.Such people often cause people to the sympathy of the crime and feel sorry for.Therefore, law enforcement in the criminal punishment decision, also often be sorry about the mood by the infection, hold "JiangGongBuGuo", "put it a horse," "give way" mentality, and let the light of suspension.5,Because evidence problems of probation.Some evidence in the trial of the case, the court sentenced to change ShiXing not sure, found not guilty and sleep indulgence, and probation.Some cases be cross-examined, crime after the amount change, have to sentence suspended prison sentence.(3),Lack of institutionalized probation investigation standard, supervision not to have zhang .According to the provisions of the criminal law, the people's court for probation by judgment, and crimes of suspension of sentence by the public security organ in the supervision and inspection, responsible for crimes place unit ororganizations at the grass-roots level give cooperation.Clear the decision authority and investigation regulatory authorities can seem to and orderly development criminals the relevant supervisory work suspension, but in fact a rainy day.Because of the lack of regulation and probation for specific provisions of the regulatory system, causes the probation investigation and supervision practice is differ, all different levels of existence the question.1,Make delivery on probation supervision, judicial organs and public security organs has not been set up between the effective and standard of the delivery of the system.；The country at present in the delivery of the probation officer got problems on the practice, some not-issued by the court probation make delivery note, the public security organ to the investigation is carried out;Some of the court's decision to make, let probation by judgment to make to the local public security organs for registration.Some court judgment on probation after become effective delivery delays will regulatory documents to the public security organ, some even leak delivered.Some of this should be made by the suspension of the written judgment to the local public security organ to report for duty, but consciously or unconsciously not to report, late to report for duty;Some make a decision after the probation report to public security organs not work out, causing the take off probation officer got in fact tube.Because the job for the joining of is not standard, the timely, in practice, the public security organ fails to fully grasp the areas under their jurisdiction in time of suspension of sentence of make happen from time to tome, investigated the influence and the supervisory work of comprehensive effective development.Appear afore-mentioned the causes of phenomena: one is to the criminal procedure law of our country of suspension of sentence that did not make delivery regulation, the judicial explanations and too general to cause practice, practice two different understanding of's law and judicial interpretations according to provisions of the act not delivered all does not have a responsibility, suspended for holding the terms of delivery of the work of the mandatory law guarantee, made part of judicial personnel who fails to perform its responsibilities.Three is in reality the judiciary of professional level is not high, sense of responsibility, no correct understanding of thelegislation intended, work, causing some hot potato legal document delivered without the service.2,On probation investigation and make supervision, for lack of corresponding standards do exist, the formalism and surface of the phenomenon.The current suspension of the investigation of the supervision to make work, as is the systematic standard file for execution of the composition of the organization, investigation and its duties, the content of the investigation, investigated the ways and measures not follow, can according to chapter of suspension of understanding and all supervision work attitude, combined with the local actual condition of principle, on its own, formulate some regulation to restricted and regulated, due to a lack of unified regulation in the practical work, all has the big gap.Some will examine the main obligation implementation and supervision, and some to implement segment police organizations at the grass-roots level;Some regulations to be responsible monthly regulatory objects for a face-to-face investigation and education, others provisions once a quarter, and even every half an year;Some provisions made probation told not to go out, others work business regulation can work long time go out to play, but with the king unit set up the system of the entrusted investigation.Also have individual unit will examine and oversight responsibility for simple understanding to make again whether probation to make new crime, probation investigation only implement responsibility on the paper, actually let no matter.In the eyes of the masses to produce is "fine" probation, "probation" and "not equal the punishment" in fact, weaken the system of suspension of social, legal effect.3,Lack of suspension of execution supervision ways, content and process of the specific provision, the system of suspension of the lag of standardization construction, which was the inspection and supervision probation existing in the main reason for the disorder.Three, perfection of the legislation of our country the system of suspension From the view of the current situation in judicial practice, probation have accounted for all the imprisonment, 20% of the criminals.。
外文翻译---触发器
英文资料及中文翻译FLIP-FLOPS1 IntorduceIn this passage, we show how to design flip-flops, which operate as one-bit memory cells. Flip-flops are also called latches. Logic circuits constructed using flip-flops can have the present output be a function of both the past and present inputs. Such circuits are called senfiential logic circuits.All flip-flops are based on the same principle: Positive feedback is used to produce a circuit that is bistable . A bistable circuit is one that has two stable operating points. Which operating point the circuit is in is called the state of the circuit. If the state can be sensed and changed, then the circuit can function as a one-bit memory element.The simplest bistable circuit is constructed using two inverters in a loop as shown in Figure 1－1.This circuit only has two nodes, A and B. Because of the inverters, if A is high, B must be low and vice versa; hence, the circuit has two stable states.The operation of the bistable circuit can also be viewed using a plot of the transfer