Cost Accounting (15)
Cost Accounting(成本核算)
• Insurance premium（保险）： 是指投保人根据合同约定，
向保险人支付保险费。
• Commission（佣金）： 是指牙商、经纪人等中间人说合介
绍生意所取得的酬金。
成本计算公式
• 购货成本=货价+增值税额=货价+货价×增 值税率=货价×（1+增值税率） • 货价=购货成本÷（1+增值税率） • 实际成本= 购货成本—出口退税额 • =货价×（1+增值税率）—货价× 出口退税率 • = 购货成本÷（1+增值税率）× （1+增值税率—出口退税率）
• Freight charges(出口运费）：基本费用（Basic Freight），
燃油附加费（Bunker adjustment factor ），货币附加 （Currency adjustment factor ）货币附加 （Currency adjustment factor ）等 费用。
• Inspection charges（商检费）：凭商检换证凭条去换正本
通关单的费用。
• Duties and taxes(捐费）：捐费就是指税捐，是国家为了实
现其职能，按照法定标准，无偿取得财政收入的一s（银行费用）：在商业交易中银行所收取
胡一些利率和费用。
是商业企业为实现商品运输而支付的有关费用，包括将商品从 发送地送至目的地所支付的全部费用。 产品、选择的认证机构和产品的相关费用。
• Certification charges(认证费）：认证的费用包括认证的
• Port charges(港区杂费）：港杂费是在港口发生的人民币
费用，包括报关、换单、THC,港口费，提重、回空、掏箱等等 费用。
Cost Accounting(成本核算）
会计专业英语词汇整理
英文顺序Aa set of 一组，一套accelerated depreciation method 加速折旧法access 接近account 账户，会计科目accountability 会计责任accountant 会计人员accounting activity 会计活动accounting control 会计控制accounting cycle 会计循环accounting entity 会计主体accounting equation 会计等式，会计平衡式，会计方程式accounting period 会计期间accounting principle board 会计原则委员会accounting principle 公认会计原则accounting principles board 会计原则委员会accounting process 会计过程，会计处理方法accounting 会计，会计学accounts payable 应付账款accounts receivable 应收账款accrual basis 权责发生制accruals 应计项目accrue 自然累积，计提accrued expense 应计费用，应计未付费用accrued revenue 应计收入，应计未收收入accrued salaries payable 应计未付薪金accumulate 累积accumulated depreciation 累计折旧acquire 并购acquisition 取得active investment 主动投资adding machine 加法机adjusting procedure 调整程序adjustment 调整administrative control 管理控制administrative expense 管理费用advance 预付款advertising expense 广告费advice slip 通知单affiliated company 关联公司affiliated group 联营集团agency 机构，经理人aggregate 合计的aging schedule 账龄分析法align 调准，使成一线，使一致allowance for uncollectible accounts 备抵坏账allowance method 备抵法alternative 可供选择的american institute of certified public accountants 美国注册会计师协会amortization 摊销annual interest rate 年利率annually 每年地apportion 分配，摊配appropriate 适当的，相应的appropriation 分拨approve 批准arrearage 拖欠款arrest 阻止aspect 容貌，样式，表现形式asset turnover 资产周转率asset 资产assignment of responsibility 分派责任assumption 假设assure 保证at a glance 一瞥attorneys' fees 律师事务费attribute 属性attribute 属性auditing 审计auditor 审计员authorization 授权authorized stock 额定股本automated data processing 自动数据处理auxiliary equipment 辅助设备average collection period 平均收帐期average exchange rate 平均汇率Bbad debts expense 坏账费用balance sheet 平衡表，资产负债表bank deposit 银行存款bank reconciliation 银行往来调节表bank statement 银行对账单，银行结单bearer 持票人beginning inventory 期初存货betterment 改良billed price 账单价格board of directors 董事会bonds payable 应付债券，应付公司债book value 账面价值book value 账面价值bookkeeping machine 簿记机brand 商标bring……to light 揭露budgetary accounting 预算会计budgets 预算bundle 束，捆，集合体business venture 企业by means of 利用，依靠，通过Ccalculator 计算器calendar-year 日历年度capital stock 股本carrier 运输业者carrying value 置存价值，账面价值cash basis 收付实现制cash budget 现金预算cash disbursements journal 现金支出日记账cash discount 现金折扣cash dividend 现金股利cash in bank 银行存款cash on delivery 付款提货cash receipts journal 现金收入日记账cash 现金casualty loss 事故损失category 种类，类目，范畴central processing unit 中央处理单元certified public accountings 注册会计师chart of accounts 账户一览表，会计科目表charter 执照，发给……执照check stub 支票存根check 支票chronological 按时间顺序的claim 要求classification and sorting 分类整理clear 结清，结算，交换票据closing procedure 结帐程序closing rate 期末汇率code letter 代号字母coin 硬币，铸币committee on accounting procedure 会计程序委员会common stock 普通股comparable 可比的，类似的competent personnel 称职的人员complex capital structure 复杂资本结构complexity 复杂性comply with 遵守，遵循concept 概念confer 参见conservation 稳健的consideration 对家，报酬consolidate 合并constructed assets 建造资产consultant 顾问consume 消费contend 坚决主张contingent liability 或有负债continuity of existence 存在的连续性contra account 对抵账户，对销账户control account 控制账户，统驭账户，统制账户convention 惯例convert 转变，变换，兑换convertible debt 可转换债券convertible preferred stock 可转换优先股copyrights 版权copyrights 版权corporation acquisition 公司并购，公司收购corporation 股份有限公司correction of prior period inventory error 前期盘存差错订正cost accounting 成本会计cost method 成本法cost of goods available for sale 可供销售的商品成本cost of goods sold 销货成本，商品销售成本cost structure 成本结构cost-benefit data 成本-效益数据cost-to-retail price percentage 成本对零售价比率court decree 法庭判决cpital contribution 资本投入credit memo 货项通知单，货记通知单credit standing 信用地位，信誉credit term 赊账条件credit 贷记creditor 债权人cross rates 套算汇率cumulative balance 累计余额current asset 流动资产current exchange rate 现行汇率，现时汇率current fair value 现时公允价值current liability 流动负债current rate method 现行汇率法，现时汇率法current ratio 流动比率current-noncurrent method 流动与非流动项目法custodianship 保管工作customary matters 惯常业务customer 顾客cuttings 切削件D datapreparation 数据准备debenture bonds 信用公司债debit memo 借项通知单debit 借机debtor 债务人decision making 决策deferrals 递延项目deferred credit 递延货项deficits 逆差denominate 标价，表述denominator 分母department stores 订货商店depletion 折耗depreciable asset 应折旧资产depreciation expense 折旧费design cost 设计成本design 计划，设计，意图，打算designate 指明remit 汇款，付款detect 发现，察觉deterioration 损坏dilute 稀释，摊薄direct quote 直接标价direct write-off method 直接销账法director 董事会discharge 履行，清偿discount on notes payable 应付票据贴现折价discount 折价discount 折价，贴水discount 贴现，贴现折价discretion 自由决定dishonor 拒付dispose 处置，清理disposition data 清理数据diverse 多宗多样的dividend payable 应付股利dividend payout ratio 每股股利与收益比率，股利支付率dividend yield 每股股利与每股市价比率，股利获取division of labor 分工double-declining-balance method 双倍率递减余额法double-entry bookkeeping system 复式记账法，复式记账系统draft 汇票draw （up）拟好，编好draw up 开立（票据等）drillings 钻孔件Eearning per share 每股收益额earnings per share of common stock 普通股每股收益额earthquake 地震effective interest method 实际利息法elapse 过去electronic data processing system 电子数据处理系统eliminate 消除elimination 抵消，消除ending inventory 期末存货endorse 背书endorsement 背书endorser 背书人engage in 参与entend 把数字转入另一栏，算出……的总金额enter contract 缔结契约enumerate 列举environmental accounting 环境会计equity method 权益法equity ratio 权益比率equivalent 等同的，等同物，当量error correction 差错订正estate 不动产evaluate 评价event 事件excess of par value over amount paid 面值超过缴入资本的部分exchange rate 汇率exclusive privilege 专有权利expedient 权宜的做法expenditure 开支，花费expense 费用expire 满期，耗尽，失效extension 算出或转来的金额extensive 广泛的extraordinary items 非常项目FF.O.B destination 目的地交货，到达站交货F.O.B shipping point 发运地（站）交货face value 面值face value 票面价值factor 代替factor 因素，系数family 类属feasible 行得通的federal income tax withholding payable 应付预扣联邦所得税federal insurance contributions act 联邦社会保险税法federal unemployment compensation tax州失业补贴税federal unemployment tax payable 应付州失业税federal 联邦federal 联邦的fencing 栅栏FICA tax payable 应付联邦社会保险税financial accounting standards board 财务会计准则委员会financial accounting 财务会计financial data 财务数据financial executives 财务经理financial income and expense 财务收益与费用financial position 财务状况financial report 财务报告financial statement（report）财务报表（报告）financial strength 财务实力financing activities 筹资活动，理财活动firm 事务所firm 商行，企业first-in，fist-out 先进先出fiscal year 财务年度fiscal year 财务年度fixed assets 固定资产flow of costs 成本流动flow of goods 商品流动fluctuate 波动footing 总计，总额forecast 预测foreign currency 外币foreign exchange gains or losses 汇兑损益，汇兑利得或损失forward exchange contract 期汇合同forward rate 远期汇率fraction 分数franchise 特许经营权freight collect 货到收运费freight prepaid 运费预付frequency 频繁程度fully diluted earnings per share 每股完全稀释收益额function 职能，作用functional currency 功能货币fund 资金Ggain（loss）on sale of fixed assets 固定资产出售利得（损失）general journal 普通日记账general partnership 一般合伙globalization 全球化going concern 持续经营goodwill 商誉governmental accounting 政府会计governmental and not-for-profit accounting 政府及非盈利组织会计gross profit method of estimating inventories 估计存货的毛利法gross profit on sales 销货毛利gross sales 销货总额net sales 销货净额guide 指南guideline 方针，准则Hhardware 硬件haul 拖运historical cost 历史成本historical cost 历史成本historical exchange rate 历史汇率holder 持票人holdings 拥有的财产、股份hospital insurance premiums payable 应付医疗保险费human resources accounting 人力资源会计Iimmune 免受影响的impairment loss 减值损失imprest 预付的，定额预付的，定额备用的in addition to 除……外in contrast to 与此对比，与此相反in order to 为了，借以in place of 代替in sequence 按顺序，依次in short 简言之，总之in the final analysis 归根到底，总之income statement 收益表，损益表income summary 收益汇总，损益汇总income tax payable 应付所得税income tax reporting 所得税申报indirect quote 间接标价individual employee earnings records 雇员个人工薪记录information return 资料申报单information system 信息系统input 投入数额instruction 指令insurance expense 保险费insurance premium 保险费intangible asset 无形资产intangible assets 无形资产intercompany transaction 公司间交易interest allowance 利息补贴interest bearing 计息的interest coverage 利息保障范围interest expense 利息费用interest income 利息收益interim financial statement 中期财务报表interim mechanical check 中间性的手工操作检查intermediate 中间的，居间的internal auditing 内部审计internal control 内部控制international accounting 国际会计inventory turnover 存货周转率investing activities 投资活动investor 投资者invoice register 发票登记薄involve（in）使卷入IOU 借据irregularity 不正当行为issued stock 已发行股本Jjournal 日记账journalize 做分录Kkey-driven equipment 键盘式装置设备Llast-in，first-out 后进新出leasehold 租赁权ledger 分类账legal jurisdiction 法定管辖范围legal restrictions 法律约束liability 负债liability 负债limited partnership 有限合伙liquidation value 清算价值liquidity 变现能力，清偿能力list of checks 支票目录local 地方logic 逻辑判断的logically 合乎逻辑地，理所当然地long-term asset 长期资产loss from doubtful accounts 疑账损失，呆帐损失loss from uncollectible accounts 坏账损失lubrication 加润滑油Mmaintenance 维修majority investor 多数股权投资者，控股投资者majority 多数股权majority-owned company 被控股公司maker 出票人make-up 标价managerial accounting 管理会计manual filing 手工归档manufacturer's identification 制造厂商鉴定书margin of safety 安全边际marital status 婚姻状况market value 市场价值marketable securities 上市证券，有价证券maturity date 到期日measuring unit 计量单位meet 如期偿付merchandising company 商业公司minor parts 次要零件minority interest 少数股权，少数股东权益minority 少数股权misappropriation 挪用miscellaneous expense 杂项费用mix 品种构成model number 型号modern business 现代企业monetary assets and liabilities 货币性资产与负债monetary-nonmonetary method 货币性与非货币性项目法money order 汇票mortgage payable 应付抵押借款mortgage 抵押multinational company 跨国公司Nnatural assets 天然资产necessitate 使成为必须negative goodwill 负商誉negotiable 可流通的neither nor 既不又不net income 净收益net loss 净亏损net purchases 购货净额nominal interest rate 名义利率nongovernment body 非政府机构normal balance 正常余额normal operating cycle 正常经营周期normal rate of return 正常盈利率notes payable 应付票据notes receivable discounted 贴现应收票据notification 通知NSF（not sufficient funds）存款不足numerator 分子Oobjectivity 客观性obligation 义务，债务obsolescence 陈旧，过时office salaries expense 办事人员薪金on demand （票据）即期（支付）one-transaction perspective 单项交易观点，单一交易观点open account 往来账户operating activities 经营活动，营业活动operating expenses 营业费用，经营费用operating results 经营成果operation 经营，操作operational efficiency 经营效率opinion No.17 第17号意见书opposite 在……的对面organization cost 开办费original cost 原始成本other than 除……外，除了outlay 支出outstanding check 未兑付支票outstanding stock 外发股本，为股东持有的股本outstanding 未兑付的overdraft 透支overdrew 透支overtime pay 加班工资owner' equity 业主权益Ppaid-in capital in excess of par value 超过面值的缴入资本paid-in capital in excess of stated value 超过设定价值的缴入资本paper tape output 纸带输出par value 面值parent 母公司participating stock 参与分配的优先股partnership 合伙passive investment 被动投资patent 专利权pay attention to 注意pay envelope 工薪袋pay period 工薪支付期payroll accounting 工薪会计payroll payable 应付工薪payroll register 工薪登记表payroll tax 工薪税payroll 工薪perforate 穿孔于performance report 业绩报告performance 工作成绩，业绩performance 经营业绩periodic inventory system 定期盘存制peripheral equipment 边缘设备perishable 易腐坏的perpetual inventory system 永续盘存制petty cash 零用现金physical inventory counts 实物盘点physical protection 实物保护pipeline 管道plant and equipment 厂场设备plausible 看来有理由的pledge 保证，抵押pluged figure 轧算金额pooling of interest method 权益结合法，权益入股法portray 描述，描绘post 过账，誊账post-closing trial balance 结帐后试算表postdated check 远期支票posting reference 过账备查，过账记号potential 潜力，潜能potential 潜在的，可能的pound sterling 英镑preferable 更可取的preferred dividend coverage 优先股股利保障范围preferred stock 优先股premium 溢价premium 溢价，升水prepaid insurance 预付保险费prescribed managerial policies 规定的管理方针price lists 价目表price-earning ratio 每股市价与收益比率，市盈率primary earnings per share 每股原先收益额principal 主要的private accounting 私人企业会计proceeds 实得收入productivity ratio 生产能力比率profitability 盈利能力programming 程序编制promise 订约，允诺promissory note 本票，期票property tax payable 应付财产税property 动产prospective 预期的，未来的protest fee 拒付证书费public accounting firms 会计师事务所public accounting 公众会计，注册会计师业务public utility 公用事业publisher 出版商punched card 穿孔卡purchase invoice 购货发票purchase method 购买法，购并法purchase order 订货单purchase order 订货单，订购单purchase requisition 请购单purchases discounts 购货折扣purchases journals 购买日记账purchases returns and allowances 购货退让及折扣purchasing department 购货部门Qquick ratio 速动比率quotation 行情表quote 报价Rrate of return on common stockholders' equity 普通股股东权益收益率rate of return 报酬率，盈利率，收益率rates of inflation 通货膨胀率rather than 而不是realizable 可实现的realty agency 房地产经纪人receiving department 收货部门receiving report 收货报告receiving report 收货报告，收货单recognized value 确认价值recommend 推荐，介绍reconciliation method 调节法records of original entry 原始记录簿registration fees 注册费regular rate of pay 正常工资率relate to 与……有关rent expense 租赁费，租金reorder points 再订货点replace 取代replenishment 补充reporting currency 报告货币residual 剩余的resource 资源，资财result 结果，成果retail businesses 零售商店retail price 零售价格retained earnings 留存收益，保留盈利retrieval 追溯return on sales 销售收益率returned item 退回项目revenue 收入reversing entry 转回分录rule of thumb 拇指法则，经验规律running balance 逐笔结记余额Ssalary allowance 薪金补贴sales discounts 销货折扣sales invoice 销货发票sales journal 销货日记账sales on credit terms 赊销sales returns and allowances 销售退回及折让sales salaries expense 销货人员薪金salvage value 残值savings bonds deductions payable 应付购买储蓄债券扣款savings 节约scheme 方案，计划scrutiny 仔细检查secured bonds 有担保债券security/stock exchange 证券交易所segregate 分开segregation 分开selling expenses 销货费用semiannually 半年地serial number 顺序编号service charge 服务费service enterprise 服务业企业sharing agreement 分配协议short-term liquidity 短期偿债能力simple capital structure 简单资本结构sinking fund 偿债基金site 地基social accounting 社会会计software 软件sole proprietorship 独资source document 原始凭证special journal 特种日记账specific identification 具体辨认specific payee 指定收款人spectrum 范围spot rate 即期汇率stampings 冲压件standard 准则state corporation law 州公司法state 州stated value 设定价值statement of cash flows 现金流量表statement of cash flows 现金流量表statement of financial accounting standards 财务会计准则公告statement of owners' equity 业主权益表statement of owners'equity 业主权益表stock dividend to be issued 待发行股票股利stock dividend 股票股利stock options 股票期权stock warrants 认股权stock 存货stockholder 股东stock-option 股票期权storage tank 储存罐storage 存储store fixtures 店面装置store 仓库straight-line method 直线法strta 层，级style-affected 受式样影响的subdivision 分支submit 提交subscription 预订subsidiary company 子公司subsidiary ledger 辅助分类账，明细分类账subsidiary 子公司subtract 减去sum-of-the-year's-digits method 年数总和法sundry items 其他项目supersede 代替，取代supplies' catalogs 供应商商品目录supplies expense 物料用品费supplies on hand 在用物料surface paving 铺筑的路面surplus 顺差susceptible 易受影响的Ttax accounting 税务会计tax returns 纳税申报单temporal method 时态法，时间量度法temporary account 暂时性帐户，过渡性账户temporary accounts 暂时性账户throughout 贯穿trade payable 应付账款trade receivable 应收账款trademark 商标，商标权transaction 交易，会计事项transcribe 抄录transfer 转移transferability 可转移性translation gains and losses 折算损益，折算利得与损失transportation in 购货运费transportation out 销货运费transportation term 运输条件treasury stock 库存股本，库存股份trial balance 试算平衡表，试算表two-column account 两栏式账户two-transactions perspective 两项交易观点U uncollectible accounts expense 坏账费用undistributed earnings 未分配收益，未分配盈利uniform limited partnership act 统一有限合伙法uniform 一致的，均匀的units-of-production method 产量法upkeep 维护，保养utilities expense 公共事业费Vvendor 卖主verification 验证voluntary 自愿的voting share 有表决权股份voucher register 应付凭单登记簿voucher system 应付凭单制Wwage-bracket table 工资-税级表warrant 使有理由wear 磨损weighted average 加权平均withdraw 提取withhold 预扣withholding allowance 预扣折让without recourse 无追索权working capital 营运资本worksheet 工作底表，工作底稿按汉字顺序Amargin of safety 安全边际chronological 按时间顺序的in sequence 按顺序，依次Bentend 把数字转入另一栏，算出……的总金额copyrights 版权office salaries expense 办事人员薪金semiannually 半年地custodianship 保管工作insurance premium 保险费insurance expense 保险费assure 保证pledge 保证，抵押rate of return 报酬率，盈利率，收益率reporting currency 报告货币quote 报价allowance method 备抵法allowance for uncollectible accounts 备抵坏账endorsement 背书endorse 背书endorser 背书人passive investment 被动投资majority-owned company 被控股公司promissory note 本票，期票peripheral equipment 边缘设备liquidity 变现能力，清偿能力make-up 标价denominate 标价，表述acquire 并购fluctuate 波动replenishment 补充estate 不动产irregularity 不正当行为bookkeeping machine 簿记机Cfinancial statement（report）财务报表（报告）financial report 财务报告financial accounting 财务会计statement of financial accounting standards 财务会计准则公告financial accounting standards board 财务会计准则委员会financial executives 财务经理fiscal year 财务年度financial strength 财务实力financial income and expense 财务收益与费用financial data 财务数据financial position 财务状况confer 参见engage in 参与participating stock 参与分配的优先股salvage value 残值store 仓库strta 层，级error correction 差错订正units-of-production method 产量法sinking fund 偿债基金plant and equipment 厂场设备transcribe 抄录paid-in capital in excess of par value 超过面值的缴入资本paid-in capital in excess of stated value 超过设定价值的缴入资本obsolescence 陈旧，过时competent personnel 称职的人员cost-to-retail price percentage 成本对零售价比率cost method 成本法cost accounting 成本会计cost structure 成本结构flow of costs 成本流动cost-benefit data 成本-效益数据programming 程序编制holder 持票人bearer 持票人going concern 持续经营stampings 冲压件financing activities 筹资活动，理财活动publisher 出版商maker 出票人in addition to 除……外other than 除……外，除了storage tank 储存罐dispose 处置，清理punched card 穿孔卡perforate 穿孔于minor parts 次要零件storage 存储stock 存货inventory turnover 存货周转率NSF（not sufficient funds）存款不足continuity of existence 存在的连续性Dcode letter 代号字母in place of 代替factor 代替supersede 代替，取代credit 贷记stock dividend to be issued 待发行股票股利one-transaction perspective 单项交易观点，单一交易观点maturity date 到期日equivalent 等同的，等同物，当量elimination 抵消，消除mortgage 抵押local 地方site 地基earthquake 地震deferred credit 递延货项deferrals 递延项目opinion No.17 第17号意见书enter contract 缔结契约electronic data processing system 电子数据处理系统store fixtures 店面装置purchase order 订货单purchase order 订货单，订购单department stores 订货商店promise 订约，允诺periodic inventory system 定期盘存制director 董事会board of directors 董事会property 动产sole proprietorship 独资short-term liquidity 短期偿债能力contra account 对抵账户，对销账户consideration 对家，报酬majority 多数股权majority investor 多数股权投资者，控股投资者diverse 多种多样的Eauthorized stock 额定股本rather than 而不是invoice register 发票登记薄Fdetect 发现，察觉F.O.B shipping point 发运地（站）交货legal jurisdiction 法定管辖范围legal restrictions 法律约束court decree 法庭判决spectrum 范围scheme 方案，计划guideline 方针，准则realty agency 房地产经纪人extraordinary items 非常项目nongovernment body 非政府机构expense 费用appropriation 分拨division of labor 分工segregation 分开segregate 分开ledger 分类账classification and sorting 分类整理denominator 分母assignment of responsibility 