老托福阅读真题PASSAGE 82

合集下载

老托福阅读训练答案汇总

【往年真题】老托福阅读训练答案汇总小马过河为大家准备了“【往年真题】老托福阅读训练答案汇总”，供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己的托福成绩！免费咨询电话：400-0123-267PASSAGE 1 BBACC DBCDA BPASSAGE 2 AACCD CABDPASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CAPASSAGE 4 BBDBD CACAPASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBADPASSAGE 6 DBDBC ACABDPASSAGE 7 BCDCD CBABBPASSAGE 8 DDCCB CADAPASSAGE 9 CBDBD BBAPASSAGE 10 ACDCA BCDBAPASSAGE 11 CAABD CADDPASSAGE 12 CDACB AACCBPASSAGE 13 AACAC CADPASSAGE 14 DCABC DABAC DBAPASSAGE 15 DABDC CDCBD ABPASSAGE 16 DBBCA DCDCDAPASSAGE 17 DAACA DCBCD CAPASSAGE 18 BBBDB CCCDAPASSAGE 19 BBDDC DCBCA CPASSAGE 20 BCACD DCBAAPASSAGE 21 BDCAA BABDPASSAGE 23 BBDBA ACADC DAC PASSAGE 24 BCBBC ADABA A PASSAGE 25 CABBB DDABC A PASSAGE 26 ADDBC DACBA PASSAGE 27 DADBC BBDBA D PASSAGE 28 ACBBA ABCBA PASSAGE 29 ACBDC ABDB PASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB PASSAGE 31 BDCDD ACBBB C PASSAGE 32 CBDBA DACBD PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C PASSAGE 34 DCADB CDBBA B PASSAGE 35 CABCA BCDBA PASSAGE 36 BADCC BACBD C PASSAGE 37 BBADA BBCCD PASSAGE 38 BDBDB DAACD B PASSAGE 39 CDAAC BCABB D PASSAGE 40 BDDCC ABADCB PASSAGE 41 CBBCD CDAD PASSAGE 42 CBDDA BCCAC D PASSAGE 43 BBCAA D PASSAGE 44 CBBCA D PASSAGE 45 BCADA DDPASSAGE 47 DCBAD AC PASSAGE 48 DCBAD CCADD PASSAGE 49 BCCBA DBCBD B PASSAGE 50 DCCAC BBCAD PASSAGE 51 BCADB DADD PASSAGE 52 AABDA ADDBD PASSAGE 53 ACBDA ADBD PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD PASSAGE 55 ABCCB CABD PASSAGE 56 BDBCC ACAA PASSAGE 57 ABCCC DDAA PASSAGE 58 BABDB CDADC PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDB PASSAGE 60 DACDB BACCA PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCA PASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD PASSAGE 63 CBDCB ABDCB PASSAGE 64 DCABC AACAD PASSAGE 65 BBADB DACCB PASSAGE 66 CABCD AAABD B PASSAGE 67 BDACB DADCD PASSAGE 68 BAADC CDADB C PASSAGE 69 BABCD ADDBBPASSAGE 71 DBCAD CDCDA B PASSAGE 72 BCCAD DCACA PASSAGE 73 CABCB CBDA PASSAGE 74 CBDAB AADBD PASSAGE 75 ADABC CCDCC PASSAGE 76 BACCD BBBC PASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C PASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD PASSAGE 79 BDBDC AACDB C PASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A PASSAGE 81 DABDD ACBDD AB PASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD PASSAGE 83 CAADC BCBDD C PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD A PASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD PASSAGE 88 ADBCA BBCD PASSAGE 89 CADAD ACBD PASSAGE 90 CCADB CACC PASSAGE 91 CBBAA DCACC PASSAGE 92 ABDAC DCCCC PASSAGE 93 CAACB DCBCA DPASSAGE 95 ABCCB ADBAADPASSAGE 96 CBCDA ABACCPASSAGE 97 BCDAD CACDCPASSAGE 98 DCCBD DBBACPASSAGE 99 CDCBC BCBAC DPASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C来源于：小马过河相关推荐：托福阅读常出现的9个深度句托福阅读利剑之语法托福阅读解题方法之《主旨题》。

(word完整版)历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety ofsolid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of thesebodies resembled the reproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer supportspontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask..Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument agai nst the theory of spontaneous generation .2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to。

老托福阅读真题及答案解析

老托福阅读真题及答案解析(总4页) -本页仅作为预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页-老托福阅读真题及答案解析托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。

托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。

Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.1. What is the main idea of the passage(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists(B) birds(C) eggs(D) rates3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest(D) make the nest bigger5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell7. The word "suspend" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) build(B) paint(C) hang(D) move8. The word "fatal" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) close(B) deadly(C) natural(D) hot9. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) fresh(B) dry(C) safe(D) warm10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides(A) a constant source of humidity(B) a strong nest box(C) more room for newly hatched chicks(D) protection against cold weather11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.(D) They are expensive to operate.12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Aviculturists (line 1)(B) gradient (line 8)(C) incubation (line 15)(D) embryo (line 22)正确答案：DAACA DCBCD CA。

老托福阅读真题及答案解析

老托福阅读真题及答案解析-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN老托福阅读真题及答案解析托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。

托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。

8月日托福阅读真题解析

2013年8月25日托福阅读真题解析第一套题：第一篇TOPIC 某古代王国扩张及衰退古代地中海附近的一个国家，不断军事扩张，变得很繁荣。

但随着版图的扩大，周围国家的威胁（如俄国），并且后面几代君主个人能力不行，这个国家渐渐衰弱。

还介绍了他的政治制度，虽然君主一个人掌权，但后来产生了两种职位分权，一种是有一个人会对君主进行授权，另一种是很有权利的女人。

但随着这个国家经济和社会的衰退，最后一段提到了一个解决的办法，但已无法扭转。

解析：本文属历史类话题，介绍了某国家的兴亡过程。

从机经回忆来看，该古代王国应指曾盛极一时的土耳其奥斯曼帝国。

奥斯曼帝国在欧洲历史长河中扮演了非常重要的角色，很多重要的如新航路开辟等历史事件都和奥斯曼帝国的崛起有直接联系，所以也常常在托福的历史类文章中出现，大家应对其有一定了解。