characteristic of the two inverters in series, as shown in Figure 1－2. Part (a) of the figure shows the static transfer characteristic of one of the inverters. When the input voltage is below the threshold (a logical ZERO), the output voltage is high (a logical ONE). When the input voltage is greater than the threshold, the output voltage is low. In part (b) of the figure, we show the transfer characteristic that results from putting both inverters in series. Any solution of the equations for this circuit must also lie on this characteristic. Because of the external connection, the input and output voltages of the series connection of the two inverters must be the same. Therefore, we draw a line with a slope of unity on the plot as well. This line is called the load line, because it represents the external load connection for the two inverters in series. Any solution of the equations for this circuit must also lie on the load line. Therefore, when the equations are simultaneously solved, the only possible operating points are found where the straight line intersects the transfer characteristic. There are three intersections on the plot, but only two of them are stable, as we will now demonstrate.The point where the load line intersects the middle of the transfer characteristic is not stable. To see that this statement is true, suppose for the moment that the circuit is at this point. If the input voltage increases at all (due to noise or some change in the circuit), the output voltage of the inverters must also increase. But the output is input,so as it increases, it causes further increases in the output, and the original change is magnified. This positive feedback will quickly drive the circuit to the top operating point shown. At that point, the input and output of the two-inverter chain are high and the midpoint (νB in Figure 1－1) is low, so the circuit is stable and can remain in this state forever. If we started at the midpoint and let the input voltage decrease a bit, we would end up at the lower operating point, which is again stable.In the sections that follow, we show how we can move this bistable circuit from one operating point to the other. The internal positive feedback will then hold the circuit at that state until we deliberately change it; hence, the circuit has memory.Figure 1－1A bistable circuit(a)(b)Figure 1－2 (a) One inverter and its transfer characteristic(b) The transfer characteristic for two inverters in series and theload line for the circuit2 The Set-Reset Flip-FlopA set-reset (SR) flip-flop is shown in Figure 2－1(a). A table describing thefunction of the circuit is shown in part (b) of the figure, and the schematic symbol isVoshown in part (c). This function table is similar to a truth table, but it describes a dynamic situation, not a static one. The output is the output at some discrete time, denoted by Q n , and the table includes an entry for the previous state of the flip-flop (Q n-1). Although the circuit is drawn differently, the two NOR gates are in series, just like the inverters in Figure 1－2(b). The configuration shown here is usually described as cross coupled. The flip-flop has two outputs that are complements of each other. We usually consider the Q output to be the state of the flip-flop.(a)（b ）(c)Figure 2－1 (a) An SR flip-flop,(b) a table describing the circuits function(c) the schematic symbol.The circuit operates in the following way: If both inputs (S and R) are zero, the previous state is retained. Suppose, for example, that Q n-1 is high (i.e., ONE). Then the output of the bottom NOR, which is -Q n-1, will be low (i.e., ZERO), independently of what S is. In this case, both inputs to the top NOR are low, so its output is high, as originally assumed. Now suppose that Q n-1 is low. In this case,both inputs to the bottom NOR are low, so -Q n-1 is high. Therefore, the output of the top NOR, Q n-1, will be low, as assumed. QNow consider what happens when the set input, S, goes high while R remains low. The output of the bottom NOR, -Q n-1 , will now go low, independent of what the previous state of the circuit was. With R low as well, this guarantees that Q n will go high (i.e, the flip-flop has been “set”). Note that S does not have to stay high. Once the flip-flop is set, the S input can go low again, and the state will be retained. This sequence of events is illustrated in Figure 2－2 The figure shows that there is some delay through each gate, so it takes a time t d for the change at the gate input to affect its output.Figure 2－2 A timing diagram for the SR flip-flop. The arrowsindicate which transition causes the followingchange.The operation of the reset input is similar. If R goes high while S is kept low, the output of the top NOR, Q n , will go low (i.e., the flip-flop is “reset”). With Q n and S both low, the bottom NOR output will be high. The reset input can go low again, and this new state will be retained. This sequence is also illustrated in Figure 2－2.Finally, we note that both inputs should not be allowed to go high at the same time. If this happens, both NOR outputs go low, so Q and -Q are not complements anymore. Also, if both inputs are high and then go low at exactly the same time, we can’t predict what the resulting output state will be, since both outputs will try to go high, which is a condition that cannot be sustained. Which output will actually stay high depends on mismatches in the NOR gates and cannot be predicted. 3 The JK Flip-FlopThe fact that the output of an SR flip-flop is undefined if both inputs go high is troublesome in many applications. The JK flip-flop avoids this problem and is more flexible in its operation. The JK flip-flop is a clocked flip-flop; that is, it requires a separate clock input to operate. This clock signal is usually a square wave with a fixed period. Logic circuits that require a clock and that only allow output transitions to occur in synchrony with the clock are called synchronous-logic circuits. The clock R SQQ\can be generated using an astable multivibrator.