外文翻译
外文翻译 - 英文

The smart gridSmart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advancedcontrol method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently.The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow.China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power.Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communicationtechnology, computing technology, automationand intelligent control technology and physical grid highly integrated to form a new type of power grid, it can realize the observable (all the state of the equipment can monitor grid), can be controlled (able to control the power grid all the state of the equipment), fully automated (adaptive and self-healing) and system integrated optimization balance (power generation, transmission and distribution, and the optimization of the balance between electricity), so that the power system is more clean, efficient, safe and reliable.American electric power research institute: IntelliGrid is a composed of numerous automation system of power transmission and distribution power system, in a coordinated, effective and reliable way to achieve all of the power grid operation: have self-healing function;Rapid response to the electric power market and enterprise business requirements;Intelligent communication architecture, realizes the real-time, security, and flexible information flow, to provide users with reliable, economic power services. State grid electric power research institute, China: on the basis of the physical power grid (China's smart grid is based on high voltage network backbone network frame, different grid voltage level based on the coordinated development of strong power grid), the modern advanced sensor measurement technology, communication technology, information technology, computer technology and control technology and the physical power grid highly integrated to form a new type of power grid.It to fully meet user demand for electricity and optimize the allocation of resources, guarantee the safety, reliability and economy of power supply, meet environmental constraints, ens ure the quality of electric energy, to adapt to the development of power market, for the purpose of implementing the user reliable, economic, clean and interactive power supply and value-added services.BackgroundStrong smart grid development in the wor ld is still in its infancy, without a common precisely defined, its technology can be roughly divided into four areas: advanced Measurement system, advanced distribution operation, advanced transmission operation and advanced asset management.Advanced meas urement system main function is authorized to the user, make the system to establish a connection with load, enabling users to support the operationof the power grid;Advanced core distribution operation is an online real-time decision command, goal is to disaster prevention and control, realizing large cascading failure prevention;Advanced transmission operation main role is to emphasize congestion ma nagement and reduce the risk of the large-scale railway;Advanced asset management is installed in the system can provide the system parameters and equipments (assets) "health" condition of advanced sensor, and thereal-time information collected by integrat ion and resource management, modeling and simulation process, improve the operation and efficiency of power grid.The smart grid is an important application of Internet of things, and published in the journal of computer smart grid information system archit ecture research is carried on the detailed discussion on this, and the architecture of the smart grid information system are analyzed.The market shareThe establishment of the smart grid is a huge historical works.At present many complicated smart grid project is underway, but the gap is still great.For the provider of the smart grid technology, promote the development of facing the challenges of the distribution network system i s upgrading, automation and power distribution substation transportation, smart grid network and intelligent instruments.According to the latest report of parker investigators, smart grid technology market will increase from $2012 in 33 billion to $2020 in 73 billion, eight years, the market accumulated up to $494 billion.China smart grid industry market foresight and investment forward-looking strategic planning analysis, points out that in our country will be built during the "twelfth five-year""three vertical and three horizontal and one ring" of uhv ac lines, and 11 back to u hv dc transmission project construction, investment of 300 billion yuan.Although during the period of "much starker