Ottoman EmpireOriginsThe Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks. The Ottoman Turks began to absorb the other states, and during the reign (1451–81) of Muhammad II they ended all other local Turkish dynasties. The early phase of Ottoman expansion took place under Osman I, Orkhan, Murad I, and Beyazid I at the expense of the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Bursa fell in 1326 and Adrianople (the modern Edirne) in 1361; each in turn became the capital of the empire. The greatOttoman victories of Kosovo Field (1389) and Nikopol (1396) placed large parts of the Balkan Peninsula under Ottoman rule and awakened Europe to the Ottoman danger. The Ottoman siege of Constantinople was lifted at the appearance of Timur, who defeated and captured Beyazid in 1402. The Ottomans, however, soon rallied. The Period of Great ExpansionThe empire, reunited by Muhammad I, expanded victoriously under Muhammad's successors Murad II and Muhammad II. The victory (1444) at Varna over a crusading army led by Ladislaus III of Poland was followed in 1453 by the capture of Constantinople. Within a century the Ottomans had changed from a nomadic horde to the heirs of the most ancient surviving empire of Europe. Their success was due partly to the weakness and disunity of their adversaries, partly to their excellent and far superior military organization. Their army comprised numerous Christians—not only conscripts, who were organized as the corps of Janissaries, but also volunteers. Turkish expansion reached its peak in the 16th cent. under Selim I and Sulayman I (Sulayman the Magnificent).The Hungarian defeat (1526) at Mohács prepared the way for the capture (1541) of Buda and the absorption of the major part of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire; Transylvania became a tributary principality, as did Walachia and Moldavia. The Asian borders of the empire were pushed deep into Persia and Arabia. Selim I defeated the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, took Cairo in 1517, and assumed the succession to the caliphate. Algiers was taken in 1518, and Mediterranean commerce was threatened by corsairs, such as Barbarossa, who sailed under Turkishauspices. Most of the Venetian and other Latin possessions in Greece also fell to the sultans.During the reign of Sulayman I began (1535) the traditional friendship between France and Turkey, directed against Hapsburg Austria and Spain. Sulayman reorganized the Turkish judicial system, and his reign saw the flowering of Turkish literature, art, and architecture. In practice the prerogatives of the sultan were limited by the spirit of Muslim canonical law (sharia), and he usually shared his authority with the chief preserver ( sheyhülislam ) of the sharia and with the grand vizier (chief executive officer).In the progressive decay that followed Sulayman's death, the clergy ( ulema ) and the Janissaries gained power and exercised a profound, corrupting influence. The first serious blow by Europe to the empire was the naval defeat of Lepanto (1571; see Lepanto, battle of), inflicted on the fleet of Selim II by the Spanish and Venetians under John of Austria. However, Murad IV in the 17th cent. temporarily restored Turkish military prestige by his victory (1638) over Persia. Crete was conquered from Venice, and in 1683 a huge Turkish army under Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa surrounded Vienna. The relief of Vienna by John III of Poland and the subsequent campaigns of Charles V of Lorraine, Louis of Baden, and Eugene of Savoy ended in negotiations in 1699 (see Karlowitz, Treaty of), which cost Turkey Hungary and other territories.DeclineThe breakup of the state gained impetus with the Russo-Turkish Wars in the 18thcent. Egypt was only temporarily lost to Napoleon's army, but the Greek War of Independence and its sequels, the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29 (see Adrianople, Treaty of), and the war with Muhammad Ali of Egypt resulted in the loss of Greece and Egypt, the protectorate of Russia over Moldavia and Walachia, and the semi-independence of Serbia. Drastic reforms were introduced in the late 18th and early 19th cent. by Selim III and Mahmud II, but they came too late. By the 19th cent. Turkey was known as the Sick Man of Europe.Through a series of treaties of capitulation from the 16th to the 18th cent. the Ottoman Empire gradually lost its economic independence. Although Turkey was theoretically among the victors in the Crimean War, it emerged from the war economically exhausted. The Congress of Paris (1856) recognized the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire, but this event marked the confirmation of the empire's dependency rather than of its rights as a European power.The rebellion (1875) of Bosnia and Herzegovina precipitated the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, in which Turkey was defeated despite its surprisingly vigorous stand. Romania (i.e., Walachia and Moldavia), Serbia, and Montenegro were declared fully independent, and Bosnia and Herzegovina passed under Austrian administration. Bulgaria, made a virtually independent principality, annexed (1885) Eastern Rumelia with impunity.Sultan Abd al-Majid, who in 1839 issued a decree containing an important body of civil reforms, was followed (1861) by Abd al-Aziz, whose reign witnessed the rise ofthe liberal party. Its leader, Midhat Pasha, succeeded in deposing (1876) Abd al-Aziz. Abd al-Hamid II acceded (1876) after the brief reign of Murad V. A liberal constitution was framed by Midhat, and the first Turkish parliament opened in 1877, but the sultan soon dismissed it and began a rule of personal despotism. The Armenian massacres (see Armenia) of the late 19th cent. turned world public opinion against Turkey. Abd al-Hamid was victorious in the Greco-Turkish war of 1897, but Crete, which had been the issue, was ultimately gained by Greece. CollapseIn 1908 the Young Turk movement, a reformist and strongly nationalist group, with many adherents in the army, forced the restoration of the constitution of 1876, and in 1909 the parliament deposed the sultan and put Muhammad V on the throne. In the two successive Balkan Wars (1912–13), Turkey lost nearly its entire territory in Europe to Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and newly independent Albania. The nationalism of the Young Turks, whose leader Enver Pasha gained virtual dictatorial power by a coup in 1913, antagonized the remaining minorities in the empire. The outbreak of World War I found Turkey lined up with the Central Powers. Although Turkish troops succeeded against the Allies in the Gallipoli campaign (1915), Arabia rose against Turkish rule, and British forces occupied (1917) Baghdad and Jerusalem. Armenians, accused of aiding the Russians, were massacred and deported from Anatolia beginning in 1915; an Armenian uprising in Van (1915) survived until relieved by Russian forces. In 1918, Turkish resistance collapsed in Asia and Europe. An armistice was concluded in October, and the Ottoman Empirecame to an end. The Trea ty of Sèvres (see Sèvres, Treaty of) confirmed its dissolution. With the victory of the Turkish nationalists, who had refused to accept the peace terms and overthrew the sultan in 1922, modern Turkey's history began. 第二篇TOPIC 基因的意外发现科学家做实验室为某种目的，但往往会有意外地发现。