(a)(b)(c)Figure 3－1 (a) A JK flip-flop made using an SR flip-flop. (b) TheSchematicsymbol for a JK flip-flop (c) the functiontable. (The flip-flop only changes state when the clockis high.)A JK flip-flop is shown in Figure 3－1(a); the schematic symbol is shown in part (b) of the figure, and the function table is shown in part (c). The AND gates serve to enable the inputs to the SR flip-flop. That is, only when the clock is high are the J and K inputs able to affect the SR flip-flop. In addition to needing the clock to be high, the J input affects S only if the SR flip-flop is currently reset, and the K input affects Ronly if the flip-flop is currently set. Therefore, we see that when both J and K are low, S and R will be low, and the flip-flop will holdits present state just like the SR flip-flop. When J is high and the flip-flop is currently reset (i.e., -Q n-1 is high), the flip-flop will be set when the clock goes high, independently of what K is. If K is high QQ\and the flip-flop is currently set (i.e., Q n-1 is high), the flip-flop will reset when the clock goes high, independently of what J is. It follows that if both J and K are high, the flip-flop will toggle its state when the clock goes high. When operated in the toggle mode, a JK flip-flop is sometimes called a T flip-flop.The JK flip-flop as shown in Figure 3－1has a major problem: It will work only if the clock pulse width (i.e., the time the clock is high) is short compared with the propagation delay of the gate. To understand this limitation, consider what happens when J and K are both high and Q n-1 is low. In this case, the output of the flip-flop will toggle when the clock goes high, as indicated in the function table. But, if the output toggles and the clock is still high, the output will toggle again . This process will repeat until either the clock goes low or J or K changes. In order to avoid this problem, we use master-slave JK flip-flop.A master-slave JK flip-flop is shown in Figure 3－2. The master flip-flop is enabled when the clock is high, so the data are latched into the master during that portion of the clock cycle. During that time, c is low and the slave is disabled and holds the previous value. Then the clock goes low, c goes high and enables the slave. The data from the master are then transferred to the slave and show up at the output. Since the master and slave flip-flops are never enabled at the same time, the output will not continue to toggle if the clock is held in any one state for too long. The clock does have to remain in each state long enough to allow for the propagation delay through one of the flip-flops.Figure 3－2 A master-slave JK flip-flopIn designing a master-slave JK flip-flop, we must carefully consider the propagation delays of the individual gates to prevent the slave from changing before it should. For example, in the figure, the data on S M and R M can change one gate delay after the clock goes high. The slave clock, which is c, goes low one inverter delay after the clock goes high. We must be sure that the slave clock changes before theQQ/output of the master flip-flop can change; otherwise, the data will pass on through to the slave and we will not have accomplished our purpose. Similarly, when the clock goes low, we must be sure that the master is disabled before the slave outputs can change.The JK flip-flop just described is level-triggered flip-flop; that is, the master is enabled when the clock level is high, and the slave is enabled when the clock level is low. The problem with level-triggered JK flip-flops is that they are sensitive to glitches on the inputs at certain points in the operation. For example, suppose that the previous state of the flip-flop was Q=0 and that we are now ready for the next clock cycle. Suppose further that J=0 and K=1, so we are resetting the flip-flop again; in other words, we don’t want the state to change. In this case, while the clock is high, both S M and R M are low, so the master flip-flop output should not change. However, if a positive glitch occurs on the J input prior to the clock going low, it can pass through to S M and set the master flip-flop. Since Q is low, the AND gate driving R M is disabled, so we don’t h ave any opportunity for the flip-flop to be reset. As a result, when the clock goes low, this error will be passed on to the slave. A similar situation exists if we are trying to set the flip-flop when it is already set. A positive glitch on the K input can cause an erroneous reset. This problem is sometimes called ones catching, since the flip-flop has captured an erroneous ONE. We could make the problem far less likely to occur if we used a clock with a very short positive pulse, but a much better solution is to use an edge-triggered JK flip-flop.An edge-triggered JK flip-flop is shown in Figure 3－3(a), and the schematic symbol is shown in part (b) of the figure. The triangle inside the block in part (b) indicates that the flip-flop is edge-triggered. as explained in a moment, and the bubble indicates that it is negative edge triggered (i.e., the input is latched on the negative-going edge of the clock ).(a) (b)Figure 3－3 (a) An edge-triggered JK flip-flop (b) the schematic symbol for J CK Q Q/itTo understand how this circuit operates, we need to first examine the input gate structure. Consider, for example, the situation where Q=0 and we want to set the flip-flop, so J=1. Part of the input structure is shown in Figure 3－4(a) for this case, and the corresponding waveforms are shown in part (b) of the figure.(a) (b) Figure 3－4(a) A part of the input circuit when Q=0.(b) The resulting waveforms.The bubbles at the input of the second gate invert the inputs so that the AND is true when both inputs are low. Because Q=0, we know that =1. Now, with J=1, the output of the NAND gate, J c , will be the inverse of the clock, delayed by one gate delay. Therefore, when the clock goes low, J c will go high one gate delay later, as shown. During that gate delay, both inputs to the second gate are low, so the AND is true and S goes high. In other words, the negative edge of the clock has produced a narrow pulse on the S line as a result of the J input being high. Similarly, if the K input is high and Q=1, a negative clock edge will produce a narrow pulse on the R line. In this way, the SR flip-flop is set or reset only on the negative clock edge. As long as the J and K inputs are held constant for some short time prior to the clock edge (called the setup time) and are held constant for some short time after the clock edge (called the hold time), the circuit is insensitive to glitches on the inputs. It is also possible to make positive edge-triggered circuits4 The D Flip-FlopA D flip-flop is shown is Figure 4－1(a), and its schematic symbol is shown in part (b) of the figure. This flip-flop implements a digital delay; that is, the output at the end of each clock cycle is equal to the input on the previous cycle, as seen in the function table in part (c) of the figure －hence the name D flip-flop. This particular circuit is positive-edge triggered, so the output changes state slightly after the C Q Q/JcS==11CJcSpositive-going edge of the clock. The output is insensitive to the value of the D input, except for a brief time before (the setup time) and after (the hold time) the positive clock edge. D flip-flips are commonly used in shift registers and counters, as discussed in the next section.(a)(b)(c)Figure 4－1 (a) A D flip-flop (b) its schematic symbol (c) the function table. Clocked flip-flops also frequently have asynchronous clear and preset inputs, as shown for a D flop-flop in Figure 4－2. The preset input will set the flip-flop so that Q=1 at any time, regardless of the state of the clock; that is what is meant by being asynchronous. In similar fashion, the clear input will clear the flip-flop so that Q=0 at any time.Figure 4－2 A D flip-flop with preset and clear inputsC QQ/触发器1简介本文，我们将介绍如何设计可作为一位存储单元的触发器。