choices-and graver consequences-in" investment slowed slightly, the investment is 250 billion yuan.By 2015, a wide range of national power grid, long distance transmission capacity will reach 250 million kilowatts, power transmission of 1.15 trillion KWH per year, to support the new 145 million kilowatts of clean energy generation given and sent out, can satisfy the demand of morethan 1 million electric cars, a grid resource configuration optimization ability, economic efficiency, safety and intelligent levels will be fully promoted.The abroad application of analysisIn terms of power grid development foundation, national electricity dema nd tends to be saturated, the grid after years of rapid development, architecture tends to be stable, mature, have a more abundant supply of electric power transmission and distribution capacity.Germany has "E - Energy plan, a total investment of 140 million euros, from 2009 to 2012, four years, six sites across the country to the smart grid demonstration experiment.At the same time also for wind power and electric car empirical experiments, testing and management of power consumption of the Internet.Big companies such as Germany's Siemens, SAP and Swiss ABB are involved in this plan.To smart grid Siemens 2014 annual market scale will reach 30 billion euros, and plans to take a 20% market share, make sure order for 6 billion euros a year.The advanced nat ureCompared with the existing grid, smart grid, reflects the power flow, information flow and business flow marked characteristics of highly integration, its advancement and advantage mainly displays in:(1) has a strong foundation of grid system and te chnical support system, able to withstand all kinds of external disturbance and attacks, can adapt to large-scale clean energy and renewable energy access, strong sex of grid reinforced and ascend.(2) the information technology, sensor technology, automatic control technology organic combination with power grid infrastructure, a panoramic view of available power grid information, timely detection, foresee the possibility of failure.Fault occurs, the grid can be quickly isolate fault,realize self recovery,to avoid the occurrence of blackouts.(3) flexible ac/dc transmission, mesh factory coordination, intelligent scheduling, power storage, and distribution automation technology widespread application, makes the control of power grid operation more flexibl e,economic, and can adapt to a large number of distributed power supply, power grid and electric vehicle charging and discharging facility access.(4) communication, information, and the integrated use of modern management technology, will greatly improve the efficiency of power equipment, and reduce the loss of electrical power, making the operation of power grid is more economic and efficient.(5) the height of the real-time and non real-time information integration, sharing and utilization, to run the show management comprehensive, complete and fine grid operation state diagram, at the same time can provide decision support, control scheme and the corresponding response plans.(6) to establish a two-way interactive service mode, users can real-time understand the status of the power supply ability, power quality, price and power outage information, reasonable arrangement of electric equipment use;The electric power enterprise can obtain the user's electricity information in detail, to provide more value-added services.developmentaltrend"Twelfth five-year" period, the state grid will invest 500 billion yuan to build the connection of large ene rgy base and center of the "three horizontal three longitudinal" main load of ultra high voltage backbone network frame and 13 back to long branch, engineering, to form the core of the world first-class strong smart grid."Strong smart grid technology standards promulgated by the state grid system planning", has been clear about the strong smart grid technology standards roadmap, is the world's first used to guide the development of smart grid technology guiding standards.SGC planning is to built 2015 basic information, automation, interaction characteristics of strong smart grid, formed in north China, central China, east China, for the end to the northwest and northeast power grid for sending the three synchronous power grid, the grid resource allocati on ability, economic efficiency and safety level, technology level and improve intelligent level.