英语论文英文文献中introduction的写法
如何写英文论文-How-ti-write-Introduction
How to write the IntroductionThe introduction is certainly the most read section of any research paper, and it largely determines the readers or reviewers attitude toward the work. Therefore, it is probably the most delicate part of the writing of a paper. Unfortunately, many people face difficulties when writing the introduction.The purpose of an introduction is to present the motivation behind the research, with the intention of defending it. An introduction also places your paper in a theoretical context and helps the reader to clearly understand your objectives. In addition, the introduction should grab the reader's attention completely. Below, we discuss the major components that should be included in an ideal introduction.Part I ComponentsI. Theme or TopicA broad theme or topic of the study should be stated.II. Academic ImportanceThe academic importance of the paper should be explained.III. Literature ReviewThe available literature should be summarized and previous studies that are most relevant to your research should be cited. In addition, if a previous study is replicated, it should be clearly stated along with an in-text citation.IV. Knowledge GapA discussion of the knowledge gap and inconsistencies found should follow the literature, and the benefits of the study's main contribution should be highlighted.V. Research question and objectivesA clear indication of the research question addressed in the study, specific objectives that guide your research, the context in which the study was conducted, and the units of analysis used in the study should be provided in the introduction.Part II Effective ways of writing each componentThe different parts of the introduction are elaborated in this section. Including these steps will help you to write an effective introduction to your paper.I. Theme or TopicBegin your introduction by clearly identifying your subject area. An overview introduction of the broad theme or topic of your research will help readers to clearly understand your research domain immediately. In the first few sentences of the introduction, use keywords from your title to focus directly on your topic. This places immediate focus on your subject without discussing information that is too general.It is unnecessary for you to give the details of the research questions because details will be presented at the end of the literature review chapter or at the beginning of the methodology chapter.Since your paper will also be read by people outside the domain, writing the paper in a simple, yet effective way is essential for people to understand the relevance of your research. In addition, it is important that you introduce the broad theme or topic of your research in the introduction for the reader to totally understand what the research is about. To achieve this, the following points must be followed.--Avoid the use of technical jargons in the introduction--Do not begin the introduction with the research question or hypothesis.--Define technical terms and constructs (concepts)You may use the following sentence structures to arouse the reader’s interest in the topic of the thesis.--One of the most essential current discussions in Electrical Engineering is.--It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the X,Y, and Z problem.--X is the leading cause of color break up in Liquid Crystal Displays.--In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for .-- In the history of Y, X has been thought of as a key factor in ..Or, You May Begin by Emphasizing Time--In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ...--Recent developments in the field of x have led to a renewed interest in ...--Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ...--The past decade has seen the rapid development of x in many ...II. Academic ImportanceIn this part, you should answer the question: Why your study is worth undertaking. Usually the reasons can be explained in terms of practical and theoretical importance. A paper’s academic value can be determined by the lack of the previous research on the topic, and by highlighting the gaps and inconsistencies in the literature. However, in this part , you need not write a comprehensive review of the field. You may refer to one or more previous studies that motivated you to choose this research topic. More references will be introduced in the literature review part.--Numerous studies have attempted to explain . . . (e.g., Smith, 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002).--Recent evidence suggests that ... (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999; Johnson, 2001).--Surveys such as those conducted by Smith (1988) show that...--Several attempts have been made to . . . (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999;Johnson, 2001).III. Literature ReviewA summary of the available literature should be concise and should mostly include recent studies that are directly related to the research. In addition, some studies that should be included must be from the recent past (i.e., studies from the last five years). If the research is a replication of a previous study, a brief introduction to that study along with the citation should be mentioned in this section.A literature review forms the theoretical basis of an article and discusses published information in a particular field. It can be just a summary of the sources, but it usually is an organizational pattern and analysis, and synthesis, i.e., a recap, evaluation. and reorganization of information. Generally, a literature review provides a new interpretation of past studies, combines new interpretations with previous interpretations, or traces the intellectual progression of the field. This can relate the study to previous studies in the field. A literature reviews can be written to provide a theoretical framework and rationale for a research.There are four questions that researchers need to examine when writing a literature review.--Which aspects should be included in a literature review?