毕业论文-外文资料翻译[管理资料]
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附件1：外文资料翻译译文数据库简介1．数据库管理系统（DBMS）。
众所周知，数据库是逻辑上相关的数据元的集合。
这些数据元可以按不同的结构组织起来，以满足单位和个人的多种处理和检索的需要。
数据库本身不是什么新鲜事——早期的数据库记录在石头上或写在名册上，以及写入索引卡中。
而现在，数据库普遍记录再可磁化的介质上，并且需要用计算机程序来执行必需的存储和检索操作。
在后文中你将看到除了简单的以外，所有数据库中都有复杂的数据关系及其连接。
处理与创建、访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（DBMS）。
DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库极其用户间建立了接口（这些用户可以是应用程序员、管理员以及其他需要信息和各种操作系统的人员）。
DBMS可组织、处理和显示从数据库中选择的数据元。
该功能使决策者可以搜索、试探和查询数据库的内容，从而对在正式报告中没有的、不再出现的且无计划的问题作出回答。
这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且是定义不清的，但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得问题的答案。
也就是说DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项，并从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项以回答那些非程序员的询问。
在面向文件的系统中，需要特定信息的用户可以将他们的要求传送给程序员。
该程序员在时间允许时，将编写一个或多个程序以提取数据和准备信息。
但是，使用DBMS可为用户提供一种更快的、用户可以选择的通信方式。
顺序的、直接的以及其它的文件处理方式常用于单个文件中数据的组织和构造，而DBMS能够访问和检索非关键记录字段的数据，即DBMS能够将几个大文件中逻辑相关的数据组织并连接在一起。
逻辑结构。
确定这些逻辑关系是数据管理者的任务，由数据定义语言完成。
DBMS 在存储、访问和检索操作过程中可选用以下逻辑结构技术：（1）表结构。
在该逻辑方式中，记录通过指针链接在一起。
指针是记录中的一个数据项，它指出另一个逻辑相关的记录的存储位置，例如，顾客主文件的记录将包含每个顾客的姓名和地址，而且该文件中的每个记录都由一个帐号标识。
外文资料与中文翻译
附录：外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：AbstractYears of introduction and absorption, of the accounting profession of China about the internationalization of accounting theory and practice has been more mature understanding of and cognition. China's accounting internationalization mainly includes two aspects: one is the internationalization of accounting standards, accounting internationalization. China's accounting standards with international accounting standards coordination has achieved positive progress, to a certain level of dialogue, but there are certain problems, internationalization of accounting practice subject to promote and strengthen internationalisation.key words: accounting internationalization; Accounting standards internationalization; Internationalization of accounting practiceInternationalization of accounting refers to the due to the needs of the development of international economy, management requires countries in accounting policy and handling accounting affairs gradually adopt internationally accepted accounting practices, in order to achieve the international communication of accounting behavior, coordination, standard and unified, namely USES the internationally accepted principles and methods to deal with and report on the country's economic business.China's accounting internationalization mainly includes two aspects: one is the internationalization of accounting standards, namely in the formulation, revision and improvement of accounting standards in the process of fully drawing on the international practice, reflects the international accounting practice, make accounting standards under the guidance of in the world comparable and effective accounting information; Second, internationalization of accounting practice, namely the enterprise in the process of operation and management, advanced accounting methods should be adopted, improve enterprise management efficiency and effectiveness, to adapt to the needs of international competition. In these two aspects, China's accounting standards with international accounting standards coordination has achieved positive progress, but there are certain problems, internationalization of accounting practice subject to promote and strengthen the process ofinternationalization.First, the present situation of the accounting internationalization in our country(a) the accounting internationalization is a very important aspects of accounting standards internationalization. At present, the world's major stock exchange has more and more foreign companies, because of the problems caused by the differences of accounting standards is more and more. Mercedes is a typical example, Germany to the United States, according to German accounting rules, the company is profitable, but according to the accounting standards, it becomes a loss of company. As a result, the United States, Japan, Europe and southeast Asia, are in serious problems to accounting standards internationalization. The international accounting standards constantly progress, has been relatively complete, 41, have been formulated to America's accounting rules have been established for more than 100, has 13 item of concrete accounting criterion of our country, by contrast, we have a lot of aspects need to improve. Secondly, on the function of the accounting standards for performance. As a business language, accounting function should only be let investors by reading the financial report and understand the financial condition and operating performance. But also gives some accounting standards in our country to standardize the behavior of enterprise capabilities, which will undoubtedly affect the implementation of accounting standards. In addition, the gap is mainly embodied in the enterprise merger, financial tools, income tax and the provision for bad debt, etc. Objectively speaking, our country in the aspect of the construction of accounting standards has made great progress, since 1992, has been successively promulgated 13 item of concrete accounting standards, and in 2001 enacted the new enterprise accounting system, regulations in enterprise accounting system of accounting policies and accounting recognition, measurement standard, and the core principles of the international accounting standards has basically the same, for example, the international accounting standards require that the ending inventory in accordance with the cost and net realisable value what is low valuation, "enterprise accounting system" also require companies to the ending inventory in accordance with the cost and net realisable value in terms of what is low. "Enterprise accounting system", as it were, the prescribed accounting and international accounting standards, it for our country to achieve international standards laid a solid foundation of accounting practice.