分派责任apportion 分配，摊配sharing agreement 分配协议fraction 分数subdivision 分支numerator 分子service charge 服务费service enterprise 服务业企业subsidiary ledger 辅助分类账，明细分类账auxiliary equipment 辅助设备cash on delivery 付款提货negative goodwill 负商誉liability 负债liability 负债double-entry bookkeeping system 复式记账法，复式记账系统complexity 复杂性complex capital structure 复杂资本结构Gbetterment 改良concept 概念preferable 更可取的payroll 工薪pay envelope 工薪袋payroll register 工薪登记表payroll accounting 工薪会计payroll tax 工薪税pay period 工薪支付期wage-bracket table 工资-税级表performance 工作成绩，业绩worksheet 工作底表，工作底稿utilities expense 公共事业费accounting principle 公认会计原则corporation acquisition 公司并购，公司收购intercompany transaction 公司间交易public utility 公用事业public accounting 公众会计，注册会计师业务functional currency 功能货币supplies' catalogs 供应商商品目录purchasing department 购货部门purchase invoice 购货发票net purchases 购货净额purchases returns and allowances 购货退让及折扣transportation in 购货运费purchases discounts 购货折扣purchase method 购买法，购并法purchases journals 购买日记账gross profit method of estimating inventories 估计存货的毛利法capital stock 股本stockholder 股东corporation 股份有限公司stock dividend 股票股利stock-option 股票期权stock options 股票期权fixed assets 固定资产gain（loss）on sale of fixed assets 固定资产出售利得（损失）customer 顾客consultant 顾问individual employee earnings records 雇员个人工薪记录affiliated company 关联公司pipeline 管道administrative expense 管理费用managerial accounting 管理会计administrative control 管理控制throughout 贯穿customary matters 惯常业务convention 惯例extensive 广泛的advertising expense 广告费in the final analysis 归根到底，总之prescribed managerial policies 规定的管理方针international accounting 国际会计elapse 过去post 过账，誊账posting reference 过账备查，过账记号Hfeasible 行得通的quotation 行情表consolidate 合并logically 合乎逻辑地，理所当然地partnership 合伙aggregate 合计的last-in，first-out 后进新出uncollectible accounts expense 坏账费用bad debts expense 坏账费用loss from uncollectible accounts 坏账损失environmental accounting 环境会计foreign exchange gains or losses 汇兑损益，汇兑利得或损失exchange rate 汇率money order 汇票draft 汇票marital status 婚姻状况contingent liability 或有负债monetary-nonmonetary method 货币性与非货币性项目法monetary assets and liabilities 货币性资产与负债freight collect 货到收运费credit memo 货项通知单，货记通知单K（会计……）accounting 会计，会计学committee on accounting procedure 会计程序委员会accounting equation 会计等式，会计平衡式，会计方程式accounting process 会计过程，会计处理方法accounting activity 会计活动accounting control 会计控制accounting period 会计期间accountant 会计人员public accounting firms 会计师事务所accounting cycle 会计循环accounting principles board 会计原则委员会accounting principle board 会计原则委员会accountability 会计责任accounting entity 会计主体Jagency 机构，经理人on demand （票据）即期（支付）spot rate 即期汇率design 计划，设计，意图，打算measuring unit 计量单位calculator 计算器interest bearing 计息的neither nor 既不又不overtime pay 加班工资adding machine 加法机weighted average 加权平均lubrication 加润滑油accelerated depreciation method 加速折旧法assumption 假设price lists 价目表contend 坚决主张indirect quote 间接标价subtract 减去impairment loss 减值损失simple capital structure 简单资本结构in short 简言之，总之constructed assets 建造资产key-driven equipment 键盘式装置设备transaction 交易，会计事项access 接近bring……to light 揭露savings 节约result 结果，成果clear 结清，结算，交换票据closing procedure 结帐程序post-closing trial balance 结帐后试算表debit 借机IOU 借据debit memo 借项通知单operation 经营，操作operating results 经营成果operating activities 经营活动，营业活动operational efficiency 经营效率performance 经营业绩net loss 净亏损net income 净收益dishonor 拒付protest fee 拒付证书费specific identification 具体辨认decision making 决策Korganization cost 开办费draw up 开立（票据等）expenditure 开支，花费plausible 看来有理由的comparable 可比的，类似的cost of goods available for sale 可供销售的商品成本alternative 可供选择的negotiable 可流通的realizable 可实现的convertible preferred stock 可转换优先股convertible debt 可转换债券transferability 可转移性objectivity 客观性control account 控制账户，统驭账户，统制账户treasury stock 库存股本，库存股份multinational company 跨国公司Lfamily 类属accumulate 累积cumulative balance 累计余额accumulated depreciation 累计折旧historical cost 历史成本historical cost 历史成本historical exchange rate 历史汇率interest coverage 利息保障范围interest allowance 利息补贴interest expense 利息费用interest income 利息收益by means of 利用，依靠，通过federal 联邦federal 联邦的federal insurance contributions act 联邦社会保险税法affiliated group 联营集团two-column account 两栏式账户two-transactions perspective 两项交易观点enumerate 列举retail price 零售价格retail businesses 零售商店petty cash 零用现金retained earnings 留存收益，保留盈利current ratio 流动比率current liability 流动负债current-noncurrent method 流动与非流动项目法current asset 流动资产logic 逻辑判断的discharge 履行，清偿attorneys' fees 律师事务费Mvendor 卖主expire 满期，耗尽，失效dividend yield 每股股利与每股市价比率，股利获取dividend payout ratio 每股股利与收益比率，股利支付率price-earning ratio 每股市价与收益比率，市盈率earning per share 每股收益额fully diluted earnings per share 每股完全稀释收益额primary earnings per share 每股原先收益额annually 每年地american institute of certified public accountants 美国注册会计师协会immune 免受影响的par value 面值face value 面值excess of par value over amount paid 面值超过缴入资本的部分portray 描述，描绘nominal interest rate 名义利率wear 磨损parent 母公司rule of thumb 拇指法则，经验规律F.O.B destination 目的地交货，到达站交货Ntax returns 纳税申报单internal control 内部控制internal auditing 内部审计draw （up）拟好，编好deficits 逆差annual interest rate 年利率sum-of-the-year's-digits method 年数总和法misappropriation 挪用Papprove 批准face value 票面价值frequency 频繁程度mix 品种构成balance sheet 平衡表，资产负债表average exchange rate 平均汇率average collection period 平均收帐期evaluate 评价surface paving 铺筑的路面common stock 普通股rate of return on common stockholders' equity 普通股股东权益收益率earnings per share of common stock 普通股每股收益额general journal 普通日记账Qbeginning inventory 期初存货forward exchange contract 期汇合同ending inventory 期末存货closing rate 期末汇率sundry items 其他项目business venture 企业correction of prior period inventory error 前期盘存差错订正potential 潜力，潜能potential 潜在的，可能的cuttings 切削件disposition data 清理数据liquidation value 清算价值purchase requisition 请购单replace 取代acquisition 取得expedient 权宜的做法equity ratio 权益比率equity method 权益法pooling of interest method 权益结合法，权益入股法accrual basis 权责发生制globalization 全球化recognized value 确认价值Rhuman resources accounting 人力资源会计stock warrants 认股权journal 日记账calendar-year 日历年度aspect 容貌，样式，表现形式meet 如期偿付software 软件Sbrand 商标trademark 商标，商标权firm 商行，企业flow of goods 商品流动merchandising company 商业公司goodwill 商誉marketable securities 上市证券，有价证券minority 少数股权minority interest 少数股权，少数股东权益sales on credit terms 赊销credit term 赊账条件stated value 设定价值design cost 设计成本social accounting 社会会计auditing 审计auditor 审计员productivity ratio 生产能力比率residual 剩余的temporal method 时态法，时间量度法proceeds 实得收入effective interest method 实际利息法physical protection 实物保护physical inventory counts 实物盘点necessitate 使成为必须involve（in）使卷入warrant 使有理由market value 市场价值casualty loss 事故损失event 事件firm 事务所trial balance 试算平衡表，试算表appropriate 适当的，相应的cash basis 收付实现制receiving report 收货报告receiving report 收货报告，收货单receiving department 收货部门revenue 收入income statement 收益表，损益表income summary 收益汇总，损益汇总manual filing 手工归档style-affected 受式样影响的authorization 授权attribute 属性attribute 属性bundle 束，捆，集合体datapreparation 数据准备double-declining-balance method 双倍率递减余额法tax accounting 税务会计surplus 顺差serial number 顺序编号private accounting 私人企业会计quick ratio 速动比率extension 算出或转来的金额。
cost accounting test bank chapter 2精编版
Cost Accounting, 15e (Horngren/Datar/Rajan)Chapter 2 An Introduction to Cost Terms and PurposesObjective 2.11) An actual cost is ________.A) is the cost incurredB) is a predicted or forecasted costC) is anything for which a cost measurement is desiredD) is the collection of cost data in some organized way by means of an accounting system Answer: ADiff: 1Objective: 1AACSB: Analytical thinking2) Comparing budgeted costs to actual costs helps managers to improve ________.A) coordinationB) controlC) implementationD) planningAnswer: BDiff: 1Objective: 1AACSB: Analytical thinking3) Budgeted costs are ________.A) the costs incurred this yearB) the costs incurred last yearC) planned or forecasted costsD) competitor's costsAnswer: CDiff: 1Objective: 1AACSB: Analytical thinking4) Cost assignment ________.A) includes future and arbitrary costsB) encompasses allocating indirect costs to a cost objectC) is the same as cost accumulationD) is the difference between budgeted and actual costsAnswer: BDiff: 1Objective: 1AACSB: Analytical thinking5) A cost system determines the cost of a cost object by ________.A) accumulating and then assigning costsB) accumulating costsC) assigning and then accumulating costsD) assigning costsAnswer: ADiff: 1Objective: 1AACSB: Analytical thinking6) A cost object is anything for which a cost measurement is desired.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Objective: 1AACSB: Analytical thinking7) Costs are accounted for in two basic stages: assignment followed by accumulation.Answer: FALSEExplanation: Costs are accounted for in two basic stages: accumulation followed by assignment.Diff: 1Objective: 1AACSB: Analytical thinking8) An actual cost is the cost incurred–a historical or past cost.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Objective: 1AACSB: Analytical thinking9) Accountants define a cost as a resource to be sacrificed to achieve a specific objective.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Objective: 1AACSB: Analytical thinking10) A cost is a resource sacrificed or forgone to achieve a specific objective.Answer: TRUEExplanation: A cost object could be anything management wishes to determine the cost of, for example, a department.Diff: 1Objective: 1AACSB: Analytical thinking11) Managers use cost accumulation data to make decisions and implement them.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Objective: 1AACSB: Analytical thinking12) Lucas Manufacturing has three cost objects that it uses to accumulate costs for its manufacturing plants. They are:Cost object #1: The physical buildings and equipmentCost object #2: The use of buildings and equipmentCost object #3: The availability and use of manufacturing laborThe following manufacturing overhead cost categories are found in the accounting records:a. Depreciation on buildings and equipmentb. Lubricants for machinesc. Property insuranced. Supervisors salariese. Fringe benefitsf. Property taxesg. UtilitiesRequired:Assign each of the above costs to the most appropriate cost object.Answer:Cost object # 1 includes categories a, c, and f.Cost object # 2 includes categories b and g.Cost object # 3 includes categories d and e.Diff: 2Objective: 1AACSB: Application of knowledgeObjective 2.21) Which of the following factors affect the direct/indirect classification of a cost?A) the level of budgeted profit for the next yearB) the estimation of time required to complete the orderC) the ability to execute an order in the most cost-efficient mannerD) the design of the operationAnswer: DDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Analytical thinking2) The general term used to identify both the tracing and the allocation of accumulated costs to a cost object is ________.A) cost accumulationB) cost assignmentC) cost tracingD) conversion costingAnswer: BDiff: 1Objective: 1AACSB: Analytical thinking3) Cost accumulation is ________.A) the collection of cost data in some organized way by means of an accounting systemB) anything for which a cost measurement is desiredC) anything for which a profit measurement is desiredD) the collection of profit data in some organized way by means of an accounting system Answer: ADiff: 2Objective: 1AACSB: Analytical thinking4) Which of the following statements about the direct/indirect cost classification is true?A) Indirect costs are always traced.B) Indirect costs are always allocated.C) The design of sales target affects the direct/indirect classification.D) The direct/indirect classification depends on the cost control measures.Answer: BDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Analytical thinking5) Cost tracing is ________.A) the assignment of direct costs to the chosen cost objectB) a function of cost allocationC) the process of tracking both direct and indirect costs associated with a cost objectD) the process of determining the actual cost of the cost objectAnswer: ADiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Analytical thinking6) Cost allocation is ________.A) the process of tracking both direct and indirect costs associated with a cost objectB) the process of determining the opportunity cost of a cost object chosenC) the assignment of indirect costs to the chosen cost objectD) made based on material acquisition documentAnswer: CDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Analytical thinking7) The determination of a cost as either direct or indirect depends upon the ________.A) accounting standardsB) tax system chosenC) inventory valuationD) cost object chosenAnswer: DDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Analytical thinking8) Classifying a cost as either direct or indirect depends upon ________.A) the behavior of the cost in response to volume changesB) whether the cost is expensed in the period in which it is incurredC) whether the cost can be easily traced with the cost objectD) whether a cost is fixed or variableAnswer: CDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Analytical thinking9) A manufacturing plant produces two product lines: golf equipment and soccer equipment. An example of direct costs for the golf equipment line is ________.A) beverages provided daily in the plant break roomB) monthly lease payments for a specialized piece of equipment needed to manufacture the golf driverC) salaries of the clerical staff that work in the company administrative officesD) overheads incurred in producing both golf and soccer equipmentAnswer: BDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Application of knowledge10) A manufacturing plant produces two product lines: golf equipment and soccer equipment. An example of indirect cost for the soccer equipment line is the ________.A) material used to make the soccer ballsB) labor to shape the leather used to make the soccer ballC) material used to manufacture the soccer studsD) salary paid to plant supervisorAnswer: DDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Application of knowledge11) Which one of the following items is a direct cost?A) Customer-service costs of a multiproduct firm; Product A is the cost object.B) Printing costs incurred for payroll check processing; payroll check processing is the cost object.C) The salary of a maintenance supervisor in a multiproduct manufacturing plant; Product B is the cost object.D) Utility costs of the administrative offices; the accounting department is the cost object.Answer: BDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Application of knowledge12) Indirect manufacturing costs ________.A) can be traced to the product that created the costsB) can be easily identified with the cost objectC) generally include the cost of material and the cost of laborD) may include both variable and fixed costsAnswer: DDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Application of knowledge13) Which of the following is true of indirect costs?A) Indirect costs are always considered sunk costs.B) All indirect costs are included in cost of goods sold.C) Indirect costs always vary in direct proportion to the level of production.D) Indirect costs cannot be traced to a particular cost object in an economically feasible way. Answer: DDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Application of knowledge14) Which of the following statements is true?A) A direct cost of one cost object will always be a direct cost of another cost object.B) Because of a cost-benefit tradeoff, some direct costs may be treated as indirect costs.C) All fixed costs are indirect costs.D) All direct costs are variable costs.Answer: BDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Analytical thinking15) Which of the following statements is true of direct costs?A) A direct cost of one cost object is a true sense of the budgeted costs.B) All variable costs are direct costs.C) A direct cost of one cost object can be an indirect cost of another cost object.D) All fixed costs are direct costs.Answer: CDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Application of knowledge16) A cost may be direct for one cost object and indirect for another cost object.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Application of knowledge17) Assigning indirect costs is easier than assigning direct costs.Answer: FALSEExplanation: Tracing direct costs is quite straightforward, whereas assigning indirect costs to a number of different cost objects can be very challenging.Diff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Application of knowledge18) Improvements in information-gathering technologies are making it possible to trace more costs as direct.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Analytical thinking19) The smaller the amount of a cost the more likely it is economically feasible to trace it to a particular cost object.Answer: FALSEExplanation: The smaller the amount of a cost the less likely it is economically feasible to trace it to a particular cost object.Diff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Application of knowledge20) A direct cost of one cost object can be an indirect cost of another cost object.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Analytical thinking21) The cost of electricity used in the production of multiple products would be classified as a indirect cost.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Application of knowledge22) The broader the cost object definition, higher the proportion of direct costs are of total costs. Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Analytical thinking23) The distinction between direct and indirect costs is clearly set forth in Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).Answer: FALSEExplanation: The distinction between direct and indirect costs is not set forth in GAAP. Direct costs of a cost object are related to the particular cost object and can be traced to it in an economically feasible (cost-effective) way. Indirect costs of a cost object are related to the particular cost object but cannot be traced to it in an economically feasible (cost-effective) way.Diff: 1Objective: 2AACSB: Analytical thinking24) Archambeau Products Company manufactures office furniture. Recently, the company decided to develop a formal cost accounting system and classify all costs into three categories. Categorize each of the following items as being appropriate for (1) cost tracing to the finished furniture, (2) cost allocation of an indirect manufacturing cost to the finished furniture, or (3) as a nonmanufacturing item.Cost Cost Nonmanu-Item Tracing Allocation facturingCarpenter wages ________ ________ ________Depreciation - office building ________ ________ ________Glue for assembly ________ ________ ________Lathe department supervisor ________ ________ ________Lathe depreciation ________ ________ ________Lathe maintenance ________ ________ ________Lathe operator wages ________ ________ ________Lumber ________ ________ ________Samples for trade shows ________ ________ ________Metal brackets for drawers ________ ________ ________Factory washroom supplies ________ ________ ________Answer: Cost Cost Nonmanu-Item Tracing Allocation facturingCarpenter wages XDepreciation - office building XGlue for assembly XLathe department supervisor XLathe depreciation XLathe maintenance XLathe operator wages XLumber XSamples for trade shows XMetal brackets for drawers XFactory washroom supplies XDiff: 2Objective: 2AACSB: Application of knowledge25) What are the factors that affect the classification of a cost as direct or indirect?Answer: Several factors affect whether a cost is classified as direct or indirect:The materiality of the cost in question. The smaller the amount of a cost–that is, the more immaterial the cost is–the less likely it is economically feasible to trace it to a particular cost object.Available information-gathering technology. Improvements in information-gathering technology make it possible to consider more and more costs as direct costs.Design of operations. Classifying a cost as direct is easier if a company's facility (or some part of it) is used exclusively for a specific cost object, such as a specific product or a particular customer.Diff: 3Objective: 2AACSB: Analytical thinking26) What are the differences between direct costs and indirect costs? Give an example of each. Answer: Direct costs are costs that can be traced easily to the product manufactured or the service rendered. Examples of direct costs include direct materials and direct manufacturing labor used in a product. Indirect costs cannot be easily identified with individual products or services rendered, and are usually assigned using allocation formulas. In a plant that manufactures multiple products, examples of indirect costs include the plant supervisor's salary and the cost of machines used to produce more than one type of product.Diff: 2Objective: 2AACSB: Analytical thinkingObjective 2.31) Which of the following is true if the volume of sales increases?A) fixed cost increasesB) variable cost decreasesC) variable cost increasesD) fixed cost decreasesAnswer: CDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge2) Which of the following is a fixed cost?A) monthly rent paymentB) electricity expensesC) travel expensesD) direct material costsAnswer: ADiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge3) Cost behavior refers to ________.A) how costs react to a change in the level of activityB) whether a cost is incurred in a manufacturing, merchandising, or service companyC) classifying costs as either perpetual or period costsD) whether a particular expense is expensed in the same or the following periodAnswer: ADiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking4) Which of the following is true if the production volume decreases?A) fixed cost per unit increasesB) average cost per unit decreasesC) variable cost per unit increasesD) variable cost per unit decreasesAnswer: ADiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge5) At a plant where a union agreement sets annual salaries and conditions, annual labor costs usually________.A) are considered a variable costB) are considered a fixed costC) depend on the scheduling of floor workersD) depend on the scheduling of production runsAnswer: BDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking6) Variable costs ________.A) are always indirect costsB) increase in total when the actual level of activity increasesC) include most personnel costs and depreciation on machineryD) are never considered a part of prime costAnswer: BDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking7) Maize Plastics manufactures and sells 50 bottles per day. Fixed costs are $30,000 and the variable costs for manufacturing 50 bottles are $10,000. Each bottle is sold for $1,000. How would the daily profit be affected if the daily volume of sales drop by 10%?A) profits are reduced by $4,000B) profits are reduced by $1,000C) profits are reduced by $5,000D) profits are reduced by $6,000Answer: AExplanation: A) Variable cost per unit = $10,000 / 50 = $200Profit for 50 bottles = ($1,000 × 50) - ($30,000 + $10,000) = $10,000Sales after 10% drop = 50 × (1 - 0.10) = 45Profit for 45 bottles = ($1,000 × 45) - ($30,000 + (45 × 200))= $6,000Change in profit = $10,000 - $6,000 = $4,000. Hence, the profit has decreased by $4,000.Diff: 3Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge8) Fixed costs depend on the ________.A) amount of resources usedB) amount of resources acquiredC) volume of productionD) total number of units soldAnswer: BDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking9) Which one of the following is a variable cost for an insurance company?A) rent of the buildingB) CEO's salaryC) electricity expensesD) property taxesAnswer: CDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge10) Which of the following is a fixed cost for an automobile manufacturing plant?A) administrative salariesB) electricity used by assembly-line machinesC) sales commissionsD) tiresAnswer: ADiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge11) If each motorcycle requires a belt that costs $20 and 2,000 motorcycles are produced for the month, the total cost for belts is ________.A) considered to be a direct fixed costB) considered to be a direct variable costC) considered to be an indirect fixed costD) considered to be an indirect variable costAnswer: BDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge12) The most likely cost driver of distribution costs is the ________.A) number of parts within the productB) number of miles drivenC) number of products manufacturedD) number of production hoursAnswer: BDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge13) The most likely cost driver of direct labor costs is the ________.A) number of machine setups for the productB) number of miles drivenC) number of production hoursD) number of machine hoursAnswer: CDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge14) Which of the following statements is true?A) There is a cause-and-effect relationship between the cost driver and the amount of cost.B) Fixed costs have cost drivers over the short run.C) Over the short run all costs have cost drivers.D) Volume of production is a cost driver of distribution costs.Answer: ADiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking15) A band of normal activity or volume in which specific cost-volume relationships are maintained is referred to as the ________.A) average rangeB) cost-allocation rangeC) cost driver rangeD) relevant rangeAnswer: DDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking16) Within the relevant range, if there is a change in the level of the cost driver, then ________.A) total fixed costs and total variable costs will changeB) total fixed costs and total variable costs will remain the sameC) total fixed costs will remain the same and total variable costs will changeD) total fixed costs will change and total variable costs will remain the sameAnswer: CDiff: 2Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking17) Outside the relevant range, variable costs, such as direct material costs ________.A) will decrease proportionately with changes in sales volumesB) will remain the same with changes in production volumesC) will not change proportionately with changes in production volumesD) will increase proportionately with changes in sales volumesAnswer: CDiff: 2Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking18) Which of the following is a cost driver for a company's human resource costs?A) the number of employees in the companyB) the number of job applications processedC) the number of units soldD) the square footage of the office space used by the human resource departmentAnswer: BDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinkingAnswer the following questions using the information below:Zephyr Apparels is a clothing retailer. Unit costs associated with one of its products, Product DCT121, are as follows:Direct materials $ 70Direct manufacturing labor 20Variable manufacturing overhead 15Fixed manufacturing overhead 32Sales commissions (2% of sales) 5Administrative salaries 16Total $15819) What are the direct variable manufacturing costs per unit associated with Product DCT121?A) $142B) $90C) $105D) $110Answer: CExplanation: C) Direct variable manufacturing costs = $70 + $20 + $15 = $105Diff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge20) What are the indirect nonmanufacturing variable costs per unit associated with Product DCT121?A) $5B) $21C) $90D) $142Answer: AExplanation: A) Indirect variable costs = Sales commissions = $5Diff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledgeAnswer the following questions using the information below:The East Company manufactures several different products. Unit costs associated with Product ORD210 are as follows:Direct materials $54Direct manufacturing labor 8Variable manufacturing overhead 11Fixed manufacturing overhead 25Sales commissions (2% of sales) 5Administrative salaries 12Total $11521) What is the percentage of the total variable costs per unit associated with Product ORD105 with respect to total cost?A) 72%B) 68%C) 75%D) 70%Answer: AExplanation: A) $60 + $10 + $15 + $5 = $90/125 = 72%Diff: 3Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge22) What is the percentage of the total fixed costs per unit associated with Product ORD105 with respect to total cost?A) 32%B) 28%C) 26%D) 20%Answer: BExplanation: B) $25 + 10 = $35/125 = 28%Diff: 3Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge23) A fixed cost is fixed only in relation to a given wide range of total activity or volume and only for a giventime span, usually a particular budget period.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge24) A cost driver is a variable, such as the level of activity or volume that causally affects costs over a given time span.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking25) Fixed cost per unit reduces with an increase in production volume.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking26) Variable costs per unit vary with the level of production or sales volume.Answer: FALSEExplanation: Variable costs per unit are constant with the level of production or sales volume.Diff: 2Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking27) Wood used to manufacture chairs is considered a direct variable cost.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking28) Variable costs depend on the resources used.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking29) A fixed cost remains unchanged in total for a given time period, despite wide changes in the related levelof total activity or volume of output produced.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking30) An appropriate cost driver for shipping costs might be the number of units shipped.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinking31) Butler Hospital wants to estimate the cost for each patient stay. It is a general health care facility offering only basic services and not specialized services such as organ transplants.Required:a. Classify each of the following costs as either direct or indirect with respect to each patient.b. Classify each of the following costs as either fixed or variable with respect to hospital costs per day.Direct Indirect Fixed VariableElectronic monitoring ________ ________ ________ ________Meals for patients ________ ________ ________ ________Nurses' salaries ________ ________ ________ ________Parking maintenance ________ ________ ________ ________Security ________ ________ ________ ________Answer: Direct Indirect Fixed VariableElectronic monitoring X XMeals for patients X XNurses' salaries X XParking maintenance X XSecurity X XDiff: 3Objective: 2, 3AACSB: Application of knowledge32) The list of representative cost drivers in the right column below are randomized with respect to the list of functions in the left column. That is, they do not match.Required:Match each business function with its representative cost driver.Objective: 3AACSB: Application of knowledge33) Describe a variable cost. Describe a fixed cost. Explain why the distinction between variable and fixed costs is important in cost accounting.Answer: Total variable costs increase with increased production or sales volumes. Fixed costs are not influenced by fluctuations in production or sales volumes. However, variable cost per unit remains the same at all levels of production and fixed cost per unit reduces with increase in production. Without the knowledge of cost behaviors, budgets and other forecasting tools will be inaccurate and unreliable. Understanding whether a cost behaves as a variable or a fixed cost is essential to estimating and planning for business success.Diff: 3Objective: 3AACSB: Analytical thinkingObjective 2.41) A unit cost is computed by ________.A) multiplying total cost by the number of units producedB) dividing total cost by the number of units producedC) dividing variable cost by the number of units producedD) dividing fixed cost by the number of units producedAnswer: BDiff: 1Objective: 4AACSB: Analytical thinking2) In making product mix and pricing decisions, managers should focus on ________.A) total costsB) unit costsC) variable costsD) manufacturing costsAnswer: ADiff: 2Objective: 4AACSB: Analytical thinking3) When 20,000 units are produced, fixed costs are $16 per unit. Therefore, when 16,000 units are produced, fixed costs will ________.A) increase to $20 per unitB) remain at $16 per unitC) decrease to $10 per unitD) total $160,000Answer: AExplanation: A) Fixed costs are $320,000 ($16 × 20,000 units). Dividing $320,000 by 16,000 units = $20. Diff: 3Objective: 4AACSB: Application of knowledge4) When 20,000 units are produced, variable costs are $8 per unit. Therefore, when 10,000 units are produced ________.A) variable costs will remain at $8 per unitB) variable costs will total $60,000C) variable unit costs will increase to $12 per unitD) variable unit costs will decrease to $3 per unitAnswer: ADiff: 2Objective: 4AACSB: Application of knowledge5) Eigen Manufacturing Corp. provided the following information for last month:Sales $40,000Variable costs 14,000Fixed costs 10,000Operating income $16,000If sales reduce to half of the amount in the next month, what is the projected operating income?A) $15,000B) $6,000C) $16,000D) $3,000Answer: DExplanation: D) Projected operating income = ($40,000 / 2) −($14,000 / 2) − $10,000 = $3,000 Diff: 3Objective: 4AACSB: Application of knowledge6) Genosis Metals provided the following information for last month:Sales $20,000Variable costs 8,000Fixed costs 4,000Operating income $8,000If sales reduce to half the amount in the next month, what is the projected operating income?A) $0B) $4,000C) $2,000D) $6,000Answer: CExplanation: C) Projected operating income = ($20,000 × 0.5) − ($8,000 × 0.5) − $4,000 = $2,000 Diff: 3Objective: 4AACSB: Application of knowledge。
成本核算的详细说明 Cost accounting Detailed explanation英语写作