(1) the smart grid is the inevitable developing trend ofpower grid technology.Such as communication, computer, automation technology has extensive applicati on in the power grid, and organic combination with traditional electric power technology, and greatly improve the intelligent level of the power grid.Sensor technology and information technology application in the power grid, the system state analysis and auxiliary decision provides the technical support, make it possible to grid self-healing.Scheduling technology, automation technology and the mature development of flexible transmission technology, for the development and utilization of renewable energy an d distributed power supply provides the basic guarantee.The improvement of the communication network and the popularization and application of user information collection technology, promote the two-way interaction with users of the grid.With the further development of various new technologies, application and highly integrated with the physical power grid, smart grid arises at the historic moment.(2) the development of smart grid is the inevitable choice of social and economic development.In order to ach ieve the development of clean energy, transport and given power grid must increase its flexibility and compatibility.To withstand the increasingly frequent natural disasters and interference, intelligent power grid must rely on means to improve its securit y defense andself-healing ability.In order to reduce operating costs, promote energy conservation and emissions reduction, power grid operation must be more economic and efficient, at the same time must to intelligent control of electric equipment, reduce electricity consumption as much as possible.Distributed generation and energy storage technology and the rapid development of electric cars, has changed the traditional mode of power supply, led power flow, information flow, business flow constantly fusion, in order to satisfy the demands of increasingly diverse users.PlanJapan plans to all the popularity of smart grid in 2030, officer of the people at the same time to promote the construction of overseas integrated smart grid.In the field of battery, Japanese firms' global market share goal is to strive to reach 50%, with about 10 trillion yen in the market.Japan's trade ministry has set up a "about the next generation of energy systems international standardizationresearch institute", the japan-american established in Okinawa and Hawaii for smart grid experimental project [6].Learns in the itu, in 2020 China will be built in high power grid with north China, east China, China as the center, northeast, northwest 750 kv uhv power grid as the sending, connecting each big coal base, large hydropower bases, big base for nuclear power, renewable energy base, the coordinated development of various grid strong smart grid.In north China, east China, China high voltage synchronous ZhuWangJia six "five longitudi nal and transverse" grid formation.The direction ofIn the green energy saving consciousness, driven by the smart grid to become the world's countries to develop a focus areas.The smart grid is the electric power network, is a self-healing, let consum ers to actively participate in, can recover from attacks and natural disasters in time, to accommodate all power generation and energy storage, can accept the new product, service and market, optimize asset utilization and operation efficiency, provide qua lity of power supply for digital economy.Smart grid based on integrated, high-speed bidirectional communication network foundation, aims to use advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipment, technology and advanced control methods, and adv anced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly, and the use of safe run efficiently.Its development is a gradual progressive evolution, is a radical change, is the product of the coordinated development of new and existing technologies, in ad dition to the network and smart meters also included the wider range.Grid construction in high voltage network backbone network frame, all levels of the coordinated development, informatization, automation, interaction into the characteristics of strong smart grid, improve network security, economy, adaptability and interactivity, strength is the foundation, intelligence is the key.meaningIts significance is embodied in the foll owing aspects:(1) has the strong ability of resources optimization allocation.After the completion of the smart grid in China, will implement the big water and electricity, coal, nuclear power, large-scale renewable energy across regions, long distance, large capacity, low loss, high efficiency, regional power exchange capacity improved significantly.