托福阅读真题第8套

第8套Attempts at Determining Earth's AgeSince the dawn of civilization,people have been curious about the age of Earth.In addition,we have not been satisfied in being able to state merely the relative geologic age of a rock or fossil.Human curiosity demands that we know actual age in years. Geologists working during the nineteenth century understood that if they were to discover the actual age of Earth or of particular rock bodies,they would have to concentrate on natural processes that continue at a constant rate and that also leave some sort of tangible record in the rocks.Evolution is one such process,and geologist Charles Lyell(1797-1875)recognized this.By comparing the amount of evolution exhibited by marine mollusks during the Tertiary Period with the amount that had occurred since then,Lyell estimated that80million years had elapsed since the beginning of the Tertiary Period.He came astonishingly close to the mark,since it was actually about65million years.However,for older sequences of evolutionary development,estimates based on rates of evolution were difficult,and not only because of missing parts in the fossil record.Rates of evolution for many orders of plants and animals were not well understood.1.The word tangible in the passage is closest in meaning toA.physicalB.relatedC.significantD.helpful2..It can be inferred from paragraph2that Charles Lyell based his study of the marine mollusk fossils on which of the following assumptionsA.The Tertiary Period was separated into divisions of time that were equal in length.B.Mollusks lived under rocks in the sea during the Tertiary period.C.Evolution of mollusks proceeded at a uniform rate over time.D.Mollusks have evolved less rapidly with the passing of time.3..The word sequences in the passage is closest in meaning toA.observationsB.sensesC.seriesD.categories4..According to paragraph2,Lyell's strategy for estimating geologic dates was not very accurate for periods before the Tertiary Period partly becauseA.marine mollusks did not evolve until the Tertiary PeriodB.fossil records of the very distant past are incompleteC.there was not much agreement about how to identify or categorize earlier erasD.the duration of previous geologic periods was difficult to determineIn another【attempt】,geologists reasoned that if rates of deposition could be determined for sedimentary rocks,they might be able to estimate the time required for deposition of a given thickness of strata,or rock layers.Similar reasoning suggested that one could estimate total elapsed geologic time by dividing the average thickness of sediment transported annually to the oceans into the total thickness of sedimentary rock that had ever been deposited in the past.Unfortunately,such estimates did not adequately account for past differences in rates of sedimentation or losses to the total section of strata during episodes of erosion.Also,some very ancient sediments were no longer recognizable,having been converted to igneous and metamorphic rocks in the course of mountain building.Estimates of Earth's total age based on sedimentation rates ranged from as little as a million to over a billion years.5..The phrase another attempt in the passage refers toA.trying to understand the fossil recordB.trying to determine the evolutionary rate of marine mollusksC.trying to understand natural processesD.trying to determine Earth's actual age6..The word converted in the passage is closest in meaning toA.addedB.changedC.restoredD.reduced7..According to paragraph3,all of the following were problems with the calculation of Earth's age using the study of sedimentary rocks EXCEPTA.the inconsistency of sedimentation rates over timeB.the effect of geologic processes on sedimentary rockC.the expansion of some sedimentary rocks due to Earth's internal heatD.the loss of an unknown number of sedimentary layers due to erosionYet another scheme for approximating Earth's age had been proposed in1715by Sir Edmund Halley(1656-1742),whose name we associate with the famous comet. Halley surmised that the ocean formed soon after the origin of the planet and therefore would be only slightly younger than the age of the solid Earth.He reasoned that the original ocean was not salty and that subsequently salt derived from the weathering of rocks was brought to the sea by streams.Thus,if one knew the total amount of salt dissolved in the ocean and the amount added each year,it might be possible to calculate the ocean's age.In1899,Irish geologist John Joly(1857-1933)attempted the calculation.From information provided by gauges placed at the mouths of streams, Joly was able to estimate the annual increment of salt to the oceans.Then,knowingthe salinity of ocean water and the approximate volume of water,he calculated the amount of salt already held in solution in the oceans.An estimate of the age of the ocean was obtained by dividing the total salt in the ocean by the rate of salt added each year.Beginning with essentially nonsaline oceans,it would have taken about90 million years for the oceans to reach their present salinity,according to Joly.The figure,however,was off the currently accepted mark of4.54billion by a factor of50, largely because there was no way to account accurately for recycled salt and salt incorporated into clay minerals deposited on the sea floors.Even though in error, Joly's calculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age for Earth far in excess of a few million years.The belief in Earth's immense antiquity was also supported by Darwin,Huxley,and other evolutionary biologists,who saw the need for time in the hundreds of millions of years to accomplish the organic evolution apparent in the fossil record.8..The word approximating in the passage is closest in meaning toA.thinking aboutB.researchingC.estimatingD.demonstrating9..The word subsequently in the passage is closest in meaning toterB.furthermoreC.evidentlyD.accidentally10..According to paragraph4,John Joly's calculations were founded on all of the following EXCEPTA.knowing how salty the ocean water isB.estimating how much salt enters the ocean each yearC.accounting for the amount of salt that is recycledD.figuring the volume of water contained in the ocean11..According to paragraph4,in which of the following ways could Joly's estimate of Earth's age be considered significantA.It proved that Halley's idea about the age of the ocean was fairly accurate.B.It indicated that Earth was much older than some scientists had claimed.C.It was favored by the majority of scientists at the end of the nineteenth century.D.It was the basis for much modern research into the salinity of the ocean.12..The author mentions Darwin,Huxley,and other evolutionary biologists in order toA.provide evidence that Joly's calculations inspired scientists working on other lines of scientific inquiryB.support the claim that all of the leading scientists of the time believed that Earthwas just over90million years oldC.argue that Joly's calculations would have been more exact if he had collaborated with experts in other fieldsD.provide examples of scientists who believed the age of Earth to be greater than justa few million years,like Joly,in order to account for their findings13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.More fundamentally,Lyell's evolutionary approach is intrinsically limited because Earth existed long before life and evolution began.