成本核算的详细说明Cost accounting Detailedexplanation.Cost accounting refers to a branch of accounting and it is used by business organisations for ages. This particular branch of accounting is the best way for every kind of non-profit and profit making organisations to track their costs and the activities for which such costs are incurred by them.Cost accounting uses to deal with the evaluation of the cost of a product or service a company offered. It computes the cost of a product or service by considering every factor contributing to the process of producing such product orservice which include the factor related to manufacturing or production and administrative.Cost accounting system is aimed to help a company’s management to fix up the final price of a product or service it produces and to control the cost associated with the production of such product or service. Moreover, it pinpoints every sort of wastage, defects, and leakages during a company’s manufacturing process as well as its marketing processes.Cost accounting is a highly significant and advantageous companion of traditional financial accounting system. This accounting system involves the establishment of actual cost or standard cost of operations, different types of budgets along with classification, recording, and allocation of business related expenditure.OriginBefore the emergence of industrial revolution, business organisations were small in size and they are characterized by simple exchanges between organizations and individuals. In that period of time, accurate bookkeeping was needed but cost accounting was not so much vital. Over the years businesses become complex due to their distinct operating activities which evoked the need for cost accounting.The industrial revolution age has resulted in the development of large scale organisations and businesses and these organisations were much dynamic and complex than previous. Such dynamic and complex nature of businessesinstigated the invention of a new brand of accounting which is called cost accounting.So the concept of cost accounting originated and evolved due to the industrial revolution to help businessmen to track their business related expenses and costs by keeping a record for the same. Prior to the golden era of industrialization, costs and expenses of a business are categorized as variable costs which include cost of material, labor, overhead and other variable costs.However, at the time when industrialization came into existence, businesses had a number of‘fixed costs’ t hat are not directly associated with the manufacturing or production of products orservices. These fixed costs consist of expenses related to rent, storage costs, depreciation, insurance cost and more. As steel industry, railroads and some other large industries were developed, the understanding of the fixed costs of businesses became vital.Allocation of these fixed costs became significant to the business owners and managers for their business oriented decision making, product development, and pricing. Such increasing importance of understanding fixed costs, allocating the same in an appropriate manner, and considering these cost elements in decision making have originated the concept of modern cost accounting.EvolutionIn today’s world, the business env ironment becomes very dynamic as well as complex. A company must have the ability to navigate the complex business factors that arise from the external business environment as the threat of new entrants, competition, uncertainty, risks, and some other uncontrollable external factors. All these external business environment factors create complexities and difficulties for companies to continue their business operations smoothly and to expand their business.Before the industrial revolution, when the organisations were small in size and scale, the external business environment was not that much complex as it is now. In order to conduct business operation successfully by mitigating all the complex external factors effectively, the modern business organisations require lots ofprocesses and input which invoked the idea of cost accounting to come into existence.Over the times and as per the increasing complexities in business activities, only conventional financial accounting becomes insufficient for effective management of large and medium scale organisations. The need for improving the management system and business activities of large and medium size companies has provoked the evolution of cost accounting system. In the past few decades, this newly evolved branch of accounting has come through rapid growth and evolution in the present business world.A number of new techniques and procedures were developed in order to refine the cost accounting system and to make it most usefulfor companies. The main idea behind the development of cost accounting system was to refuse the backlogs of the conventional accounting system i.e. financial accounting system. Financial accounting is not able to enhance a company’s efficiency and cost control system. Thus, for enhancing operational efficiency of companies, and improving their cost control mechanism cost accounting system developed. With time some scientific methods and standards are formulated to increase the effectiveness and usefulness of cost accounting system.Definition and ObjectivesCost accounting is an accounting process which is for recording all types of costs incurred by a company or organisation for conducting theirbusiness operations in such a way which can assist in improving its management. It is a process of collecting, classifying, recording, analysing, summarising, and then, allocation of costs those areassociated with the operational processes of an organisation, and then developing a set of actions for controlling those costs.It is a method of accounting that aims towards capturing the costs of a company’s production process by assessing the input costs related to each step of the company’s production process and fixed costs like depreciation of tangible assets, amortisation of intangible assets. With the application of cost accounting mechanism, a company become able to measure different types of costs first and then record them individually and after that compare between theinput and output (actual) results to aid its management to measure its financial performance.This particular accounting concept is involved with the determination of costs of production (products), processes, projects, and more for reporting the same in the financial statements of a company with correct amounts. It also involved in assisting a company’s management in its planning and controlling and preparing specific and relevant financial analyses which assist in decision making in the best manner.A vital part of this accounting system involves unit cost of products for reporting the COGS (cost of goods sold) of the manufacturer’s income statement and inventory cost in the balance sheet. Cost accounting uses to assistmanagement to set business plans as well as to control the entire business through preparing budgets for operations, transfer pricing, standard costing, and reporting on variance, etc.It also helps the management in preparing capital budget for the company in relation to business expansion. It includes some special analyses like cost behaviour analysis, CVP (cost-volume-profit) analysis, decisions related to make or buy, final selling prices of products, and more. The root of cost accounting system is found in manufacturing companies though it has extended its arms to service providing companies also.For instance, a bank uses cost accounting for determining the processing cost associated with its customers’ deposits and/or checks, cost ofmaintaining the account, servicing costs related to mortgage loans, processing cost for international or domestic fund transfers and more. This, in turn, provides guidance to the management of the bank in setting the proper price for the various services it provides to the customers or clients.The objectives of the cost accounting system are to ascertain per unit cost of different types of products a manufacturing company uses to manufacture, to provide correct cost analysis of business operations along with different cost elements in relation to the regular operating activities of a business concern. It is also aimed to disclose the sources of production related wastages such as wastage of raw materials, time, and fund.All the production and distribution related wastages from raw material purchase to placing the final product to market are required to be analysed by every manufacturing company and cost accounting system is the best option to do so. Another objective of cost accounting system is to provide requisite data and information to the management of a company as guidance to set the best possible price for the final product.Furthermore, this particular accounting system’s another objective is to ascertain profitability attached to each product and service produced by a company and advise the management regarding the way to maximise such profitability.Advantages of cost accountingThe process of cost accounting led a company to collect and interpret information for determining how it earns and utilizes funds while conducting its regular business operations. This accounting system provides lots of actionable information in comparison to the financial accounting system. The advantages a company uses to get for using cost accounting system are as follows:Advantages of Cost AccountingHelpful in price fixationIn some cases, a company is capable of fixing up the final price for the products it tends to sell in the market as per the cost incurred for producing such products. Here, it becomes difficult to fix a product’s final price properly if proper cost figures are unavailable. If the final price of aproduct is fixed without using proper costing information, then quoted or final price of such product might be too low or high compared to the actual production cost of that product.If the final price of a product stands higher than the production cost then a company losses its customers and of it stands lower than production cost then the company faces loss. Cost accounting system reveals the exact price to be charged from customers that would be profitable for the manufacturing company. Manufacturing companies using cost accounting system used to get accurate information about the costs incurred for manufacturing a product or service they deliver to customers.Detect profitable as well as unprofitable business activitiesThis accounting systemdetects profit generating business activities that are required to be continued by a company to stay profitable in the market. Besides this, it also detects the unprofitable or loss making business activities of a company that is responsible for creating negative pressure on the company’s profitability and helps the management to eliminate such activities.Guide in price reductionIn some situations like slump or depression, it becomes very important for a company to reduce the final price of its products, even below the products’ actual tot al cost. In this situation, properly ascertained costs guide the management of a company to reduce the final price of products to cope up with the situationAdaptable in natureManagers use to appreciate the cost accounting system because it is easy to adapt, and implemented in accordance with the changing needs and demands of a business. Unlike the static financial accounting system, driven by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the cost accounting system is only concerned with internal purposes and internal eyes of a company’s management board.Assist in proper planning and decision makingCost accounting system helps the management to set financial budgets, conduct variance analysis both of which are very important for making proper business plans. It facilitates the management by providing them detailed information regarding available labour and machine capacity and in this way it helps insetting proper work plan so that no department remains idle or no one is overworked. It assists in preparing annual financial budget and capital budget which are very significant for proper fund allocation and business expansion. It guides management to make decisions regarding the use of labour and machine for production by indicating the profitability of using both of these of any one of these for productionAssist in controlling expenditureCost accounting is useful for controlling expenditure as it helps to measure every single cost related to production and detects excess expenditure. By indicating the unprofitable business activities this system of accounting helps management to eliminate those actions or modify the same to transform it into profitable actions. Timely detection ofunprofitable activities helps to control overall cost of production from getting increased.Ease labour costs monitoring and controllingLabour costs of a company are easy to monitor as well as control if a company applies cost accounting system. Proper monitoring and controlling of labour costs assist the management to determine productivity and efficiency of a company’s labour force which is important while estimating marginal productivity of each employee. It also helps management to make decision on how to enhance individual labour productivity to increase the overall productivity of a company.Disadvantages of Cost AccountingAlongside the various advantages of cost accounting system there are some disadvantages of using this accounting system. The limitations of cost accounting system are given below:Lack of uniformity: This particular accounting system does not include a uniform process. It often makes different cost accountants to generate separate results from the same data and information. Due to such limitation, the results of cost accounting are used as estimates only.Costly: For small and medium scale business organisations, the application of cost accounting system is costly as it needs a completely separate set up for accounting. For large companies, this accounting system is not hard to implement but it puts negative pressure on their plex: This accounting system is quitecomplex to apply in comparison to financial accounting system as it requires lots of work on the front end, along with some constant adjustments for improvements. Segregation of different types of cost elements by considering their nature is also responsible for making this system complex than other accounting systems.Reliance on experienced and highly-skilled professionals: The application of cost accounting system requires highly-skilled professional accountants and auditors. It creates dependency on the cost accountants heavily and led a company to bear extra cost for hiring cost accountants. After the implementation of cost accounting system, employees required to get extra training as well as must gain the capability to cooperate with the data input sufficiently. Non-cooperation of employees found responsible for rendering ineffective costaccounting system which is otherwise found as a beautifully constructed accounting system.What is cost accounting?Impact of Cost Accounting on a Company’s SuccessCost accounting system helps a company to control its all kind of cost associated with production and marketing of products or services it delivers. Every organisation aims to reduce its operating costs to increase its profitability and cost reduction is one of the main targets to fulfil by the organisations to stay in the market profitably. The more a company becomes able to control its costs the great it becomes able to invest in innovation and modification of products and in other activities such as marketing and business expansion. Theinformation and data provided by cost accounting system include all types of costs associated with manufacturing a product or delivering a service. Such information is utilized by a company’s management while making decisions on pricing, budgeting, product mix, and others to support a company’s operational and financial objectives. Cost accounting significantly helps a company to control its business expenditure. It assists management of a company to set operational and capital budgets which help to make long-term strategic decisions to achieve long-term organisational goals in a successful manner.。
cost accounting(成本会计)
Cost (Millions of Dollars)
$10
$8
$8.0MM Walking mowers
Bicycles $6
$4 Riding mowers
$2
$0 Original allocation
$8.0MM Walking mowers
Bicycles
Riding ers Revised allocation
• Direct labor • Dedicated
equipment
• Raw materials
• Costs generally
incurred by the firm outside of the production process. These costs cannot easily be identified with, or assigned to, a particular product
•Exercises
–cost allocation –breakeven volume
•Key takeaways
Agenda
会计报标准表格中的英文
..常用会计英语词汇基本词汇A (1)account账户，报表A (2)accountingpostulate会计假定A (3)accountingvaluation会计计价A (4)accountabilityconcept经营责任观点A (5)accountancy会计职业A (6)accountant会计师A (7)accounting会计A(8)agency cost 代理成本A (9)accounting bases会计基础A (10)accounting manual会计手册A (11)accountingperiod会计时期A (12)accountingpolicies会计目标A (13)accounting rate of return会计酬劳率A (14)accountingreference date会计参照日A (15)accountingreferenceperiod会计参照时期A (16)accrual concept应计观点A (17)accrual expenses应计花费A(18)acidtest ratio速动比率(酸性测试比率)A (19)acquisition收买A (20)acquisition accounting收买会计A (21)adjusting events调整事项A (22)administrative expenses行政管理费A (23)amortization摊销A (24)analytical review剖析性复核A (25)annualequivalent cost年度等量成本法A (26)annualreport andaccounts年度报告和报表A (27)appraisal cost查验成本A (28)appropriation account盈余分派账户A (29)articlesof association公司章程细则A (30)assets财富A (31)assets cover财富担保A(32)asset value per share每股财富价值A (33)associated company联营公司A (34)attainable standard可达标准A (35)attributableprofit可归属利润A(36)audit审计A(37)audit report审计报告A (38)auditing standards审计准则A (39)authorized share capital额定股本A (40)available hours可用小时A (41)avoidable costs可防止成本;...B(42)back-to-backloan易币贷款B (43)backflush accounting倒退成本计算B(44)bad debts坏帐B(45)bad debts ratio坏帐比率B(46)bank charges银行手续费B(47)bank overdraft银行透支B(48)bank reconciliation银行存款调理表B(49)bank statement银行对账单B(50)bankruptcy破产B(51)basis of apportionment分摊基础B(52)batch批量B(53)batch costing分批成本计算B(54)beta factor B(市场)风险因素BB(55)bill账单B(56)bill of exchange汇票B(57)bill of lading提单B(58)bill of materials用料估计单B(59)bill payable对付单据B(60)bill receivable应收单据B(61)bin card存货记录卡B (62)bonus盈余B(63)book-keeping薄记B(64)Boston classification波士顿分类B(65)breakeven chart保本图B(66)breakeven point保本点B(67)breaking-down time复位时间B(68)budget估算B(69)budget center估算中心B(70)budget costallowance估算成本折让B(71)budget manual估算手册B(72)budget period估算时期B(73)budgetary control估算控制B (74)budgetedcapacity估算生产能力B(75)business center经营中心B(76)business entity营业个体B(77)business unit经营单位B(78)by-product副产品C(79)called-up share capital催缴股本C(80)capacity生产能力C(81)capacity ratios生产能力比率C(82)capital资本C(83)capital assets pricing model资本财富计价模式C(84)capital commitment承诺资本C(85)capital employed已运用的资本;...C (86)capitalexpenditure资本支出C (87)capitalexpenditure authorization资本支出同意C (88)capitalexpenditure control资本支出控制C (89)capitalexpenditure proposal资本支出申请C (90)capital funding planning资本基金筹集计划C (91)capital gain资本利润C (92)capital investment appraisal资本投资评估C (93)capital maintenance资本保全C (94)capital resource planning资本资源计划C (95)capital surplus资本盈余C (96)capital turnover资本周转率C(97)card记录卡C(98)cash现金C(99)cash account现金账户C(100)cash book现金账薄C(101)cash cow金牛产品C(102)cash flow现金流量C(103)cashflowbudget现金流量估算C(104)cashflowstatement现金流量表C(105)cash ledger现金分类账C(106)cash limit现金限额C(107)CCA现时成本会计C(108)center中心C(109)changeover time更改时间C(110)chartered entity特许经济个体C (111)cheque支票C (112)chequeregister支票登记薄C(113)classification分类C (114)clock card工时卡C(115)code代码C(116)commitment accounting承诺确认会计C(117)common cost共同成本C(118)company limited by guarantee有限担保责任公司C(119)company limited by shares股份有限公司C(120)competitive position竞争能力状况C(121)concept观点C (122)conglomerate跨行业公司C(123)consistency concept一致性观点C(124)consolidated accounts归并报表C (125)consolidation accounting归并会计C (126)consortium财团C(127)contingency plan应急计划C (128)contingent liabilities或有欠债C (129)continuous operation连续生产;...C(130)contra抵消C(131)contract cost合同成本C(132)contract costing合同成本计算C(133)contribution centre贡献中心C(134)contribution chart贡献图C (135)control控制C (136)control account控制账户C (137)control limits控制限度C(138)controllability