(2) the Chinese composition of the accounting information users and the demandfor accounting information, and Angle on remaining gap with the developed market economy countries. Most listed companies still belongs to the state-owned holding companies, "a dominant", country is enterprise's biggest shareholder. From the perspective of corporate governance, there may be two types of problems, the sort of question is big shareholders owner absence, the sort of question is that the government will consciously or unconsciously interfere the enterprise management. These two kinds of problems will affect the accounting information, which can lead to big shareholders cannot produce effective demand of high quality accounting information, the latter is likely to make accounting information provide with more human factors, in accordance with the requirements for general market mechanism design of the accounting standards may not achieve its expected goals.(3) from the market system and the development degree, China's market economy is still in a stage of development, has yet to be further improved in many ways. China's market economy although has obtained rapid development in recent years, however, China is still in the process of transformation from planned economy to market economy, so the market system is imperfect, the development degree of market needs to be improved.Second, the problem of accounting internationalization in China(a) accounting standards enforcement mechanism is not perfect. Though set in accordance with international accounting practice of accounting standards to achieve internationalization of accounting practice provides the system safeguard, but whether it can achieve the purpose to see the status of the accounting practice. One set is again good accounting standards, if not effective execution, that become a dead letter, accounting internationalization is useless.(2) the accounting information distortion. Due to the limitations of accounting personnel level, belittle the role of financial accounting information, as well as the interests of the driver and arbitrariness of accounting policies used in the accounting work in our country, not accuracy, even abuse the phenomenon more serious, and other reasons, led to China's long-term serious accounting information untrue, inaccurate accounting information can also let alone international comparability. That is to say, the accounting practice in our country is far from meet the requirements of accounting standards of quality and internationalization level.(3) accounting practice quality low level development. Low quality of accounting practice is offset by our efforts for the internationalization of accountingstandards, affected the accounting and the international reputation of the enterprise in our country, also affected the investment environment of our country. More importantly, the false information will seriously affect the whole social economy early warning mechanism, the economic crisis, especially increase the risk of the financial crisis.Third, speed up the internationalization of China's accounting practice to take countermeasures(a) perfect the Chinese accounting standard execution mechanism. Current should further promote the internationalization of accounting standards, in particular, to obey the basic purpose of financial reports, highlight the information needs of investors and creditors, straighten and relations of traditional accounting system, accounting standards to avoid chaos in the criterion and system relation. Should also speed up the criterion formulation, to adapt to the needs of economic development, to expand the depth and breadth of standards to improve its maneuverability, strive for the financial information main stakeholders actively participate in the development of principles, mobilize all social forces in carrying out standards development, training, publicity, research work, make the rules as soon as possible.(2) improve the corporate governance mechanism, regulate the financial behavior of listed companies. To further enhance the company's management in a timely and fully, disclosing financial information consciousness, prompted the truly improve the quality of company management, rather than blindly YiShi very trading profit manipulation and unfair related party transactions, etc. Meanwhile, the government should also give more regulatory powers, the CSRC as has the right to determine the audit of certified public accountants qualification of listed companies, listed companies shall have the right to illegal, certified public accountants shall be penalized, etc., in order to better regulate the financial behavior of listed companies.(3) improve the quality level of certified public accountants. To improve domestic CPA's professional technical and professional moral level, improve the independent, objective and fair practice consciousness, make it as soon as possible to the international level. In strengthen the certified public accountant professional technology, professional ethics and social responsibility and so on various aspects quality at the same time, should also step into - open domestic accounting services market, encourage the international well-known accounting firms and domestic accountant firms to carry out various and a wide range of project cooperation,gradually formed a batch of brand effect of domestic firms.