上海交通大学附属实验学校东校高二下学期开学摸底考试英语试卷 含答案
交大附中实验东校2014学年第二学期开学摸底考高二英语试卷(2015-2)II. GrammarDirection：After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.There is a wonderful story about a young girl who had no family and no one to love her. One day, ___21_____(feel) very sad and lonely, she was walking ____22____ a grassland when she noticed a small butterfly ___23____(catch) in a thorn (荆棘) bush. The young girl carefully released the butterfly. 24______ _______flying away, the little butterfly changed into a beautiful fairy. The young girl rubbed her eyes in disbelief."For your wonderful kindness," the good fairy said to the girl, "I will give you any wish you would like." The little girl thought for ___25_____ moment and then replied, "I want to be happy."The fairy leaned toward her and whispered in her ear. Then the fairy disappeared.____26____ the little girl grew up, there was no one in the land as happy as she. Everyone asked her secret of happiness. She would only smile and answer, "The secret of my happiness is that I listened to a good fairy ___27_____ I was a little girl."When she was very old and on her deathbed, the neighbors all gathered around her, and feared that her unbelievable secret of happiness ____28____(die) with her. "Tell us, please," they begged, "Tell us what the good fairy said." The lovely old woman simply smiled and said, "She told me that everyone, no matter how secure they seemed, no matter how old or young, how rich or poor, had need of me."21__________ 22__________ 23__________ 24______ _____25__________ 26__________ 27__________ 28__________III. Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A.dangerousB. riskC. pleasureD. important AB. surviveAC. strengthen AD. hunted BC. mainly BD. possessed CD. threatThe days of the hunter are almost over in India. This is partly because there is practically nothing left to kill, and partly because some steps have been taken, ___29___ by banning tiger-shooting, to protect those animals which still ___30____.Some people say that Man is naturally a hunter. I disagree with this view. Surely our earliest forefathers, who at first __31_____ no weapons, spent their time digging for roots, and were no doubt themselves often ____32____ by meat-eating animals.I believe the main reason why the modern hunter kills is that he thinks people will admire his courage in overpowering ___33____ animals. Of course, there are some who truly believe that the killing is not really the ___34____ thing, and that the chief __35_____ lies in the joy ofthe hunter and the beauties of the wild countryside. There are also those for whom hunting in fact offers a chance to prove themselves and ___36___ death by design; these men go out after dangerous animals like tigers, even if they say they only do it to rid the countryside of a __37____. I can respect reasons like these, but they are clearly different from the need to ___38_____ your high opinion of yourself.IV. Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.You've been away from us for one year; you told us a lie which I came to know not long ago. On this special day for teachers across the country, I can __39__keep myself from telling your white lie to those who would lend me an ear.Do you still remember the happy__40__about six years ago? We fixed our eyes upon you at your arrival. You, a beautiful young lady, __41__us that you would live in our village.Soon after, we began to find you were part of your students and their simple honest parents. The villagers found their children _42__more time on their books _43__after doing their homework and housework. Yet they still_44__ that one day you might leave. You wore a smile all the time, which reduced to some degree their _45__ of your leaving. You went all out in the_46__ of your students, helping them not only in their studies but also in their tuitions. You often emphasized to us the_47__ of one's life, so that must have been what you were_48__ in those five years!One cold morning when class began, you entered the room _49__you had been crying bitterly . In your class, we _50_ but looked away from your eyes. You stopped for some time as if you were _51__ to find this right word. You said you would go away and would never be back to teach because your boyfriend wanted you more...On the following morning, we _52__ you the very best and the villagers gave you their thanks. The train took you away and your broken_53__ . The other day I happened to hear my parents chatting that you had lung cancer and left the world soon after you waved goodbye.39. A．forever B．seldom C．hardly D．soon40. A．scene B．condition C．sign D．sight41. A．promised B．answered C．permitted D．agreed42. A．shared B．spent C．paid D．devoted43. A．even B．ever C．soon D．still44. A．considered B．feared C．supposed D．doubted45. A．rule B．trouble C．question D．fear46. A．teaching B．middle C．course D．field47. A．way B．wealth C．value D．cost48. A．after B．for C．with D．against49. A．as if B．because C．even though D．before50. A．listened B．talked C．discussed D．studied51. A．thinking B．worrying C．crying D．trying52. A．hoped B．expected C．wished D．brought53. A．boy B．class C．heart D．memoryV. Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AIf you are a human, you can't help but experience times when everything seems to be going wrong and you feel as if your life is completely out of control. It is during those “low times” that words of encouragement from family, friends, co-workers or even strangers can lighten your spirits. It is also during those times that destructive words can sink deeper and deeper into depression.For example, consider this story about a group of frogs who were traveling through the woods when two of them fell into a deep pit (深坑). All of the other frogs gathered around the pit. When they saw how deep the pit was, they told the two unfortunate frogs they would never get out.The two frogs ignored the comments and tried to jump out of the pit. The other frogs kept telling them to stop. Finally, one of the two frogs took heed of what the other frogs were saying and simply gave up. He fell down and died. The other frog continued to jump as hard as he could. Once again the crowd of frogs shouted at him to stop the pain. The more they shouted, the harder he jumped and finally he made it to safety.When he got out, the other frogs asked him why he continued to jump when they were all shouting at him to simply quit. The frog explained to them that he was a little bit deaf. He thought they were encouraging him the entire time.Every time you have a chance to say either something positive or negative to another human being, do choose the chance to say something positive! Don't let those opportunities get away from you. Your words have a large amount of power. Use them wisely. You really never know just how much they can mean to someone else.54.The first paragraph tells us that words play an important part especially when_______.A. we stay with our family, friends and co-workersB. we hear strangers say something to usC. we get through hard times in lifeD. we make some big mistakes55. The underlined phrase “took heed of” has the similar meaning with_______.A. acted according toB. had some doubtC. held on toD. got used to56.The more they shouted, the harder he jumped and finally he made it to safety.That’s because__________________.A. he struggled to prove that they were wrongB. he thought they were encouraging himC. he was angry with what they saidD. he didn’t want to let them down57. After reading the passage, readers should learn a lesson that____________.A. we can use encouraging words to help others outB. having a positive attitude is important in lifeC. never give up until we winD. we must believe in ourselves rather than othersBSome people don’t mind being fat. Other people can keep slim without any effort. But a lot of people do put on weight and don’t like it. The question is, what can they do about it?Some believe exercise can be helpful. But the trouble is that it only makes you want to eatmore. You might sweat out a couple of pounds playing tennis or climbing a mountain, but you put it all back on again with a big steak or bread and jam.A helpful way is food choosing. But what sort of food should you choose? Some believe that the less they eat, the slimmer they will be. They don’t eat anything until they become weak with hunger. Some stick to milk and bananas. You’ll find you need a lot of bananas, and unless you live where they grow, they aren’t cheap. Another says that if you eat things like hard-boiled eggs, and apples with their skins on which are hard for your stomach to digest , the more you eat, the thinner you get. This is because you use up the fat in your body to get the energy to digest the food.For most of us these methods are too extreme. The simplest way is just to cut down on the carbohydrate, which means not eating bread, potatoes, cakes, sugar, rice, and so on and eating anything else you like. It’s straight forward and often quite effective.Still others like to be more scientific. They get a table, which tells them that, for example, 100 grams of roast leg of lamb gives you 330 calories and a 50 gram helping of pudding gives you 130 calories.58. There seems nothing wrong with exercise except that ______.A．it makes you sweat B．it’s hard work C．it tires you out D．it makes you eat more 59. According to the passage, the best way to keep slim is ______.A．exercising B．hunger C．food-choosing D．eating milk and bananas60. The practical method suggested here means ______.A．sticking to bananas B．not eating many carbohydratesC．eating as little as possible D．eating things that are hard to digest61. Which of the following do you think is the best title for the passage?A．Don’t Eat Too Much B．Various Ways of Losing WeightC．Ways to Keep Fit D．Food and HealthVI. Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Five years ago, David Smith wore an expensive suit to work every day. “I was a clothes addict,” he jokes. “I used to carry a fresh suit to work with me so I could change if my clothes got wrinkled.” Today David wears casual clothes-khaki pants and sports shirt-to the office. He hardly ever wears a necktie. “I’m working harder than ever,”David says, “and I need to feel comfortable.”More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual clothes to work in the United States. The change from formal to casual office wear has been gradual. In the early 1990s, many companies allowed their employees to wear casual clothes on Friday (but only on Friday). This became known as “dress-down Friday” of “casual Friday”. “What started out as an extra one-day-a-week benefit for employees has really become an everyday thing.” said business consultant Maisly Jones.Why have so many companies started allowing their employees to wear casual clothes? One reason is that it’s easier for a company to attract new employees if it has a casual dress code. “A lot of young people don’t want to dress up for work,” says the owner of a software company, “so it’s hard to hire people if you have a conservative dress code.”Another reason is that people seem happier and more productive when they are wearing comfortable clothes. In a studyconducted by Levi Strauss and Company, 85 percent of employers said that they believe that casual dress improves employee morale. Only 4 percent of employers said that casual dress has a negative impact on productivity. Supporters of casual office wear also argue that a casual dress code helps them save money. “Suits are expensive, if you have to wear one every day,”one person said. “For the same amount of money, you can buy a lot more casual clothes.”62. Why did David Smith refer to himself as “a clothes addict,”?_______________________________________________________________________________63. David Smith wears casual clothes now, because _____________________________________64. The majority of the employees said casual dress_____________________________________65. According to this passage, what does it mean by a conservative dress code?VII. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.66.多亏了你的帮助，我才度过了人生的难关。
上海交通大学附属中学2022-2023学年高二上学期摸底考试英语试题