concept可控制观点C(139)controllable cost可控制成本C (140)conversion cost加工成本C (141)convertible loan stock可变换为股票的贷款C(142)corporate appraisal公司评估C(143)corporate planning公司计划C(144)corporate social reporting公司社会报告C(145)cost成本C(146)cost account成本账户C(147)cost accounting成本会计C(148)costaccountingmanual成本手册C(149)cost adjustment成本调整C(150)cost allocation成安分派C(151)cost apportionment成安分摊C(152)cost attribution成本归属C(153)cost audit成本审计C(154)costbenefitanalysis成本效益剖析C(155)cost center成本中心C(156)cost driver成本动因C(157)cost of capital资本成本C(158)cost of goods sold销货成本C(159)cost of non-conformance非符合成本C(160)cost of sales销售成本C(161)cost reduction成本降低C(162)cost structure成本构造C(163)cost unit成本单位C (164)cost-volume-profit analysis(CVP)本量利剖析C (165)costing成本计算C(166)credit note贷项通知C(167)credit report信贷报告书C(168)creditor债权人C(169)creditor daysratio对付账款天数率C(170)creditors ledger对付账款分类账C(171)critical event重点事项C(172)critical path重点路线C (173)cumulative preferenceshares积累优先股;...C(174)current asset流动财富C(175)currentcostaccounting现时成本会计C(176)current liabilities流动欠债C(177)current purchasing power accounting现时购买力会计C(178)current ratio流动比率C(179)cut-off截止C(180)CVP本量利剖析C(181)cycle time周转时间D(182)debenture债券D(183)debit note借项通知D(184)debit capacity举债能力D(185)debt ratio债务比率D(186)debtor债务人;应收账款D(187)debtor days ratio应收账款天数率D (188)debtors ledger应收账款分类账D(189)debtor'age analysis应收账款账龄剖析D (190)decision drivencosts决议连动成本D (191)decision tree决议树D (192)defects次品D (193)deferred expenditure递延支出D (194)deferred shares递延股份D (195)deferredtaxation递延税款D(196)delivery note交货单D(197)departmental accounts部门报表D(198)departmental budget部门估算D(199)depreciation折旧D (200)dispatch note发运单D(201)development cost开发成本D (202)differential cost差异成本D(203)direct cost直接成本D(204)direct debit直接借项D(205)direct hours yield直接小时产出率D(206)direct labourcostpercentagerate直接人工成本百分比D(207)direct labourhour rate直接人工小时率D(208)directs on indirect work间接工作事项上的工时D (209)discount rate贴现率D (210)discounted cash flow现金流量贴现D(211)discretionary cost酌量成本D (212)distributioncost摊销成本D (213)diversions移用D (214)diverted hours移用小时D (215)diverted hours ratio移用工时比率D (216)dividend股利D (217)dividend cover股利产出率;...D(218)dividend per share每股股利D(219)dog疲软产品D(220)double entry accounting复式会计D(221)double-entrybook-keeping复式薄记D(222)doubtful debts可疑债务D(223)down time歇工时间D(224)dynamic programming动向规划E (225)earning per share每股盈余E (226)earning ratio市盈率E(227)economic order quantity(EOQ)经济订购批量E (228)efficient market hypothesis有效市场假定E(229)efficiency ration效任性比率E(230)elementofcost成本因素E(231)entity经济个体E(232)environmental audit环境审计E(233)environmental impact assessment环境影响评论E(234)EOQ经济订购批量E (235)equity权益E (236)equity method of accounting权益法会计计算E (237)equity share capital权益股本E(238)equivalent units当量E(239)event事项E (240)exceptional items例外事项E(241)expected value希望值E (242)expenditure支出E(243)expenses花费E (244)external audit外面审计E (245)externalfailure cost外面损失成本E(246)extraordinary items特别事项F(247)factory goods让售商品F(248)factoring应收帐款让售F(249)fair value公允价值F(250)feedback反应F(251)FIFO先近先出法F(252)final accounts年关报表F(253)finance lease融资租借F (254)financialaccounting财务会计F (255)financial accounts calendaradjustment财务报表的日历时间调整F (256)financialmanagement财务管理F (257)financial planning财务计划F (258)financial statement财务报表F (259)finished goods达成品F(260)fixed asset固定财富F(261)fixed overhead固定制造花费;...F(262)fixed asset turnover固定财富周转率F(263)fixed assets register固定财富登记薄F(264)fixed cost固定成本F (265)flexed budget改动限额估算F (266)flexible budget弹性估算F(267)float time浮动时间F (268)floating charge流动抵押F(269)flow of funds statement资本流量表F (270)forecasting展望F(271)founder's shares倡始人股份F(272)full capacity满负荷生产能力F(273)function costing职能成本计算F(274)functional budget职能估算F(275)fund accounting基金会计F(276)fundamental accountingconcept基础会计观点F(277)fungible assets可交换财富F(278)futuristic planning远景计划G(279)gap analysis间距剖析G(280)gearing举债经营比率(杠杆)G(281)goal congruence目标一致性G (282)going concern concept连续经营观点G(283)goodsreceivednote商品收讫单G(284)goodwill商誉G (285)gross dividendyield总股息产出率G (286)grossmargin总边沿G (287)gross profit毛利润G (288)gross profit percentage毛利润百分比G (289)group公司公司G (290)group accounts公司报表H(291)high-geared高联合杠杆(比率)H(292)hire purchase租购H(293)historical cost历史成本H(294)historical cost accounting历史成本会计H (295)hours小时H(296)hurdle rate最低可接受的酬劳率I(297)ideal standard理想标准I(298)idle capacity ration闲置生产能力比率I(299)idle time闲置时间I (300)impersonal accounts非记名账户I (301)imprest system定额备用制度I(302)income and expenditureaccount利润和支出报表I (303)incomplete records不完美记录I (304)incremental cost增量成本I (305)incremental yield增量产出率;...I(306)indirect cost间接成本I(307)indirect hours间接小时I(308)insolvency无力偿付I (309)intangible asset无形财富I (310)integrated accounts综合报表I(311)interdependency concept关系性观点I(312)interest cover利息保障倍数I(313)interlocking accounts连锁报表I(314)internal audit内部审计I(315)internal check内部管制I(316)internal controlsystem内部控制系统I(317)internal failure cost内部损失成本I(318)internal rateof return(IRR)内含酬劳率I (319)inventory存货I(320)investment投资I(321)investment center投资中心I(322)invoice register发票登记薄I(323)issuedsharecapital已刊行股本J(324)job定单J(325)job card工作卡J(326)job costing工作成本计算J(327)job sheet工作单J(328)joint cost联合成本J(329)joint products联产品J(330)joint stock company股份公司J(331)joint venture合资经营J(332)journal日志账J(333)just-in-time(JIT)合时制度J(334)just-in-timeproduction合时生产J(335)just-in-timepurchasing合时购买K(336)key factor重点因素L(337)labour人工L(338)labour transfer note人工转移单L(339)leaning curve学习曲线L(340)ledger分类账户L(341)length of order book定单均匀周期L (342)letter of credit信誉证L(343)leverage举债经营比率L (344)liabilities欠债L(345)life cycle costing寿命周期成本计算L(346)LIFO后近先出法L(347)limited liability company有限责任公司L(348)limiting factor限制因素L (349)line-item budget明细支出估算;...L(350)liner programming线性规划L (351)liquid assets变现财富L (352)liquidation清理L(353)liquidity ratios易变现比率L(354)loan贷款L(355)loan capital借入资本L(356)long range planning长久计划L(357)losttimerecord浪费时间记录L(358)low geared低联合杠杆(比率)L (359)lowerof cost or net realizablevalueconcept成本或可变净价孰低观点M(360)machinehourrate机器小时率M(361)machinetimerecord机器时间记录M(362)managed cost管理成本M (363)management accounting管理睬计M(364)managementaccountingconcept管理睬计观点M(365)managementaccountingguides管理睬计指导目标M (366)management audit管理审计M(367)managementbuy-out管理性购买产权M(368)managementbyexception例外管理原则M(369)margin边沿M(370)margin of safety ration安全边沿比率M(371)margin cost边沿成本M(372)margin costing边沿成本计算M(373)mark-down降低标价M(374)mark-up提升标价M(375)market risk premium市场分险赔偿M(376)market share市场份额M (377)marketing cost营销成本M(378)matching concept配比观点M(379)materiality concept重要性观点M(380)materials requisition领料单M(381)materialsreturnednote退料单M(382)materialstransfernote资料转移单M (383)memorandum of association公司建立细则M(384)merger吞并M(385)merger accounting吞并会计M(386)minority interest少量股权M(387)mixedcost混淆成本N(388)net assets净财富N(389)netbookvalue净账面价值N(390)net liquid funds净可变现资本N(391)net margin净边沿N(392)net present value(NPV)净现值N(393)net profit净利润;...N(394)netrealizablevalue可变现净值N(395)networth财富净值N (396)networkanalysis网络剖析N(397)noise干捞N (398)nominalaccount名义账户N (399)nominal share capital名义股本N (400)nominal holding代理拥有股份N (401)non-adjusting events非调整事项N(402)non-financial performancemeasurement非财务业绩计量N(403)non-integratedaccounts非综合报表N(404)non-linerprogramming非线性规划N (405)non-voting shares无表决权的股份N (406)notional cost名义成本N (407)number of daysstock存货周转天数N (408)number of weeks stock存货周转周数O(409)objective classification客体分类O (410)obsolescence陈腐O(411)offbalance sheet finance财富欠债表外筹资O(412)offer for sale标价销售O(413)operating budget经营估算O(414)operating lease经营租借O(415)operating statement营业报表O(416)operation time操作时间O (417)operational control经营控制O (418)operational gearing经营杠杆O(419)operating plans经营计划O (420)opportunitycost时机成本O(421)order定单O(422)ordinary shares一般股O (423)out-of-date cheque过期支票O(424)overcapitalization过分资本化O(425)overhead制造花费O(426)overheadabsorptionrate制造花费分派率O(427)overhead cost制造花费O (428)overtrading超出营业资本的经营P(429)paidcheque已付支票P(430)paid-up sharecapital认定股本P(431)parent company母公司P(432)pareto distribution帕累托散布P(433)participating preference shares参加优先股P (434)partnership合伙P(435)payable ledger对付款项账户P (436)payback回收期P(437)payments andreceipts account收入和支出报表;...P(438)paymentswithheld保存款额P(439)payroll薪资单P(440)payroll analysis薪资剖析P(441)percentage profit onturnover利润对营业额比率P(442)period cost时期成本P(443)perpetualinventory永续盘存P (444)personal account记名账户P(445)PEPT项目评审法P(446)petty cash account备用金账户P(447)petty cash voucher备用金凭据P (448)physicalinventory实地盘存P (449)planning计划P (450)planning horizon计划时限P (451)planning period计划时期P(452)policy cost政策成本P (453)position audit状况审计P(454)postbalancesheetevents财富欠债表编后事项P (455)practicalcapacity实质生产能力P(456)pre-acquisition losses购买前损失P(457)pre-acquisitionprofits购买前利润P(458)preference shares优先股P(459)preference creditors优先债权人P(460)preferredcreditors优先债权人P (461)prepayments预支款项P (462)present value现值P(463)prevention cost预防成本P(464)price ratio市盈率P(465)prime cost主要成本P(466)primeentry-booksof原始分录登记薄P (467)principal budget factor主要估算因素P(468)prior charge capital优先股P(469)prior year adjustments从前年度调整P(470)priority base budgeting优先次序系统的估算P(471)private company个人公司P(472)pro-formainvoice预开发票P (473)problem child问号产品P (474)process costing分步成本计算P (475)process time加工时间P (476)product cost产品成本P (477)Productlife cycle产品寿命周期P(478)production cost生产成本P(479)production cost of sales售货成本P(480)production volume ratio生家产务量比率P(481)profit center利润中心;...P(482)profit per employee每员工利润P(483)profit retained for the year年度利润保存P(484)profit to turnover ratio利润对营业额比率P(485)profit-volumegraph利量图P (486)profitability index盈余指数P (487)programming规划P (488)project evaluation and review technique项目评审法P(489)projection估计P (490)promissorynote本票P (491)prospectus募债说明书P(492)provisions for liabilities and charges偿债和花费准备P (493)prudentconcept稳重性观点P(494)public company公然公司P(495)purchase order订购单P(496)purchase requisition请购单P(497)purchase ledger采买账户Q (498)qualityrelated costs质量有关成本Q(499)queuing time排队时间R(500)rate率R(501)ratio比率R(502)ration pyramid比率金字塔R(503)raw material原资料R (504)receipts and payments account收入和支付报表R(505)receivable ledger应收款项账户R(506)redeemable shares可赎回股份R (507)redemption赎回R(508)registered share capital注册资本R (509)rejects废品R(510)relevancy concept有关性观点R(511)relevant costs有关成本R(512)relevant range有关范围R(513)reliability concept靠谱性观点R (514)replacement price重置价钱R(515)report报表R(516)reporting报告R(517)researchcost，applied应用性研究成本R(518)research cost，pureorbasic理论或基础研究成本R(519)reserves保存利润R (520)residualincome节余利润R (521)responsibility center责任中心R(522)retention money保存款额R(523)return on capital employed运用资本酬劳率R(524)returns退回R(525)revenue收入;...R(526)revenue center收入中心R(527)revenue expenditure利润支出R(528)revenue investment收入性投资R(529)right issue认股权刊行R(530)rolling budget转动估算R(531)rolling forecast转动展望S(532)sales ledger销售分类账S(533)sales order销售定单S(534)salesperemployee每员工销售额S(535)scrap废料S(536)scrip issue红股刊行S(537)secured creditors有担保的债权人S (538)segmental reporting分部报告S(539)selling cost销售成本S(540)semi-fixedcost半固定成本S(541)semi-variable cost半改动成本S (542)sensitivity analysis敏感性剖析S (543)service cost center服务成本中心S (544)service costing服务成本计算S(545)set-uptime安装时间S(546)shadow prices影子价钱S(547)share股票S(548)share capital股份资本S(549)shareoptionscheme购股权证方案S(550)share premium股票溢价S(551)sight draft即期汇票S(552)single-entrybook-keeping单式薄记S (553)sinkingfund偿债基金S(554)slack time废弛时间S(555)social responsibility cost社会责任成本S(556)soletrader独资经营者S(557)source and applicationof funds statement资本根源和运用表S(558)specialordercosting特别定单成本计算S(559)staff costs员工成本S(560)statementofaccount营业账单S(561)statementofaffairs财务状况表S(562)statutory body法定实体S(563)stock存货S(564)stock control存货控制S(565)stock turnover存货周转率S(566)stocktaking清点存货S(567)stores requisition领料申请单S(568)strategicbusinessunit战略性经营单位S(569)strategic management accounting战略管理睬计;...S (570)strategic planning战略计划S (571)strategy战略S(572)subjective classification主体分类S(573)subscribedsharecapital已认购的股本S(574)subsidiary undertaking子公司S(575)sunk cost淹没成本S (576)supply estimate估算估计S (577)supplyexpenditure估算支出S(578)suspenseaccount暂记账户S(579)SWOT analysis优点和缺点，时机和威迫剖析S (580)system制度，系统T(581)tactical planning策略计划T (582)tactics策略T(583)take-over接收T (584)tangible asset有形财富T (585)tangiblefixed asset statement有形固定财富表T(586)target cost目标成本T (587)terotechnology设施综合工程学T(588)throughput accounting生产量会计T(589)time时间T(590)time sheet时间记录表T(591)total assets总财富T(592)totalqualitymanagement全面质量管理T(593)total stocks存货总计T(594)tradecreditors购货客户(对付账款)T(595)trade debtors销货客户(应收账款)T (596)trading profitand lossaccount营业损益表T(597)transfer price转让价钱T(598)transit time中转时间T (599)treasurership财务长制度T(600)trail balance试算均衡表T (601)turnover营业额U (602)uncalled sharecapital未催缴股本U(603)under capitalization不足资本化U(604)under orover-absorbedoverhead少汲取或多汲取的制造花费U(605)uniform accounting一致会计U(606)uniform costing一致成本计算U(607)unissuedsharecapital未刊行股本V(608)value价值V(609)value added增值V(610)value analysis价值剖析V(611)value for money audit经济效益审计V(612)vote表决V (613)voucher凭据;...W(614)waiting time等待时间W(615)waste废品(料)W(616)wasting asset递耗费产W (617)weighted averagecostofcapital资本的加权均匀成本W (618)weightedaverage price加权均匀价钱W(619)with resource有追索权W(620)without recourse无追索权W(621)working capital运营资本W (622)write-down减值Z(623)zero basebudgeting零基估算Z(624)zero couponbond无息债券Z(625)Zscore破产展望计分法accountingstatement会计报表adjustedincomestatement调整后损益计算书all-inclusiveincomestatement总括性损益表all-purposefinancialstatements通用决算表analyticalstatement剖析报表annualstatementofreceiptandexpenditure年度进出决算书annualfinancialstatement年度财务报表appropriationstatement岁出估算报表articulationstatement借贷关节表artificialstatement多栏式计算书asset-and-liabilitystatement[美]财富欠债表averagestatement海损理算书balancestatement余额明细表balancestatementofconditionsofthetreasury国库状况表bankstatement银行结单[报表]bankdepositreconciliationstatement银行存款调理表bankreconciliationstatement银行来往调理表，银行查对单branchstatements分支机构报表branchfinancialstatement分支机构损益计算书budgetstatement估算书budgetedincomestatement(=proformaincomestatement)估计[计划]损益计算书burdenstatement间接成本[花费]表capitalstatement资本改动表capitalsurplusstatement公积金计算书capital-reconciliationstatement资本协调表carrier'sstatement商务记录cashstatement现金报表;库存表cashdailystatement现金日计表cashflowstatement现金流量表，现金进出一览表certifiedfinancialstatement已签证财务报表;...charge-and-dischargestatement经营及支出报告表，遗产报告表，资本运用表claimstatement损失索赔清单;起诉状clearinghousestatement单据交换所报表combinedfinancialstatement归并财务报表combinedincomestatement归并损益计算书combinedprofitandlossstatement归并损益计算书combinedstatement联合决算表，归并表[NextPage]combinedstatementofcashreceiptsanddisbursement现金进出汇总表combinedstatementofincomeandearnedsurplus损益与公积金归并计算书combinedstatementofincomeandretainedearnings损益及保存盈余归并表combinedstatementofreceiptsandexpendituresbalances，etc.进出余额等一览表combinedstatementofrevenues-estimatedandactualgeneralandspecialrevenuefunds估计岁入和实质岁入归并表—一般岁入基金和特种岁入基金commondollarfinancialstatement不变币值财务报表，共同钱币财务报表common-sizefinancialstatements百分率财务报表comparativestatements比较(财务)报表，比较计算书comparativestatementofactualandestimatedprofitandloss预期损益与实质损益比较表comparativestatementofcostperproductionhour生产小时成本比较表comparativestatementofmonthlycostperproductivehour生产小时每个月成本比较表comparativestatementofmonthlyoperativecostperunit每个月单位作业成本比较表comparativestatementofoperationcost作业成本比较表comparativestatementofordercosts分批成本比较表comparativestatementofproductcosts产品成本比较表comparativestatementofrevenueandexpense收入与花费比较表comparativefinancialstatement比较财务报表comparativeincomestatement比较收入表，比较损益计算书comparativeoperatingstatement比较营业表compositepercentagestatement综合百分比决算表compositivefundstatement综合基金表condensedincomestatement简洁损益计算书conditionalstatement条件语言conglomeratefinancialstatement联合公司财务报表consolidatedstatement汇总报表consolidatedstatementofcostofgoodssold归并销货成本表consolidatedstatementofresourcesandobligations汇总财富欠债表consolidatedfinancialstatement包含子公司的财务报表consolidatedincomestatement损益报告表consolidatedretainedearningsstatement一致盈余保存表consolidatedsurplusstatement综合[归并]盈余表corporateproxystatement公司拜托申明书coststatement成本表countingstatements会计报表的编制方法;...creditstatement信誉报告书currentoperating(performance)incomestatement本期[常常]营业损益表currentpurchasingpowerstatement按现时购买力编制的财务报表customersstatement客户结单cut-offstatement截止日报表dailystatementofaccount每天[月]对帐单monthlystatementofaccount每天[月]对帐单declarativestatement申明书deficitreconciliationstatement损失额计算书departmen-talincomestatement部门损益计算书descriptivefinancialstatement附有说明书的损益计算书detailedstatementofaccounts帐户明细表detailedsupportingstatement明细附表discussionstatement议论表(即议论式决算表)[NextPage]distributionstatement刊行说明(即在技术文件的封面或扉页上，说明文件的密级、刊行控制范围等内容)distributionstatementofservicecost服务花费分派表dynamicstatement动向报-3表1earnedsurplusstatement盈余公积计算书，营业公积金表earningsstatement损益表environmentalstatement环境报告environmentalimpactstatement环境影响评介;环境预断评介estimatedstatement估计表expensesstatement花费表explanatorystatement表达式决算表finalstatementofaccounts来往帐目结算书financialstatement财政[务]决算financialpositionstatement财务状况表;财富欠债表fiscalstatement会计报表flow-of-fundsstatements资本流量表footnotesaccompanyingstatements附有脚注的财务报表functionalstatement按职能排列的计算书fundstatement(=statementofchangesinfinancialposition)资本改动状况表，财务状况改动表fundsflowstatement资本流量表generalaveragestatement共同海损理算书generalpriceleveladjustedstatement按综合物价水平调整的报表generalpurposestatements通用决算表giving-effectstatement预期报表graphicstatement图形决算表groupfinancialstatement分组归并的财务报表incomestatement所得[损益]计算书intereststatement息单;...interimstatements期中决算表(指决算前所编的决算表)，中期报表interimfinancialstatement中期财务报表interimincomestatement期中损益计算书interim-earningsstatement期中盈余报表manufacturingstatement制造成本表material(s)statement原资料表mathe-maticalstatement数学的陈说monthlystatementofaccounts每个月对帐单monthlyfinancialstatement月结表，月份财务报表monthlyincomestatement月份损益计算书multiple-stepincomestatement多级损益表numericalstatement统计objectivestatement(以花费的直接形式与用途表示的)用途别花费报表onehundredpercentstatement百分率表operating-performanceincomestatement营业实绩利润表operationstatement营业表，损益表partialincomestatement部分损益表periodic(al)statement按期报表periodicstatisticalstatement按期统计报表pictorialstatement图形(决算)表plannedstatementofnonoperatingprofitandloss营业外损益计划表plannedstatementofstandardizedcurrentcapital定额流动资本计划表positionstatement财务状况表(财富欠债表)premiumstatement保险费帐单preparestatement编报表priceleveladjustedstatement按价钱水平调整的报表principalstatement主要报表proformastatement暂编报表，暂编决算表，展望报表proformaincomestatement(=budgetedincomestatement)估计[计划]损益计算书productionstatement生产状况表[NextPage]profitcommissionstatement纯益手续费帐单projectedfinancialstatement预编财务报表projectedincomestatement估计损益计算书proxystatement股东签订的拜托书recapitulationstatement纲要表，汇总表reconciliationstatement调理表;(会计)对帐表reconciliationstatementofaccount帐户调理表registrationstatement有价证券申请上市登记表reservestatement保存指令retainedearningsstatement营业盈余表，保存利润表separatestatement附带申明settlingclerk'sstatement清理表;...singlepurposestatement专用报表specialpurposestatement专用决算表staticstatement静态财务报告summarystatementofcashreceiptsanddisbursements现金进出总表summarystatementofdevelopmentcredits开发信贷汇总表summarystatementofreceiptandexpenditures进出汇总表summarystatementofresourcesandobligations财富欠债总表supportingstatements附表，分表surplusstatement盈余表tabularstatement计算表tradingstatement购货表;购销表trailerstatement结束语句two-sectionincomestatement两部式损益表unauditedfinancialstatements未审查财务报表understatement少报unitincomestatement单位损益计算书where-gotwhere-gonestatement财富根源和运用表withholdingstatement扣缴税款清单[凭据]writtenstatement书面申明，文告writtenstatementofclaim起诉的书面说明;索赔清单statementsintheinstrument单据[证券]上的记录事项statementofacceptance支票上的承兑说明statementofaccount对帐单，结单statementofaccumulatednetincome累计净利润计算书statementofactualandestimatedexpenditures实质和估计支出比较表statementofactualandestimatedrevenue实质和估计收入比较表statementofaffairs财富欠债结算表，清理式财富欠债表，财富状况说明书statementofapplicationoffund资本运用表statementofappropriationofnetincome净收入分派计算表statementofassets财富目录statementofbalanceofpayments国际进出表statementofbudgetedcostofgoodsmanufactured制成品估算成本表statementofbusinessoperation营业表[损益表]statementofcashintreasury库存现金表statementofcashinvault库存表statementofcashreceiptsanddisbursements现金进出表statementofcashreceiptsdisbursementsandbalance现金进出及结存表statementofchangesinfinancialposition资本改动状况表，财务状况改动表statementofchangesingeneralreserve一般贮备改动表statementofchangesinresourcesavailableforcommitment可供承付的资本改动表statementofchangesinretainedearnings保存利润改动表statementofchangesinsurplus盈余改动表[NextPage]。