--How should the information be synthesized in a literature review?--How should the literature review be structured?--What writing style should be used when writing a literature review?1) Which Aspects Should Be Included in a Literature Review?An effective literature review should always include the following components:--A brief discussion of where and how the study or research conforms to the broaderview of the field.--A definition of all the key concepts and constructs used in the paper.--A discussion that focuses and synthesizes previous relevant research findings.--A summary of the existing approaches explaining how previous research-measures constructs the current study measures.--A theoretical support for the hypotheses to be tested.Reviewers will look for these five aspects in the literature review. However, these aspects should not be used as main headings.2) How Should the Information in a Literature Review Be Synthesized?Since a literature review is not a chronological summary of the paper, it is necessary to synthesize existing knowledge. This should be done without plagiarizing or paraphrasing previous studies. This section elaborates on how to synthesize three types of information, namely definitions, lists of attributes or factors, and opposing viewpoints.DefinitionsAll concepts or constructs and technical terms need to be defined in the literature. It is best to define the concept or term immediately after its first mention in the paper. However, these definitions should not be borrowed from previous research; rather a reviewed definition should be provided.General Keyword Meanings/Application of Meanings--The term X has come to refer to...--The term X is generally understood to mean.--The term X has been applied to situations where students .--In broad biological terms, x can be defined as any stimulus that is--While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paperuses the definition first suggested by Thomas (1998), who saw it as...--Throughout this paper, the term X refers to...--This article uses the acronym/abbreviation XYZ.In a formal sentence definition, the term being defined is first assigned to a class or group to which it belongs and then distinguished from other terms in the class.-- A star is a celestial body that shines by itself and whose source of energy is nuclear fusion occurring in its core.-- A solar cell is a device which converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy.--Ecology is a scientific study that is concerned with the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment.Attributes or FactorsGenerally, authors list the different attributes, factors,elements, or issues when discussing a similar topic. These factorssuggest the effectiveness of a particular method or technique.However, these attributes or factors should not be merely listed inthe literature review. Instead, a summary of these factors should beincluded in the literature review.--There are three reasons why language research has become soimportant. These are…--There are generally two outcomes when a patient undergoes X. Theseare…--The disadvantages of the new approach can be discussed under threeheadings, which are…-- Martinez and Rodriguez (1999) listed X,Y and Z as the major causesof infant mortality.--Jamison (2008) suggested three conditions for its acceptance. First,X should be …second, it needs to be…Third, …Opposing ViewpointsSeveral authors studying a similar problem may have opposingviewpoints. A discussion of different viewpoints can help the readers to understandthe current knowledge better.Here is a list of sentence structures used to present differentviewpoints.--However, Smith makes no attempt to differentiate between varianttypes of X.--Jones fails to fully acknowledge the significance of...--The paper appears to be over ambitious in its claims of.. .heauthor overlooks the fact that X contributes to Y.--what Smith fails to do is to draw a distinction between.. .--Smith's paper would have been more convincing if he had included…--Her conclusions would have been much more interesting if she had adopted…--The findings might have been fa more original if the author had used…--One question that needs to be asked, however is whether…--. A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that…--Smith's argument relies heavily on the qualitative analysis of...-- It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.3) How Should the Literature Review Be Structured?To write an effective literature review, following a logical structure is crucial. That is, the different sections and subsections of the literature review should be linked. A few points that would help in better structuring the review are listed below.--Place the specific topic being discussed in a relevant, yet broader context and then focus the discussion on more specific issues.--The headings should be brief and should give a detailed overview of the review. One -word titles should be avoided.--Use relevant diagrams and discuss the comparison between several constructs crucial to the research.--Define the technical terms and concepts clearly.--The text provided should be relevant to the headings under which they are provided.--Provide a brief motivation for the hypotheses of the research.4) What Writing Style Should Be Used when Writing a Literature Review?Literature reviews should generally be easy to read and understand. Simply put, a literature review should be clear for a non-academic person.Try not to use technical jargons, unfamiliar terms and phrases, and undefined technical abbreviations. In addition, having a clear and concise flow in the literature can help readers understand the entire process of the research.5) General Keyword Meanings/Application of Meanings--The term X has come to refer to...--The term X is generally understood to mean.--The term X has been applied to situations where students .