(4) popular modern accounting knowledge and ideas. Corporate leaders such as correct understanding what kind of legal responsibility of financial statements, accounting statements and investment decisions, what kind of relationship in the credit decisions, the accounting information in what sense influence investment credit decisions, there is a what kind of connection between all kinds of accounting statements, and improve the transparency of accounting information to improve the enterprise's financing costs, improve market image, what is the point, why not according to whether the goods have been issued for revenue recognition, and to see whether the risks and rewards have transfer, etc. Only make the accounting knowledge and ideas gained popularity or set, the importance of accounting information and accounting work to thorough popular feeling, accounting system, accounting standards in order to get the respect they deserve.In addition, to establish a set of perfect accounting personnel training system, on the cultivation of accounting personnel, should not only by increasing the international accounting standards, foreign language, network technology and other new teaching content and improve the system of accounting professional exam to make international accounting talents, and should attach great importance to the subsequent education of current accounting personnel, make the accounting personnel can timely update the concept of knowledge, a comprehensive understanding of the international accounting practices, improve service quality.(5)in speed up the internationalization of accounting, but should also fully consider China's national conditions and characteristics. As countries of the political system, economic system, legal environment, cultural environment and so on is different, lead to the applicability of the accounting principles and methods is also different. Accounting standards was produced in a specific environment, China's national conditions more unique than western countries, this determines the development of Chinese accounting can't blindly and ignore the characteristic of its emphasis on internationalization, too much emphasis on their own characteristics to a large extent can hinder the internationalization, and emphasis on internationalization will greatly weaken their characteristics, we must seriously deal with the relationship between the two, to make the internationalization of accounting practice.中文翻译：摘要几年的引进和吸收，中国会计界对有关会计国际化方面的理论和实务已有比较成熟的明白得和熟悉。
外文资料及翻译
外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologiesemerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reduce the energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in avariety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity and promotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficient building can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。
统计学论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Policies for Development of Iron and Steel IndustryThe iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with international competitive capacity that may basically satisfy the demand of the national economy and social development in terms of quantity, quality and varieties, we have formulated the policies for development of the iron and steel industry according to the relevant laws and regulations and the domestic and internationalsituations that the iron and steel industry faces so as to guide the sound development of the iron and steel industry.Chapter I Aim of the PolicyAccording to the requirement of our country's economic and social development and the situation of resources, energy and environmental protection, the production capacity of iron and steel shall maintain at a reasonable scale, which may be specifically resolved in the relevant planning. The comprehensive competitive capacity of iron and steel industry may reach to the international advanced level so that China may become a large country in iron and steel production and a great power country in world-wide competitive.By the year 2010, through the means of structural adjustment of products, the proportion of good iron and steel products shall be elevated considerably, the majority of products shall be basically satisfied the development requirements of most industries in the national economy such as construction, machinery, chemical industry, auto-mobiles, household appliances, vessels, traffic, railway, military industry and new industries.We may elevate the industrial concentration by means of organizational and structural adjustment of the iron and steel industry, and expand the scale of those backbone enterprise groups with comparative advantages by means of amalgamate and reorganization . By 2010, the number of iron and steel smelting enterprises shall be considerably reduced and the production capacity of the iron and the output of steel enterprise groups that rank top 10 in the domestic market shall be reached to 50 % and above of the national total production capacity; by 2020, the proportion shall bereached to 70% and above.By means of layout adjustment of the iron and steel industry, by 2010, the unreasonable layout shall be improved; by 2020, a comparatively reasonable industrial layout that complies with the supply of resources and energy, allocation of traffic and transportation, supply and demand of the market and environmental capacity shall be formed.According to the concept of sustainable development and recycling economy, we should elevate the comprehensive level of environmental protection and resource utilization, and should save energy and lower consumption. We should elevate the comprehensive utilization capacity of waste gases, water and rubbishes to the largest possible extent, strive for the goal of realizing "zero discharge" and establish iron and steel factories of the recycling type. The iron and steel enterprisesmust develop the business of generating power by using reclaimed heat and energy. An iron and steel associated enterprise with the production scale of more than 5 million tons shall strive for the goal of having more than enough power to support itself and providing the surplus to outsiders. By 2005, the comprehensive energy consumption for each ton of steel shall be lowered to 0.76 ton of standard coal, the comparable energy consumption for each ton of iron shall be lowered to 0.70 ton of standard coal and the water consumption for each ton of steel shall be lowered to less than 12 tons in the whole industry; by 2010, the corresponding index shall be lowered to 0.73 ton of standard coal, 0. 