(2) have a higher level of safe and stable operation.Grid stability and power supply reliability will be improved, the safety of the power grid close coord ination between all levels of line, have theability to against sudden events and serious fault, can effectively avoid the happening of a wide range of chain failure, improve power supply reliability, reduce the power loss.(3) to adapt and promote the dev elopment of clean energy.Grid will have wind turbines power prediction and dynamic modeling, low voltage across, and active reactive power control and regular units quickly adjust control mechanism, combined with the application of large capacity storage technology, the operation control of the clean energy interconnection capacity will significantly increased, and make clean energy the more economical, efficient and reliable way of energy supply.(4)implementing highly intelligent power grid scheduling.Co mpleted vertical integration, horizontal well versed in the smart grid scheduling technology support system, realize the grid online intelligent analysis, early warning and decision-making, and all kinds of new transmission technology and equipment of effi cient control and lean control of ac/dc hybrid power grid.(5)can satisfy the demands of electric cars and other new type electric power user services.Would be a perfect electric vehicle charging and discharging supporting infrastructure network, can meet the needs of the development of the electric car industry, to meet the needs of users, realize high interaction of electric vehicles and power grid.(6) realize high utilization and whole grid assets life cycle management.Can realize electric grid system of the whole life cycle management plan.Through smart grid scheduling and demand side management, power grid assets utilization hours, power grid assets efficiency improvedsignificantly.(7) to realize power convenient interaction between the user and the grid.Will form a smart electricity interactive platform, improving the demand side management, to provide users with high-quality electric power service.At the same time, the comprehensive utilization of the grid can be distributed power supply, intelli gent watt-hour meter, time-sharing electricity price policy and the electric vehicle charging and discharging mechanism, effectively balance electric load, reduce the peak valley load difference, reduce the power grid and power construction costs.(8)grid management informatization and the lean.Covering power grid will each link of communication network system, realize the power grid operation maintenance integrated regulation, data management, information grid spatial information services, and production and scheduling application integration, and other functions, to realize all-sided management informatization and the lean.(9) grid infrastructure of value-added service potential into full play.In power at the same time, the national strategy of "triple play" of services, to provide users with community advertising, network television, voice and other integrated services, such as water supply, heating, gas industry informatization, interactive platform support, expand the range of value-added services and improve the grid infrastructure and capacity, vigorously promote the development of smart city.(10)Gridto promote the rapid development of related industries.Electric power industry belongsto the capital-intensive and technology-intensive industry, has the characteristics of huge investment, long industrial chain.Construction of smart grid, which is beneficial to promote equipment manufacturing information and communication industry technology upgrade, for our country to occupy the high ground to lay the foundation in the field of electric power equipment manufacturing.Important significanceLife is convenientThe construction of strong smart grid, will promote the development of intelligent community, smart city, improve people's quality of life.(1) to make life more convenient.Home intelligent power system can not onlyrealize the real-time control of intelligent home appliances such as air conditioning, water heater and remote control;And can provide telecommunication network, Internet, radio and television network access services;Through intelligent watt-hour meter will also be able to achieve au tomatic meter reading and automatic transfer fee, and other functions.(2) to make life more low carbon.Smart grid can access to the small family unit such as wind power and photovoltaic roof, pushing forward the large-scale application of electric cars, so as to raise the proportion of clean energy consumption, reduce the pollution of the city.