--In broad biological terms, x can be defined as any stimulus that isIV. Knowledge GapSince a research aims at expanding the knowledge on a specific topic, a research should also address specific knowledge gaps, inconsistencies and controversies in the literature. In addition, the main contribution of the study should be mentioned in this component, which will contribute to motivate the importance of the study.To define your research or study, you need to find a conflict, a question, an untested population, or an untried method in the existing research of the field you study.--However, a major problem with this type of application is...--To date, there has been little agreement on what . . .--More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about...--There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ...--Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks.--One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in..--In many Xs, a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ...--So far, however, there has been little discussion about.--However, far too little attention has been paid to…--So far, this method has only been applied to...--Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones,2003), but there is still insufficient data for ...--However, there have been no controlled studies that compare differences in...--One question that needs to be asked, however is whether…-- A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that…-- It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.V. Research question and objectivesThis part is usually placed near the end of the introduction. Briefly describe your study (hypothesis or research question), general experimental design or method, and reasons for using this method if there are alternatives. There are two main parts in this section.1)Be sure to state clearly the purpose or hypothesis that you areinvestigatingIf you’re a new writer, you can use a standard statement, such as “The purpose of this study is to...”or “This study investigates three possible mechanisms to explain the...”as a statement of purpose. Of course, we have more ways to express the focus and aim of the thesis.--This paper focuses on/examines/assesses .--This paper seeks to address the following questions..--The purpose of this paper is to review recent research on the e:--This paper reviews the research conducted on...--The aim of this paper is to determine/examine .I--The aim of this study is to evaluate and validate ...2)Provide a Reason for Your Approach to the Problem StudiedBriefly write how you approached the problem. If you use a new technique or methodology, the introduction should present the advantages of this new approach, compared with previously used methods. This will usually follow your statement of purpose in the last paragraph of the introduction. Do not discuss the actual techniques or protocols used in your study in the introduction. You can provide the details in the methods section .--This study uses the semi-structured approach because ...--Smith et al. (1994) identified several advantages of...--The best method to adopt for this investigation is to...--A case study approach allows...--The questionnaire design is based on...--The X method is one of the more practical ways to...This component should clearly indicate--The research question addressed in the paper;--The specific research objectives that guide the research;--The context in which the study was conducted;--The units of analysis used in the paper.VI. Outlined StructureThis component should only include a brief outline of the flow of the entire paperTo sum up this chapter, the introduction to a research paper should provide the Motivation, Literature Review, Knowledge Gap, and Research Question. Writing the introduction based on these points help ease this otherwise complex task. Similar to the abstract, the introduction is best written toward the end of the writing process. This may help in summarizing the entire paper effectively.Task : Rearrange the following sentences to make into a coherent introductionThe Position of Sentence Connectors in Academic Englishc. B. Feak and J. M. SwalesIntroduction1) ESL writing textbooks have for many years regularly included chapters on sentence connectors (e.g., Herbert, 1965).2) Many commentators have noted that sentence connectors (e.g., however) are an important and useful element in expository and argumentative writing.3) Most reference grammars deal with their grammatical status, classification, meaning, and use.4) However, neither of these studies provides any descriptive evidence of the actual positions of sentence connectors in academic texts.5) Some attention has also been given to the position of sentence connectors in clauses and sentences.6) Quirk and Greenbaum (1973) observe (a) that the normal position is initial; (b) that certain connectors, such as hence and overall " are restricted, or virtually restricted, to initial position"; and (c) that medial positions are rare for most connectors, and final positions even rarer.7) The only attempt known to us to explain differences in position on semantic grounds is an unpublished paper by Salera (1976) discussed in Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1983).8) In the present paper, we report on a preliminary study of sentence connector position in a sample of twelve published articles.9) Frequency studies of their occurrence in academic English extend at least as far back as Huddleston (1971).10) The Salera paper deals only with adversatives like however and suggests that initial position reflects something contrary to expectation, while medial position reflects a contrast that is not necessarily unexpected.Part III. Tenses in the IntroductionStage 1: Current KnowledgeUse the present tense when stating or reporting established facts:--Fine motor skills require integrating muscular, skeletal, and neurological functions.When reporting findings from multiple previous studies, use the present perfect tense:--Previous studies have indicated the need to further examine X.Stage 2: Literature Review1) Use the present tense when reporting established facts:--The salt in most oceans is approximately 97% sodium chloride (Ritchie, 199).2) when referring to a single, previous study, use the past tense:--Kurtz (2008) found that instructors allocated equal time to each group.Note that the above sentence has two verbs. The first verb, found, describes what Kurtz did in this 2008 study. The second verb, “alloated,” is in the past tense because it describes what the instructors in this study did at the time the research was conducted. If this verb (called a verb complement were written in the present tense, the statement would be expressing a fact that is true for all instructors everywhere. Consider the next sentence and note the tense of the second verb:--Baggio and Klinsmann (1994) revealed that DNA polymerase performs a vital function in DNA replication in animal cells.In this example, the first verb is written in the past tense, again to explain what this study did. However, the verb complement (the second verb in the sentence) is written in the present tense because the finding of this study was established as a fact and, therefore, true for everyone everywhere.3) Use the present perfec t tense when reporting findings from multiple previous studies:--Several researchers have studied the relationship between classroom lighting and standardized test performance (Jens, 2006;6Kiby et al, 2008; Miner, 2009).Note how the different verb tenses used in the following three sentences slightly change the meanings:--Owen and Shearer (2002) discovered that memory load affects brain activity.--Owen and Shearer (2002) discovered that memory load affected brain activity.--Owen and Shearer (2002) suggested that memory load may affect brain activity.The first sentence uses the present tense affects" to claim this study's finding as a fact. The second sentence uses the past tense to report the finding as being limited to the circumstances of the involved study, and the third sentence uses both a tentative verb “suggested” and a modal verb “may” to describe the implications of the finding.Stage 3: Knowledge Gap1) Repor t facts and currently accepted methods using the present tense:--Little information is available on the risks and benefits of X vs. Y.2) Refer to multiple previous studies using the present perfect tense.--However, few studies have reported the effects of antioxidant seeds on the endocrine system.Stage 4: Problem Statement1) Use the present tense when writing report-focused statements:--The aim of this paper is to determine the principal mechanical parameters of thin film deposited on a circular glass substrate.2) When writing research-focused statements (referring to your own study), use the past tense:--The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a genetic correlation exists between performance levels at high and low temperatures.Stage 5: Rationale for Study (optional)When expressing expected outcomes or offering future recommendations, use the present tense with conditional modal verbs(such as could, may, and might):--This research may provide an alternative to the common field measurement of soil erosion and runoff.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
引言英文作文格式模板范文
引言英文作文格式模板范文英文：Introduction is an essential part of an essay, which serves as a hook to grab readers' attention and provide a brief overview of the topic. In this article, I will discuss the format, template, and example of anintroduction in English writing.The format of an introduction usually consists of three parts: the hook, the background, and the thesis statement. The hook is the first sentence that aims to engage readers and make them interested in the topic. It can be a quote, a question, a statistic, or a story. The background provides context and background information about the topic, which helps readers understand the significance and relevance of the issue. The thesis statement is the main argument or point that the essay will make, which should be clear, concise, and specific.The template of an introduction can be as follows:Hook: A sentence or two that grabs readers' attention and makes them interested in the topic.Background: A paragraph that provides context and background information about the topic.Thesis statement: A sentence that states the main argument or point of the essay.For example, let's say the topic is about the benefits of exercise. The introduction can be:Hook: Did you know that regular exercise can improve your physical and mental health?Background: Exercise has been proven to have numerous benefits, such as reducing the risk of chronic diseases, improving mood and cognitive function, and enhancing overall well-being.Thesis statement: Therefore, incorporating exerciseinto our daily routine is essential for maintaining a healthy and happy lifestyle.中文：引言是文章的重要组成部分，它作为一个钩子来吸引读者的注意力，并提供关于主题的简要概述。
英文学术论文Introduction部分的写作方法
Sub-moves 1) Indicate a gap 2) Identify a problem 3) Extend previous knowledge
Moves 3 Occupy the niche
Note: 1) the word “outline” means that the content in that sub-move is very brief, no details 2) RQs are not necessary sometimes
Sub-moves 1) Outline aim, purpose 2) Specify RQs 3) Outline the theoretical perspectives 4) Describe methodology & design 5) Indicate scope/delimitation 6) explain contribution and vzation of the thesis
But in the introduction chapter of the dissertation, we usually use the following subtitles, altogether three, namely: 1) Background of the study (corresponding with Moves 1 and 2) 2) Aim and significance of the study (corresponding with Move 3.1---3.6) 3) Organization of the dissertation (corresponding with Move 3.7)
英文科技学术论文Introduction写法
大多数英文科技学术论文都可以使用一种所谓Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion (IMRAD) 的形式，如下图的沙漏所示，先由普遍到具体问题，再由具体到普遍结论。
这里先总结Introduction的写法和注意事项。
与中文论文“简短”的“概述”(或“前言”)不一样，英文的Introduction内容通常较长。
好的论文在Introduction部分很见功底，文献的阅读量、信息综合能力，可以给读者很多的信息量，因此写好它容不得半点马虎。
Introduction(说明综述)部分的内容通常用来为作者创造一个研究空间。
先介绍目前的研究现状，然后指出存在的不足或尚没有解决的问题，最后再介绍“存在的问题”是“如何”被作者的研究所解决。
因此，Introduction可以由这“三波”或者说“三部分”来组成。
具体而言，这“三波”如此展开：第一波：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性先通过陈述表明所要研究问题的重要性——当然这部分内容不是必须，并介绍此领域的研究现状，具体可参考文献综述引用。