会计名词解释大全
会计名词解释大全1. 会计 (Accounting): 记录、分析和报告财务信息的过程，用于决策、评估和监控经济实体的财务状况。
2. 会计师 (Accountant): 专门从事会计工作的人员,负责处理和管理财务数据，并生成财务报表。
3. 会计准则 (Accounting Standards): 规范会计和财务报告的准则和原则，以确保财务信息的准确、可比性和透明度。
4. 资产 (Assets): 具有经济价值的资源或财产，可带给公司未来经济利益。
5. 负债 (Liabilities): 公司所欠他人的债务或义务，需要在未来偿还或履行。
6. 所有者权益 (Owner's Equity): 公司所有者对其资产的权益，是公司净资产和所有欠他人的债务之差。
7. 收入 (Revenue): 公司在日常经营活动中产生的现金流入或收入，源于销售产品或提供服务等。
8. 成本 (Cost): 公司为生产或销售产品或服务所发生的费用，包括直接成本和间接成本。
9. 费用 (Expense): 公司在日常经营活动中发生的费用，包括人力资源、办公设备维护、运输等。
10. 现金流量 (Cash Flow): 公司在一定时间内的现金流入和流出的记录，反映公司的现金状况和运营活动。
11. 财务报表 (Financial Statements): 反映公司财务状况和经营业绩的文件，包括利润表、资产负债表和现金流量表等。
12. 利润表(Income Statement): 反映公司在一定时间内的收入、成本和利润的报表，也称为损益表或结果表。
13. 资产负债表 (Balance Sheet): 反映公司在特定日期的资产、负债和所有者权益的报表，也称为财务状况表。
14. 现金流量表 (Cash Flow Statement): 反映公司在一定时间内现金流入和流出情况的报表，用于评估公司的现金状况和运营活动。
15. 财务比率 (Financial Ratios): 使用财务数据计算的比率，用于评估公司的财务稳定性、赢利能力和运营效率等。
成本会计(cost accounting)
成本会计（cost accounting）以成本为对象，服务于企业内部经营管理的专业会计。
传统的成本会计主要是对企业生产经营过程中发生的费用，在有关总分类账户的统驭下，进行归集、分配，计算出有关成本计算对象的成本，并进行分析和考核。
现代成本会计的核算与监督职能已经扩展到事前、事中与事后三个方面。
有人认为是管理会计的组成部分；也有人认为它是财务会计、管理会计并列的一个会计分支。
成本会计主要适用于工业企业、农业企业、施工企业等，其原则与方法也适用于交通运输企业、饮食服务企业、金融企业商品生产初，商品生产者为了掌握盈亏情况，试图估算成本，并将其作为商品交换的最低价定价基础。
为了使估算较为接近实际，人们开始注意积累原始的成本资料，对商品生产过程中的各种耗费进行粗略的汇总和计算。
这就为成本会计的产生打下了现实在基础。
16世纪上半叶意大利的美迪奇家族在其毛纺厂中开始按生产工艺划分若干步骤，分设明细账进行成本费用的归集与计算。
这是成本会计的萌芽。
18世纪英国的一些制鞋厂和制袜厂中，逐步形成了成本计算分批法和成本计算分步法的雏形。
19世纪产业革命后企业数量剧增，生产经营规模扩大，出现了竞争，企业的生产成本受到了人们重视。
为了满足各方面对成本资料的需要，提高成本计算准确性，促使成本计算与会计核算结合起来，使成本记录与会计账簿一体化，从而产生了成本会计。
当时的成本会计主要是将历史成本进行汇总，然后分析给各种产品，计算产品生产成本和销售成本，以便对存货进行计价和确定利润。
将成本会计定义为：成本会计就是应用普通会计的原理、原则，系统地记录某一工厂生产和销售产品时所发生的一切费用，并确定各种产品或劳务的单位成本和总成本，以供工厂管理当局决定经济的、有效的和有利的产销政策时参考。
这里强调应用会计的原理、原则来计算成本，是针对过去应用统计方法计算成本而言；此成本会计刚刚形成，还是财务会计的一个组成部分。
20世纪初西方企业开始推行泰勒制度，通过时间、动作研究，制定在一定条件下能够实现的最有效率的标准，作为评价和考核的依据。
ACCA考试必备财务英语词汇
(1)ABC 作业根底本钱计算(2)absorbed overhead已吸收制造费用(3)absorption costing吸收本钱计算(4)account XX ,报表(5)accounting postulate会计假设(6)accounting series release会计公告文件(7)accounting valuation会计计价(8)account sale承销清单(9)accountability concept经营责任概念(10)accountancy会计职业(11)accountant会计师(12)accounting会计(13)agency cost代理本钱(14)accounting bases会计根底(15)accounting manual会计手册(16)Accounting period会计期间(17)Accounting policies会计方针(18)Accounting rate of return会计报酬率(19)Accounting reference date会计参照日(20)accounting reference period会计参照期间(21)Accrual concept应计概念(22)Accrual expenses应计费用(23)Acid test ration速动比率(酸性测试比率)(24)Acquisition购置(25)Acquisition accounting收购会计(26)Activity based accounting作业根底本钱计算(27)Adjusting events调整事项(28)Administrative expenses行政管理费(29)Advice note发货通知(30)Amortization摊销(31)Analytical review分析性检查(32)Annual equivalent cost年度等量本钱法(33)Annual report and accounts年度报告和报表(34)Appraisal cost检验本钱(35)Appropriation account盈余分配XX(36)Articles of association公司章程细那么(37)Assets 资产(38)Assets cover资产保障(39)Asset value per share每股资产价值(40)Associated company联营公司(41)Attainable standard可达标准(42)Attributable profit可归属利润(43)Audit 审计(44)Audit report审计报告(45)Auditing standards审计准那么(46)Authorized share capital额定股本(47)Available hours可用小时(48)Avoidable costs可防止本钱(49)Back-to-back loan易币贷款(50)Back flush accounting倒退本钱计算(51)Bad debts 坏帐(52)Bad debts ratio坏帐比率(53)bank charges 银行手续费(54)Bank overdraft银行透支(55)Bank reconciliation银行存款调节表(56)Bank statement银行对帐单(57)Bankruptcy 破产(58)Basis of apportionment分摊根底(59)Batch批量(60)Batch costing分批本钱计算(61)Beta factor(市场)风险因素(62)Bill帐单(63)Bill of exchange汇票(64)Bill of landing提单(65)Bill of materials用料预计单(66)Bill payable应付票据(67)Bill receivable应收票据(68)Bin card存货记录卡(69)Bonus 红利(70)book-keeping薄记(71)Boston classification波士顿分类(72)Breakeven chart保本图(73)Breakeven point保本点(74)breaking-down time复位时间(75)Budget预算(76)Budget center预算中心(77)Budget cost allowance预算本钱折让(78)Budget manual预算手册(79)Budget period预算期间(80)Budgetary control预算控制(81)Budgeted capacity预算生产能力(82)Burden制造费用(83)Business center经营中心(84)Business entity营业个体(85)Business unit经营单位(86)Buy-out management管理性购置产权(87)By-product副产品(88)called-up share capital催缴股本(89)Capacity生产能力(90)Capacity ratios生产能力比率(91)Capital 资本(92)Capital assets pricing model资本资产计价模式(93)Capital commitment承偌资本(94)Capital employed已运用的资本(95)Capital expenditure资本支出(96)Capital expenditure authorization资本支出核准(97)Capital expenditure control资本支出控制(98)Capital expenditure proposal资本支出申请(99)Capital funding planning资本基金筹集方案(100)capital gain资本收益(101)capital investment appraisal资本投资评估(102)capital maintenance资本保全(103)capital resource planning资本资源方案(104)capital surplus资本盈余(105)capital turnover资本周转率(106)card记录卡(107)cash 现金(108)cash account现金XX(109)cash book现金帐薄(110)cash cow 金牛产品(111)cash flow 现金流量(112)cash discounted现金贴现(113)cash flow budget现金流量预算(114)cash flow statement现金流量表(115)cash ledger现金分类帐(116)cash limit现金限额(117)CCA 现时本钱会计(118)center中心(119)changeover time变更时间(120)chartered entity特许经济个体(121)cherub支票(122)cherub register支票登记薄(123)coin analysis零钱分类(124)classification分类(125)clock card工时卡(126)code 代码(127)commitment accounting承偌确认会计(128)common cost共同本钱(129)company limited by guarantee有限担保责任公司(130)company limited shares股份(131)competitive position竞争能力状况(132)concept概念(133)conglomerate跨行业企业(134)consistency concept一致性概念(135)consolidated accounts合并报表(136)consolidation accounting合并会计(137)consortium财团(138)contingency plan应急方案或有负债(139)contingent liabilities(140)continuous operation连续生产抵消(141)contra(142)contract cost合同本钱(143)contract costing合同本钱计算(144)contribution奉献毛益奉献中心(145)contribution venture(146)contribution chart奉献图(147)contribution per unit of limiting factor ration单位限定因素的奉献毛益比率(148)contribution to sales ration奉献毛益对销售比率(149)control控制(150)control account控制XX(151)control limits控制限度(152)controllability concept可控制概念(153)controllable cost可控制本钱(154)conversion cost加工本钱(155)convertible loan stock可转换为股票的贷款(156)corporate appraisal公司评估(157)corporate planning公司方案(158)corporate social reporting公司社会报告(159)corporation股份公司(160)cost本钱(161)cost account本钱XX(162)cost accounting本钱会计(163)cost accounting manual本钱手册(164)cost accounts calendar本钱报表的日历时间(165)cost adjustment本钱调整(166)cost allocation本钱分配(167)cost apportionment本钱分摊(168)cost attribution本钱归属(169)cost audit本钱审计(170)cost behaviour本钱性态(171)cost benefit analysis本钱效益分析(172)cost center本钱中心(173)cost driver本钱动因(174)cost of capital资本本钱(175)cost of conformance相符本钱(176)cost of goods sold销货本钱(177)cost of non-conformance非相符本钱(178)cost of sales销售本钱(179)cost reduction本钱降低(180)cost structure本钱构造(181)cost unit本钱单位(182)cost-volume-profit analysis(CVP)本量利分析(183)costing本钱计算(184)CPP 现时购置力会计(185)credit note贷项通知(186)credit report信贷报告书(187)creditor债权人(188)creditor days ratio应付帐款天数率(189)creditors ledger应付帐款分类帐(190)critical event关键事项(191)critical path关键路线(192)cumulative preference shares累积优先股(193)current account往来XX(194)current asset流动资产(195)current cost accounting现时本钱会计(196)current liabilities流动负债(197)current purchasing power accounting现时购置力会计(198)current ration流动比率(199)cut-off截止(200)CVP 本量利分析(201)cycle time周转时间(202)debenture债券(203)debit note借项通知(204)debit capacity举债能力(205)debt ratio债务比率(206)debtor债务人(207)debtor days ratio应收帐款天数率(208)debtors应收款(209)debtors ledger应收帐款分类帐(210)debtor’ age analysis应收帐款帐龄分析(211)decision driven costs决策连动本钱(212)decision tree决策树(213)defects次品(214)deferred expenditure递延支出(215)deferred shares递延股份(216)deferred taxation递延税款(217)delivery note交货单(218)departmental accounts部门报表(219)departmental budget部门预算(220)depreciation折旧(221)dispatch note发运单(222)development cost开发本钱(223)differential cost差异本钱(224)direct hours yield直接工时产出率(225)direct labor cost-standard标准直接人工本钱(226)direct labor efficiency-variance直接人工效率差异(227)direct labor rate—variance直接人工费率差异(228)direct labor total-variance直接人工总差异(229)direct material mix-variance直接材料构造差异(230)direct price-variance直接材料价格差异(231)direct material total-variance直接材料总差异(232)direct materials usage-variance直接材料用量差异(233)direct materials yield-variance直接材料产出率差异(234)direct cost直接本钱(235)direct debit直接借项(236)direct hours yield直接小时产出率(237)direct labor cost percentage rate直接人工本钱百分比(238)direct labor hour rate直接人工小时率(239)directs on indirect work间接工作事项上的工时(240)discount rate贴现率(241)discounted cash flow现金流量贴现(242)discretionary cost酌量本钱(243)distribution cost摊销本钱(244)diversions移用(245)diverted hours移用小时(246)diverted hour移’用s工ratio时比率(247)dividend股利(248)dividend cover股利产出率(249)dividend per share每股股利(250)dog疲软产品(251)double entry accounting复式会计(252)double-entry book-keeping复式薄记(253)doubtful debts可疑债务(254)down time停工时间(255)dynamic programming动态规划(256)earning per share每股盈利(257)earning ratio市盈率(258)economic order quantity(EOQ)经济订购批量(259)efficient market hypothesis有效市场假设(260)efficiency ration效率性比率(261)element of cost本钱要素(262)entity经济个体(262)environmental audit环境审计(263)environmental impact assessment环境影响评价(264)EOQ经济订购批量(265)equity权益(266)equity method of accounting权益法会计计算(267)equity share capital权益股本(268)equivalent units当量(269)event事项(270)exceptional items例外事项(271)expected value期望值(272)expenditure支出(273)expenses费用(274)external audit外部审计(275)external failure cost外部损失本钱(276)extraordinary items非常事项(277)factory good让售商品(278)factoring应收帐款让售(279)fail value公允价值(280)feedback反应(281)FIFO先近先出法(282)final accounts年终报表(283)finance lease融资租赁(284)financial accounting财务会计(285)financial accounts calendar adjustment财务报表的日历时间调整(286)financial management财务管理(287)financial planning财务方案(288)financial statement财务报表(289)finished goods完成品(290)fixed asset固定资产(291)fixed overhead固定制造费用(292)fixed asset turnover固定资产周转率(293)fixed assets register固定资产登记薄(294)fixed cost固定本钱(295)flexed budget变动限额预算(296)flexible budget弹性预算(297)float time浮动时间(298)floating charge流动抵押(299)flow of funds statement资金流量表(300)forecasting预测(301)founder’e s shar发起人股份(302)full capacity满负荷生产能力(303)function costing职能本钱计算(304)functional budget职能预算(305)fund accounting基金会计(306)fundamental accounting concept根底会计概念(307)fungible assets可互换资产(308)futuristic planning远景方案G(309)gap analysis间距分析G(310)gearing举债经营比率(杠杆)(311)goal congruence目标一致性(312)going concern concept持续经营概念(313)goods received note商品收讫单(314)goodwill商誉G(315)gross dividend yield总股息产出率(316)gross margin总边际(317)gross profit毛利润(318)gross profit percentage毛利润百分比(319)group 企业集团(320)group accounts集团报表(312)high-geared高结合杠杆(比例)(313)hire purchase租购(314)historical cost历史本钱(315)historical cost accounting历史本钱会计(316)hours小时H(317)hurdle rate最低可承受的报酬率I(318)ideal standard理想标准I(319)idle capacity ration闲置生产能力比率I(320)idle time闲置时间I(321)impersonal accounts非记名XXI(322)imprest system定额备用制度I(323)income and expenditure account收益和支出报表I(324)incomplete records不完善记录I(325)incremental cost增量本钱I(326)incremental yield增量产出率I(327)indirect cost间接本钱I(328)indirect hours间接小时I(329)insolvency无力偿付I(330)intangible asset无形资产I(331)integrated accounts综合报表I(332)interdependency concept关联性概念I(333)interest cover利息保障倍数I(334)interlocking accounts连锁报表I(335)internal audit内部审计I(336)internal check内部牵制I(337)internal control system内部控制体系I(338)internal failure cost内部损失本钱I(339)internal rate of return(IRR)内含报酬率I(340)inventory存货I(341)investment投资I(342)investment center投资中心I(343)invoice register发票登记薄I(344)issued share capital已发行股本J(345)job定单J(346)job card工作卡J(347)job costing工作本钱计算J(348)job sheet工作单J(349)joint cost联合本钱J(350)joint products联产品J(351)joint stock company股份公司J(352)joint venture合资经营J(353)journal日记帐J(354)just-in-time(JIT)适时制度J(355)jusy-in-time production适时生产J(356)just-in-time purchasing适时购置K(357)key factor关键因素L(358)labour人工L(359)labour transfer note人工转移单L(360)leaning curve学习曲线L(361)ledger分类XXL(362)length of order book定单平均周期L(363)letter of credit信用证L(364)leverage举债经营比率L(365)liabilities负L(366)life cycle costing寿命周期本钱计算L(367)LIFO后近先出法L(368)limited liability company XX公司L(369)limiting factor限制因素L(370)line-item budget明细支出预算L(371)liner programming线性规划L(372)liquid assets变现资L(373)liquidation清算L(374)liquidity ratios易变现比率L(375)loan贷款L(376)loan capital借入资本L(377)long range palnning长期方案L(378)lost time record虚耗时间记录L(379)low geared低结合杠杆(比例)L(380)lower of cost or net realizable value concept本钱或可变净价孰低概念M(381)machine hour rate机器小时率M(382)machine time record机器时间记录M(383)managed cost管理本钱M(384)management accounting管理会计M(385)management accounting concept管理会计概念M(386)management accounting guides管理会计指导方针M(387)management audit管理审计M(388)management buy-out管理性购置产权M(389)management by exception例外管理原那么M(390)margin边际M(391)margin of safety ration平安边际比率M(392)margin cost边际本钱M(393)margin costing边际本钱计算M(394)mark-down降低标价M(395)mark-up提高标价M(396)market risk premium市场分险补偿M(397)market share市场份额M(398)marketing cost营销本钱M(399)matching concept配比概念M(400)materiality concept重要性概念M(401)materials requisition领料单M(402)materials returned note退料单M(403)materials transfer note材料转移单M(404)memorandum of association公司设立细那么M(405)merger兼并M(406)merger accounting兼并会计M(407)minority interest少数股权M(408)mixed cost混合本钱N(409)net assets净资产N(410)net book value净帐面价值N(411)net liquid funds净可变现资金N(412)net margin净边际N(413)net present value(NPV)净现值N(414)net profit净利润N(415)net realizable value可变现净值N(416)net worth资产净值N(417)network analysis网络分析N(418)noise干捞N(419)nominal account名义XXN(420)nominal share capital名义股本N(421)nominal holding代理持有股份N(422)non-adjusting events非调整事项N(423)non-financial performance measurement非财务业绩计量N(424)non-intergrated accounts非综合报表N(425)non-liner programming非线性规划N(426)non-voting shares无表决权的股份N(427)notional cost名义本钱N(428)number of days stock存货周转天数N(429)number of weeks stock存货周转周数O(430)objective classification客体分类O(431)obsolescence陈旧O(432)off balance sheet finance资产负债表外筹资O(433)offer for sale标价出售O(434)operating budget经营预算O(435)operating lease经营租赁O(436)operating statement营业报表O(437)operation time操作时间O(438)operational control经营控制O(439)operational gearing经营杠杆O(440)operating plans经营方案O(441)opportunity cost时机本钱O(442)order定单O(443)ordinary shares普通股O(444)out-of-date cheque过期支票O(445)over capitalization过分资本化O(446)overhead制造费用O(447)overhead absorption rate制造费用分配率O(448)overhead cost制造费用O(449)overtrading超过营业资金的经营P(450)paid cheque已付支票P(451)paid-up share capital认定股本P(452)parent company母公司P(453)pareto distribution帕累托分布P(454)participating preference shares参与优先股P(455)partnership合伙P(456)payable ledger应付款项XXP(457)payback回收期P(458)payments and receipts account收入和支出报表P(459)payments withheld保存款额P(460)payroll工资单P(461)payroll analysis工资分析P(462)percentage profit on turnover利润对营业额比率P(463)period cost期间本钱P(464)perpetual inventory永续盘存P(465)personal account记名XXP(466)PEPT 工程评审法P(467)petty cash account备用金XXP(468)petty cash voucher备用金凭证P(469)physical inventory实地盘存P(470)planning方案P(471)planning horizon方案时限P(472)planning period方案期间P(473)policy cost政策本钱P(474)position audit状况审计P(475)post balance sheet events资产负债表编后事项P(476)practical capacity实际生产能力P(477)pre-acquisition losses购置前损失P(478)pre-acquisition profits购置前利润P(479)preference shares优先股P(480)preference creditors优先债权人P(481)preferred creditors优先债权人P(482)prepayments预付款项P(483)present value现值P(484)prevention cost预防本钱P(485)price ratio市盈率P(486)prime cost主要本钱P(487)prime entry-books of原始分录登记薄P(488)principal budget factor主要预算因素P(489)prior charge capital优先股P(490)prior year adjustments以前年度调整P(491)priority base budgeting优先顺序体制的预算P(492)private company私人公司P(493)pro-forma invoice预开发票P(494)problem child问号产品P(495)process costing分步本钱计算P(496)process time加工时间P(497)product cost产品本钱P(498)Product life cycle产品寿命周期P(499)production cost生产本钱P(500)production cost of sales售货本钱P(501)production volume ratio生产业务量比率P(502)profit center利润中心P(503)profit per employee每员工利润P(504)profit retained for the year年度利润留存P(505)profit to turnover ratio利润对营业额比率P(506)profit-volume graph利量图P(507)profitability index盈利指数P(508)programming规划P(509)project evaluation and review technique工程评审法P(510)projection预计P(511)promissory note本票P(512)prospectus募债说明书P(513)provisions for liabilities and charges偿债和费用准备P(514)prudent concept稳健性概念P(515)public company公开公司P(516)purchase order订购单P(517)purchase requisition请购单P(518)purchase ledger采购XXQ(519)quality related costs质量有关本钱Q(520)queuing time排队时间R(521)rate率R(522)ratio比率R(524)raw material原材料R(525)receipts and payments account收入和支付报表R(526)receivable ledger应收款项XX R(527)redeemable shares可赎回股份R(528)redemption赎回R(529)registered share capital注册资本R(530)rejects废品R(531)relevancy concept相关性概念R(532)relevant costs相关本钱R(533)relevant range相关X围R(534)reliability concept可靠性概念R(535)replacement price重置价格R(536)report报表R(537)reporting报告R(538)research cost,applied应用性研究本钱R(539)research cost,pure or basic理论或根底研究本钱R(540)reserves留存收益R(541)residual income剩余收益R(542)responsibility center责任中心R(544)return on capital employed运用资本报酬率R(545)returns退回R(546)revenue收入R(547)revenue center收入中心R(548)revenue expenditure收益支出R(549)revenue investment收入性投资R(550)right issue认股权发行R(551)rolling budget滚动预算R(552)rolling forecast滚动预测S(553)sales ledger销售分类帐S(554)sales order销售定单S(555)sales per employee每员工销售额S(556)scrap废料S(557)scrip issue红股发行S(558)secured creditors有担保的债权人S(559)segmental reporting分部报告S(560)selling cost销售本钱S(561)semi-fixed cost半固定本钱S(562)semi-variable