(3) to make life more economical.The smart grid can promote power user role transformation, both electricity and sell electricity twofold properties;To build a family for the user electricity integrated services platform, to help users choose the way of electricity, save energy, reduce the energy expense.Produce benefitThe development of a strong smart grid, the grid function gradually extended to promote the optim al allocation of energy resources, guarantee the safe and stable operation of power system, providing multiple open power service, promote the development of strategic emerging industries, and many other aspects.As China's important energy delivery and configuration platform, strong and smart grid from the investment construction to the operation of production process will be for the national economic development, energy production and use, environmental protection bring great benefits.(1)in power system.Can save system effective capacity;Reducing the system total power generation fuel cost;Improving the efficiency of grid equipment, reduce construction investment;Ascension grid transmission efficiency, reduce the line loss.(2)in terms of power customers.Can realize the bidirectional interaction, to provide convenient services;Improving terminal energy efficiency, save power consumption;To improve power supply reliability, and improve power quality.(3) in the aspect of energy saving and environment.Can improve the efficiency of energy utilization, energy conservation and emissions reduction benefit.To promote clean energy development, realize the alternative reductionbenefits;Promote the overall utilization of land resources, saving land usage.(4) other aspects.Can promote the economic development, jobs;To ensure the safety of energy supply;Coal for power transmission and improve the efficiency of energy conversion, reducing the transportation pressure.Propulsion system(1) can effectively improve t he security of power system and power supply e of strong smart grid "self-healing" function, can accurately and quickly isolate the fault components, and in the case of less manual intervention make the system quickly returned to normal, so as to improve the security and reliability of power supply system.(2) the power grid to realize the sustainable development.Strong smart grid technology innovation can promote the power grid construction, implementation technology, equipment, operation an d management of all aspects of ascension, to adapt to the electric power market demand, promote the scientific and sustainable development of power grid.(3) reduce the effective ing the power load characteristics in different regions of the ch aracteristics of big differences through the unification of the intelligent dispatching, the peakand peak shaving, such as networking benefit;At the same time through the time-sharing electricity price mechanism, and guide customers low power, reduce the peak load, so as to reduce the effective capacity.(4) to reduce the system power generation fuel costs.Construction of strong smart grid, which can meet the intensive development of coal base, optimization of power distribution in our country, thereby red ucing fuel transportation cost;At the same time, by reducing the peak valley load difference, can improve the efficiency of thermal power unit, reduce the coal consumption, reduce the cost.(5)improve the utilization efficiency of grid equipment.First of all, by improving the power load curve, reduce the peak valley is poor, improve the utilization efficiency of grid equipment;Second, by self diagnosis, extend the life of the grid infrastructure.(6) reduce the line loss.On the important basis of uhv transmission technology of strong smart grid, will greatly reduce the loss rate in the electric power transmission;Intelligent scheduling system, flexible transmission technology and real-time two-way interaction with customers, can optimize the tide distribut ion, reducing line loss;At the same time, the construction and application of distributed power supply, also reduce the network loss of power transmission over a long distance.Allocation of resourcesEnergy resources and energy demand in the reverse distribution in our country, more than 80% of the coal, water power and wind power resource distribution in the west, north, and more than 75% of the energy demand is concentrated in the eastern and central regions.Energy resources and energy demand unbalance d distribution of basic national conditions, demand of energy needs to be implemented nationwide resource optimizing configuration.The construction of strong smart grid, for optimal allocation of energy resources provides a good platform.Strong smart grid is completed, will form a strong structure and sending by the end of the power grid power grid, power capacity