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Geologists working during the nineteenth century understood that if they were to discover the actual age of Earth or of particular rock bodies,they would have to concentrate on natural processes that continue at a constant rate and that also leave some sort of tangible record in the rocks.Evolution is one such process,and geologist Charles Lyell(1797-1875)recognized this.【】By comparing the amount of evolution exhibited by marine mollusks during the Tertiary Period with the amount that had occurred since then,Lyell estimated that80million years had elapsed since the beginning of the Tertiary Period.He came astonishingly close to the mark,since it was actually about65million years.【】However,for older sequences of evolutionary development,estimates based on rates of evolution were difficult,and not only because of missing parts in the fossil record.【】Rates of evolution for many orders of plants and animals were not well understood.【】14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA.It was not until the nineteenth century that attempts were made to determine the relative geologic age of rocks and fossils.B.In the nineteenth century,scientists made a number of important,but unsuccessful, attempts to calculate Earth's age from the record of various natural processes.C.Charles Lyell made a good estimate of the age of the Tertiary Period from the fossil record,but his method could not be extended to earlier geological periods.D.Darwin and Huxley supported the accuracy of John Joly's calculation of Earth's age because it agreed with their view of how long evolution had been in progress.E.Attempts were made to calculate Earth's age from the thickness of surviving sedimentary rock and from the current level of the oceans'salinity.F.Earth's true age,4.54billion years,was determined by combining data from the geological and fossil records.The Upper Paleolithic RevolutionThe transition from the historical period known as the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic around40to35thousand years ago(kya)represents one of the major developments in the prehistory of humankind.【A】The basic features of this transition include more versatile stone implements and the use of antler,bone,and ivory for tools,figurative art,music,and personal decoration.【B】So striking were the strides in human achievement during this period that it is sometimes referred to as the Upper Paleolithic Revolution.【C】【D】Until recently it had been argued that the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was an archaeological phenomenon found only in Eurasia.The apparent lack of equivalent evidence in other regions suggested that a fundamental change had occurred in human intellectual development around40kya in Europe.The recent discovery in the Blombos Cave in South Africa of a block of decorated ochre and then sets of shell beads,dated to around77kya,opened up the debate.This supports other evidence of more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa from the same period. Now the Upper Paleolithic Revolution is being seen as simply the most visible example of the evolving process of modern human behavior that had been developing over a much longer timescale.1..Why does the author mention a a block of decorated ochre and sets of shell beadsA.To help make the point that archaeologists regard artistic creations as the highest kind of human achievementB.To illustrate how the discovery of certain objects makes the discovery of certain other objects more likelyC.To give some of the evidence that has changed archaeologists'thinking about human intellectual developmentTo help explain why archaeologists have been slow to recognize the importance of certain evidence available to them2..How far back in time do the origins of the more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa goA.To around40kyaB.To around77kyaC.To the time of the Upper Paleolithic RevolutionD.To a time before modern human behavior had begun to evolveThis raises two further questions.First,what was happening to the human cognitive process during the40,000years or so between the creations in the Blombos Cave and the flourishing of human creativity in Europe around35kya,and second,was climate change a component Climate change is associated with the sudden occurrence of creative activity in Europe at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic.3..The word equivalent in the passage is closest in meaning toprehensibleB.concreteparableD.widely debated4..According to paragraph3,what do archaeologists want to know about the climate during the40,000years between around75kya and35kyaA.Whether it was a reason that humans lived in cavesB.Whether it was stable throughout that periodC.Whether it changed in similar ways in Africa and in EuropeD.Whether it was a factor in how the human cognitive process developedThe question of whether the sudden transition seen in Europe was built on earlier developments in Africa has been addressed at length by anthropologists Sally McBrearty and Alison Brooks.They argue that the whole issue of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution stems from a profound Eurocentric bias and a failure to appreciate the depth and breadth of the African archaeological record.In fact,many of the components of this revolution are found earlier in the African Middle Paleolithic tens of thousands of years before they appeared in Europe.These features include blade and microlithic technology,bone tools,increased geographic range,specialized hunting,exploitation of aquatic resources,long-distance exchange networks, systematic processing and use of pigment,and art and decoration.These items do not occur suddenly together as predicted by the revolutionary model,but at sites that are widely separated in space and time.This suggests a gradual assembling of the package of modern human behaviors in Africa and its later export to other regions of the Old World.5..According to paragraph4,anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks argue that archaeologists'traditional understanding of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was flawed becauseA.they underestimated available African archaeological evidenceB.the archaeological evidence available to them contained errorsC.they could not distinguish artistic creations from objects meant for practical useD.they based their judgments on the limited archaeological record available at that time6..Anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks consider such components of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution as blade and microlithic technology to haveA.first emerged in the Middle Paleolithic Period,in Africa rather than in EuropeB.emerged in Europe independently in many different places at different timesC.first emerged in Europe,then to have been further developed in AfricaD.been part of a similarly sudden,but earlier,cultural revolution in AfricaThe extraordinary range of rock art in Australia adds great weight to the idea thatartistic creativity was part and parcel of the intellectual capacity of modern humans that migrated out of Africa around70kya.