上海交通大学附属中学2022-2023学年高二上学期摸底考试英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单项选择1．By the time you visit me at 2pm tomorrow, the seminar ________ for a whole day, but I doubt it will be over.A．will progress B．will have progressedC．has been progressing D．will have been progressing 2．Examinees ________ the testing room during exam unless ________.A．won’t leave; permitted B．aren’t leaving; being permittedC．are not to leave; permitted D．shall not leave; being permitted 3．The research team ________ survey work last week, but the extreme heatwaves hampered the operation.A．had started B．would startC．was to have started D．was to start4．A special high-level dialogue on environment and climate convened in July, with the official statement ________ that China would stand ready to work with EU to further strengthen the policy coordination.A．read B．reading C．to read D．to be read 5．—Does the way you thought of ________ traffic volume during rush hours make any sense?—It certainly does; in fact, it is a mature initiative ________ many times in several metropolises.A．to reduce; adopted B．to reduce; having been adoptedC．reducing; adopted D．reducing; having been adopted 6．Until ________, the money won’t go to another ambitious investment plan, ________ is run by high-achieving stockbrokers.A．recovering; which B．recovered, oneC．having been recovered; which D．having been recovered, that7．If you are stranded on a deserted island with hardly any food and water, what should your priorities be? Should you postpone worrying about food and water ________ you havemanaged to find a shelter?A．until B．after C．lest D．provided 8．Of these candidates ________ you opt for, you will have a right assistant.A．who B．that C．whichever D．whoever 9．When we arrived in ________ is now called the Centre for Prodigies, we got to meet a most gifted teenager ________ experts thought might make great achievements in astronomy.A．where; who B．where; that C．what; whom D．what; who 10．Public health experts kept telling citizens it was of utmost importance that social distancing and hygiene habits ________ amid the pandemic.A．were to be kept B．had to be keptC．must be kept D．should be kept11．Alberg opened his mouth, as if ________, but he gave up the intention.A．protested B．protestingC．having protested D．to protest12．Constant efforts have been poured into the protection of such traditional local languages ________ are only spoken by a tiny portion of people, in the presence of ________ world cultures are sure to be diverse and colourful.A．that; which B．as; which C．that; whose D．as; whose 13．His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey windows, ________ he could watch what was going on with the special operations mission.A．from which B．where C．from where D．from there 14．Just as I was hurrying to class, there ________ come Tom with a long story to tell you.A．could B．must C．might D．would 15．His appearance has changed so much that you ________ not recognize him.A．may well B．may as well C．maybe D．should 16．Little wonder ________ up their hands in dismay.A．have some thrown B．some have thrownC．thrown some have D．have thrown some17．He is the very man in ________ pocket I found my lost money.A．that B．who C．whom D．whose 18．There are many traditional tribes in Asia, of which the Kayan tribe may be the only one ________ women have their necks stretched to incredible lengths using brass coils.A．that B．which C．where D．whose 19．What difficulty ________ the program of economic reform?A．do you think the new mayor has to initiateB．you think does the new mayor have to initiateC．does the critic think the new mayor have initiatingD．does the critic think the new mayor has initiating20．________ to be manufactured locally, the National Medical Products Administration issued a guidance to encourage various new partnerships and collaborations with pharma giants.A．There were some imported medical devices of this kind remainedB．There was some imported medical devices of this kind remainingC．There being some imported medical devices of this kind remainingD．Some imported medical devices of this kind remained二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word canPeople across the UK are set to sizzle on what could be the hottest day of the year so far.could be hundreds of heat related deaths in the UK.A Met Office amber weather warning for extreme heat comes into 22 today for almost all of England south of Manchester and parts of eastern Wales. It is expected to last until Sunday with temperatures 23 to climb to 36℃.Temperatures are not expected to drop below the low 20℃ in some areas, even at night. Older people, young children and those with 24 health conditions are more likely to experience adverse health effects, the Met Office said.“Compared to the July record-breaking heat, this event will be less 25 , but last longer, which could actually have a greater impact on people’s health,” Hannah Cloke, a professor of hydrology at the University of Reading, said.For centuries, two of the most intriguing question about Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” were “Who?” and “When?” A discovery made at Heidelberg University in 2005 pretty muchVinci’s first biographer, Giorgio Vasari: that the sitter was a merchant’s wife, Lisa Gherardini. The note also helped 32 the masterpiece to between 1503 and 1506.A third mystery—“Where?”—is still in dispute, But on June 3rd a French engineer, Pascal Cotte, declared that he and a collaborator had identified the landscape in the background of the painting. Arguments had once been made for 33 of countryside in the Marche region and between Milan and Genoa. During a presentation in Vinci, near Florence, Mr. Cotte argued that the artist was more 34 depicting a part of his native Tuscany-one that much interested him at the time. According to this theory, da Vinci 35 the area not as it was, but as, in an unrealized scheme, he intended it to be.Mr. Cotte, who was asked by the Louvre (where the “Mona Lisa” hangs) to create adigital image of the painting, is the inventor of the multispectral (多光谱的) camera: a device that can detect not only the drawing below the surface of an oil painting, but also, where they exist, intermediate layers of work. It was among these, under what appears to be a 36 rock, that he found a preparatory sketch showing that da Vinci intended it to represent a castellated(城堡形的) tower.The landscape of the “Mona Lisa” also includes a huge steep cliff. That is similar to one that da Vinci included in a sketch of a fortress(堡垒) 37 by Pisa and Florence in the war that broke out between them in 1503 (around the time he was painting Gherardini). The fortress with the nearby cliff—and a tower, known as the Caprona tower—all overlook the river Arno as it snakes from Florence to Pisa. All three also 38 in drawings made by da Vinci to illustrate a plan about which, says Mr. Cotte, he became “obsessive”.Mr. Cotte argues that a channel that 39 through desolate countryside at the right of the “Mona Lisa” is too wide to be a road, as some have speculated, and is instead the dried-up bed of the Armo as da Vinci pictured it once his plan had been adopted.It never was. But if Mr. Cotte’s theory is right, it might just explain why Gherardini, a Florentine, wears such a 40 , if mysterious, smile.三、完形填空People who listen to indie bands are miserable shaggy-haired layabouts (懒惰的人) while fans of rap music are brave and full of self-confidence.41 mere narrow-minded opinions, these are the results of an extensive psychological survey of more than 36,000 music lovers, which confirms, once and for all, that our musical tastes really do affect our personality. But the study’s most remarkable discovery is that lovers of classical music 42 a high number of personality traits with those who prefer rocking out to a heavy metal.The research asked people worldwide to describe their personality and then to list their favourite styles of music. The results show a 43 relationship between people’s personality traits and the style of music they enjoy.Fans of indie music, for instance, were found to have low self-esteem and little 44 but described themselves as creative. Rap enthusiasts, 45 , tend to feel good about themselves and are extremely outgoing. Those who love dance music are 46 outgoingbut are more likely to be unfriendly and slightly self-centred.Professor Adrian North, who led the study, suggested that the results explain why so many people bond over music and also why some of us are very 47 about the music we listen to, since it is likely to be closely linked to the person we are.According to Professor North, both heavy metal and classical fans are 48 by a shared ‘love of the grandiose’, which means that a Metallica fan is far more likely to listen to Mahler than an indie kid is to give reggae a try.‘Aside from their age difference, they’re 49 the same kind of person,’ he said. ‘Lots of heavy metal fans will tell you that they also 50 Wagner, because it’s big and loud. There’s also a sense of theatre in both heavy rock and classical music, and I 51 that this is what they’re really looking to experience when they listen.’John Gregson, 23, a classically-trained musician with a passion for heavy metal, 52 . ‘As an instrumentalist out of all of the main styles of music, heavy metal and classical are the ones which require the most 53 to play — they’re technically very difficult and involve playing at inhumanly fast speeds.’ he said. ‘You feel like you’re in on a secret — you54 it personally. It also feels like you know something that other people don’t because you55 a style of music which is often underestimated.’41．A．Regardless of B．Rather than C．As for D．Apart from 42．A．illustrate B．acquire C．share D．sustain 43．A．distinct B．subtle C．vague D．varied 44．A．misery B．prejudice C．motivation D．tendency 45．A．out of proportion B．in addition C．on the other hand D．in principle46．A．equally B．individually C．scarcely D．occasionally 47．A．curious B．concerned C．protective D．cross 48．A．annoyed B．blinded C．united D．overtaken 49．A．questionably B．basically C．respectively D．originally 50．A．go at B．go into C．go in for D．go about 51．A．remember B．predict C．forget D．suspect 52．A．agrees B．doubts C．persists D．regrets 53．A．creativity B．sympathy C．discipline D．assistance 54．A．identify with B．compare with C．coordinate with D．comply with55．A．create B．appreciate C．detect D．collect四、阅读理解You may think that an underground town with 3,500 residents is something out of a science fiction film. You may not believe that such a town has shops, car parks, hotels, restaurants, cafes, swimming pools, churches, galleries, museums, cinemas, a golf course and much more. We Coober Pedy in Australia’s Outback is just such a place. Although film makers sometimes use the town as a spot for science-fiction films, it is a real community full of people who enjoy living underground.The name Coober Pedy comes from the Aboriginal (土著的) phrase kupa piti which means ‘white man in a hole’. Miners and their families choose to live like this, hoping to get rich looking for the precious stones that Australia is famous for — opals. Living underground is the only way to shelter from the sandstorms and the high temperatures above ground, where it can be up to 50 degrees C (122F). Deep down in the town far below the desert surface, the temperature is between 19 and 20 degrees C and life is cool.Mary Deane believes that it’s the possibility of being poor one day and rich the next that makes Coober Pedy so addictive. She and her husband Jim are among the lucky ones. They live in a luxurious home, built with money from the opals Jim has found. “Whenever people hear we live underground, they always imagine a dusty cave,” says Mary, “but they are amazed when they sit in my spotless clean kitchen eating home-made apple pie. Everyone loves our pine furniture and I have every electrical appliance money can buy in here. Whatever I need I can have and whenever I·need more space we just dig out a few more rooms! I love my home.”However, not everything is perfect in Coober Pedy. Mary has a tiny garden that she is very proud of, but the grass is not real. Plant life is rare. Water is also five times more expensive than overground residents pay. Recycling is a way of life, so Jim usually washes his car with bath water and they have a special system to re-use the water from the dishwasher and washing machine. “We must be very careful about how we use water,” he says, “it’s not quite as precious as the opals, but it’s still very scarce!”56．What can be learned from the passage about Coobor Pody?A．It was originally built for science-fiction films.B．It provides residents with recreational facilities.C．It is losing its appeal to young people in Australia.D．It was designed by Aboriginals who used to live there.57．Why do miners and their families choose to live in Coober Pedy?A．To save money and get rich one day.B．To make it possible to produce opals.C．To keep away from the modern way of life.D．To escape from the terrible weather conditions.A．they have to be economical with waterB．they have to spend more money on foodC．they cannot use some electrical appliancesD．they cannot grow plants in the garden59．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A．Coober Pedy: Based on RecyclingB．An Unimaginable FilmC．Underground MiningD．Life Down UnderHandling RisksBackground___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________Oat of the frying panRecently, there has been growing concern in Europe about the problem of obesity, especially among children. Newspapers, magazines, and TV have all taken up the call for a healthier diet. In order to remain successful McCain needs to be aware of such trends and the potential risks the company might face. It has always seen itself as careful to listen to and respond to public demand — and has a successful track record in introducing new products to meet the changing environment. Back in 1979 the company was the first to introduce a chip that could be cooked in the oven rather than the deep fryer and this is now widely seen as a healthier and easier-to-prepare alternative to the fried chip. The more recently launchedMcCain Home Fries TM oven chip is a huge seller. The challenge for McCain now is to ensure that they are able to market their products in increasingly hostile conditions.PEST analysis for McCain___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________PoliticalThe growing pressure to make foods healthier has led to widespread discussion of the possibility of higher taxes on unhealthy food, restrictions on advertising (e. g. during children’s TV), regulations limiting what may be sold in schools, requirements to label fat, sugar, and salt content more clearly and even the suggestion of health warnings on packets. EconomicBecause all adults work in more and more households, the market for quality prepared food seems likely to continue growing. People generally have more money but less time, and seek products that allow them to prepare good food quickly. People have been prepared to spend more on higher-quality prepared products, but a downturn in the economy could see a choice of more basic items.Social & CulturalRecent health advice given to the public has led to a change in consumer demand. There have been many warnings about eating too much salt and saturated fat(饱和脂肪). The media regularly include chips within the category of unhealthy or junk food. TechnologicalNew technology has led to new kinds of ‘functional food’ items to appear on the shelves, claiming to offer positive health benefits. Potatoes are naturally high in vitamin C and natural carbohydrates (碳水化合物) —but the technological challenge is maintaining nutritional value and flavour while making the product easier to use, usable in new ways.60．