685 ton of standard coal and less than 8 tons of water, respectively; by 2020, the corresponding index shall be lowered to 0.7 ton of standard coal, 0.64 ton of standard coal and less than 6 tons of water, respectively. That is, in the coming 10 years, the iron and steel industry shall, on the precondition that the total consumption of water resources decreases and the total energy consumption increases by a small margin, and realize a proper development in total quantity.Before the end of 2005, all the wastes as discharged by iron and steel enterprisesshall have been met the standards of the state and local provisions, and the total discharge volume of major wastes shall have been met the controlling index as verified by the local environmental department.Chapter II Industrial Development PlanningThe state shall guide the iron and steel industry to develop in a sound, sustainable and harmonious manner through the development policies and the mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry. The mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry shall be formulated by the National Development and Reform Commission (hereinafter referred to the NDRC) in collaboration with other relevant departments.An enterprise group with a production capacity of more than 5 million tons in 2003 may, according to the state mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry and the overall planning of the city where it is located, formulate the planning of its own, which shall be implemented upon the approval of the State Council or the NDRC after making necessary cohesion and balancing efforts. The specific construction projects of the planning shall not be required to be subject to the examination and approval or verification of the NDRC, but shall be organized and implemented by the enterprise itself after such formalities for examination and approval of land, environmental protection, security and credit have been handled, and shall be reported to the NDRC for archival filing according to the relevant provisions.The development of any other iron and steel enterprise shall also meet the requirements of the development policies and mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry.Chapter III Adjustment of Industrial LayoutAdjustment of Industrial LayoutArticle 10For the adjustment of industrial layout, we should take such conditions as mineral resources, energy, water resources, traffic and transportation, environmental capacity, market allocation and overseas resources into account in a comprehensive manner. For the layout adjustment of the iron and steel industry, we shall not establish any new iron and steel associated enterprise alone, independent iron-smelting or steel-smelting factory as a general principle. It's not encouraged to establish any independent steel-rolling factory. We should, on the basis of those established enterprises that meet relevant conditions and in combination with merger and relocation, carry out reform and expansion in those regions with such comparative advantages as water resources, raw materials, transportation and market consumption. We should combine new increase of production capacity with elimination of backward production capacity and shall not, as a general rule, substantially expand the production capacity.In the important regions of environmental protection, the regions in serious short of water, the urban district of big cities, the iron and steel smelting and production capacity shall not be expanded any more. Those enterprises established within the districts shall, in combination of the adjustment of organizational structure, equipment structure and product structure, cut production and move to other places so as to meet the requirements of environmental protection and resource economization.Thinking over the bulk ores, energy, resources, water resources, transportation condition and the domestic and overseas market the large-scale iron and steel enterprises shall be mainly located along the coastal areas. The iron and steel enterprises in inland regions shall, in combination with the local market and bulk ore resources, determine their production according to the mines available, and shallregard the sustainable production as the main factor for consideration other than strive for any expansion of production scale.There are abundant resources of iron mines in the Anshan-Benxi region in north-east China, which is near the production bases of coal and has a certain condition of water resources. According to the development strategy of vitalizing the old north-east industrial base, the iron and steel enterprises in this region shall, according to the requirements of associated reorganization and establishing a top-quality production base, eliminate the backward production capacity so as to build up a large enterprise group with international competitive capacity. .As the region of North China is in short of water resources and the production capacity and level thereof is low and excessive, we should, according to the ecological requirements of environmental protection, put the focus on structural adjustment, carry out merger and reorganization, strictly control the continuous over-increase of production factories and expansion of production capacity. We should relocate the Capital Steel Corporation and the reorganize it with the iron and steel industry of Hebei Province.The steel material market in North China has a big potential. However, the layout of iron and steel enterprises thereof are over-intensified and thus, the large backbone enterprises with comparative advantages within this region may, in combination of the adjustment of organizational structure and product structure, elevate their production concentration and international competitive capacity .As the central-southern region has abundant water resources andconvenient water transportation, the south-east coastal regions shall make full use of the advantage of deep waters and good harbors to build up large iron and steel associated enterprises in combination with the industrial reorganization and the relocation of urban steel factories.There are abundant water resources in the west-south regions, and in thePanzhihua-Xichang area has a large storage capacity of iron mines and coal resources but with inconvenient transportation. The key backbone enterprises existed shall improve their equipments level, adjust the variety structure, develop high-value-added products, determine the production capacity according to the sustainable supplying capacity of bulk ores rather than blindly pursue the increase of quantity.As the west-north region is in short of bulk iron ores and water resources, the backbone enterprises existed shall put the focus on satisfying the requirement of local regional economic development other than pursue the expansion of production scale, and shall make good use of the mineral resources in neighboring countries actively.政策发展钢铁工业钢铁工业是国民经济的重要基础产业，是实现工业化和技术，资本密集型产业的支撑产业，资源和能源，以及它的发展需要各种外部条件的综合平衡。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