【The fact that these people almost certainly arrived in Australia before60kya and were,in any case,completely isolated from any evolutionary events that may have occurred in Europe around40kya makes this argument compelling.】7.The word exploitation in the passage is closest in meaning toA.maintenanceB.discoveryC.transferencee8..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The idea that in modern humans creativity and intellect developed together is supported by ancient rock art ranging from Australia to Africa.B.Australian rock art strongly suggests that modern humans that migrated out of Africa around70kya already possessed artistic creativity.C.Since Australian rock art dated to around70kya shows that Australians possessed artistic creativity,Africans of that period probably possessed it,too.D.The wide range of Australian rock art strongly suggests that intellectual capacity and artistic creativity were connected as early as70kya.9..What role does paragraph5play in relation to paragraph4A.It accepts the arguments made in paragraph4but asserts that the supporting examples given are not the best ones available.B.It shows that the conclusion reached in paragraph4is almost certainly false.C.It presents additional reasons for accepting the position argued for in paragraph4.D.It describes a possible alternative to the position developed in paragraph4.The consequence of this analysis is that the question of the sudden emergence of creative activity that appears to constitute the Upper Paleolithic Revolution falls to the ground.The obvious explanation is that the gap between African developments and the subsequent better-known European events is a matter of the limitations of the archaeological record.This does not altogether cover the question of why there was the sudden flowering of creativity at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. It may be that earlier creative efforts have either been lost in or have yet to emerge from the mists of time.Recent finds of decorative pierced shells dating from43kya or even earlier in caves in parts of western Asia near Europe may be examples of a process extending the evidence back in time.The creative flowering may also be a result of the climatic conditions at the time that governed the movement of modern humans into Europe.Following a period of extreme cold around39kya,a period of warming around35kya rendered the region more hospitable.As the ancestors oftoday's Europeans moved into a largely depopulated region,their presence in the archaeological record appeared revolutionary.10..The word altogether in the passage is closest in meaning toA.evenB.necessarilyC.merelyD.fully11..The fact that decorative pierced shells were recently found in caves in parts of western Asia near Europe suggests thatA.there may be evidence of earlier creative activity in Europe that has not yet been discoveredB.the creative flowering may have originated in Asia,not in AfricaC.there was really an Upper Paleolithic Revolution but it did not happen in EuropeD.the people who used the decorative shells were unrelated to the people who inhabited Europe during the Upper Paleolithic12..According to paragraph6,the apparent sudden flowering of creativity in Europe might be related to a change of climate in which of the following waysA.People became very creative in order to survive climatic extremes.B.As the climate became warmer,ancient European populations moved around much less.C.Improving climatic conditions drew substantial human migration into Europe.D.Climatic conditions became more favorable to preserving the archaeological record.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The adoption of these new materials and practices moved early human culture forward at a rapid pace.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.The transition from the historical period known as the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic around40to35thousand years ago(kya)represents one of the major developments in the prehistory of humankind.【A】The basic features of this transition include more versatile stone implements and the use of antler,bone,and ivory for tools,figurative art,music,and personal decoration.【B】So striking were the strides in human achievement during this period that it is sometimes referred to as the Upper Paleolithic Revolution.【C】【D】Until recently it had been argued that the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was an archaeological phenomenon found only in Eurasia.....14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA.Recent evidence that in Africa the transition from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic was also marked by enormous progress strengthens the European evidence.B.The idea that events in Europe around40kya mark an advance in basic human capabilities has been discredited by African and Australian evidence that points to a much earlier date.C.Evidence suggests that the striking set of human accomplishments that emerged in Europe around40kya was built on earlier development in Africa.D.Europe was the center of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution not so much because individual innovations originated there,but because these innovations were creatively fitted together there.E.The people who settled Australia were,without a doubt,modern humans whose origins were in Africa,but whether they reached Australia before60kya has not been definitively established.F.It is still unclear why the entire package of modern human behaviors seems to show up in the European archaeological record so suddenly,although various answers have been proposed.Two Kinds of LizardsLizards can be divided into two types according to the way they look for food: sit-and-wait foragers and active foragers.Sit-and-wait lizards normally remain in one spot from which they can survey a broad area.These motionless lizards detect the movement of an insect visually and capture it with a quick run from their observation site.Sit-and-wait lizards may be most successful in detecting and capturing relatively large insects like beetles and grasshoppers.Active foragers,on the other hand,spend most of their time on the ground surface,moving steadily and poking their heads under fallen leaves and into crevices in the ground.These lizards apparently rely largely on chemical cues to detect insects,and they