What is the “hostile” (paragraph 1) most probably mean in this passage?A．necessary B．physicalC．ideal D．disadvantageous61．Which of the following will be a political challenge that McCain might have?A．It is not allowed to advertise its products on TV.B．It needs to pay a higher tax imposed on its products.C．It must create new products containing less salt.D．It can no longer be sold to schoolchildren.62．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A．McCain’s products are categorized as unhealthy food according to the media.B．McCain has developed a new way to maintain potatoes’ nutritional value.C．McCain will soon give health advice regularly to its consumers.D．McCain’s products used to cost people much time to cook.The colours of beautiful feathers are often borrowed. Flamingos, for example, owe their pinkness to chemicals called carotenoids that are made by bacteria known (confusingly) as blue-green algae. The birds, when feeding, both ingest these bacteria directly and consume small crustaceans (甲壳纲动物) that themselves live on such bacteria､Blue-footed boobies obtain their eponymous colour similarly, via the fish they eat.Carotenoids, though, are dual-use molecules. Besides giving these birds colours, they also help to stimulate the immune system. If a bird has some health issues, its immune system will thus use up some of its carotenoid stock defending against these interlopers, and its colour will suffer. If it is in good shape, by contrast, most of the carotenoids it consumes will be used to create colour. This is a difference that potential mates notice and act on, as dozens of experiments have proved. But a study just published in Naturwissenschaften has gone beyond these observations and shown that bright feather is also an indicator of a healthy digestive system.Wild animals live in a world of constant food scarcity. Squeezing every last calorie and nutrient molecule from what they eat is crucial to their survival. Since carotenoids are obtained as part of this digestive process. Tuul Sepp of Arizona State University and her colleagues wondered if feather brilliance might therefore be a reliable signal of the efficiency with which a bird draws goodness from its food.To assess that she turned to a test called the “acid steatocrit”. This involves collecting an animal’s faeces(排泄物) mixing them with perchloric acid to liberate the fat molecules within, centrifuging(使离心) the mixture and then measuring the thickness of the fatty layer which has accumulated at the top. The thinner this layer, the more efficiently the animal in question has been digesting any fats it has eaten. Since most carotenoids are bound to fatty molecules called lipoproteins, Dr Sepp reasoned that those birds which the test suggests are collecting fats efficiently from their food will also be brightly coloured.To investigate this idea, she and her colleagues collected 36 male house finches—birds known for having brilliant red breasts. They photographed their captives and held them in cages for a short time, in order to collect some faeces from each. They then ran the images of the birds ‘breasts through a computer to analyse how red they were, and studied a sample of each bird’s faeces using the acid stratocrat test.The result was that there is indeed a correlation between the brilliance of a bird’s breast and the efficiency of its fat digestion. If Dr Sepp’s computer can see this, it seems likely female house finches can, too—and will thus have yet another reason to pick the mates with the prettiest feathers.63．By “The colours of beautiful feathers are often borrowed” the writer means that________.A．the colour of birds’ feathers fades with ageB．birds prefer to eat food that look colourfulC．birds’ feathers get colour after they are bornD．the colours of birds’ feathers are a sign of disease64．Healthy birds have bright feathers because ________.A．more carotenoid is consumed to create colourB．their immune system produces more carotenoidC．they are more likely to defend against certain diseaseD．their potential mates are more likely to see bright colours65．We can infer from Dr Sepp’s experiment that the male house finches that are redder________.A．have a less strong digestive systemB．appeal less to female house finchesC．are more able to separate fatty moleculesD．digest fat collected from food more efficiently66．What can be concluded from the passage?A．Female birds choose mates based on their act.B．Birds with poor digestion are literally off colour.C．Faeces are a useful indicator of birds’ immune system.D．How efficiently birds process food remains to be studied.五、六选四If having much chocolate makes your trousers too tight, blame the genes Chocoholics no longer need to feel guilty about their craving. They are simply the victims of their genes, scientists have found.67 . It also raises the possibility of designing a drug which could “switch off” the gene and help people resist sugary foods. Children, in particular, risk their heath by eating too many sweets and chocolates.To identify the gene, the research teams-based at Harvard medical School in Boston and Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York—conducted experiments using mice which have differences in their ability to taste sweet foods. They compared the DNA of the two types of mice and noticed differences in the gene called TIR3.Dr Gopi Shanker, of the Mount Sinai team, said: “It contains information which produces a protein called the sweet taste receptor. This recognizes the sweet content of food and initiates a series of events which signal to the brain that a sweet food has been eaten.” Dr Shanker added: “Exactly the same gene exists in humans. 68 .” Research by the Harvard team has come to the same conclusion.But Aubrey Sheiham, professor of dental public health at University College, London, said the results did not provide chocoholics with an excuse to give up dieting. He said, “We have always known that some people have a sweeter tooth than others. 69 . They will be satisfied with a lower level of sweetness.”Mr. Sheiham warned against any form of gene therapy which sought to deactivate the sweet tooth gene. “ 70 . We all need to have some sugar in our diet”.The U. S researchers are using their discovery to develop artificial sweeteners without an aftertaste.A．But it has also been proved that if you gradually expose people to less sugar, then the body becomes accustomed to less.B．We never know what would happen to our body without this gene.C．The “sweet tooth gene”, identified by separate teams of researchers, helps explain why some find it harder to resist chocolate bars and cream cakes.D．We have produced this gene through evolution because sweet foods in nature are not poisonous and also give us energy.E．It means that if your parents have a sweet tooth then you probably will as wellF．Eating too much sugar has long been thought to increase the risk of some diseases.六、用单词的适当形式完成短文Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Universities should not be “airbrushing” history by removing books from reading lists to protect students from challenging content, the education secretary has said.James Cleverly told of his concern after The Times found that academics have started dropping books from reading lists 71 they harm students.Ten universities, including three from the Russell Group, were discovered 72 (take) books off reading lists, or made 73 optional, because of concerns about their content.“University is about challenging ideas, it is about learning about circumstances beyond your own experience and that includes 74 (difficult) circumstances of all time,” Cleverly told Talk TV.“I am really concerned about difficult bits of global history 75 (airbrush) out. We can’t just turn life into a Disneyland 76 (purify) version of reality.”The Times sent freedom of information requests about reading lists to all 140 UK universities. The University of Essex said that the 2017 Pulitzer prize winning novel The Underground Railroad, 77 Colson Whitehead, had been removed from a student reading list because of its “graphic description of violence and abuse of slavery”.Robert Halfon, the Tory MP for Harlow and chairman of the Commons education committee, said: “We should be encouraging people to read books, even if the subject matter is difficult because that is 78 we learn.”Sir Anthony Seldon. the former vice chancellor of the University of Buckingham, told LBC Radio: “We should be very concerned because universities are all about the discovery of truth. We discover truth by not shutting texts down 79 by examining them.”Essex said The Underground Railroad remained available in the university library and is 80 option for future reading lists. Sussex said Miss Julie was removed from a literaturemodule following student suicides, but staff expected the text to be reinstated. Aberdeen said its content warnings policy enabled staff “to explore controversial topics in an inclusive environment”.Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.The shimmering torus-shaped museum of the future in Dubai is covered in Arabic calligraphy and is supported by a steel diagrid(构架), with a facade(建筑物正面) of 1,024 steel panels. The aviation industry provided inspiration for the technology needed to create the exterior that was developed using learning algorithms.“All the parameters(参数) 81 (put) into a program structurally, and eventually it learned to create this shape,” says architect Shaun Killa.82 (open) in February 2022, the building is an iconic addition to Dubai’s already dramatic skyline, which includes the sail-shaped Burj Al Arab and the Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world. These modern, globally recognizable structures have made a name for Dubai’s architecture, but the story of Dubai’s urban views 83 (go) back to the 2000s. “Often the story is that since the 2000s it’s been a place of gleaming skyscrapers,” says architect and writer Todd Reisz, author of Showpiece City: How Architecture Made Dubai. But the creative fusion seen in the architecture of structures like Killa’s Museum of the Future goes deeper.“I think what 84 (have) the most influence on the city up to the present is the fact that it’s an entrepot, a port city,” says Reisz. “I’s a place of exchange and in-betweenness, where not only things and people come in and out, but so do ideas.” That exchange of ideas has led to some of the world’s most ambitious architectural projects— 85 Killa has played an outsize role.Killa first arrived in Dubai from South Africa in 1998, 86 (join) architecture firm Atkins, where he worked on the Burj AI Arab—one of Dubai’s most famous buildings, which sits on an artificial island and is shaped like the sail of a yacht. “For an architect coming from Cape Town, the scale of the buildings was so much 87 (big),” Killa says of Dubai. “If you’re used to smaller projects, it’s quite a challenge to overcome that scale.” Killa went on 88 (work) on other major projects in Dubai such as the Dubai。
2021年高二开学摸底考试英语试题含答案
2021年⾼⼆开学摸底考试英语试题含答案2021年⾼⼆开学摸底考试英语试题含答案第⼀部分：听⼒（共两节，满分30分）第⼀节（共5⼩题；每⼩题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下⾯5段对话。
每段对话后有⼀个⼩题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关⼩题和阅读下⼀⼩题。
每段对话仅读⼀遍。
1.Whose car was stolen?A. Karen’sB. The man’sC. The woman’s2.What’s wrong with Jack?A. He has a cough.B. He has a cold.C. He has a fever.3.What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A. Mother and son.B. Classmates.C. Colleagues.4.What are the two speakers talking about?A. Buying some furniture.B. Moving some furniture.C. Looking for a bigger room.5.What did Henry do in summer?A. Taught students at a school.B. Took photos for a newspaper.C. Wrote articles for a newspaper.第⼆节（共15⼩题；每⼩题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下⾯5段对话或独⽩。
每段对话或独⽩后有⼏个⼩题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独⽩前，你将有时间阅读各个⼩题，每⼩题5秒钟；听完后，各个⼩题将给5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独⽩读两遍。
请听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
2021年上海交大附中高二英语测试题含解析