cost半变动本钱S(563)sensitivity analysis敏感性分析S(564)service cost center效劳本钱中心S(565)service costing效劳本钱计算S(566)set-up time安装时间S(567)shadow prices影子价格S(568)share股票S(569)share capital股份资本S(570)share option scheme购股权证方案S(571)share premium股票溢价S(572)sight draft即期汇票S(573)single-entry book-keeping单式薄记S(574)sinking fund偿债基金S(575)slack time松驰时间S(576)social responsibility cost社会责任本钱S(577)sole trader独资经营者S(578)source and application of funds statement资金来源和运用表S(579)special order costing特殊定单本钱计算S(580)staff costs职工本钱S(581)standard标准S(582)standard accounting practice标准会计实务S(583)standard cost标准本钱S(584)standard costing标准本钱计算S(585)standard direct labour cost标准直接人工S(586)standard hour标准小时S(587)standard minute标准分钟S(588)standard performace-labour标准人工业绩S(589)standard time标准时间S(590)standard order经常性定单S(591)statement of account营业帐单S(592)statement of affairs财务状况表S(593)statutory body法定实体S(594)stock存货S(595)stock control存货控制S(596)stock turnover存货周转率S(597)stocktaking盘点存货S(598)stores requisition领料申请单S(599)strategic business unit战略性经营单位S(600)strategic management accounting战略管理会计S(601)strategic planning战略方案S(602)strategy战略S(603)subjective classification主体分类S(604)subscribed share capital已认购的股本S(605)subsidiary undertaking子公司S(606)sunk cost漂浮本钱S(607)supply estimate预算估计S(608)supply expenditure预算支出S(609)suspense account暂记XXS(610)SWOT analysis长处和短处,时机和威胁分析S(611)system制度,体系T(612)tactical planning策略方案T(613)tactics策略T(614)take-over接收T(615)tangible asset有形资产T(616)tangible fixed asset statement有形固定资产表T(617)target cost目标本钱T(618)terotechnology设备综合工程学T(619)throughput accounting生产量会计T(620)time时间T(621)time sheet时间记录表T(622)total assets总资产T(623)total quality management全面质量管理T(624)total stocks存货总计T(625)trade creditors购货客户(应付帐款)T(626)trade debtors销货客户(应收帐款)T(627)trading profit and loss account营业损益表T(628)transfer price转让价格T(629)transit time中转时间T(630)treasurership财务长制度T(631)trail balance试算平衡表T(632)turnover营业额U(633)uncalled share capital未催缴股本U(634)under capitalization缺乏资本化U(635)under or over-absorbed overhead少吸收或多吸收的制造费用U(636)uniform accounting统一会计U(637)uniform costing统一本钱计算U(638)unissued share capital未发行股本V(639)value价值V(640)value added增值V(641)value analysis价值分析V(642)value for money audit经济效益审计V(643)variable cost变动本钱V(644)variable cost of sales销售的变动本钱V(645)variance差异V(646)variance accounting差异会计V(647)variance administrative cost行政管理费用差异V(648)variance analysis差异分析V(649)variance budget预算差异V(650)variance direct labour efficiency直接人工效率差异V(651)variance direct labour rate直接人工费率差异V(652)variance direct labour total直接人工总差异V(653)variance direct material mix直接材料构造差异V(654)variance direct materials price直接材料价格差异V(655)variance direct materials total直接材料总差异V(656)variance direct material usage直接材料用量差异V(657)variance direct material yield直接材料产出率差异V(658)variance fixed production overhead expenditure固定生产性制造费用消耗差异V(659)variance fixed production overhead total固定生产性制造费用总差异V(660)variance fixed production overhead volume固定生产性制造费用业务量差异V(661)variance market share市场份额差异V(662)variance market size市场规模差异V(663)variance marketing cost营销本钱差异V(664)variance operational经营差异V(665)variance operational price经营价格差异V(666)variance operation usage经营用量差异V(667)variance planning方案差异V(668)variance planning price方案价格差异V(669)variance quality cost质量本钱差异V(670)variance revision标准修订差异V(674)variance sales mix contribution销售奉献毛益差异V(675)variance sales mix profit销售构造利润差异V(676)variance sales quantity contribution销售数量奉献毛益差异V(677)variance sales quanity profit销售数量利润差异V(678)variance sales turnover销售收入差异V(679)variance sales volume contribution销售业务量奉献毛益差异V(680)variance sales volume profit销售业务量利润差异V(681)variance selling price销售价格差异V(682)variance total profit总利润差异V(683)variance variable production overhead efficiency变动生产性制造费用效率差异V(684)variance variable production overhead expenditure变动生产性制造费用消耗差异V(685)variance variable production overhead total变动生产性制造费用总差异V(686)virement预算流用V(687)vote表决V(688)voucher凭证W(689)waiting time等候时间W(690)waste废品(料)W(691)wasting asset递耗资产W(692)weighted average cost of capital资本的加权平均本钱W(693)weighted average price加权平均价格W(694)with resource有追索权无追索权W(695)without recourseW(696)working capital营运资本W(697)write-down减值Z(698)zero base budgeting零基预算Z(699)zero coupon bond无息债券Z(700)Z score破产预测计分法41 / 41。
财务会计英文版课后习题答案Ch12
CHAPTER 12 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS1.There are several reasons for a firm to makeinvestments in assets not directly related to the primary operations of its business (that is, investments in assets other than property, plant, equipment, and inventory). Companies usually make short-term investments be-cause of a temporary surplus of cash. They make long-term investments either because they believe that purchased investments provide a good return on money invested or because they want to gain influ-ence or control over investee companies.2.The risk and return trade-off of investmentsis that investors must usually decide whether they want a potentially higher return with more risk or a lower return with less risk.Most investments fall somewhere along a risk-return continuum. Investments that pro-vide high returns but have low risk are desir-able, but rare.3.The FASB has defined four different classifi-cations for debt and equity securities: trading securities, available-for-sale securities, held-to-maturity securities, and equity method se-curities.4. A security will be classified as trading if theinvestor is making the investment with the intent of selling the security should the need for cash arise, or to realize short-term profits should the price of the security increase.5. A security will be classified as held-to-maturity if the investor intends to hold the security until it matures. This criterion means that only debt securities can be classified as held-to-maturity, as equity securities typically do not mature. If a debt security is classified as held-to-maturity, any premium or discount associated with the security must be amor-tized over the life of the debt security.6.To be classified as an equity method securi-ty, an investor must typically own between20 and 50% of the outstanding commonstock of the investee. Ownership of between20 and 50% generally indicates the ability ofthe investor to significantly influence the operations and decisions of the investee.7.When an investor purchases debt and equitysecurities, two types of returns may be rea-lized. The first type of return is the receipt ofinterest (in the case of debt) or dividends (inthe case of equity). The second type of re-turn is from an increase in the price of thesecurity. To realize this type of return, the in-vestor must sell the security.8.When a security is sold, the seller must haveseveral pieces of information to properly ac-count for the transaction. The seller mustknow the selling price as well as the histori-cal cost of the security. The differencebetween these two amounts results in a rea-lized gain or loss on the sale.9.The difference between a realized gain orloss and an unrealized gain or loss relates tothe account ing concept of arm’s-lengthtransactions. The term ―realized‖ indicatesthat an arm’s-length transaction has takenplace and a security has been sold. A rea-lized gain indicates that the security was soldfor more than its historical cost, while a rea-lized loss means that the security was soldfor less than its original purchase price. Anunrealized gain means that the price of thesecurity being held has increased above itshistorical cost, but the security has not beensold. If the security is still being held and theprice falls below its historical cost, an unrea-lized loss has occurred.10.The account ―Market Adjustment‖ is used tovalue both trading and available-for-sale se-curities at their market value. Trading andavailable-for-sale securities are initiallyrecorded at their historical cost, and as theirvalue changes, the historical cost remainsthe same on the books. To reflect marketvalues on the books, the market adjustmentaccount is used to record both increasesand decreases in value. A separate marketadjustment account is used for both tradingand available-for-sale securities.11.Changes in the value of trading securities,both increases and decreases, are recordedon the books of the investor. Prior to 1994,only declines below historical cost wererecorded on the books. In 1994, however,434Chapter 12the rules were changed to allow companiesto record both increases and decreases invalue. At the end of each accounting period,the market value of the portfolio of tradingsecurities is compared to its historical cost,and the difference is recorded in the marketadjustment account. The offsetting credit (inthe case of increases in value) or debit (inthe case of decreases in value) is recordedin an income statement account as an un-realized gain or loss.12.Accounting for changes in the value ofavailable-for-sale securities is similar to theprocedures applied when accounting fortrading securities with one important differ-ence. Instead of recording any unrealizedincreases or decreases in value on theincome statement, unrealized increasesand decreases in value are recorded in astockholders’ equity account, UnrealizedIncrease/Decrease in Value of Available-for-Sale Securities—Equity. Thus, the journalentry to record unrealized changes in valuealways contains the stockholders’ equity a c-count and the market adjustment—available-for-sale securities account.13.The market adjustment account can befurther adjusted; however, the adjustmentaccount should always report the total netchange in the value of the security. For ex-ample, if a security that cost $200 rose invalue to $300 during the first period and thento $350 during the second period, the mar-ket adjustment account would show a bal-ance of $150 at the end of the second period. 14.Premiums and discounts on available-for-sale securities are not amortized because itis assumed that trading and available-for-sale securities will not be held long enoughto warrant the need to amortize a premiumor discount.15.Changes in the value of held-to-maturity andequity method securities are not accountedfor on the books of the investor. For held-to-maturity securities, the investor intends tohold the debt security until it matures, and asa result, changes in value will not affectthe eventual maturity value of the security.For equity method securities, the investoris holding the security for the purpose ofbeing able to influence the operating deci-sions of the investee on a long-term basis.Thus, temporary changes in value of equitymethod securities are ignored for accountingpurposes.16.The only difference between the accountingfor trading securities and available-for-salesecurities lies in unrealized changes in valueof those securities. For trading securities,the changes in value are recorded on the in-come statement. For available-for-sale se-curities, the unrealized changes in value arerecorded in a stockholders’ equity a ccount. 17.*When buying a held-to-maturity security, aninvestor purchases the right to receive twodifferent types of future cash receipts. First,the investor receives periodic interest pay-ments over the life of the security; second,the investor receives the face amount (prin-cipal) of the security at maturity.18.* A company would usually be willing to paymore than the face amount (a premium) fora held-to-maturity security when the interestrate on the security is higher than the marketrate of interest for similar investments. Thepaying of a higher price reduces the statedrate of interest to a point where it approx-imates the market rate of interest.19.*The amortization of a discount increases theamount earned on a held-to-maturity securitybecause at maturity investors receive theface value, which is higher than the amountoriginally paid. These increased proceedsmust be recognized over the life of the secu-rity through amortization. The amortization ofa discount increases interest from a statedrate to a higher effective rate.20.*An investor purchasing held-to-maturitysecurities (typically bonds) between interestdates must pay for accrued interest becauseat the next interest payment date a fullpe riod’s interest will be received, eventhough the securities have been held for onlya portion of the period. Because the securi-ties are sold in relatively small denomina-tions and are usually owned by numerousindividuals, it is almost impossible for acompany to know who bought how manybonds on which dates. Therefore, with manyheld-to-maturity securities, whoever ownsthe securities on the interest payment datereceives the full period’s i nterest.*Relates to expanded material.Chapter 12 43521.*The effective-interest amortization method istheoretically superior to the straight-lineamortization method because it takes intoconsideration the time value of money. Withthe effective-interest method, the amount ofinterest recognized is the effective interestrate times the amount of money actuallybeing borrowed at any period of time. Thestraight-line method is only an approximationof the true rate of interest.22.*The key criterion for using the equity methodis the ability of the investor to influence theoperations or decisions of the investee.23.*The accounting profession has providedguidelines to determine if the ability tosignificantly influence the operating deci-sions of an investee exists. The primaryguideline is degree of ownership. If the in-vestor owns between 20 and 50% of a cor-poration’s outstanding common stock, it isassumed that the investor is able to signifi-cantly influence the investee. Thus, unlessevidence exists to the contrary, ownership ofbetween 20 and 50% would require the useof the equity method.24.* When an investor purchases a trading secu-rity, revenue is recognized when interest ordividends are received. A gain or loss (un-re alized) is recorded when the security’sprice changes in value. For an investmentaccounted for under the equity method, rev-enue is recognized when the investee re-ports income for the period. This recognitionserves to increase the investment ac-count. The investment account is decreasedwhen dividends are received from the inves-tee. Unlike trading securities, temporarychanges in the value of equity method secur-ities are not recorded on the investor’sbooks.25.* Consolidated financial statements are pre-pared when a corporation owns more than50% of the stock of another company (acontrolling interest).26.* In the consolidated balance sheet, minorityinterest is the amount of equity investmentmade by outside shareholders to consolidat-ed subsidiaries that are not 100% owned bythe parent. In the consolidated incomestatement, minority interest income (shownas a subtraction) reflects the amount ofincome belonging to outside shareholders ofconsolidated subsidiaries that are not 100%owned.*Relates to expanded material.436Chapter 12PRACTICE EXERCISESPE 12–1 (LO1) Why Companies Invest in Other CompaniesThe correct answer is B.a. True. Most cases of companies investing in other companies are to investexcess cash.b. False. Investing in other companies will not necessarily eliminate risk in oth-er investments.c. True. By investing in other companies, the investing company can gain in-fluence over the operations of another company.d. True. When one company owns a significant portion of another company,the owner company can essentially control the operations of the owned company.PE 12–2 (LO2) Classifying a SecurityThe correct answer is C. Held-to-maturity securities are always considered debt securities. Trading and available-for-sale securities can sometimes be consi-dered debt securities. True to their name, equity method securities are always considered equity securities.PE 12–3 (LO2) Equity Method SecuritiesThe correct answer is A. An entity is presumed to have significant influence upon the operations of another company when it owns 20 to 50% of the outstanding voting stock.PE 12–4 (LO2) Disclosure of SecuritiesThe correct answers are A and C. Equity method securities are valued at cost ad-justed for changes in the net assets of the investee. Held-to-maturity securities are valued at amortized cost.PE 12–5 (LO3) Accounting for the Purchase of Trading and Available-for-Sale SecuritiesInvestment in Trading Securities ................................................... 65,400 Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities .................................. 79,600 Cash ............................................................................................ 145,000 Purchased various securities.Chapter 12 437 PE 12–6 (LO3) Accounting for the Return Earned on an InvestmentCash ................................................................................................. 1,359 Interest Revenue (459)Dividend Revenue (900)To record interest and dividends earned on securities.PE 12–7 (LO3) Accounting for the Sale of SecuritiesCash ................................................................................................. 25,200 Realized Loss on Sale of Trading Securities ................................ 2,800 Investment in Trading Securities ............................................. 28,000 To record the sale of Security 1 with original cost of$28,000 for $25,200.PE 12–8 (LO4) Changes in Value of Trading SecuritiesMarket Adjustment—Trading Securities (750)Unrealized Gain on Trading Securities—Income (750)To recognize the increase in value of the trading security($24,250 – $23,500 = $750).PE 12–9 (LO4) Changes in Value of Available-for-Sale SecuritiesUnrealized Increase/Decrease in Value of Available-for-SaleSecurities—Equity (400)Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities (400)To record net change in value of available-for-sale securities(Security 1 increased in value by $400, and Security 2 de-clined in value by $800).PE 12–10 (LO4) Subsequent Changes in Value of Trading Securities Unrealized Loss on Trading Securities—Income ......................... 1,900 Market Adjustment—Trading Securities .................................. 