句子成分和句子结构
句子成分和句子结构
编制：包永梅审核：吴洁一、句子成分
主语subjective (s)：
指“什么人或什么事”，由名词、代词、动名词、不定式或句子充当；
谓语verb (v)：
指主语发出的动作，即“做……”；“干……”，由动词充当；
宾语objective (O)：
指主语发出的动作涉及到的对象，即干了“什么”，可以担当宾语的成分同主语表语predictive (p)：
跟在系动词后，指主语是个什么样的人或处于什么状态，由名词、形容词或句子充当。
定语attributive (a)：
用来修饰名词或代词，说明名词或代词的特点。能作定语的主要有形容词、分词、不定式和从句。
状语adverbial (ad)：
用来限制谓语动词或整个句子，说明动作发生的时间、地点、原因、方式、条件、程度等等，常用副词或从句来完成。
补语compliments(c)：
对句子的主语或宾语起补充说明的作用，常称为主语补足语和宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词都可以在句子中作补语。
同位语：
与主语、宾语、表语是指同一个人或同一件事，由名词充当。
二、句子结构
1.句子分三大类：简单句、并列句、复合句（本节课主讲简单句）
请说出下列四个句子分别是什么类型的句子
1). The man knocked at the door. __________
2). The man knocked at the door but no one answered. __________
3). The man knocked at the door; no one answered. __________
4). As soon as he arrived at the house, the man knocked at the door. __________ 2. 根据句子结构划分简单句
请说出下列句子分别由哪些句子成分构成
1). He smiles. __________________________
2). I like music. __________________________
3). He is a doctor. __________________________
4). He gives me a book. __________________________
5). His failure makes his mother sad. __________________________
6). The man, our Chinese teacher, is helpful. __________________________
3. 根据功能（作用）划分简单句
请说出下列句子是什么类型的简单句
1). He is a boy. / She is clever. ____________________ 用来陈述一个事实
2). Are you a student? ____________________ 用yes 和no 来回答的句子
3). What do you do? ____________________ 由特殊疑问词what, when,
who等引导的句子。
4). Look at the blackboard. ____________________ 用来表示命令或请求的句
子，构成：V（原形）+ 其他，实际上是一类省略了主语的特殊的陈述句。
5). What a big head he has! ____________________ 表达强烈感情的句子
= How big a head he has!
(What a\an + adj. + n + s + V! = How adj.\adv. + a\an + n. + S + V!)
三、必备知识
prep. = 介系词；前置词，preposition的缩写
pron. = 代名词，pronoun的缩写
n. = 名词，noun的缩写
v. = 动词，兼指及物动词和不及物动词，verb的缩写
conj. = 连接词，conjunction的缩写
vt. = 及物动词，transitive verb的缩写
aux.v. = 助动词，auxiliary的缩写
adj. = 形容词，adjective的缩写
adv. = 副词，adverb的缩写
art. = 冠词，article的缩写
num. = 数词，numeral的缩写
u = 不可数名词，uncountable noun的缩写c = 可数名词，countable noun的缩写pl. = 复数，plural的缩写
四、巩固练习（说出下列句子有哪些成分）
1. My brother hasn't done his homework.
2. People all over the world speak English.
3. How many new words did you learn last class?
4. Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.
5. The old man sitting at the gate said that he was ill.
6. What is your given name?
7. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
9. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
10. She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
11. He asked her to take the boy out of school.
12. She found it difficult to do the work.
13. They call me Lily sometimes.
14. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
15. There was a big smile on her face.
16. Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
17. He began to learn English when he was eleven.
18. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.
19. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
20. She loves the library because she loves books.
21. You will tell your friend th at you’ve got to school.
22. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their
power.