2021年上海交大附中高二英语测试题含解析一、选择题1. —Why did you break up with your boyfriend?—We were not quite ______ each other in terms of lifestyles.A. in tune withB. in love withC. in touch withD. in conflict with参考答案：A2. Please remind me ____ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.A. whereB. whenC. howD. what参考答案：B3. The problem of poverty we are looking forward to seeing _________ should have attracted the local government’s enough attention.A. handlingB. handleC. to handleD. handled参考答案：D4. ________ the question of how global warming has _________, we are doing some projects at school.A. Exploring, come aboutB. To explore, come outC. Having explored, come toD. Being explored, come over参考答案：B略5. As I don’t have enough money to buy a new_______ microwave, I have to ______ the present one which breaks down now and then.A. electric; put up withB. electrical; tolerateC. electric; bearD. electrical; come up with参考答案：A6. The news spread all over the world _______that Kim Jong Il, top leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), passed away last Saturday at the age of 69.A. consistentlyB. instantlyC. previouslyD. curiously参考答案：B7. I make $2,000 a week, 60 surely won’t make ____ difference to me.A. that a bigB.a that bigC.big a thatD.that big a参考答案：D8. The reason ______ the she was admired is _______ she was perfect both in study and life.A. why; becauseB. that; thatC. that; becauseD. why; that参考答案：D9. Not far from the club, there is a garden, its owner ________ in it ________ bridge with his children every afternoon.A. seated; playsB. seats; playsC. seated; playingD. seating;playing参考答案：C10. Many awful facts have shown that it is totally wrong to environmental protection when we develop economy.A. adjustB. ignoreC. advocateD. improve参考答案：B考查动词。
上海交通大学附中2023-2024学年高二上学期摸底考试英语试题
上海交通大学附中2023-2024学年高二上学期摸底考试英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单项选择1．The globe features thousands of languages. But when did humans first lay out a structured system to communicate, one that was distinct to a(n) ______ area?A．especial B．particular C．peculiar D．special 2．Adults are often embarrassed about asking for aid. The moment you ask for directions,______ you reveal that you are vulnerable.A．above all B．worst of all C．after all D．at all3．Until relatively recently, psychologists assumed that children did not start to care about their reputation and peers’ ______ until around age nine.A．perceptions B．prescriptions C．receptions D．descriptions 4．When ecologist Kasun handled feathers from the Regent Whistler and the Rufous-naped Bellbird, two toxic birds, his eyes itched like he was chopping onions. Whatever the ______, storing the toxin in feathers may help protect the birds against parasites.A．reason B．source C．origin D．resource 5．It’s midafternoon. You’re full from lunch. The day is warm. You’re starting to feel sleepy. Should you ______ to the comfort of a nap?A．give up B．give away C．give off D．give in 6．Study after study has shown that spending a night without sleep produces mood benefits for about half of the people with depression. The effects of this ______, dubbed “wake therapy”, offer the bonus of being immediate, unlike most antidepressants, which require a few weeks to work.A．approach B．shift C．term D．application 7．The structure of benzene (苯), Google and Frankenstein: What do these icons of science, technology and literature all share? They are among the numerous discoveries and inventions that are said to have been ______ through the act of dreaming.A．stimulated B．motivated C．inspired D．activated8．A study has shown that the current version of ChatGPT is comparable, or even superior, to students in nearly 30 percent of courses. The findings are far from the first to suggest thatgenerative AI models can excel at assessments that are typically ______ for humans.A．resolved B．reserved C．preserved D．conserved 9．The sun is white — kind of. It depends on your ______ of color, the way colors work, the way our eyes see and, just as importantly, the air we see through.A．illumination B．interpretation C．reflection D．illustration 10．Dark energy permeates the empty part of the universe — the vacuum. Whatever “it” is, it ______ a repulsive force that pushes everything apart and pulls against gravity.A．stretches B．exerts C．substitutes D．facilitates二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word canMake a Wish List Most of us know of New Year’s Resolutions, where one setswill no longer eat biscuits left at my desk”— and then feel unhappy. In the cold month ofway to start the year. What you need instead are things to look forward to.So instead, try a wish list. This involves writing down 100 things you would like to do in the year ahead. The items can be enormous or tiny, ranging from “Climb Everest” to “buy a new pencil sharper”. The main thing is that at some point it has 14 to you as something that you would like to do.The key here is — write it down.Do you feel any resistance to the ideas? If so, ask yourself why. What is wrong with 15 what you would like to do? Try not to say to yourself: “I can’t I don’t have the money/time/energy/skills.” Just write it down.It helps to be 16 , so rather than “Get outdoors”, 17 a place you would like to visit. And take your time when creating it — a wish list is not built in a day. ThinkThis past July was the hottest recorded month in human history. Heat waves smashed temperature records worldwide and even brought summer temperatures to Chile and Argentina during the Southern Hemisphere’s winter. It’s more than just a matter of sweaty discomfort. In the U.S. alone, it kills more people each year than floods, tornadoes andrapidly becoming a health necessity.Yet standard air-conditioning systems have 22 us in a vicious cycle: the hotter it is, the more people use the AC—and the more energy is used as a result. Nicole Miranda, an engineer researching sustainable cooling at the University of Oxford says: “it’s not only a vicious cycle, but it’s a(n) 23 one.” According to 2018 data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the worldwide annual energy demand from cooling is 24 to more than triple by 2050.It’s becoming increasingly clear that humans cannot outrun climate change with the same air-conditioning technology we’ve been using. One well-known problem with current AC systems is their reliance on refrigerant 25 , many of which are potential greenhouse gases. About 80 percent of a standard AC unit’s climate-warming emissions currently come from the energy used to 26 it, says Nihar Shah, director of the Global Cooling Efficiency Program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Standard air-conditioning systems 27 cool and dehumidify through a relatively inefficient mechanism: in order to condense water out of the air, they overcool that air pastthe point of comfort. Many new designs therefore separate the dehumidification and cooling processes, which avoids the need to overcool.Even with some of the best technologies available, the gains in 28 alone might not be enough to offset the widely expected increase in air-conditioning use. It will not work to simply replace every 29 air conditioner with a better model and call it a day. Instead, a truly cooler future will have to 30 other strategies that rely on urban planning and building design to minimize the need for cooling in the first place.三、完形填空Experiencing occasional anxiety is a normal part of life. However, anxiety disorders,and self-murder.They are some of the most common mental health conditions around the world, 32 around four out of every 100 people and costing the health care system and job employers over US $42 billion each year.People with anxiety are more likely to miss days from work and are less 33 . Young people with anxiety are also less likely to enter school and complete it, leading to fewer life 34 . Even though this evidence points to anxiety disorders as being important mental health issues, insufficient 35 is being given to them by researchers, clinicians, and policy makers.My team and I at the University of Cambridge wanted to find out who is most affected by anxiety disorders. To do this, we conducted a systematic 36 of studies that reported on the proportion of people with anxiety in a variety of contexts around the world, and used accurate methods to keep the highest quality studies.Our results showed women are almost twice as likely to 37 anxiety as men, and people living in Europe and North America are disproportionately affected.So why are women more 38 ? It could be because of differences in brain chemistry and hormone (荷尔蒙) variations. Reproductive events across a woman’s life are 39 with hormonal changes, which have been linked to anxiety. The rise in oestrogen (雌激素) that occurs during pregnancy can 40 the risk for uncontrollable disorder.This is 41 by disturbing and repetitive thoughts, impulses and addictions that areupsetting and less effective. But in addition to biological mechanisms, women and men seem to experience and react to events in their life 42 . Women tend to be more likely to stress, which can increase their anxiety. Also, when faced with stressful situations, women and men tend to use different coping 43 . Women faced with life stressors are more likely to think about them seriously, which can increase their anxiety, 44 men engage more in active problem-focused coping.Other studies suggest that women are more likely to 45 physical and mental mistreatment than men, and this behavior has been linked to the development of anxiety disorders.31．A．symptom B．depression C．misery D．frightening 32．A．infecting B．stimulating C．capturing D．affecting 33．A．productive B．progressive C．positive D．passive 34．A．adventures B．insurances C．chances D．programs 35．A．conclusion B．attention C．solution D．contribution 36．A．ignorance B．outlook C．discovery D．review 37．A．suffer from B．deal with C．fight against D．result from 38．A．superior B．inferior C．vulnerable D．enormous 39．A．interacted B．associated C．disconnected D．inherited 40．A．challenge B．decline C．eliminate D．increase 41．A．characterized B．confused C．performed D．offended 42．A．equally B．similarly C．differently D．terribly 43．A．shortcuts B．strategies C．standards D．samples 44．A．because B．unless C．if D．while 45．A．experience B．accept C．ignore D．persistIn 1968 a grave dating from about 1100 was uncovered near Hattula, in Finland, Little remained of the occupant’s skeleton, but the inhumation included two swords and a knife. Such grave goods would normally suggest said occupant was a man. The skeleton was, 46 also decorated with brooches (胸针) and woollen clothing of types more usually worn at the time by women. This 47 guess that the burial was actually of a powerful woman, possibly a local ruler in her own right rather than just the wife of a male king.This would be noteworthy enough. But a re-examination of the remains, just publishedin the European Journal of Archaeology by Ulla Moilanen of the University of Turku and Elina Salmela of the University of Helsinki, suggests the truth may be yet more 48 . Ms. Moilanen and Dr Salmela suspect that the individual 49 may have had outward characteristics of both a man and a woman.In 1968 working out the 50 of a skeleton in an ancient grave was tricky. After years of deterioration, the bones of men and women look pretty much 51 . But that was before the use of DNA became possible. So Ms. Moilanen and Dr Salmela thought it worth trying again.Most people have two sex chromosomes (染色体): XX in women and XY in men. Find DNA from a Y-chromosome in a skeleton and the chances are the body was 52 . And, looking at a fragment of femur brought to her by Ms. Moilanen, who is the archaeologist in the 53 , Dr. Salmela, who is the geneticist, did indeed find such DNA．But not much of it. That led her to wonder about contamination (污染), but also to consider whether the individual in the grave had had a(n) 54 X-chromosome that was swamping the signal from the Y.Having an abnormal number of sex chromosomes is rare, but not vanishingly so. The particular 55 XXY leads to what is known as Klinefelter’s syndrome. To determine the occupant’s karyotype (染色体组型) from the tiny amount of DNA available, Dr. Salmela drew 56 with living people. The grave delivered 8,329 pieces, so she used a computer to draw samples of similar size from the genomes of living people with various karyotypes, including XXY, and also from mixtures of both sexes, to 57 contamination. She then compared these with the DNA from the grave and 58 it was 99.75% probable the individual concerned had indeed had Klinefelter’s syndrome.While Dr Salmela was working all this out, Ms. Moilanen and her team had another look at the grave. They confirmed that it was a 59 burial. For instance, they found evidence of fine furs, probably from foxes. Clearly, this was a well-respected human being, but what led to that 60 in a world then dominated by male values is a matter of puzzle. Perhaps the person came from a family powerful enough for such things not to matter. 46．A．therefore B．what’s more C．nevertheless D．for instance 47．A．intensified B．confirmed C．dismissed D．encouraged 48．A．complicated B．engaging C．unpleasant D．frightening 49．A．in question B．at large C．by comparison D．with doubt50．A．composition B．age C．sex D．origin 51．A．distinct B．unidentified C．alike D．broken 52．A．female B．old C．young D．male 53．A．cooperation B．authority C．institute D．adventure 54．A．restored B．extra C．missing D．dominant 55．A．requirement B．interest C．combination D．emphasis 56．A．inspirations B．lessons C．inferences D．comparisons 57．A．eliminate B．monitor C．imitate D．generate 58．A．rejected B．concluded C．recalled D．confessed 59．A．high-status B．secret C．religious D．peaceful 60．A．conclusion B．evidence C．respect D．