significantly strengthened, and the formation of the intensity, stiffness of uhv power transmission network, realize the big water and electricit y, coal, nuclear power, large-scale renewable energy across regions, long distance, large capacity, low loss, high efficiency transport capacity significantly increased power a wide range of energy resources optimization.Energy developmentThe development and utilization of clean energy such as wind power and solar energy to produce electricity is given priority to, in the form of the construction of strong smart grid can significantly improve the grid's ability to access, given and adjust clean energy, vigorously promote the development of clean energy.(1) smart grid, the application of advanced control technology and energy storage technology, perfect the grid-connected clean energy technology standards, improve the clean energy acceptance ability.Clean energy base, (2) the smart grid, rational planning of large-scale space truss structure and sending the power structure, application of uhv, flexible transmission technology, meet the requirements of the large-scale clean energy electricitytransmission.(3) the smart grid for large-scale intermittent clean energy to carry on the reasonable and economic operation, improve the operation performance of clean energy production.(4) intelligent with electric equipment, can achieve acceptance and coordinated cont rol of distributed energy, realize the friendly interaction with the user, the user to enjoy the advantages of new energy power.Energy conservation and emissions reductionStrong smart grid construction to promote energy conservation and emissions reduc tion,development of low carbon economy is of great significance: (1) to support large-scale clean energy unit net, accelerate the development of clean energy, promote our country the optimization of energy structure adjustment;(2) to guide users reasonable arrangement of electricity, reducing peak load, stable thermal power unit output, reduce power generation coal consumption;(3) promote ultra-high voltage, flexible transmission, promotion and application of advanced technology such as economic operation, reduce the transmission loss, improve power grid operation efficiency;(4) to realize the power grid to interact with users effectively, promote intelligent power technology, improve the efficiency of electricity;(5) to promote the electric car of large-scale application, promote the development of low-carbon economy, achieve emission reduction benefits.There are three milestones of the concept of smart grid development:The first is 2006, the United States "smart grid" put forward by the IBM solution.IBM smart grid is mainly to solve, improve reliability and safety of power grid from its release in China, the construction of the smart grid operations management innovation - the new train of thought on the development of China's power "the white paper can be seen that the scheme provides a larger framework, through to the electric power production, transmission, the optimization of all aspects of retail management, for the relevant enterprises to improve operation efficiency and reliability, reduce cost dep icts a blueprint.IBM is a marketing strategy.The second is the energy plan put forward by the Obama took office, in addition to the published plan, the United States will also focus on cost $120 billion a year circuit。
外文翻译中英文对照

Strengths优势All these private sector banks hold strong position on CRM part, they have professional, dedicated and well-trained employees.所以这些私人银行在客户管理部分都持支持态度,他们拥有专业的、细致的、训练有素的员工。
Private sector banks offer a wide range of banking and financial products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels such as ATMs, Internet-banking, mobile-banking, etc. 私有银行通过许多传递通道(如自动取款机、网上银行、手机银行等)提供大范围的银行和金融产品、金融服务进行合作并向客户零售。
The area could be Investment management banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management, retail loans such as home loans, personal loans, educational loans, car loans, consumer durable loans, credit cards, etc. 涉及的领域包括投资管理银行、生命和非生命保险、风险投资与资产管理、零售贷款(如家庭贷款、个人贷款、教育贷款、汽车贷款、耐用消费品贷款、信用卡等)。
Private sector banks focus on customization of products that are designed to meet the specific needs of customers. 私人银行主要致力于为一些特殊需求的客户进行设计和产品定制。
毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定,为统一起见,特做以下要求:1、每篇字数为1500字左右,共两篇;2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本,具体字号、字体已标注。
外文翻译(包含原文)(宋体四号加粗)外文翻译一(宋体四号加粗)作者:(宋体小四号加粗)Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team,Korean Film Council(小四号)出处:(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358~P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景(标题:宋体四号加粗)1996~现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四)在过去的十年间,韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。