研究问题要与自己的研究内容高度相关，时态一般可用一般现在时，并通过很确定的语气和具体的形容词来强调研究的重要生。
The flow of foams is seen in many process, and its use in major industries means that an understanding of foam rheology is of paramount importance.第二波：强调有必要解决存在的问题指出该研究目前存在的问题，可以通过提问的方式或者通过某种方式扩展此领域已有知识和结论。
这一波非常重要，只有指出存在的问题或尚待解决的问题，才能突显出自己的研究价值。
在这一部分的写作时，一般通过转折词来表示过渡，并在指出问题时使用负面的词汇。
… ; however, the relationship between emergence and soil temperature has not been investigated previously…In contrast to the extensive literature describing ….., little attention has been paid to…第三波：介绍作者自己的研究内容介绍作者的研究目的和大致的研究内容。
科学引文索引(SCI)论文的引言(Introduction)怎么写
科学引文索引（SCI）论文的引言（Introduction）怎么写大部分回答都说错了，或者他们根本没有写过够多的文章，正确的introduction，必须为文章的result和discussion部分服务，不能为了综述而综述。
正确的文章的写作顺序应该是，先写experiment和result，这些是你拥有的fact。
比如合成了什么材料，做了什么表征，已经这个材料的性能测试等等。
这是文章核心的价值和必须要清晰的传达的science。
然后基于这些fact去写discussion，主要是结合文献讨论这些fact，讲出文章的亮点。
如果合成本身是亮点，那discussion部分去讲述表征结果证明了材料是其中一种结构，文献用类似合成方法得到过类似结构，但是我们改良的方法可控性更好，或者类似结构之前都用其他方法合成，而我们用了成本更低的新方法等等。
如果性能是亮点，那discussion就去写，我们合成的材料比传统材料在方面性能提升了XX倍，然后结合文献或者用其他实验讨论一下造成性能提升的原因。
这时候才到写introduction的时候，introduction必须要对照着discussion的逻辑去写。
比如discussion说合成材料的方法是亮点，那introduction写该材料被用于ABCD等等领域，很屌，现在主流合成方法，但该方法存在1234条不足，我们的新合成方法可以用于解决这些不足，然后概述一下文章内容就ok了。
同理，如果性能是亮点，那introduction应该是，反应或者应用很屌，很多公司甚至很多国家都很重视该应用，现有用于该应用的材料为，性能为如何如何，同时有1234条不足，我们对该材料进行改良，性能提升了XX倍，同时解决了现有材料的不足。
如果不这么写，只是把introduction当做泛泛的短review，文章很容易逻辑很别扭，经常会出现introduction说方法存在问题，然后文章内容是应用该方法去做研究，而不去解决问题。
introduction句式
introduction句式"Introduction句式"通常是指在写作中引入主题或开始一段论述时使用的句子结构。
以下是一些常见的introduction句式：1. 直接陈述法：直接明确地提出文章的主题或论点，如"The topic of this essay is the impact of technology on modern society."2. 引用法：引用著名人物的言论或者相关的统计数据来引出主题，如"According to a recent study by UNESCO, approximately 250 million children worldwide are not enrolled in school, highlighting the pressing issue of education inequality."3. 设问法：通过提问来引导读者思考并引出主题，如"Have you ever wondered how our daily choices affect the environment? This essay explores the significance of adopting sustainable lifestyles."4. 类比法：使用类比或比喻来帮助读者理解主题，如"Just as a tree needs strong roots to grow tall and sturdy, a successful business requires a solid foundation of strategic planning and effective management."5. 描述法：通过描述一个场景、事件或情况来引出主题，如"In thebustling streets of New York City, amidst the noise and chaos, stands a symbol of freedom and hope: the Statue of Liberty, which embodies the values that this essay will delve into."以上就是一些常见的introduction句式，具体使用哪种句式取决于你的写作目标和主题内容。
英文科技学术论文Introduction
大多数英文科技学术论文都可以使用一种所谓 Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion (IMRAD) 的形式，如下图的沙漏所示，先由普遍到具体问题，再由具体到普遍结论。
这里先总结Introduction的写法和注意事项与中文论文“简短”的“概述”(或“前言”)不一样，英文的Introduction内容通常较长。
好的论文在Introduction部分很见功底，文献的阅读量、信息综合能力，可以给读者很多的信息量，因此写好它容不得半点马虎。
Introduction(说明综述)部分的内容通常用来为作者创造一个研究空间。
先介绍目前的研究现状，然后指出存在的不足或尚没有解决的问题，最后再介绍“存在的问题”是“如何”被作者的研究所解决。
因此，Introduction可以由这“三波”或者说“三部分”来组成。
第一波：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性先通过陈述表明所要研究问题的重要性——当然这部分内容不是必须，并介绍此领域的研究现状，具体可参考文献综述引用。
研究问题要与自己的研究内容高度相关，时态一般可用一般现在时，并通过很确定的语气和具体的形容词来强调研究的重要生。
The flow of foams is seen in many process, and its use in major industries means that an understan ding of foam rheology is of paramount importance.第二波：强调有必要解决存在的问题指出该研究目前存在的问题，可以通过提问的方式或者通过某种方式扩展此领域已有知识和结论。
这一波非常重要，只有指出存在的问题或尚待解决的问题，才能突显出自己的研究价值。
在这一部分的写作时，一般通过转折词来表示过渡，并在指出问题时使用负面的词汇。
… however, the relationship between emergence and soil temperature has not been investigated p reviously…In contrast to the extensive literature describing ….., little attention has been paid to…第三波：介绍作者自己的研究内容介绍作者的研究目的和大致的研究内容。
如何写英语毕业论文引言部分
Writing an IntroductionElements of the introduction:1.General statements about a field of research, to provide the reader with a setting or context forthe problem to be reported and to claim its importance.2.More specific statements about the aspects of the problem already studied by otherresearchers, laying a foundation of information already known.3.Statements that indicate the need for more investigation, creating a gap for the present study.4.V ery specific statements giving the purpose/objectives of the writer‟s study or outlining itsmain task.5.Optional statements that give a positive value or justification for carrying out the study.6.Statements that describe the structure or organization of the thesis.Organization1.Introduction1.1Background of the study (Setting: 1, 2)Recently, there has been wide interest in …The effect of … has been studied extensively in recent years.1.2Literature Review (3) (if put in Part II, use Purpose and Significance/Implication of thestudy)Most studies have ….Much research has been done on …. Bachman (1990) showed that validity is an important aspect of writing language tests. …However, …/ Although many studies have been done on X, …1.3Purpose of the study (4, 5)The purpose of this thesis is to analyze/investigate/explore/examine, etc.This thesis + describes/presents + the result of ….This thesis will discuss/deal with ….Significance or value:The study may provide an alternative ….The analysis may provide new insights into the teaching of literature in China.1.4Structure of the thesis (6)The thesis contains four parts: Part 1 …. Part 2 is …. Part 3 …. Part 4 …. (Please refer to your outline.)For example:Using Microcomputers in TeachingDuring the past 40 years, the United States has experienced the integration of the computer into life of people. Progress has been made to the point that small, inexpensive computers areavailable for innumerable uses. Many schools have purchased and are purchasing microcomputers for infusion into their directed learning programs.Most individuals seem to agree that the microcomputers will continue to play an important role in education. Gubser (1980) and Hinton (1980) suggested increases in the numbers of computers both in schools and home in the near future. Schmidt (1982) identified three types of microcomputer use in classroom: the object of a course, a support tool, and a means of providing instruction. Foster and Kleene (1982) cite uses of microcomputers in agriculture: drill and practice, simulation