solution四、阅读理解Earlier this year I took a trip to England and France to go see some friends. It was a wonderful trip; I really loved it. But one thing that struck me was how different these cultures are from our own. I guess this would strike any traveler because that is the first thing you notice and it is what makes travel so exciting. Of course, these cultures are also similar to ours in many respects, but it’s the differences that really stand out.One of the things that struck me in particular was the different attitudes towards smoking. As you know, there’s a growing anti-smoking sentiment in Europe. However, when I went to England and France, I got a new perspective on this issue. People seem to smoke anywhere and everywhere, even though anti-smoking signs are all over public places. On the radio, I heard about a member of the World Cup soccer team who smoked. And people were actually saying, “Well, he should not be on the team because he’s a bad example for our children.” I think, if they want to look at bad examples for their children, they should just go out on the street, or go into the subways, or look in the mirror, even, because so many of them are smoking in very inappropriate places. I visited a restaurant buffet in London and saw an English woman scooping up the food with a lit cigarette in her hand. Smoke rising into the air. Actually, when I talked to English people later, they were pretty shocked too, and they said that smoking in a restaurant is rude even by British standards.This did not give me a bad impression of English people. It gave me, on the contrary, apositive feeling toward American smokers. There are a lot of American smokers who will proclaim their right to smoke whenever they want, but they will follow the rules, generally, because they have consideration for nonsmokers. So this experience in Europe gave me more of a respect for this kind of smoker.61．What surprised the writer during his trip to England and France?A．The wonderful trip to England and France.B．Cultural differences that he noticed during his trip.C．Similarity between cultures stands out more than differences.D．Growing anti-smoking views in Europe.62．What did the speaker find in England and France about the smoking issue?A．People discuss the smoking issue on the radio.B．Smokers are allowed to smoke anywhere and anytime.C．People are encouraged to smoke in inappropriate places.D．Many smokers pay no attention to the “No Smoking” signs.63．The word “sentiment” in the second paragraph means ______.A．feeling B．movement C．offense D．regulation 64．What kind of smokers does the speaker respect?A．Those who are from America and Europe.B．Those who respect others’ feelings.C．Those who defend the right to smoke.D．Those who set rules of smoking in public places.One of the most well-known figures of American history, Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States and the author of the Declaration of Independence. His life was an inspiring one and at the same time a little bit contradictory to his statements and way ofAmerican Sphinx65．If one wants to know Thomas Jefferson’s experience in his whole life, ______ is most highly recommended.A．“Jefferson and His Time”B．“American Sphinx”C．“The Art of Power”D．None of the above66．Having read “American Sphinx”, you may ______.A．learn how Thomas got through his childhood in detailsB．understand why Thomas’ words and deeds were not always matchedC．know how ordinary people criticize or idolize himD．learn how Jefferson formed the world around him and addressed situations 67．One problem about “The Art of Power” is that readers ______.A．may feel bored while they are reading itB．cannot get a complete description of Thomas’ lifeC．learn Thomas’ political life mainly from historians’ perspectiveD．cannot get an objective point of view about Thomas’ giftWhat will the development of quantum computers (量子计算机) mean for our civilizations? Oh sure, better cryptography (密码方式), “more powerful” processing, but bottom line, we just don’t know...yet.This phenomenon isn’t unique to quantum computing, of course. It’s something we see time and again with all new world-changing technology. In some ways, it’s how we can define a technology as world-changing: everyone agrees it’s going to be hugely important, but nobody can predict exactly what impact it will have.The internet remains the classic example. Although invented in the 1960s, even by the late 1990s, the internet was still being dismissed as something that is fashionable but unlikely to last. Most commentators thought it nothing more than a curiosity.There’s a famous 1999 interview between David Bowie and BBC journalist Jeremy Paxman. In it, Bowie predicts that the internet will change the nature of music, and remove the “barriers between creator and audience”. The longer he spoke, the more Paxman said in anger that Bowie could possibly believe this about the internet.To be fair to Paxman, in 1999, internet at home meant accessing it over a modem. Concepts like WeChat and Netflix and more simply could not work over such limited bandwidth. But there were still some people who assumed that bandwidth would increase and that streaming music and video would be possible soon enough. They were laughed at.Oddly enough, as the dot-com boom intensified, many turned from doubters to hopeless optimists, and lost serious money building websites to deliver content that simply couldn’t “fit” down the inter-tubes of the day.Then in the second decade of the 21st century: critical mass. Bandwidth increased massively. Forget showing a nice little video in your browser, today Netflix can serve you a TV show in 4K, as long as you have 25Mbps connection.Quantum computing isn’t a consumer technology, of course. It’s a much bigger deal than that. Quantum computing is more like the invention of the transistor (电子晶体). Sure, most people have heard of it, but few understand it. Actually, we don’t even really understand it. But we’re reasonably comfortable that when a lab has that many scanning electron microscopes, it must be doing something important, right?Quantum computing is still at the stage of “hit it with a hammer until it works”. Sure the hammer is microscopic, and also a laser or magnetic field of some kind, but the point is we’re going through the process of turning the idea into reality.Sooner than you think, though, qubit-based computers are going to get applied to stuff. What stuff? Like always, it will be super secret stuff first. Then it will reach the rest of us.This is how the world begins. Not with a bang, but with a lot of extremely hard work behind the scenes.68．What attitude did most people take towards the internet in the 1990s?A．Optimistic.B．Unconcerned.C．Doubtful.D．Defensive. 69．The example of the internet is intended to illustrate that ______.A．it is hard to define what is world-changing technologyB．the internet was universally acknowledged as importantC．the influence of new technology is usually unpredictableD．the internet inspired many debates in the following years70．By “hit it with a hammer until it works”, the writer means that quantum computing______.A．has been questioned B．has been fully understoodC．hasn’t been heard of before D．hasn’t been applied to practice 71．What can be concluded about new technology from the passage?A．Its development is a gradual process.B．Most is the brainchild of a scientist.C．Not all is accessible to the public.D．Its future is often a top secret.五、六选四Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given behind. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Living off gridWhen you need electricity, you just plug in the machine and switch it on. If you need water, you turn on the tap. 72 For many people, these facilities are the basics of civilized society and the idea of living without them seems risky. Yet for a growing number of people, the idea of living off grid — without electricity, water or sewage — is an increasingly attractive lifestyle.Off-gridders do not have to give up electricity or a modern lifestyle — some choose to, but most use small hydroelectric power systems, solar panels or windmills to generate enough power for their needs. Heating and cooking needs are met by solar energy or wood burning systems, and toilet facilities range from non-water toilets to outside compost toilets. 73 It ranges from traditional yurts (a type of tent) to luxury house with high-speed internet and central heating. Whether they live in simple homes or luxury houses, what they all have in common is that their lifestyles do not create any pollution or carbon emissions — the ultimate goal for off-gridders.Around 100,000 people are thought to be living off grid in the UK now. 74 They grow their own food, home-school their children and provide their own medical care. They are people who have been priced out of the housing market or who have grown disillusioned with what modern society can offer and who decides that an alternative lifestyle isn’t a pipe dream, but a viable option.A part from living an alternative lifestyle, cost is a big factor in choosing to live off-grid. Off-grid houses are far cheaper to build than ordinary homes since they don’t need to be connected to the electricity or water supplies and even road access is not necessary. Materials tend to be cheaper, too. Popular options include straw or old tyres and cement.Surprisingly, the biggest problem off-gridders face is not building their homes or becoming self-sufficient but getting permission to build. Rural areas away from town are the perfect choice but these are often protected by law from construction of any kind or have building restrictions. There are now several websites dedicated to land-sharing so that the costs of buying land and getting permission can be shared, and there are increasing numbers of off-grid communities. 75 Off-gridding could soon be common all over Europe and America.A．Many are self-sufficient, not just providing their own electricity, water and sewage systems, but in all aspects.B．After you use the toilet, you flush it and the waste disappears.C．This shift from individual to group off-gridding reflects the fact that the trend is growing noticeably.D．They live in a huge variety of types of accommodation.E．Living off-grid still has a long way to go before it becomes a mainstream way of living.F．Rather than building permanent homes, vans or mobile homes or even old shipping containers are other options.六、用单词的适当形式完成短文Directions: Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given verbs.Robot Chef Learns to Twirl (旋转) Pizza Like a ProPizza has a proud history of fueling late-night lab work, and scientists in Naples—an Italian city famous for its pizza—have easy access to some of the world’s tastiest take-out. But what inspires engineer Bruno Siciliano is not that first bite 76 much as how the dish is made.“Preparing a pizza involves an extraordinary level of agility and dexterity (敏捷和灵巧),” says Siciliano, who directs a robotics research group at the University of Naples Federico Ⅱ.Stretching a deformable object like a lump of dough (面团) requires an accurate and gentle touch. It is one of the few things humans can handle, but robots cannot—yet.Siciliano’s team 77 (develop) a robot able to make a pizza pie. RoDyMan (short for Robotic Dynamic Manipulation) is a five-year project 78 (support) by a €2.5-million grant from the European Research Council. Like a human chef, RoDyMan must throw the dough into the air to stretch it, 79 (follow) it as it spins and anticipating how it will change shape.RoDyMan has been working this spring toward a milestone: stretching the dough 80 tearing it. To guide the robot, Siciliano’s team asked master pizza chef Enzo Coccia to wear a suit of movement-tracking sensors. “We learn [Coccia’s] motions, and we copy them with RoDyMan,” Sciliano says.RoDyMan uses visual sensors in its head to track the dough in real time. Using software, it can train 81 to handle the pizza like a chef would. The robot 82 (map) the dough’s position and tracks how it moves. Through practice, the robot 83 get better—much like humans develop “muscle memory.” Researchers hope RoDyMan’s technology can lead to a new generation of robots that will perform tasks in ways 84 are accurate and responsive, if not more lifelike.Yet Siciliano admits that 85 compares with a traditional chef. “I would never eat a pizza made by a robot,” he says. “It would not have the taste a real pizzaiolo, with his soul, would put in it.”Directions: Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given verbs.Talking to your therapist over Zoom is as helpful for anxiety and depression as going to in-person therapy. The virtual session, moreover, can be delivered at lower costs, according to a new study conducted in the U.K.Online therapy has become more and more prevalent since the COVID pandemic, 86 lockdowns forced lots of therapists online. The new study suggests that one of the biggest benefits of virtual therapy 87 be that it can allow people to get treatment faster, which increases their quality of life and reduces the amount of additional medical care they require.“The actual cost of mental health care doesn’t come from treating these conditions 88 from not treating them,” says co-author Ana Catarino.Questions emerge about 89 to deliver mental health interventions online best. Catarino and her team compared ieso’s Internet-delivered CBT, which featured a therapist working one-on-one with patients through a text chat, 90 the other services for anxiety and depression offered by the NHS, which covered a variety of therapies.The findings showed that online therapy was 91 (effective) than the other forms of care. What was most interesting was why. The researchers found that patients who were offered the therapist-guided CBT program got treatment faster. As a result, their quality of life improved more quickly, and they used fewer other medical services.The paper is likely to “make a big splash” because the authors showed that the success of the virtual CBT program was linked to the fact that it provided patients with a therapist’s guidance every step of the way.It’s not surprising that virtual therapy works well, says Haim Weinberg, a licensed psychologist. Studies outside the U.K. have found the same, he says. But there is still some bias 92 virtual therapy as somehow second-best, and there are not yet many 93 (establish) training programs to get mental health professionals comfortable with providing care online.Virtual care won’t be right for every person, but the new study’s results suggest the need to expand access 94 patients aren’t left waiting for help. These findings stress the importance of developing clinical interventions that 95 (prove) to be effective and that can be used at scale to match the demand we know.七、汉译英（整句）96．这家餐馆规定，每季度更换一次菜单，以吸引更多顾客。