上个世纪60年代,韩国电影迅速崛起,然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后,韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。
在这个时期,韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长,但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。
1996年,韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。
但是到了1998年,市场占有量增长到35。
8%,到2001年更是达到了50%。
虽然从1996年开始,韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中,但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。
虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录,但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。
当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时,2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。
姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。
从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》,康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。
毕业论文 外文翻译格式

毕业论文外文翻译格式毕业论文外文翻译格式在撰写毕业论文时,外文翻译是一个重要的环节。
无论是引用外文文献还是翻译相关内容,都需要遵循一定的格式和规范。
本文将介绍一些常见的外文翻译格式,并探讨其重要性和应用。
首先,对于引用外文文献的格式,最常见的是使用APA(American Psychological Association)格式。
这种格式要求在引用外文文献时,先列出作者的姓氏和名字的首字母,然后是出版年份、文章标题、期刊名称、卷号和页码。
例如:Smith, J. D. (2010). The impact of climate change on biodiversity. Environmental Science, 15(2), 145-156.在翻译外文文献时,需要注意保持原文的准确性和完整性。
尽量避免意译或添加自己的解释,以免歪曲原文的意思。
同时,还需要在翻译后的文献后面加上“译者”和“翻译日期”的信息,以便读者可以追溯翻译的来源和时间。
其次,对于翻译相关内容的格式,可以参考国际标准组织ISO(International Organization for Standardization)的格式。
这种格式要求在翻译相关内容时,先列出原文,然后是翻译后的文本。
例如:原文:The importance of effective communication in the workplace cannot be overstated.翻译:工作场所有效沟通的重要性不容忽视。
在翻译相关内容时,需要注意保持原文的意思和语气。
尽量使用准确的词汇和语法结构,以便读者能够理解和接受翻译后的内容。
同时,还需要在翻译后的文本后面加上“翻译者”和“翻译日期”的信息,以便读者可以追溯翻译的来源和时间。
此外,对于长篇外文文献的翻译,可以考虑将其分成若干章节,并在每个章节前面加上章节标题。
这样可以使读者更容易理解和阅读翻译后的内容。
外文翻译完整版

毕业设计外文资料翻译原文题目:The Design and Retorfit of Buildings for Resistance to Blast-Induced Progressive Collapse 译文题目:建筑物的设计和改造抵抗由爆炸冲击引起的建筑物的连续倒塌院系名称:土木建筑学院专业班级:土木工程0303班学生姓名:吴建明学号:20034040332指导教师:白杨教师职称:讲师附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。
指导教师评语及成绩:签名: 2010年 4月 12日附件1:外文资料翻译译文译文标题(3号黑体,居中)×××××××××(小4号宋体,1.5倍行距)×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××…………。
(要求不少于3000汉字)建筑物的设计和改造抵抗由爆炸冲击引起的建筑物的连续倒塌1.简介在近现代史中,极端的爆炸事件推动了现有的设计方法和规范重新评估冲击荷载对建筑结构和它们的居住着的影响。
外文翻译器

外文翻译器外文翻译器外文翻译器(Machine Translation)是指使用计算机等技术对外文进行自动翻译的工具。
它利用计算机语言处理、人工智能和语言学等多个领域的知识和技术,将源语言(外文)自动转化为目标语言(母语)的过程。
外文翻译器可以帮助人们快速准确地将外文内容转化为自己熟悉的语言,提高工作效率和信息获取能力。
外文翻译器的研究和发展始于上世纪40年代,最早采用的是基于规则的翻译方法,即根据语法规则和词汇库对源语言进行分析和转换。
然而,这种方法存在很多限制,因为语法和词汇库可能无法覆盖所有的语言特点和用法,导致翻译结果不准确和不流畅。
随着计算机技术和人工智能的发展,神经网络机器翻译(Neural Network Translation)成为外文翻译器的主流方法。
这种方法利用大规模平行语料库训练神经网络模型,通过模仿人类学习语言的方式自动学习源语言和目标语言之间的映射关系。
神经网络机器翻译能够更好地处理语法结构和上下文信息,翻译结果更加准确和自然。
除了神经网络机器翻译,外文翻译器还可以采用统计机器翻译(Statistical Machine Translation)等其他方法。
统计机器翻译利用大量的双语语料进行统计分析,找到最佳的翻译候选,然后根据概率模型对其进行排序和选择。
虽然统计机器翻译在一定程度上改善了翻译质量,但由于依赖于大量的语料库,对于某些语言和领域的翻译效果仍然不理想。
当前外文翻译器的发展已经进入了深度学习时代,融合了自然语言处理、深度学习和人工智能的多种技术手段。
深度学习通过建立多层神经网络模型,能够从大规模语料中自动学习和提取特征,进一步提升了翻译质量和效率。
此外,人工智能的发展还带来了一系列辅助工具,如术语提取、句子结构分析和语音识别等,能够进一步提高翻译的准确性和流畅度。
虽然外文翻译器在很大程度上改善了翻译效率和准确性,但由于语言本身的复杂性和多义性,完全依靠机器翻译仍然存在一些局限性。
论文外文翻译指导日志

论文外文翻译指导日志
翻译要求:
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。
征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。
外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。
如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。
一般来说,翻译的标准主要有两条:忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息,也就是说,把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来,使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂,没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
外文翻译范例

外文翻译范例在全球化日益加深的今天,外文翻译的重要性愈发凸显。
无论是学术研究、商务交流,还是文化传播,准确而流畅的外文翻译都起着至关重要的桥梁作用。
下面为大家呈现几个不同领域的外文翻译范例,以帮助大家更好地理解和掌握外文翻译的技巧与要点。
一、科技文献翻译原文:The development of artificial intelligence has brought about revolutionary changes in various fields, such as healthcare, finance, and transportation译文:人工智能的发展给医疗保健、金融和交通运输等各个领域带来了革命性的变化。
在这个范例中,翻译准确地传达了原文的意思。
“artificial intelligence”被准确地翻译为“人工智能”,“revolutionary changes”翻译为“革命性的变化”,“various fields”翻译为“各个领域”,用词准确、贴切,符合科技文献严谨、客观的语言风格。
二、商务合同翻译原文:This Agreement shall commence on the effective date and shall continue in force for a period of five years, unless earlier terminated in accordance with the provisions herein译文:本协议自生效日起生效,并将持续有效五年,除非根据本协议的规定提前终止。
商务合同的翻译需要格外注重准确性和专业性。
上述译文中,“commence”翻译为“生效”,“in force”翻译为“有效”,“terminated”翻译为“终止”,清晰准确地表达了合同条款的含义,避免了可能的歧义。
三、文学作品翻译原文:The sun was setting, painting the sky with hues of orange and pink, as if nature were a master artist at work译文:太阳正在西沉,把天空涂成了橙色和粉色,仿佛大自然是一位正在创作的艺术大师。