and problem solving. The findings of studies examining the use of various forms of computer-assisted instruction have mixed. Studies by Hickey (1968) indicated superior result, but studies by other researchers indicated little or no significant effect. Although much work to analyze data has been done, more studies need to be conducted to ascertain the effects of microcomputer-assisted instruction in teaching various subjects in a variety of learning situations.The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of using microcomputer-assisted instruction as compared to a lecture-discussion technique in teaching principles and methods of language acquirement in EFL context to senior students of Education. This topic was identified as being of importance to teachers in providing them the necessary background to teach lessons in this field.The thesis consists of 4 parts. Part 1 is the introduction, which informs the readers of the background and the purpose of the study as well as the organization of the thesis. Part 2 is the literature review, presenting studies done by other scholars both home and abroad. Part III is the core of the thesis, which describes the analysis of the text conducted by the author. Part IV concludes the thesis by discussing the significance of the study and some limitations.1) The beginning sentence(s) (research field/territory)The increasing interest in … has heightened the need for …Of particular interest and complexity are …Recently, there has been a spate of interest in how to …In recent years, applied researchers have become increasingly interested in …The possibility … has generated interest in …Recently, there has been wide interest in …The explication of the r elationship between … is a classic problem of …The well-known … phenomena … have been favorite topics for analysis both in …Knowledge of … has a great importance for …The study of … has become an important aspect of …The theory that … has led to the hope that …The effect of … has been studied extensively in recent years.Many investigators have recently turned to …The relationship between … has been studied by many authors.A central issue in … is the validity.2) Current state (more specific research topic)There is now much evidence to support the hypothesis that …The … properties of … are still not completely understood.A standard procedure for assessing has been …Education core courses are often criticized for …… is a common finding in patients with …An elaborate system of … is found in the …English is rich in related words exhibiting “stress shifts”.There are many situations where …3) Previous relevant research (some major ones)To relate what has been found (or claimed) to who has found it (or claimed it);To provide a specification (in varying degrees of detail) of previous findings, an attribution to the research workers who published those results, and a stance towards the findings themselves. Citation:Types: integral and non-integral: depending on the surface featuresIntegral citation:the name of the researcher occurs in the actual citing sentence as some sentence-element: a subject, passive agent, part of a possessive noun phrase, or an adjunct of reportingFor example:Bachman (1990) showed that validity is an important aspect of writing language tests.Validity as one important aspect of writing language tests was established by Bachman (1990). Bachman‟s theory (1990) claims that …Bachman‟s (1990) theory of language testing ha s general support.According to Bachman (1990), validity …. (adjunct of reporting)Non-integral citation: the name of the research either in parenthesis or elsewhere by a superscript number, or via some other deviceFor example:Previous research has sh own that … (Bachman, 1990).It has been shown that … (Bachman, 1990).It has been established that … 1-3Validity might be an important aspect … (Bachman, 1990).Validity may be an … (but cf. Ellis, 1989).4) Point out the gap—not treated in the previous studies but are very important aspects,including:--- the important aspect that lacked adequate study or that didn‟t draw much attention from other researchers.--- The problem already studied but still unsolved, or with a different opinion or opposite view.---The problem raised by someone but never studied, so the need for further, more profound study.Write just one or two sentences.Use proper signal words to draw readers‟ attention: however, but, few, little, no, unknown, untreated, unavailable, etc.However/But + gap (inadequately studied part) + the research topic of the present studyHowever, no research has been conducted on …But few studies have been done on ….V ery little is known about the impact of microcomputers in the education to disable peopleAlthough, while: little, no, few, many, much, some, etc. used in the main clause.Although/While + Previous work + Gap topic (study not conducted yet)Although some information is available on X, …Although many studies have been done on X, …While much research has been conducted on X, little knowledge is available on Y.5) Purpose of the thesis or studyThis thesis + describes/presents + the result of surveys and interviews conducted in Xinjiang todetermine the distribution of underground water in that area.This paper + will discuss/deal with + the operation of an automatic measurement systemappropriate for laboratory demonstration.Research orientation (investigation, study, experiment, etc.): past or present + research question The purpose of this research/investigation/study/experiment was toReport orientationThe purpose of this study +was+ to investigate the effect on computer-assisted instruction toeducation of the disabled people.The purpose of this investigation was to …The purpose of this report/thesis is to determine whether an automatic measurement system can be applied to population investigation.Significance of the study(1)Comment on the benefits or effects produced from the application of the findings in actualpractice. For example:The study may provide an alternative to the problem of shortage of entertainment facilities in this newly built community.The result of this research could be useful to authorities and educators responsible for planning course of secondary education.