上海交通附属中学2018-2019学年高二下学期开学考试英语试题(详解版)
上海交通附属中学 2018-2019 学年度第二学期高二英语摸底考试试卷II. Grammar and VocabularySection A(A)There is a tendency to think of each of the arts as ___1___ separate area of activity. Many artists, however, would prove ___2___ there has always been a warm relationship between the a warm relationship areas of human activity. For example, in the late nineteenth century the connections between music and painting were especially close. Artists ___3___ (invite) to design clothes and settings for operas and ballets, ___4___ sometimes it was the musicians who were inspired by the work of contemporary painters. Of the musical compositions as responses to the visual arts, perhaps the most famous is Mussorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition.Mussorgsky composed the piece in 1874 after the death, at the age of 39, of the artist Victor Hartman. ___5___ their friendship had not been a particularly long-lasting one, Mussorgsky was shocked by Hartmann’s unexpected death. The following year the critic, Vladimir Stasov, ___6___ decided to told a n exhibition of Hartmann’s work, suggested that Mussorgsky ___7___ (try) to relieve his grief by writing something in memory of Hartmann.The exhibition served as Mussorgsky’s inspiration. The ten pieces that make up Pictures at an Exhibition ___8___ (intend) as symbols rather than representation of the paintings in the exhibition. Between each is a promenade (舞曲中的行进), as the composer walks from one painting to ___9___ The music is sometimes witty and playful, sometimes almost alarming and frightening. Thought a range of surprising contrasts, Mussorgsky manages ____10____ (convey) the spirit of the artist and his work.(B)Today, home-ownership has reached extremely high levels. Modern generations tend to believe there is something wrong with them ___11___ they rent. However, is high home-ownership really as people imagine ？___12___ (stare) at data first, we realize that the most successful, stable, attractive country in the Western world is Switzerland. It has tiny unemployment; wealth; high happiness and mental-health scores. Does it have high home-ownership rates? Absolutely not. In Switzerland, about seven in ten of the population are renters. Yet, with Europe’s ___13___ (low) home-ownership rate, the nation thrives. Now go to the other end of the miserydistribution. Spain has approximately the highest home-ownership rate in Europe （at more than 80%）. But one-quarter of its population are unemployed.A likely reason is that high levels of home-ownership mess up the labour market. In a sensibly functioning economy it is easy for people to move around to drop into the vibrant job slots ___14___ (throw) up by technological change. With a high degree of owner-occupation, everything slows. Folk get stuck. Renters can go to new jobs. In that way they do the economy a favours. ___15___ Friedman said, the rate of unemployment depends on the flexibility of the housing market.Next we come to economic breakdown. Most analysts accept that at heart it was the housing market-obsessive pursuit of homes, the engendered mortgage（房贷）lending and an unavoidable house-price crash--- ___16___ sank the Western world. Germany, say, with its more efficient rental market, had a far smoother ride through trouble.As for the monetary system, in the past few decades, in the hope of getting untaxed capital gains way above their true labour earnings, many people threw their spare cash into buying larger houses or building extra bedrooms. TV programmes about how to make easy money, beautiful rising house prices, and most importantly, our faulty tax system encouraged that. When ___17___ some point market broke down, everyone suffered. Our countries ought, instead, to design tax systems that encourage people to invest in productive real activities and in innovation. Renting leaves money free for better purposes. That also points to the role of sensible budgeting over a person’s lifetime. Why should we think that when we die it is necessary ___18___ (pay) off an entire house？Our children do not deserve it. Let them pay for themselves. We ___19___ rent-and enjoy our lives with the money saved.Finally, moderation usually pays off. Our scientific understanding of how economies function is horribly limited. This suggests that the golden rule should be to avoid extremes. A50-50mix of home-ownership and renting, not the 70-30split that is now observed in so many Western nations, ______20______ (make) sense.Section BRapidly advancing technology and its impact on education has been a subject of debate. How can schools equip students with the skills they need to succeed in a challenging job market?Since technology is driving these changes, there is a theory that governments should keep focusing on STEM subjects. These are often referred to as “hard skills,” which are ___21___ in primary school and right through to university level. In the meantime, ‘soft skills’ are being ___22___.This is a mistake. Much evidence suggests that soft skills are far more ___23___ to graduates in the long term.Research from Harvard University on the global job market has shown that STEM- related careers grew strongly between 1989 and 2000 but have slowed down since. In contrast, jobs in the creative industries----the sector probably most ___24___ with the need for soft skills---are growing rapidly. Soft skills are, in fact, increasingly in demand in the workplace: Google cites creativity, leadership ___25___ and communication skills as top requirements for both potential and current employees.So why are soft skills so highly ___26___ for?With the rapid evolution of technology, a focus on hard skills leaves students ___27___ to change, as these often have a short shelf life. According to research by World Economic Forum, more than one in four adults reports a mismatch between their skills and those needed for their job role. If soft skills are taught well, these skills should enable students to adapt to change more easily and progress further in their ___28___ career.Of course, technical skills are important. But without the curriculum placing equal--- if not greater ---___29___ on soft skills, our education systems are missing a huge trick. Hard skills may help a student get a job in a particular industry, but soft skills will help them disrupt it, achieving a wider ___30___ in their chosen field. III. Reading ComprehensionSection ASaddleworth Moor in the north of England is a bare place. It seemed almost wired to me, then, that anyone should ___31___ the building of seven wind turbines( 风力发电机) to produce clean, renewable energy. Surely this was the perfect place to situate them--- basically dull, unattractive to tourists and ----- ___32___ ---windy. Yet Saddleworth is becoming another battleground in an increasingly confusing ___33___ over wind farming and the future of the planet.Typical of this confusion is hearing Professor David Bellamy ___34___ the fight against wind farms. I had always thought of Professor Bellamy as an environmentalist had made the ___35___ assumption that he would be a natural supporter of wind power. However, on reflection, Bellamy would be better described as a conservationist, whose main aim is to preserve natural habitats of plants and animals from destruction, rather than a(n) ___36___ on climate change. He has fought against other renewable energies that ___37___ wildlife and wildness, and has described the wind turbines as weapons of mass destruction killing birds and bats.Bellamy, along with other opponents, has argued the wind farms are in fact ___38___, and are only commercially successfully because they are so heavily funded. This argument has been put forward by several newspaper commentators recently , who have then gone to ___39___ nuclear power. This doesn’t take into account years of ___40___ from Greens who claim that nuclear power is both expensive and dangerous. And yet nuclear energy has recently been ___41___ by a leading green scientist , Professor James Lovelock, who was one of the firstto draw attention to the problem of climate change. He argues that renewable energy such as wind simply cannot provide sufficient electricity for our energy needs.And so it goes on. There are so many ___42___ claims, each apparently fronted by some outstanding scientists and backed up by a lot of statics. So who’s actually right? What’s the right solution? What ___43___ me is that we will take so long in deciding that it will be too late. The damage will have been done. Yet what I also ___44___ is how convenient these conflicting arguments are. We can avoid making any changes to our personal lifestyles by just doing nothing. Global warming isn’t down to me going to Barcelona by air for the weekend or having a dishwasher or driving everywhere; no, it’s because those people in Saddleworth won’t let us build our ___45___!31. A. take over B. call for C. look into D. object to32. A. vice versa B. or rather C. above all D. to date33. A. debate B. concern C. advantage D. control34. A. leading B. reporting C. watching D. abandoning35. A. cautious B. basic C. common D. false36. A. expert B. campaigner C. commentator D. columnist37. A. exploited B. threatened C. restored D. attracted38. A. unaided B. unfriendly C. uneconomic D. unbalanced39. A. produce B. praise C. eliminate D. research40. A. intentions B. passions C. opinions D. protest41. A. advocated B. rejected C. proposed D. overlooked42. A. expected B. successful C. conflicting D. personal43. A. relieves B. amazes C. disappoints D. worries44. A. predict B. recognize C. question D. ski45. A. wind farms B. power plants C. animal habitats D. nuclear engines SectionBAEvery April I am troubled by the same concern -- that spring might not occur this year. The landscape looks dull, with hills, sky and forest appearing gray. My spirits ebb, as they did during an April snowfall when I first came to Maine 15 years ago. "Just wait," a neighbor advised. "You’ll wake up one morning and spring will just be here."And look, on May 3 that year I awoke to a green so amazing as to be almost electric, as if spring were simply a matter of flipping a switch. Hills, sky and forest revealed their purples, blues and green. Leaves had unfolded and daffodils were fighting their way heavenward.Then there was the old apple tree. It sits on an undeveloped lot in my neighborhood. It belongs to no one and therefore to everyone. The tree’s dark twisted branches str etch out in unpruned（未经修剪的）abandon. Each spring it blossoms so freely that the air becomes filled with the scent of apple.Until last year, I thought I was the only one aware of this tree. And then one day, in a bit of spring madness, I set out with pruner to remove a few disorderly branches. No sooner had I arrived under the tree than neighbors opened their windows and stepped onto their porches(门廊). These were people I barely knew and seldom spoke to, but it was as if I had come uninvited into their personal gardens.My mobile-home neighbor was the first to speak. "You’re not cutting it down, are you?" she asked anxiously. Another neighbor frowned as I cut off a branch. "Don’t kill it, now," he warned. Soon half the neighborhood had joined me under the apple tree. It struck me that I had lived there for five years and only now was learning these people’s names, what they did for a living and how they passed the winter. It was as if the old apple tree was gathering us under its branches for the purpose of b oth acquaintanceship and shared wonder. I couldn’t help recalling Robert Frost’s words:The trees that have it in their pent-up buds To darken nature and be summer woods One thaw led to another. Just the other day I saw one of my neighbors at the local store. He remarked how this recent winter had been especially long and complained of not having seen or spoken at length to anyone in our neighborhood. And then, he looked at me and said, "We need to prune that apple tree again."46. By saying that “my spirits ebb” (Para. 1), the author means that _____.A. he feels relievedB. he feels blueC. he is surprisedD. he is tired47. The apple tree mentioned in the passage is most likely to _____.A. be regarded as a delight in the neighborhoodB. have been abandoned by its original ownerC. have been neglected by everyone in the communityD. be appealing only to the author48. According to Para. 4, why did the neighbors open their windows and step onto their porches?A. They were surprised that someone unknown was pruning the tree.B. They wanted to prevent the author from pruning the treeC. They were concerned about the safety of the treeD. They