probably seek out local concentrations of prey such as termites.Active foragers appear to eat more insects than do lizards that are sit-and-wait predators.Thus,the different foraging behaviors of lizards lead to differences in their diets,even when the two kinds of lizards occur in the same habitat.1..The word steadily in the passage is closest in meaning toA.slowlyB.at an unvarying rateC.cautiouslyD.without making noise2..The word concentrations in the passage is closest in meaning toA.varietiesB.dense groupingsC.hidden tracesD.shelters3..According to paragraph1,sit-and-wait foragers and active foragers are different in all of the following EXCEPTA.the methods that they primarily use to detect insectsB.the number of insects they typically eatC.the habitats in which they can be foundD.the amount of time they spend moving4..According to paragraph1,compared to the insects typically consumed by sit-and-wait lizards,insects typically consumed by active lizardsA.move more quicklyB.are generally found in smaller groupsC.are often hidden from viewD.spend more time on the surface of the groundThe different foraging modes also have different consequences for lizards regarding their exposure to predators.A lizard that spends99percent of its time resting motionless is relatively inconspicuous,whereas a lizard that spends most of its time moving is easily seen.Sit-and-wait lizards are probably most likely to be discovered and captured by predators that are active searchers,whereas widely foraging lizards are likely to be caught by sit-and-wait predators.Because of this difference,foraging modes may alternate at successive levels in the food chain:insects that move about may be captured by lizards that are sit-and-wait foragers,and those lizards may be eaten by active predators,whereas insects that are sedentary are more likely to be discovered by lizards that are active foragers,and those lizards may be caught by sit-and-wait predators.5..In paragraph2,why does the author contrast the visibility of lizards that remain motionless most of the time with the visibility of lizards that move most of the timeA.To show that it is possible for lizards to alternate their foraging modes at successive levels in the food chainB.To suggest that sit-and-wait lizards are more likely than active lizards to be attacked by predatorsC.To explain why sit-and-wait lizards are more successful than active lizards at preying on insectsD.To explain how a lizard's foraging strategy affects the type of predator likely to attack itThe body forms of sit-and-wait foragers may reflect selective pressures different from those that act on active foragers.【A】Sit-and-wait lizards are often stout bodied,short tailed,and colored to match their background.【B】Many of these species have patterns of different-colored blotches that probably obscure the outlines of the lizard's body as it rests motionless on a rock or a tree trunk.【C】Active foragers are usually slim and elongated with long tails,and they often have patterns of stripes that may produce optical illusions as they move.【D】However,one predator-avoidance mechanism,the ability to break off their tails when they are seized by predators,does not differ among lizards with different foraging modes.6..The word reflect in the passage is closest in meaning toA.indicateB.createC.resistD.require7..The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning toA.changeB.hideC.fillD.expand8..Paragraph3supports which of the following ideas about active-forager lizardsA.They are less likely to break off their tails when seized by predators than sit-and-wait lizards are.B.They tend to vary widely in their individual colors.C.They lack well-developed mechanisms for avoiding predators.D.They may be easier to identify when they are not moving than when they are moving.What physiological characteristics are necessary to support different foraging modes The energy requirements of a quick motion that lasts for only a second or two are quite different from those of locomotion that is sustained nearly continuously for several hours.Sit-and-wait lizards and active foragers differ in their relative emphasis on the two ways that most animals use adenosine triphosphate(ATP)a molecule that transports energy within cellsfor activity and in how long that activity can be sustained.Sit-and-wait lizards move in brief spurts,and they rely largely on anaerobic metabolism to sustain their movements,namely the kind of metabolism that does not use oxygen.Anaerobic metabolism uses glycogen stored in the muscles and produces lactic acid as its end product.It is a way to synthesize ATP quickly(because the glycogen is already in the muscles),but it is not good for sustained activity because the glycogen is quickly exhausted and lactic acid inhibits cellular metabolism.Lizards that rely on anaerobic metabolism can make brief sprints but become exhausted whenthey are forced to run continuously.In contrast,aerobic metabolism uses glucose that is carried to the muscles by the circulatory system,and it produces carbon dioxide and water as end products.Aerobic exercise can continue for long periods because the circulatory system brings more glucose and carries carbon dioxide away.As a result, active foragers can sustain activity for long periods without exhaustion.Active species of lizards have larger hearts and more red blood cells in their blood than do sit-and-wait species.As a result,each beat of the heart pumps more blood,and that blood carries more oxygen to the tissues of an active species than a sit-and-wait species.9..According to paragraph4,compared with active lizards,the movements of sit-and-wait lizards areA.more suddenB.more sustainedC.more predictableD.more frequent10..According to paragraph4,all of the following are true about anaerobic metabolism in lizards EXCEPT:A.It uses the glycogen in the muscles of lizards.B.It produces lactic acid that interferes with metabolism within the cells of lizards.C.It allows lizards to maintain their foraging activity over a long period of time.D.It allows lizards to run fast for short periods of time.11..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph4about sit-and-wait lizardsA.They have less glycogen than active-forager lizards.B.They have highly variable heart rates.C.They have metabolic systems that do not depend on the efficient removal of carbon dioxide.D.They synthesize adenosine triphosphate continuously.12..According to paragraph4,how are active-foraging lizards and sit-and-wait lizards different from each otherA.Sit-and-wait lizards tend to have more red blood cells in their blood than active-foraging lizards do.B.Active-foraging lizards'blood carries less oxygen to the tissues than sit-and-wait foraging lizards'blood does.C.Sit-and-wait lizards carry out cellular metabolism more efficiently than active-foraging lizards do.D.Active-foraging lizards tend to have larger hearts than sit-and-wait lizards do.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.。