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淮阴工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院:交通工程学院专业:车辆工程姓名:卜志全学号:3122117102外文出处:《IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics》, 2006, 21(3):567-577附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。
指导教师评语:外文资料与毕业设计选题有一定相关度,译文翻译得较通顺、流畅,但专业性略欠缺,个别用词不准。
具备了阅读和翻译一般专业科技文献的能力。
签名:2016 年03 月16 日附件1:外文资料翻译译文先进电动,混合动力和燃料电池车辆动力系统的电力电子技术集约型解决方案A Emadi,SS Williamson,A Khaligh摘要:在汽车行业的一个明显趋势:为了满足日益增长的车辆负载的要求,车辆会使用更多的电气系统。
因此,在未来的 10~20 年,汽车电力系统必然会明显经历一次显著的变化。
目前,在汽车行业中的情况是这样的,对于较高的燃油经济性和更高的电子功率的需求正推动着先进车辆电力系统的电压迈向更高的水平。
例如,总的电力需求的预期增长估计是当前值的三到四倍。
这意味着,一个典型的先进车辆的未来总电力需求可能达到 10 千瓦之高。
为了满足巨大的车辆荷载,采用的方法是把电力电子技术集约型解决方案应用于先进的汽车动力系统。
鉴于这一事实,本文旨在介绍先进的电动,混合动力和燃料电池(电动汽车,混合动力电动汽车,燃料电池汽车)车辆电力系统的目前情况,对未来预期的研究和开发工作。
本文将首先介绍了推荐的混合动力汽车和燃料电池汽车的动力系统架构,然后将详尽地讨论 DC / DC 和 DC / AC 电力电子变换器在先进的汽车动力系统的具体应用。
关键词:电力推进,电动汽车(EV ),燃料电池汽车(燃料电池汽车),混合动力电动汽车(HEV ),内燃机,电机驱动器,电源转换器,半导体器件1 引言等到新一代汽车的商业化来到的时候,先进的电力电子和电机驱动器将已经确立了自己的先进的车辆驱动系统首要组成部分。
先进的电力电子变流器和牵引电机驱动器是车辆的能源消耗的主要组成部分。
截至目前,汽车市场在混合动力电动汽车(HEV)出现的情况下正在快速的发展。
市售的混合动力电动汽车、包括丰田 Prius 、丰田Highlander 混合动力车、丰田凯美瑞混合动力车、雷克萨斯 RX400 h、本田 Insight、本田混合动力思域、本田雅阁混合动力车、以及福特 Escape 混合动力车。
在未来的混合动力汽车的背景下,控制混合动力汽车电力系统电能的流动的电力电子转换器和相关联的电动机驱动器,是保证混合动力汽车的更高燃油效率和更低有害污染物排放的关键。
众所周知,在过去前半个世纪里,汽车的 6V 电气系统承担着点火,起动,和几个比较有用的照明负载的任务。
此后,车辆动力的需求不断增加。
为了提高性能和操作效率,性能负载正在越来越多地被电驱动系统取代,像电动转向,传统上是由机械、气动驱动、液压系统进行操作的。
此外,大功率负荷也在不断增加,对电力功率提出了更高的要求。
这里必须指出的是汽车负载增加的速率是假定为每年 4%左右。
因此,这样的负载需求已导致需要扩大板载车辆功率水平。
考虑到这些方面,几十年前,电压是从早期的 6 V 的水平提高到现今的 12V 的水平,现在有一个不断增长的需求预测到未来,有必要切换到多更高的 42V 电压水平, 300V 或更高,视情况而定。
由于所生产的混合动力汽车的高电压水平,所以它必须有 DC / DC 转换器,以供给车上所有的辅助负载。
虽然 DC / DC 转换器技术在低成本的低功耗应用上比较成熟,但是对于高功率应用还有许多工作需要去做。
要满足所有车辆的电磁干扰(EMI)和电磁兼容性(EMC)以及可靠性和包装规格标准是一个巨大的挑战。
此外,电力电子变换器也决定燃料/电力何时如何在混合动力汽车使用。
合适的 DC / AC 逆变器消耗的直流功率是来自电池驱动的电气牵引电动机,而车轮消耗的功率也是来自该部分。
混合动力电动汽车的 DC / AC逆变器还具有再生制动时给电池充电的功能。
在这样的背景下,证明电力电子对 HEV 应用的关键性,本文将回顾电力电子的作用,并比较与混合动力汽车以及电动汽车(EV)和燃料电池汽车(FCV)应用相关的先进动力系统体系结构。
重点介绍电力电子集约型的混合动力汽车和燃料电池汽车动力系统的各种设计问以及目前和未来的趋势。
此外,对于推荐的 42V 电网也作重点说明,主要是对其主要功能和要求的说明。
还有,本文还将讨论轻度混合动力车辆,其中对汽车电力电子技术的重大机遇进行了概述。
最后,驱动的相关电力电子尺寸和成本函数的一些系统级的问题也将得到解决。
2 常规汽车动力系统和更多电动车辆的概念(MEV)在 20 世纪 50 年代中期,汽车工业决定选择 12V 的电源系统的车辆,因为当时流行的 6V 系统,因为不断增加的车辆负荷需求迅速成为了困扰。
在大约相同的能量等级,电池变为 6 对极板,而不是 3 对极板了。
由于安装了越来越多的电驱动装置,电气系统的需求已经从 1900 年代初期的 100Wof 升至到 20 世纪 90 年代的大约 1kw。
汽车上的传统电气系统基本上可以分为储能,发电,起动和分配的构成要素。
传统的 14V 电源系统的配电系统可以满足的车辆负载,例如,内部/外部照明,电动马达驱动风扇/泵/压缩机及仪器仪表子系统。
传统的电源系统装置具有一个单一的 14V 直流电压水平,对于车辆的负载由手动开关和继电器控制。
如前面提到的,在现在的汽车中,平均功率需求是约 1kw。
根据发电机的输出电流,电池寿命,充电状态以及各种其他次要因素,在 14 V 系统中电压实际上在电池端子是 9V 到 16 V 之间变化。
这导致在额定系统电压中高估的负载。
除了这些缺点,现在的 14V 系统不能处理介绍的未来汽车的多电力环境中的未来电力负载,因为它将是昂贵和低效的。
在更多的电动汽车(MEVs)中,有扩大电气负载和用更多的电气系统替换机械和液压系统的趋势。
这些载荷包括灯光,泵,风扇和电动马达的各种功能。
此外,它们还包括一些先进的电动助力车辆负载,如动力转向,空调/压缩机,机电阀门控制,主动悬架/车辆动力学和催化转化器。
此外,其他高级车辆荷载包括防抱死刹车,节气门驱动,行车高度调节,以及后轮转向,它们在未来都将用电驱动。
根据相关文献,未来大部分的先进的电负载都需要电力电子控制装置。
在先进的未来汽车中,电力电子预计将完成三大任务。
第一项任务是负载的简单开关,这个在传统的汽车中由机械开关和继电器进行开/关切换。
第二个任务是充当一个合适的电动牵引电机控制器。
最后,电力电子集约的动力系统,不仅可用于改变系统电压水平,而且还可使用DC / DC,DC / AC 以及 AC / DC 转换器将电力从一种形式到另一种形式。
如上面所提到的,由于日益增长的电气负载,汽车行业将选择更多的电力系统。
由于这个原因, MEVs 需要高度可靠,容错的电力系统,为电气负载从源头上提供高品质的电源。
电力分配的电压等级/形式的好与坏是非常重要的。
较高的电压将降低线束的重量和体积,还包括其他几个优点。
目前,所提出 MEVs 处于过渡阶段,涉及不同系统的电压水平。
预计未来 MEV 动力系统将最有可能由混合动力的规定(直流和交流),多电压级配电和智能能源和负荷管理的单一主电压总线(高电压)组成。
3 电动、混合动力和燃料电池汽车先进的驱动传动布置本节介绍纯电池电动汽车(EV),串/并联/串联--并联/复杂的混合动力汽车,纯燃料电池汽车/混合动力燃料电池汽车驱动系统的各种传动布置。
根据本节所做的综述,随后的部分将专注于这些先进的驱动传动系统布置的电力电子功率集约型系统架构。
3.1电池电动汽车(EV)的驱动传动系统拓扑纯电力驱动系统用一个全电气系统主要取代内燃机(ICE)和各种传输系统。
如众所周知的,可再充电化学电池是电动汽车的传统能量源。
但对于该电池的有限寿命,它们往往是太重和昂贵。
除了传统的电池像铅酸,镍金属氢化物(Ni-MH),镍镉(Ni-Cd)的,也有先进的技术,如锂聚合物(锂聚合物)和锂离子(Li-离子)电池。
尽管这些先进的电池已经获得了便携式电子应用的声望,但他们还没有在电动车使用中获得相同的荣誉。
最实用的电动车仍然使用铅酸电池,更尖端的汽车使用 Ni-MH 电池。
最近,汽车行业正在削减电动车的生产,并已宣布混合动力电动汽车和燃料电池汽车是先进汽车技术的未来。
由于目前该电动汽车的电池模块要生产非常小体积的电池的事实,纯电动汽车成本显著超过内燃机汽车。
较高的车辆价格被电池的电气燃油成本是汽油动力汽车约三分之一所部分抵消。
此外,纯电动汽车的运动部件比汽油车少,因此,只需要较少的维护。
电池电动汽车的未来是在这个时候不太确定,但其发展对推进混合动力车和燃料电池汽车都需要的先进电动驱动传动系统和存储技术做出了重要贡献。
如果电池技术出现进一步的突破,那么纯电动汽车仍是清洁交通的未来。
3.2串联式 HEV 驱动传动系统拓扑串联式混合动力汽车,基本上是一种用车载电池充电器的电动汽车。
ICE 通常在最佳效率点运行,以驱动发电机和充电推进。
当电池的充电状态(SOC)的状态是在预定的最低限度,在 ICE 开启给电池充电。
当电池达到一个理想的最大 SOC 时,ICE 再次关闭。
发动机/发电机组维持电池的电量约 65%-75%。
必须指出的是,在串联式混合动力汽车中,有在 ICE 和底盘之间没有机械连接。
串联混合动力汽车的配置的优点是, ICE 大部分在其速度和扭矩的最佳组合中运行,从而具有低燃料消耗和高效率。
然而,在能量的转化过程中有两个能量转换级,ICE 和车轮(ICE/发电机和发电机/电动机)之间。
在两级功率转换过程中有一些能量损失。
串联式混合动力汽车更适合在城市中行驶。
3.3并联混合动力汽车驱动传动系统拓扑平行配置的混合动力车辆具有 ICE 和牵引电动机机械地连接到变速器。
车辆可用ICE 单独驱动,也可用电动机驱动,或两者同时驱动,因此,它可以在任何给定时间选择自由组合满足所需扭矩。
并联混合动力汽车中,有许多方法来配置 ICE 和牵引电动机的使用。
最广泛使用的策略是低速时单独使用电机,因为它在低速时比 ICE 更有效,然后高速时单独使用 ICE。
当只有 ICE 在驱动时,牵引电动机可以用作发电机给电池充电。
并联式混合动力汽车也可以有无级变速器代替有极变速器(CVT)。
利用这种技术,在自由给定和不断变化的转矩需求的情况下,它是可以选择 ICE 的最有效的运行点。
因为内在的更有效的燃料使用量,结果是较低的燃料消耗。
能量也可由再生制动回收。
并联式混合动力汽车配置的优点在于,与串联式混合动力汽车相比它有较少的能量转换阶段,因此,能量也就相对较少的损失。