wanted to get to know the author49. It can be inferred that the author’s neighbor mentioned in the last paragraph most cared about _____.A. when spring would arriveB. how to pass the long winterC. the neighborhood gatheringD. the pruning of the apple treeBUniversity Shotokan Karate ClubLearn Karate—self-defense and fitnessThe university karate club was founded in 1962. All grades from beginners to advanced are welcome. The classes are suitable for both men and women and several women have obtained their black belt.TUESDAY AND THURSDAY6.00—8.00 p.m.WEA VER HOUSE GYMFIRST LESSON FREEHardly any of us have experienced real violence, but, over the last few years, attacks on innocent people have increased. Each of us has some ability to defend ourselves, and by learning a form of self-defence, we are not only increasing that ability, but also doing something to build our own sense of respect. Karate will show you a lot of simple and effective techniques to protect yourself, giving you increase self-confidence.Far too many people think martial arts (武术) are about violence. Martial arts training is based on a lot of respect, self-discipline, self-control and non-violence. We learn basic etiquette, courtesy and tolerance. Good manners and consideration for others are expected at all times.Karate is the practice of blocking and striking techniques for the purpose of self-defence, health andself-development. Karate exercises the entire body. Techniques are practised on both sides of the body, therefore muscle imbalances do not occur and the strength, coordination, flexibility and agility of both sides of the body are impro ved. Regular training in Karate improves the body’s physical endurance and flexibility. It also helps concentration and produces the mental calm and assurance that come from knowing we can defend ourselves.Karate has many benefits but they do not come easily or overnight. Training requires ongoing commitment and hard work. Some of you will give up, but a few of you will get your black belt.50. The passage is mainly intended to_________.A. tell readers the benefits of KarateB. attract readers to join the clubC. encourage people to get their black beltD. correct people’s misunderstand of Karate51. What can be learned about University Shotokan Karate Club?A. More men than women have been its members.B. It tests members to see what level they are at.C. Members don’t need to pay for the lessons.D. It offers 4 hours of lessons every week.52. According to the passage, which of the following statements about Karate is true?A. It cultivates people’s respect for themselves as well as for others.B. It invo lves people’s arm muscles more than body musclesC. It makes people healthy physically instead of mentally.D. It focuses as much on self-defence as on attack.CSpeaking in ClicksClick sounds, such as those found in some languages in Africa, make perfectly good consonants. So why do they appear so rarely in most human speech? One culprit may be anatomy(骨骼).Previous studies have suggested that in some speakers of click languages, the alveolar ridge(齿龈) the rounded bump between the upper teeth and the roof of the mouth-is small or even absent. In recent research, Scott Moisik of Nanyang Technological University in Singapore and Dan Dediu of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, built biomechanical models that simulated clicks in vocal tracts(声道) with alveolar ridges of varying sizes. Their results, published in January in the Journal of Language Evolution, showed a clear disadvantage for tracts with large edges. These allowed less air to be trapped in the mouth, requiring more muscular force to produce a click.The authors interpret this finding as support for an anatomical bias against clicks. They believe the bias is probably weak at the individual level; people with large alveolar ridges can still learn click consonants or that their pronunciations may be wrong. Amplified over generations, this bias might explain why such consonants are so rarely found in language worldwide.These results are not the first to challenge the traditional premise among linguists that language evolution is largely immune to external factors. Several other researchers have recently argued that geographical context, environmental conditions and genetics could all play a role. But Moisik and Dediu’s work goes a step further by singling out a single feature of human anatomy and quantifying its contribution to a particular type of speech sound.Susanne Fuchs, senior researcher at the Leibniz Center of General Linguistics in Berlin, who was not involved in the work, says the study’s conclusions are valid. But she cautions that they may present a chicken-and-egg problem: “The palate( 味蕾) shape of an individual matures from early childhood to puberty and , may be affectedby frequent productions of clicks,” Fuchs says, “Therefore, over the course of h istory, it may well be that vocal tract properties and click productions developed in parallel.53. The underlined word “one culprit” in Paragraph 1 means _____.A. something that must cause sufferingB. something that may be the causeC. something that could be concludedD. something that never happened before.54. According to the findings by Moisik and Dediu, who can make click sounds easily?A.People with a small or absent alveolar ridge.B. People with strong muscles inside the mouthC. People with a normal alveolar rid.D. People with a large alveolar ridge. 55. Which of the following statements is true? A. People with large alveolar ridges cannot learn click language. B. Having less air trapped in the mouth makes it easier to produce a click. C. Both Moisik and Dediu believe that language evolution is largely independent of external factors. D. Language evolution may be subject to geographical context, environmental conditions and genetics.56. What is Susanne Fuchs most likely to agree with?A. The conclusions of the study by Moisik and Dediu are unreliable.B. V ocal tract properties and click productions might evolve at the same time.C. Frequent productions of clicks decide the palate shape of an individual.D. The palate shape of an individual decides whether one can produce click sounds.DVisit the grocery store on an empty stomach, and you will probably come home with a few things you had not planned to buy. But hunger is not the only culprit behind such purchases. The location of store displays also influences our shopping and may make or break some healthy eating habits.The checkout area is a particular hotspot for junk food. Studies have found that the products most commonly found there are sugary and salty snacks-and a few studies have suggested that simply swapping in healthier options can shift customer behavior. A 2012 study in the Netherlands found that hospital workers were more likely to give up junk food for healthy snacks when the latter were more readily available on canteen shelves for example, In2014 Norwegain and Icelandic researcher likewise found that replacing unhealthy items with healthy ones in the checkout area significantly increased last-minutes sales of healthier foods.These findings caught the attention of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, which has been working with more than 1,000 store owners to encourage them to stock and promote consumption,” says Tamar Adjoian, a research scientist at the department. “Making healthy food more convenient or appealing can lead to increased sales of those products.”Adjoian and her colleagues wondered if such findings would apply to their city’s dense urban checkout areas, so they recruited three Bronx supermarkets for their own study. They gave one checkout line in each store a healthy makeover, replacing candy, cookies and other processed snacks with fruit , nuts and similar items containing 200 or fewer calories per serving. Then they recorded purchases over six three-hour periods in each store for two weeks.Of the more than 2,100 shoppers they observed, just 4 precent bought anything from the checkout area. Among those who did, however, customers in the healthy lines purchased nutritious items more than twice as often as those in the standard lines –and they bought unhealthy items 40 percent less often. The findings were reported in September in the Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior.The potential impact may seem small, but Adjoian believes that converting more checkout lines would open customers’ e yes to nutritious, lower-calories foods. Health department officials are now exploring ways to expand healthy options at checkout areas throughout New York City.57. The word “ culprit” in Para. 1 is closest in meaning to _____in the passage.A. something to blameB. something related to cultureC. something that resultsD. something concealed58. The findings of the 2012 study and the 2014 study proved that _____.A. shops put great emphasis on increase in last-minute sales of food.B. healthier options were rarely seen in company canteens or in supermarket.C. customers’ shopping behavior could be changed by what is easily available.D. sugary and salty snacks were among the most common items in checkout areas.59. Why does the writer say “ the potential impact may seem small” in the last paragraph?A. Only a little attention has been drawn to Adjoian’s researchB. Only several healthy items are displayed and then purchased.C Only three Bronx supermarkets have been involved in the study.D. Only a small proportion of shoppers buy things from checkout areas.60. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Behavior that MattersB. Healthy See, Healthy DoC. Changing Checkout AreasD. Shoppers and Their NeedsSection CHow to protect children Web fans from unsuitable material on-line while encouraging them to use the Internet has long been discussed in the U.S.___61___. But jungles contain wonders as well as dangers and with good guides, some education, and a few precautions , the wilds of the Internet can be safely navigated . “Kids have to be on-line. If we tell our kids they can’t have access(机会) to the Internet, we’re cutting them off from their future,” said an expert.Most kids have started to use search engines. ___62___. There are search engines designed just for kids. A certain software contains only sites that have been selected as safe. The most popular way to limit access would be to use what is known as a “content screener(过滤器)”. But this can’t be wholly reliable , and the bes t thing parents can do is to talk to their kids and let them know what is OK or not OK to see or do on the Internet.___63___A few other tips●Don’t put the PC in a child’s room but keep it in an area where mum or dad can keep an eye on things. That also makes the Internet more of a family activity.●___64___●Tell your child not to give on-line strangers personal information, especially like address and phone number.●And tell your children never to talk to anyone they meet on-line over the phone, send them anything, accept anything from them or agree to meet with them unless you go along.A. Many of them are great for finding tons of interesting Internet sites, and they can also locate places where you might not want your kids to go.B. Another way is that mum or dad is nearby when the child is surfing the Internet.C. Ask your child what he or she has been doing and about any friends they make on-line.D. For some parents, the Internet can seem like a jungle, filled with danger for their children.E. Most kids are taught to have started to use search engines.F. Don’t give online strangers personal information.第II 卷IV. Section ATranslation65. Starbucks says ___________ .(这个举措旨在使各式各样的群体凝聚在一起)，thus creating a surprisinglycalm atmosphere.66. And even then they would not be able to ___________.(提供足够的光照，来消除对地面照明的需求). Space mirrors strikes me as a solution in search of a problem.67. For ___________ (那些比半个世纪以前聘用更多拥有大学学历的工作岗位中), real wage, adjusted for the effects of inflation, have actually fallen.68. Not only are more people taking to running, but they are also using wearable devices and software on their phones to record ___________.(他们跑过的路程距离和燃烧的卡路里数量)69. Many institution ___________, (在某些学术领域有特别大的优势) making them a good choice for students interested in those fields.Section BTranslation70. 最低工资的不断提高可能会使雇主们不愿意雇佣缺乏经验的年轻人，他在阿里巴巴工作过五年， 所以在经验方面， 他较其他求职者而言有着明显的优势。
上海交通大学附属中学2021-2022学年高二下学期开学考试摸底英语试卷含答案