TOEFL托福阅读理解真题整合

TOEFL托福阅读理解真题整合托福阅读真题1A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire that provides information concerning how people think and act. In the United States, the best-known surveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news during presidential campaigns knows, these polls have become an important part of political life in the United States.North Americans are familiar with the many person-on-the-street interviews on local television news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favor of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the newspeople select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are willing to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated by a camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinely reflect a broad range of the population.In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wording of questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to understand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired. Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of these forms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaires have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The history of surveys in North America(B) The principles of conducting surveys(C) Problems associated with interpreting surveys(D) The importance of polls in American political life2. The word they in line 8 refers to(A) North Americans(B) news shows(C) interviews(D) opinions3. According to the passage , the main disadvantage of person-on-the-street interviews is thatthey(A) are not based on a representative sampling(B) are used only on television(C) are not carefully worded(D) reflect political opinions4. The word precise in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) planned(B) rational(C) required(D) accurate5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is most important for an effective survey?(A) A high number of respondents(B) Carefully worded questions(C) An interviewer's ability to measure respondents' feelings(D) A sociologist who is able to interpret the results6. The word exercise in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) utilize(B) consider(C) design(D) defend7. The word elicit in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) compose(B) rule out(C) predict(D) bring out8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason that sociologists may become frustratedwith questionnaires is that(A) respondents often do not complete and return questionnaires(B) questionnaires are often difficult to read(C) questionnaires are expensive and difficult to distribute(D) respondents are too eager to supplement questions with their own opinions9. According to the passage , one advantage of live interviews over questionnaires is that liveinterviews(A) cost less(B) can produce more information(C) are easier to interpret(D) minimize the influence of the researcher10. The word probe in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) explore(B) influence(C) analyze(D) apply11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) Survey (line 1)(B) Public opinion (line 8)(C) Representative sampling (line 13)(D) Response rate (line 24)PASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A托福阅读真题2The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter, with a volume 1,300 times greater than Earth's, contains more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. It is thought to be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid surfaces, Had it been somewhat more massive, Jupiter might have attained internal temperatures as high as the ignition point for nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane, unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter's interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic hydrogen. Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but under pressures of millions of kilograms per square centimeter, which exist in the deep interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might lock together to form a liquid with theproperties of a metal. Some scientists believe that the innermost core of Jupiter might be rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours. As a result, its clouds, which are composed largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have been whipped into alternating dark and bright bands that circle the planet at different speeds in different latitudes. Jupiter's puzzling Great Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it might be a gigantic hurricane, which because of its large size (the Earth could easily fit inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval heat or heat generated by the continued gravitational contraction of the planet. Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its sixteen natural satellites, which, like a miniature model of the Solar System, decrease in density with distance — from rocky moons close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-preserved sample of the early solar nebula, and with its satellites, might contain the most important clues about the origin of the Solar System.1. The word attained in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) attempted(B) changed(C) lost(D) reached2. The word flamed in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) burned(B) divided(C) fallen(D) grown3. The word they in line 7 refers to(A) nuclear reactions(B) giant planets(C) terrestrial(D) substances4. According to the passage , hydrogen can become a metallic-like liquid when it is(A) extremely hot(B) combined with helium(C) similar to atmospheres(D) under great pressures5. According to the passage , some scientists believe Jupiter and Earth are similar in that theyboth have(A) solid surfaces(B) similar masses(C) similar atmospheres(D) metallic cores6. The clouds surrounding Jupiter are mostly composed of(A) ammonia(B) helium(C) hydrogen(D) methane7. It can be inferred from the passage that the appearance of alternating bands circling Jupiter iscaused by(A) the Great Red Spot(B) heat from the Sun(C) the planet's fast rotation(D) Storms from the planet's Southern Hemisphere8. The author uses the word puzzling in line 17 to suggest that the Great Red Spot is(A) the only spot of its kind(B) not well understood(C) among the largest of such spots(D) a problem for the planet's continued existence9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following conclusions?(A) Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as the Sun.(B) Jupiter has a weaker gravitational force than the other planets.(C) Scientists believe that Jupiter was once a star.(D) Scientists might learn about the beginning of the Solar System by Studying Jupiter.10. Why does the author mention primeval heat (lines 21)?(A) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the Sun(B) T o provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the other planets(C) To suggest a possible explanation for the number of satellites that Jupiter has(D) To suggest a possible source of the quantity of heat that Jupiter gives off11. According to the passage , Jupiter's most distant moon is(A) the least dense(B) the largest(C) warm on the surface(D) very rocky on the surface12. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?(A) If Jupiter had fewer satellites, it would be easier for scientists to study the planet itself.(B) If Jupiter had had more mass, it would have developed internal nuclear reactions.(C) If Jupiter had been smaller, it would have become a terrestrial planet.(D) if Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heatPASSAGE 81 DABDD ACBDD AB.托福阅读真题3Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960's but has become even more influential today. The origins of ethology can be traced back to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists, Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-known of these is imprinting, the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. Imprinting takes place during an early, restricted time period of development. If the mother goose is not present during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may imprint on it instead. Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child development — the critical period. It refers to a limited times span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether complex cognitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods.For example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? If language is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child's capacity to acquire it reduced?Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and its parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling, grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach, care for, and interact with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and affection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectional tie between parent and baby.1. What was Darwin's contribution to ethology?(A) Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.(B) Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.(C) Darwin's work provided the basis for ethology.(D) Darwin was the first person to apply ethological theory to children.2. The word diverse in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) small(B) varied(C) wild(D) particular3. The word ensures in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) guarantees(B) proves(C) teaches(D) assumes4. According to the passage , if a mother goose is not present during the time period whenimprinting takes place, which of the following will most likely occur?(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.(C) The mother will later imprint on the gosling.(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.5. The word it in line 12 refers to(A) development(B) goose(C) time(D) object6. The word suitably in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) willingly(B) moderately(C) appropriately(D) emotionally7. The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants EXCEPT(A) grasping(B) crying(C) eating(D) smiling8. According to the passage , attachment behaviors of infants are intended to(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs of the infant met(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent(C) provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation(D) prepare the infant to cope with separation9. The phrase affectional tie in line 30 is closest in meaning to(A) cognitive development(B) emotional attachment(C) psychological need(D) behavioral change10. It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that(A) to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied(B) failure to imprint has no influence on intelligence(C) the notion of critical periods applies only to animals(D) there are similarities between animal and human behaviorPASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD。