1,900 To adjust the market adjustment account to requiredending balance.Once this entry is posted, Market Adjustment—Trading Securities will have the required $800 credit balance as follows:438Chapter 12 PE 12–11 (LO5) Computing the Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities*First, we must compute the present value of the bonds as follows:Quarterly interest payment ($30,000 ⨯ 0.08 ⨯ ¼) ............... $ 600Present value of an annuity of 16 payments of $1 at 3%(Table II) ........................................................................... ⨯ 12.5611Present value of interest payments .................................... $ 7,537 Principal (face value) of bonds ........................................... $ 30,000Present value of $1 received 16 periods in the futurediscounted at 3% (Table I) .............................................. ⨯ 0.6232Present value of principal .................................................... 18,696 Total present value of investment ...................................... $26,233The value of the bonds can also be computed using a business calculator as follows:a. CLEAR ALL.b. Set P/YR to 1.1. 30,000 Press FV.2. 600 Press PMT.3. 16 Press N.4. 3 Press I/YR.5. Press PV for the answer of $26,231.67.PE 12–12 (LO5) Accounting for the Initial Purchase of Held-to-MaturitySecurities*The journal entry to record the purchase of this security is as follows:Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .......................... 26,233 Cash .............................................................................. 26,233 PE 12–13 (LO5) Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Discounts*The company will record a bond discount amortization of $676.83 ($40,000 –$35,939 = $4,061; $4,061/3 years ⨯ ½ = $676.83) on each date. Every six months, the company will make the following entry:Cash ...................................................................................... 2,000.00Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .......................... 676.83 Bond Interest Revenue ................................................ 2,676.83 Received semiannual bond interest and amortizedbond discount.*Relates to expanded material.Chapter 12 439 PE 12–14 (LO5) Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Premiums*The company will record a bond premium amortization of $567.90 ($68,407.39 –$65,000.00 = $3,407.39; $3,407.39/3 years ⨯ ½ = $567.90) on each date. Every six months, the company will make the following entry:Cash ...................................................................................... 3,250.00 Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .................. 567.90 Bond Interest Revenue ................................................ 2,682.10 PE 12–15 (LO5) Effective-Interest Amortization of Bond Premiums*The first step is to compute the market rate on bonds of similar risk as follows:a. CLEAR ALL.b. Set P/YR to 1.1. 65,000 Press FV.2. -68,407.39 Press PV.3. 3,250 Press PMT.4. 6 Press N.5. Press I/YR for the answer of 4%.The market interest rate of 4% is the semiannual rate, so the annual rate is 8%. The following amortization table shows the amount of interest earned and the amount of amortization for each period.InterestActually Earned(0.08 ⨯ ½ ⨯Cash Investment Amount of Investment Time Period Received Balance) Amortization Balance Acquisition date $68,407.39 Year 1, first six months $3,250 $2,736.30 $513.70 67,893.69 Year 1, second six months 3,250 2,715.75 534.25 67,359.44 Year 2, first six months 3,250 2,694.38 555.62 66,803.82 Year 2, second six months 3,250 2,672.15 577.85 66,225.97 Year 3, first six months 3,250 2,649.04 600.96 65,625.01 Year 3, second six months 3,250 2,624.99 625.01 65,000.00 Using the above amortization schedule, the journal entry for the first interest payment received is as follows:Cash ...................................................................................... 3,250.00 Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .................. 513.70 Bond Interest Revenue ................................................ 2,736.30 *Relates to expanded material.440Chapter 12 PE 12–15* (LO5) (Concluded)Using the above amortization schedule, the journal entry for the second interest payment received is as follows:Cash ...................................................................................... 3,250.00 Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .................. 534.25 Bond Interest Revenue ................................................ 2,715.75 PE 12–16 (LO5) Accounting for the Sale of Bond Investments*Cash ...................................................................................... 67,000.00Loss on Sale of Bonds......................................................... 359.44 Investment in Held-to-Maturity Bonds ........................ 67,359.44 Sold held-to-maturity bonds for $67,359.44.The following table shows the book value of the investment at the end of the first year (after the second interest payment) is $67,359.44.InterestActually Earned(0.08 ⨯ ½ ⨯Cash Investment Amount of Investment Time Period Received Balance) Amortization Balance Acquisition date $68,407.39 Year 1, first six months $3,250 $2,736.30 $513.70 67,893.69 Year 1, second six months 3,250 2,715.75 534.25 67,359.44 Year 2, first six months 3,250 2,694.38 555.62 66,803.82 Year 2, second six months 3,250 2,672.15 577.85 66,225.97 Year 3, first six months 3,250 2,649.04 600.96 65,625.01 Year 3, second six months 3,250 2,624.99 625.01 65,000.00 *Relates to expanded material.Chapter 12 441 PE 12–17 (LO6) Accounting for Investments Using the Equity Method* Investment in Hall Company .......................................................... 32,000 Revenue from Investments ....................................................... 32,000 To recognize Manwill’s portion of Hall’s net income ($80,000 ⨯0.40 = $32,000).Cash ................................................................................................. 8,000 Investment in Hall Company ..................................................... 8,000 To recognize Manwill’s portion of Hall’s dividends paid ($20,000⨯ 0.40 = $8,000).No entry is made for market value adjustments under the equity method of ac-counting for investments.PE 12–18 (LO7) Consolidated Financial Statements*Parent Company will report $135 ($150 ⨯ 0.90) as Income from Sub on its own in-come statement. On the consolidated financial statements, all of Sub’s revenue and expenses will be reported. Also reported will be Minority Interest in the amount of $15.*Relates to expanded material.442Chapter 12EXERCISESE 12–19 (LO3, LO4) Investment in Trading Securities—Journal Entries2008July 1 Investment in Trading Securities ................................... 8,300Cash ............................................................................ 8,300 Purchased 350 shares of Bateman Companystock at $22 per share plus $600 commission.Oct. 31 Cash (700)Dividend Revenue (700)Received a $2.00 per share dividend on350 shares of Bateman Company stock.Dec. 31 Unrealized Loss on Trading Securities—Income ......... 1,650Market Adjustment—Trading Securities .................. 1,650 To reduce trading securities to market($8,300 – $6,650).2009Feb. 20 Cash ................................................................................. 4,550Realized Gain on Sale of Trading Securities (400)Investment in Trading Securities ............................. 4,150 Sold 175 shares of Bateman Company stock[(175 shares ⨯ $26 = $4,550); one-half oforiginal cost of $8,300 is $4,150].Oct. 31 Cash (385)Dividend Revenue (385)Received a $2.20 per share dividend on175 shares of Bateman Company stock.Dec. 31 Market Adjustment—Trading Securities ....................... 2,575Unrealized Gain on Trading Securities—Income .... 2,575 To increase trading securities to market givena credit balance in the market adjustment of$1,650. Cost = $8,300 – $4,150 = $4,150;market = $29 ⨯ 175 shares = $5,075.Chapter 12 443 E 12–20 (LO3, LO4) Investment in Trading Securities—Journal EntriesJuly 16 Investment in Trading Securities ................................... 41,880Cash ............................................................................ 41,880 Purchased 4,000 shares of Eli Corporation stock.Sept. 23 Cash ................................................................................. 3,600Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 3,600 Received a cash dividend of $0.90 per share on4,000 shares of Eli Corporation stock.28 Cash ................................................................................. 21,840Investment in Trading Securities ............................. 20,940Realized Gain on Sale of Trading Securities (900)Sold 2,000 shares of Eli Corporation stock at $11per share—paid a commission of $160. [Cash =($11 ⨯ 2,000) – $160; short-term investment =$41,880 ⨯ 1/2; gain = $21,840 – $20,940].Dec. 31 Market Adjustment—Trading Securities ....................... 1,560Unrealized Gain on Trading Securities—Income .... 1,560 To increase value of securities to market [$11.25⨯ 2,000 shares – ($41,880 – $20,940) = $1,560].E 12–21 (LO3, LO4) Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities—JournalEntriesJan. 14 Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities .................. 83,200Cash ............................................................................ 83,200 Purchased 4,000 shares of Pinegar Corporationstock at $20.80 per share.Mar. 31 Cash ................................................................................. 1,000Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 1,000 Received a cash dividend of $0.25 per share on4,000 shares of Pinegar Corporation stock.Aug. 28 Cash ................................................................................. 36,160Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities ............ 33,280Realized Gain on Sale of Available-for-SaleSecurities ................................................................. 2,880Sold 1,600 shares of Pinegar Corporation stock at$22.60 per share [gain = 1,600 shares ⨯ ($22.60 –$20.80) = $2,880].444Chapter 12 E 12–21 (LO3, LO4) (Concluded)Dec. 31 Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities ...... 7,680Unrealized Increase/Decrease in Value ofAvailable-for-Sale Securities—Equity ................... 7,680To increase value of securities to marketvalue using market adjustment account[2,400 shares ⨯ ($24.00 – $20.80) = $7,680].E 12–22 (LO3, LO4) Investment in Securities2007Jan. 17 Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities .................. 89,500Cash ............................................................................ 89,500 Purchased 2,750 shares of Horner Companystock for $89,500.May 10 Cash ................................................................................. 3,575Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 3,575 Received a cash dividend of $1.30 per share on2,750 shares of Horner Company stock.Dec. 31 Unrealized Increase/Decrease in Value of Available-for-Sale Securities—Equity ......................................... 7,000Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities .7,000 To decrease value of securities to market valueusing market adjustment account (2,750 shares⨯ $30.00 = $82,500; $89,500 – $82,500 = $7,000).2008May 22 Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities .................. 30,000Cash ............................................................................ 30,000 Purchased an additional 750 shares of HornerCompany stock for $40 per share.July 18 Cash ................................................................................. 3,150Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 3,150 Received a cash dividend of $0.90 per share on3,500 shares of Horner Company stock.Chapter 12 445 E 12–22 (LO3, LO4) (Concluded)Dec. 31 Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities ...... 34,500Unrealized Increase/Decrease in Value ofAvailable-for-Sale Securities—Equity ................... 34,500To adjust portfolio of available-for-sale securitiesto market given a credit balance in the marketadjustment account from the prior period of$7,000. Market = $147,000 (3,500 shares ⨯ $42);Historical cost = $119,500 ($89,500 + $30,000);$147,000 – $119,500 = $27,500 + $7,000 = $34,500.2009June 7 Cash ................................................................................. 3,500Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 3,500 Received a cash dividend of $1.00 per share on3,500 shares of Horner Company stock.Oct. 5 Cash ................................................................................. 94,500 Realized Loss on Sale of Available-for-Sale Securities 25,000Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities ............ 119,500 To record sale of all Horner Company stock for$27 per share. Loss on sale = [$119,500 – ($27 ⨯3,500 shares)].Dec. 31 Unrealized Increase/Decrease in Value ofAvailable-for-Sale Securities—Equity ......................... 27,500Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities .27,500 Eliminate market adjustment account as allavailable-for-sale securities have been sold.Balance prior to adjustment is $27,500 ($34,500debit – $7,000 credit).E 12–23 (LO4) Investment in Equity Securities1. Market ValueSecurity Cost (December 31, 2009)A $250,000 $130,000B 160,000 169,000C 315,000 350,000Total $725,000 $649,000An unrealized loss of $76,000 ($725,000 –$649,000) would be recognized, reducing net income to $554,000 ($630,000 – $76,000).。
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15-5
Single-rate
method—does not distinguish between fixed and variable costs. It allocates costs in each cost pool using the same rate per unit of a single allocation base.
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15-10
Disadvantage #1: Requires managers to distinguish variable costs from fixed costs, which is often a challenging task. Disadvantage #2: Does not indicate to operating managers the cost of fixed support department resources used because fixed costs are allocated to operating departments based on budgeted rather than actual usage. Disadvantage #3: Allocating fixed costs on the basis of budgeted long-run usage may tempt some managers to under-estimate their planned usage.
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15-8
Advantage #1: Less costly to implement. Advantage #2: Offers user departments some operational control over the charges they bear. Disadvantage #1: May lead operating department managers to make sub-optimal decisions that are in their own best interest but may be inefficient for the organization as a whole.
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15-11
1. 2.
3.
Direct-allocates support-department costs directly to operating departments. Step-down-partially allocates supportdepartment costs to other support departments. Reciprocal-fully allocates supportdepartment costs to other support departments.
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15-13
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15-14
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1. 2. 3.
Budgeted overhead rate and budgeted hours Budgeted overhead rate and actual hours Actual overhead rate and actual hours.
When using either method, managers can allocate support-department costs to operating divisions based on either a budgeted rate or the eventual actual cost rate. The latter approach is neither preferred nor widely used; we will illustrate using budgeted rates.
1. 2.
Should fixed costs of a support departments be allocated to operating divisions? If fixed costs are allocated, should variable and fixed costs of the support department be allocated in the same way?
Allocation of Support Department Costs, Common Costs, and Revenues
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1. பைடு நூலகம்.
3.
Distinguish the single-rate method from the dual-rate method Understand how the choice between allocation based on budgeted and actual rates and between budgeted and actual usage can affect the incentives of division managers Allocate multiple supporting-department costs using the direct method, the stepdown method and the reciprocal method
15-15
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A support department would be an example of a costpool.
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15-6
Dual-rate
method—partitions the cost of each support department into two pools, a variablecost pool and a fixed-cost pool, and allocates each pool using a different costallocation base.
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15-2
4. 5.
6.
Allocate common costs using the standalone method and the incremental method Explain the importance of explicit agreement between contracting parties when the reimbursement amount is based on costs incurred Understand how bundling of products causes revenue allocation issues and the methods managers use to allocate revenues
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15-4
Managers
face two questions when allocating the costs of a support department to operating departments or divisions:
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15-7
Under either method, allocation of support costs can be based on one of the three following scenarios:
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15-12
Allocates
support costs only to operating departments. Direct method does not allocate supportdepartment costs to other support departments.
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15-3
How a company allocates its overhead and internal support costs – costs related to marketing, advertising and other internal services – among its various production departments or projects can have a big impact on how profitable those departments or projects are. Operating (production) department—directly adds value to a product or service. Support (service) department—provides the services that assist other internal departments (operating departments and other support departments) in the company.