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A Wavelet Based Approach for Fast Detection of Internal Fault in Power TransformersThe power transformer is one of the most expensive elements of power system and its protection is an essential part of the overall system protection strategy. The differential protection provides the best protection for power transformer. Its operation principle is based on this point that the differential current during an internal fault is higher than normal condition. But, a large transient current (inrush current) can cause mal-operation of differential relays. Then, studies for the improvement of the transformer protection have focused on discrimination between internal short circuit faults and inrush currents in transformers. The magnetizing inrush current has a large second order harmonic component in comparison to internal faults. Therefore , some transformer protection systems are designed to halt operating during the inrush current by sensing this large second order harmonic. The second harmonic component in the magnetizing inrush currents tend to be relatively small in modern large power transformers because of improvements in the power transformer core materials. Also , it has been seen that the fault current can contain higher second order harmonics than the inrush current due to nonlinear fault resistance, CT saturation .the distributed capacitance in the transmission line, which transformer is connected to, or due to the use of extra high voltage underground cables. Various methods have been suggested for overcoming this protection system mal-operation.This paper presents a wavelet based method for discrimination among inrush current, internal short circuit ,external short circuit and energizing and it is not affected by CT saturation and it is able to detect internal faults while transformer energization. Unlike Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy logic based algorithms. This approach is not system dependent. The operating time of the scheme is less than 10ms. The Daubechies mother wavelet is used with a sample rate of 5 kHz. Then , the differential currents of the three phases are decomposed into two details and only the second level will be considered by using db5 mother wavelet.Discrete Wavelet TransformThe wavelet transform is a powerful tool to extract information from the non-stationary signals simultaneously in both time and frequency domains. The ability of the wavelet transform to focus on short time intervals for high-frequency components and long intervals for low-frequency components improves the analysisof transient phenomena signals. Various wavelet functions ,such as Symlet,Morlert and Daubechies are used to analyze different power system phenomena. The mother wavelet must be selected performed based on its application and the features of signal .which should be processed. In this paper, Daubechies wavelet is used. There are three types of wavelet transform. Which are Continuous Wavelet Transform(CWT). Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) and Wavelet Packet Transform(WPT). DWT is derived from CWT. Assume that x(t) is a tome variable signal, then the CWT is determined by (1):dt t t x CWT )()(),(21ατϕαατ-=*+∞∞--⎰ (1)Where, τ and α are translating and scaling parameters, respectively. Also ,)(t ϕ is the wavelet function and )(t *ϕ is the complex conjugate of )(t ϕ. Wavelet function must satisfy(2) and should have limited energy:0)(=⎰+∞∞-dt t ϕ (2)Then ,the discretized mother wavelet is as follows : )(1)(0000,m m mn m nb t t ααψαψ-= (3)Where, 0a >1 and 0b >0 and they are fixed real values. Also ,m and n are positive integers. DWT is expressed by (4):)()(),(,k k f n m f D W T kn m ∑*=ψψ (4)Where, )(,k n m *ψ is the complex conjugate of )(,k n m ψ. In (4), the motherwavelet is dilated and translated discretely by selecting α and b .m 0αα= and m nb b 00α= (5)DWT can be easily and quickly implemented by complementary low pass and high-pass filters.Proposed AlgorithmIn the proposed algorithm, the DWT is applied to the differential currents of three phases. The Daubechies Db-5 type wavelet is used as the mother wavelet and the signals are decomposed up to the second-level. Then , the spectral energy and standard deviation of the decomposed signals in the nd 2level are calculated. Theproposed method consists of two steps; detection and discrimination.Disturbance DetectionUnder normal conditions and external faults, the differential currents have smaller values than internal faults. However in some operating conditions, the external faults can result in high differential currents due to ratio mismatch of CTs or tap changes of power transformer. Then ,these conditions may cause mal-operation of the relay. Therefore ,a threshold current is used in order to prevent malfunctions caused by non-faulty currents. If one of differential currents exceeds this threshold value, it will be identified as a fault. The threshold value id defined, as follows:2)(sec .det CT per CT i i k i --+= (6)Where CT i -sec and CT per i - are the secondary and primary CT currents, respectively, and k is the slope of the differential relay characteristic. If dif i i ≤det , then the detection algorithm defines it as an internal fault.Disturbance DiscriminationIn order to classify disturbances, the differential currents are decomposed up to the second level, using Daubechies Db5 type wavelet with data window less than the half of the power frequency cycle. A sampling rate of 5 kHz, is considered for the algorithm(i.e .. 100 samples per power frequency cycle based on 50 Hz). Then, the energy and standard deviation in the second detail are calculated for each differential current. It is seen that the spectral energy as well as the standard deviation in nd 2level tends to have high values during inrush currents. Then , a discrimination index (md D )can be calculated by multiplying the spectral energy by standard deviation in the second detail for each differential current, as follows:E STD D m d *= (7)Where, STD is the standard deviation in nd 2 detail and E is its spectral energy. The STD can be determined using the following equation:M d d S T D M n m e a n n ∑=-=122)(2)( (8)Where, )(2n d is n-th coefficient from detail 2.mean d 2 is its mean value and M isthe total number of existed coefficients. Then , the spectral energy of the wavelet signal in the nd 2level is calculated by (9):21)(2∑==M n n d E (9)Then , then discrimination index (md D ) will be compared with a threshold value (Thr D ). The relay will be activated, if any one of the three-phase differential currents exceeds this threshold value(Thr D ).译文：一个基于小波变换对电力变压器内部故障快速检测的方法电力变压器是电力系统中最重要的部分之一并且其保护是整个系统的保护策略中重要组成部分。