(2)Comment on the theoretical implication and significance. For example:Both of the factors under investigation in this study may be of importance in exploring the occurrence of SARS in this season.Results of this study may suggest a need for further research into the impact of psychological factors on this disease.6) The structure or the content of the remainder of the thesis at the end of the introduction.Eg. I have organized the rest of this thesis in the following way …This thesis is structured as follows…The remainder of this thesis is divided into five sections. Section II describes …For exampleThe impact of studying in a second language (L2) medium universityon the development of L2 writingNeomy StorchIntroductionIn the past decade, Australian universities have experienced an exponential growth in the number of internationalstudents. For example, in 2006 the University of Melbourne reported an 88% growth in its international student enrolments since 2000. A report by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs shows that international education is now Australia‟s third largest export industry (Australian Education International, 2008). Most of the international students come from Asia, from countries such as China, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam. In response to the growing number of international students and their perceived needs, universities throughout Australia have developed a range of language and academic support programs (see Melles, Millar, Morton, & Fegan, 2005). For example, the university in which this study was conducted offers a free-of-charge diagnostic test to incoming international students. The test results are used to generate recommendations regarding the type of language support, if any, the student is likely to need. A range of support options is available: English for Academic Purposes (EAP) credit subjects, non-credit-bearing workshops and short courses, as well as individual consultations with language tutors who offer an editing type of service. However, neither the test nor the recommended support options are mandatory, and indeed many students do not follow the recommendations because of timetabling constraints (on enrolling in an EAP subject concurrently) and a perceived lack of time to attend workshops and consultations (see Storch & Hill, 2008). Other studies (e.g., Hirsch, 2007) also report low uptake of support options for similar reasons.One of the assumed advantages of studying in an Australian university is that this immersion experience integrated with formal study will lead to improved English language skills. This is a reasonable expectation. Living and studying in the second language (L2) environment provides learners with exposure to rich and authentic language input and with opportunities to produce extensive and meaningful language output. In theories of second language acquisition, exposure to such input (Gass, 2003; Krashen, 1985) and practice in producing language (Swain, 1985; Swain & Lapkin, 1995) are generally accepted as essential conditions for successful second language acquisition. However, output practice is now regarded as more important than input (e.g., Ellis, 2003), particularly for the development of productive skills such as writing (DeKeyser, 1997). Researc hers building on Swain‟s work (e.g., Cumming, 1990; Muranoi, 2007) have argued that the need to produce language pushes learners to process language syntactically; that is, pay attention to the means of expression necessary to convey their intended meaning. For example, Cumming (1990, p. 483) writes: ……Composition writing elicits an attention to form-meaning relations that may prompt learners to refine their linguistic expression – and hence their control over their linguistic knowledge.‟‟However, findings from empirical research on the impact of living and studying in the L2environment on students‟L2 skills are mixed (see reviews in DeKeyser, 2007b; Freed, 1995), depending largely on how progress is measured. Moreover, where improvement in L2 is reported, it is mainly in speaking skills and for programs longer than one semester. DeKeyser (2007b) notes that research on the effects of study abroad on L2 listening, reading and writing skills is extremely scarce.Studies which have investigated the effects of in-country intensive EAP courses that prepare students for further study or for proficiency tests such as the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) have also produced somewhat mixed results. These studies have tended, in the main, to exam ine the effects of the courses on learners‟ overall L2 proficiency. For example, studies by Read and Hayes (2003) in New Zealand and by Green andWeir (2003) in the United Kingdom reported marginal improvements in English language proficiency following intensive IELTS preparation and EAP courses. In contrast, Elder and O‟Loughlin (2003), in a study conducted in New Zealand and Australia, reported a half band improvement on IELTS following intensive EAP courses. Elder and O‟Loughlin also noted that improvement was greatest on the listening subtest and evident in average gains for the entire cohort but that individual performances varied considerably.Shaw and Liu‟s (1998) study, unlike the studies discussed above, investigated developments in learners‟ L2 writ ing skills. The researchers compared learners‟ writing in terms of a large number of linguistic features before and after a full-time preparatory EAP course (2 – 3 months long) in the United Kingdom. They reported that, although the learners‟ writing showe d no significant changes in linguistic accuracy or complexity,1 the writing did become more formal, employing language associated with written rather than spoken language, such as fewer personal pronouns and contractions.Hinkel‟s (2003) study, on the other hand, found that the writing of ESL learners showed features