托福资料之老托阅读100篇【完整版】.docx

托福资料之老托阅读 100 篇【完整版】老托阅读 100 篇相对 TPO 要简单一些，也是伴随托福备考学员的很重要的一份资料，对于基础薄弱，做 TPO 真题阅读需要过渡的考生来说再适合不过了，为方便考生备考，太傻留学托福考试频道特意将这100 篇托福阅读理解为考生做了归纳和整理，考生只要收藏此页面，就可以在需要的时候打开进行练习了!Toefl 资料下载之老托阅读100 篇【完整版】PASSAGE 1: 冰箱的发展PASSAGE 2: 水循环PASSAGE 3: 印第安人变篮子的故事PASSAGE 4: 哈德逊河派的绘画PASSAGE 6: 硫酸钾在造玻璃和肥皂时的作PASSAGE 5: 创造文化的材料和技术用PASSAGE 7:Philadelphia's 如何发展成商业PASSAGE 8: 为什么大型动物要生活在热带中心雨林PASSAGE 9: 孟买象化石的发现地PASSAGE 10: 人类饮食活动的变化PASSAGE 11: 竹屋怎样防御外界的侵害PASSAGE 12: 动物在岩石上产卵PASSAGE 13: 地球表面岩石的生长与分类PASSAGE 14: 电视对美国政治的影响PASSAGE 15: 菌类对农业的影响PASSAGE 16: 鸟的祖先PASSAGE 17: 鹦鹉产卵的方式PASSAGE 18: 女性对美国建立初期的贡献PASSAGE 19: 北美城市的发展PASSAGE 20: 壁炉的构造PASSAGE 21: 美国早期雕塑的发展PASSAGE 22: 北美城市的发展改革PASSAGE 23: 美国早期城市功能的发展PASSAGE 24: 地球极地激光的形成和外形PASSAGE 25: 营养学研究的历史PASSAGE 26: 关于某彗星的介绍PASSAGE 28:19 世纪末 20 世纪初艺术的发PASSAGE 27: 土壤分解法展PASSAGE 29:一种农业机器在美国的普遍PASSAGE 30: 蝴蝶的种类使用PASSAGE 31: 房租租金的控制PASSAGE 32: 西方艺术发展史PASSAGE 33: 关于做决定的研究PASSAGE 34: 城市的发展以及移民PASSAGE 35: 一种岩洞对观察天象的影响PASSAGE 36: 美国水彩画协会的发展PASSAGE 37: 人的声音对个性的影响PASSAGE 38 : 有关冰河时代的PASSAGE 39: 印第安人捕鱼的生活方式PASSAGE 40: 一周工人工作时间的演变PASSAGE 42:美国铁路发展给美国带来的PASSAGE 41: 地球物种灭绝的分析影响PASSAGE 43: 抗感染药的发明PASSAGE 44: 大脑中神经系统的结构PASSAGE 45:19 世纪的家庭工作PASSAGE 46: 宾夕法尼亚暖气锅炉的改造PASSAGE 47: 美国在 20 世纪初对移民者的PASSAGE 48: 不同领导的领导风格介绍PASSAGE 50:19 世纪艺术在工业社会中的PASSAGE 49: 古代陶瓷的制作方式角色PASSAGE 51 : 美国建立自然生态保护园的PASSAGE 52:美国劳动力从农业到工业的介绍转变PASSAGE 54:被作曲家采用越来越多的音PASSAGE 53: 玻璃纤维的使用方法乐元素PASSAGE 55: 建立公园的计划PASSAGE 56: 民歌定义的不同理解PASSAGE 58:从狩猎到农业的改变对人类PASSAGE 57: 希腊陶瓷技术的发展生活的影响PASSAGE 60: 美国棉花 19 时期作为重要的PASSAGE 59: 历史上第一只鸟的介绍出口商品PASSAGE61: 北美农业殖民地艺术家作品PASSAGE 62: 关于鸟换毛的事PASSAGE 63: 鸟躲避侵略者的三种策略PASSAGE 64: 蚂蚁工作方式的介绍PASSAGE 65: 彗星的 coma 的形成PASSAGE 66: 小孩学说话PASSAGE 67: 某个奇特地方的植被PASSAGE 68: 北美陶瓷的制作PASSAGE 69:美国报纸上气象报道图的变PASSAGE 70: 鸟搭窝的方式化PASSAGE 71: 地理位置对城市发展的影响PASSAGE 72: 哈莱姆文艺复兴PASSAGE 73: 科技与工业化联系PASSAGE 74: 冰川的形成及融化PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭PASSAGE 76: 泥土的形成及其用途绝的影响PSSAGE 77: 生物灭绝的原因PASSAGE 78: 远古的文字PASSAGE 79: 动物行为的研究PASSAGE 80: 美国调查方式的实施PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动PASSAGE 81: 木星的简介物的影响PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作PASSAGE 84: 美国早期印刷业的内容家介绍PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展PASSAGE 86: 蚂蚁生存使用的各种信号PASSAGE 87: 热能在大气中传输PASSAGE 88: 化石的形成PASSAGE 90:某时期变化对海洋生物的影PASSAGE 89:19 世纪静物艺术品响PASSAGE 91:不同时期艺术装饰风格的简PASSAGE 92: 岩石层对气候的影响介PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来PASSAGE 93: 洛杉矶城市的发展的改变PASSAGE 95:昆虫怎样用信息素来传递信PASSAGE 96:Homestead Act 的弊端息PASSAGE 97: 对月亮两个区域的研究PASSAGE 98 : 松鼠吃橡果的迷PASSAGE 99 : 碳水化合物和气温的关系PASSAGE 100: 小提琴的发展和使用原文网址：托福考试：。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

老托福阅读真题PASSAGE82托福阅读的思维方式就是托福阅读的出题方式，只有掌握了这种思维方式，才有可能在做题之前，预测到新托福阅读题的出题形式和特点，为找答案节省时间。

老托福阅读试题的核心价值，在于其最贴近真题的阅读思维方式。

此外老托福阅读真题比新托福IBT阅读文章要短，比较容易适应。

这也是大家在备考托福的时候非常重要的一点。

因为前期的入手如果能从容易的开始，就会形成一个循序渐进的过程方式，让大家的练习有一个提高的过程。

既然老托福阅读试题有这样的效果，那我们如何利用那有限的真题来达到锻炼自己的目的呢？事实上这就一个办法，就是坚持。

本期为大家推荐老托福阅读的真题PASSAGE82，附有原文及答案，希望对托福考生备考有所帮助。

Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive,or survival,value of behavior and its evolutionary history.Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the1960's but has become even more influential today.The origins of ethology can be traced back to the work of Darwin.Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists,Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats,Lorenz,and Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival.The most well-known of these is imprinting,the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger.Imprinting takes place during an early,restricted time period of development.If the mother goose is not present during this time,but an object resembling her in important features is,young goslings may imprint on it instead.Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child development—the critical period.It refers to a limited times span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably stimulating environment.Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether complex cognitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods.For example,if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation during the early years of life,will their intelligence be permanently impaired?If language is not mastered during the preschool years,is the child's capacity to acquire it reduced?Inspired by observations of imprinting,in1969the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and its parents.He argued that attachment behaviors of babies,such as smiling,babbling, grasping,and crying,are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach, care for,and interact with the baby.By keeping a parent near,these behaviors help ensure that the baby will be fed,protected from danger,and provided with the stimulation and affection necessary for healthy growth.The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectional tie between parent and baby.1.What was Darwin's contribution to ethology?(A)Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.(B)Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.(C)Darwin's work provided the basis for ethology.(D)Darwin was the first person to apply ethological theory to children.2.The word diverse in line6is closest in meaning to(A)small(B)varied(C)wild(D)particular3.The word ensures in line8is closest in meaning to(A)guarantees(B)proves(C)teaches(D)assumes4.According to the passage,if a mother goose is not present during the time period when imprinting takes place,which of the following will most likely occur?(A)The gosling will not imprint on any object.(B)The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.(C)The mother will later imprint on the gosling.(D)The gosling may imprint on another object.5.The word it in line12refers to(A)development(B)goose(C)time(D)object6.The word suitably in line16is closest in meaning to(A)willingly(B)moderately(C)appropriately(D)emotionally7.The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants EXCEPT(A)grasping(B)crying(C)eating(D)smiling8.According to the passage,attachment behaviors of infants are intended to(A)get the physical,emotional and social needs of the infant met(B)allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent(C)provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation(D)prepare the infant to cope with separation9.The phrase affectional tie in line30is closest in meaning to(A)cognitive development(B)emotional attachment(C)psychological need(D)behavioral change10.It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that(A)to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied(B)failure to imprint has no influence on intelligence(C)the notion of critical periods applies only to animals(D)there are similarities between animal and human behavior参考答案：CBADD CCABD。