which create an overall impression of text simplicity even after a long period of living and studying in the US. Hinkel‟s large-scale study compared the writing produced by advanced ESL learners, most of whom had spent four years studying in US community colleges and high schools, with the writing of native-speakers of English beginning their university study. Hinkel found that the ESL learners‟ writing showed a higher frequency of simple syntac tic and lexical constructions (e.g., sentences with be as the main verb, vague nouns such as people) which are often associated with informal discourse. Thus, Hinkel suggests that the in-country experience provides ESL learners with a great deal of exposure to informal conversational discourse and that this may explain the prevalence of informal expressions and constructions in the learners‟ writing.The above two studies focused only on the linguistic features of writing, and as such have considered only one aspect of what is considered ……good academic writing.‟‟ Influential theories of writing, such as genre theory (e.g., Christie, 1998; Hyland, 2003) and a growing volumeof research onL2 writing (see extensive reviewin Silva&Brice, 2004 and the edited volume by Candlin&Hyland, 1999) have stressed that writing is a multi-dimensional, socio-cognitive activity, where the processes involved and the features of the text produced are very much shaped by socio-cultural norms and interpersonal relationships within the context in which the writing takes place. From this perspective, academic writing generally involves cognitive activities such as reading and synthesizing information from a variety of sources, and producing a text which shows evidence of features asso ciated with ……good academic writing‟‟ in an Anglophone context. These features, evident in various writing assessment schemes (see Weigle, 2002), include, for example,a clear introduction and conclusion, the use of a formal register, and correct citations of the work of other authors.The limited research on the effects of studying in an L2 setting on learners‟ L2 writing and the low uptake of support options provided by the university, mentioned earlier, provided the impetus for this study. The focus of the study was on the learners‟ writing, given that most assessment tasks are written assignments and exams. The study sought to investigate what features of academic writing, if any, develop as a result of studying in a degree program in an L2-medium university after one semester (12 weeks) and in the absence of formal language support.Journal of Second Language Writing, 2009 (18)T o summarize:1.Setting: Learning strategies, the central aspects in foreign language teaching, have receivedextensive attention in applied linguistics.2.Previous work: Most studies have ….3.Gap:So far, virtually now published research takes account of the influence of personalstyles …. Despite more recent progress in understanding personality, the general picture remains unclear.4.Present aim: This thesis accordingly explores some of the ways English majors proceed fromthe beginning of English learning in the university to ….5.Justification: The study can provide specific guidance for English teaching and learning…..6.Structure: The thesis develops as follows. After the introduction, it briefly reviews theprevious studies in the field….。
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It introduces:
the research by situating it (by giving background), presenting the research problem , and saying how and why this problem will be solved , explaining why the research is being done. which is crucial for the reader to understand the significance of the study.
为读者提供总体的背景信息
与第1、2句的做法一样，但是更具体
描述了所研究领域的一般性问题或当 前的研究焦点
Continue
(5) provides a transition 提供了总体问题领域到文献综述之间 between the general problem 的一个过渡 area and the literature review (6) provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area. (7) describes a gap in the research (8) describes the paper itself (9) gives details about the methodology (10) announces the findings 概述了此研究领域重要的研究项目
3.How Should I Start?
In order to help you write the
introduction to your own research, the model you build must answer the following three questions:
You may want to start your introduction
by describing the problem you are trying to solve, or the aim of your work, but as you will see when you examine published work, this is not how most research papers begin — and therefore it is not the best way for you to begin.
How do writers normally start the introduction? What type of information should be in my introduction, and in what order? How do writers normally end the introduction?
Introduction
A good beginning makes a good ending.
组员：周志文，祝聪，宁晓栩，刘凤仪，张晓曼
1. What is an introduction? 2. What’s the purpose of the introduction? 3. How should I start? 4. The model of introduction. 5. Four components of a model. 6. Vocabulary
Readers will ask the questions:
What topic am I going to learn about? Why is that topic important? Do I know the topic already? What do I know already?
4.The Model of Introduction
(1) establishes the importance of this research topic (2) provides general background information for the reader. (3) in a more detailed way, using research references to support both the background facts and the claim for significance. (4) describes the general problem area or the current research focus of the field. 确立研究主题的重要性
1.What Is an Introduction?
The introduction section shows the
questions that should be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”.
Example Analysis
（文章来源数据库）
《糖尿病孕妇的临床错误医疗措施》 (文章来源期刊)
Research Mຫໍສະໝຸດ thod，本文研 究方法：个案分析
Background,介绍背景，糖尿病 孕妇及其婴儿患病几率比正常 孕妇高出数倍。 presenting the research problem and saying how and why this problem will be solved：随着科技发展， 降低患病率成为可能，此项 研究也具有必要性 The aim of this paper本文研究目的： 提高糖尿病孕妇母子 健康几率
2.What’s the Purpose of the Introduction?
The introduction comes at the start of a
piece of writing. Without this part, the reader cannot easily understand the more detailed information about the research that comes later in the thesis.