上海交通大学附属中学2021-2022学年第二学期高二英语摸底试卷（满分150分, 130分钟内完成）II. Grammar and VocabularySection A: Multiple ChoiceDirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.21. On board ________ a large quantify of fuel, a ladder with hooked ends, two RPG grenades and a of money.A. was, quantifyB. were, dealC. was, amountD. were, number22. ______ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.A. Having lostB. LostC. Being lostD. Losing23. For many older people, especially those _________health issues, poor eyesight makes almost impossible _______on small screens, and their leathery fingers makes _____to use touch-screens.A. suffering, reading, it hardB. suffering from, reading, it hardC. suffering from, to read, hardD. suffering, to read, hard24. Dutch runner Sifan Hassan's bronze medal in the women's 1,500-meter final came after a brutal all during the preliminary round（分组预赛）, which _______ her from qualifying.A. could have stoppedB. could stopC. would stopD. should have stopped25. The satisfying "crack" which you get when you are eating crabs and lobsters could be silenced _________ Shellfish have bee struggling to build their calcium carbonate（碳酸钙）shells which is a result of ocean acidification.A. beforeB. thoughC. asD. while26. Plato believed that talent and intelligence ____genetically and thus ____ in children born to all classes, although his proposed system of selective public education for an educated minority of the population does not really follow a democratic model.A. is not distributed, is to be foundB. are not distributed, are to be foundC. is not distributed, has been foundD. are not distributed, have been found27. Aristotle emphasized the balancing of the theoretical and practical aspects of subjects taught,________ he clearly mentions reading, writing, mathematics, music, physical education, literature, history, and a wide range of sciences, as well as play, which he also considered important.A. whichB. whereC. among whichD. through which28. Aristotle proposed that teachers lead their students systematically, and that repetition ______ as a key tool to develop good habits, unlike Socrates' emphasis on questioning his listeners to bring out their own ideas.A. is usedB. would be usedC. should useD. be used29. Philosophers ________ back to Plato and the Ancient Greeks have given the area much thought and emphasis, and there is little doubt _____ their work has helped shape the practice of education over the millennia.A. dated, thatB. dating, whetherC. dating, thatD. dated, whether30. In bringing faraway places closer, VR encourages travelers to embrace sustainable practices ___________They choose to go (or not go) in the future.A. whateverB. whereverC. howeverD. whichever31. The remaining several thousand contractors have no guarantee of work_________ the program is over.A. thoughB. whileC. now thatD. except when32. It was a fitting opportunity to experience virtual reality (VR) technology that some experts ________ as an eco-friendly solution to the problem of over-tourism.A. had advancedB. advancedC. had been advancedD. would advance33. The five-year-old girl who sits in the front row, ready to learn________ meager scraps（微薄的碎片）of knowledge we can throw her way.A. whichB. thatC. whateverD. where34. Gillian Sandstorm, a senior lecturer in psychology at the University of Essex, investigated the extent _________people get happiness from weak-tie relationships.A. whichB. whatC. to whichD. in which35. Some other advertisers have turned to "proximity marketing, "___________retailers detect the consumers are on the street and send ____________advertisements to their phone.A. where, where, tailoredB. whose, where, tailoringC. where, that, tailoredD. whose, that, tailoring36. However, not everyone __________the idea of living in a world of endless advertisements. 第A. sells onB. sells toC. is sold toD. is sold onSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.(A)Sixty years after the start of her groundbreaking study of chimpanzees in the wild, the primatologist looks for a silver 37________ in the pandemic.Chimpanzees have no 38________ of deadly foes. Logging, mining, deforestation, human population growth, the bush-meat trade, the exotic pet trade, medical research, bad zoos: All have helped 39________the global chimp population from more than a million in 1900 to less than 300, 000 today, according to the international Union for Conservation of Nature. Now, add COVID-19, "The pandemic is a nightmare. "says Jane Goodall over the phone from her family home in Bournemouth. U. K. where she has been 40_________ in place since March. Because chimps share nearly 99% of human DNA, they are 41_________to human-borne diseases. Human respiratory viruses are already the leading cause of death in some chimp communities. and while there have been no reports of COVID-19 outbreaks vet. all great apes are believed to be susceptible to the coronavirus that causes it.To prevent transmission, scientists have 42________ great-ape research across Africa, including at the center Dr. Goodall founded in Tanzania's Gombe Stream National Park. The 43________ of a deadly virus wiping out vet more of this endangered species is "terrifying, "she says. This was supposed to be a festive time for Dr Goodall86. Galas around the world were meant to celebrate the anniversary of her groundbreaking study of chimpanzees in the wild. which began 60 years ago on July 14. 1960. Instead, Dr. Goodall, who usually spends 300 days a year trotting the globe to give talks and meet leaders as an environmental activist, has been putting in masks for local Tanzanians, raise funds for conservation long hours trying to 44_______ projects run by the Jane Goodall Institute and cheer up staffers over Skype and Zoom.But the new's isn't all bad. she hastily adds. Beftting someone who used the word "hope" inthe titles of three of her past four books. Dr. Goodall isn't above squinting（斜视）to find a silver lining. "I think people are seeing that we brought this pandemic upon ourselves by 45_______ the warning of scientists. "she says. She hopes that policy makers recognize that raising animals in unhygienic factory farms or 46_________and selling them in crowded markets makes it easier for viruses to jump from animals to humans. "I think this is waking people up, "she says.(B)Many people honor Guan Yu (or Guan Gong), a hero during the Three Kingdoms period. But recently, a statue of the ancient general has 47_ criticism from authorities and the public.In October, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development said on its website that the construction of the Guan Yu statue in Jingzhou, Hubei province, 48________local regulations.The 49_______statue, built in a Guan Y u-themed park, covers an area of 152, 000 square meters and weights more than 5, 000 tons. At about 58 meters tall, the statue 50._______ the 24-meter limit on structures in local areas, according to CCTV News.Even the cost of building the statue, about 170 million yuan, far exceeds the 51_____ budget. Worse, the park promoted the structure as the world's tallest 52_____statue to attract tourists, but has only brought a revenue of less than 13 million yuan in the past four years. China Daily reported.Due to recent media reports, the issue caught the public's attention and 53_______ criticism for its waste of resources. Also, there are concerns over its safety risks and legality.On Nov 17, the local authorities responded that experts have been organized to make a plan to relocate the statue. This announcement once again stirred discussion online.Many asked to keep the statue, considering the cost and effort that had gone into the project. One internet user commented that" relocation would cost a lot of money. Why not just keep it and explore further development using 54 _______ resources?" "Still others questioned why 55______ there was no supervision from local authorities since the beginning of construction to ensure that rules were being followed.According to Hui Ming, from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, this should be a lesson for local decision-makers. Before going about building statues, there should be adequateresearch and work. Also, public money and resources should not be wasted in this fashion.This is not the only case of such a/an 55_____ landmark. The Shuisi Tower project in Dushan county, Guizhou province, was also criticized by the MOHURD as a "cultural landmark" that was built indiscriminately（盲目地）and 56________ from reality, and could damage the natural landscape.Limit size of structuresThe MOHURD has issued a notice on strengthening the management of large-scale urban statue construction, which says that large statues with a height of more than 10 meters or a width of more than 30 meters must be managed as important urban construction projects.To protect historical and traditional buildings, the MOHURD announced in April that urban architectures cannot be built taller than 500 meters unless their plans are approved.III. Reading ComprehensionSection A ClozeDirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill n each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.A true story of retirement planning is that your future is riding on the quality of your assumptions. Humble 57_ can be dangerous.For example, eight years into this bull market expecting stocks to deliver as—-strong returns over the next decade is an uncertain proposition many are nonetheless 58.Another potential 59 assumption is that you will be able to keep working past 65. Yet the recently released 2017 Retirement Confidence Survey by the nonpartisan Employee Benefit Research Institute finds that more than half of workers say they expect to still be on the clock past age 65. By 60 , less than 15 percent of today's retirees kept working that long."If you plan on working longer as a way to get by in retirement, you are going to be in trouble, "says Craig Copeland, senior research associate at EBRI. "It should be a complement to a solid savings and spending plan, not the _61_. "It's simply too 62 to assume you will indeed be able to work longer. A survey by the Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies found that nearly two-thirds of retirees left the workforce earlier than expected because they were laid off, reorganized out of a position, or due to general unhappiness with a job. Only 16 percent of retirees who 63_ the work force earlier thanthey expected did so because they felt they could 64 afford to.65, a new report from Prudential puts a dollar value on why your current employer may not be inclined（倾向于）to do back flips to keep an older you happy and engaged. The estimated one-year cost to a firm when an employee 66_ retirement:$50, 000.Prudential estimates that on a company-wide level, delayed retirement can 67 overall workforce costs by 1 percent to 1.5 percent. That's not nothing. And it goes a long way in explaining why employers may be more inclined to focus on "financial wellness" strategies to get workers ready to retire 68 than programs to help workers delay retirement.Fewer than one-third of employees surveyed by TCRS report their employer has some sort of transition "program such as flexible work schedules, reduced hours or 69 to a different role."Workers' vision of retirement is changing faster than employers' business 70, " said Catherine Collinson, president of TCRS. That makes it ever more crucial for pre-retirees to take the steps today that will increase that 71 they can continue to work longer, if that's part of the plan.57. A. pessimism B. optimism C. concern D. consideration58. A. relying on B. casting on C. accounting on D. falling on59. A. reliable B. possible C. flawed D. unlikely60. A. contrary B. compromise C. compliment D. contrast61. A. foundation B. basement C. founding D. construction62. A. ridiculous B. sensible C. risky D. logical63. A. extended B. exited C. existed D. remained64. A. economically B. mentally C. financially D. physically65. A. However B. Therefore C. Nevertheless D. Moreover66. A. delays B. expects C. gets D. decides67. A. decrease B. influence C. increase D. transform68. A. later B. sooner C. faster D. slower69. A. shifting B. altering C. ranging D. functioning70. A. deals B. practices C. customs D. operations71. A. abilities B. capabilities C. chances D. outputsSection BDirections: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)I've worked in the factories surrounding my hometown every summer since I graduated from high school, but making the transition between school and fulltime blue-collar work during the break never gets any easier. For a student like me who considers any class before noon to be uncivilized getting to a factory by 6 o'clock each morning is torture. My friends never seem to understand why I'm so relieved to be back at school or that my summer vacation has been anything but a vacation.There're few people as self-confident as a college student who had never been out in the real world. People my age always seem to overestimate the value of their time and knowledge. In fact, all the classes did not prepare me for my battles with the machine I ran in the plant, which would jam whenever I absent-mindedly put in a part backward or upside down.The most stressful thing about blue-collar life is knowing your job could disappear overnight. Issues like downsizing and overseas relocation had always seemed distant to me until my co-workers told me that the unit I was working in would shut down within six months and move to Mexico, where people would work for 60 cents an hour.After working 12-hour shifts in a factory, the other opinions have become only too clear. When I'm back at the university, skipping classes and turning in lazy rewrites seems to irresponsible after seeing what I would be doing without school. All the advice and public-service announcements about the value of an education that used to sound stale now ring true.These lessons I'm learning, however valuable, are always tinged with a sense of guilt. Many people pass their lives in the places I briefly work, spending 30 years where I spend only two months at a time. "This job pays well, but it's hell on the body, "said one co-worker. "Study hard and keeping reading, "she added.My experiences in the factories has inspired me to make the most of my college years beforeI enter the real world for good.72. What does the author think of his summer days while at college?A. They brought him nothing but torture.B. They were no holiday for him at all.C. They were a relief from his hard work at school.D. They offered him a chance to know more people.73. What does the author say about college students?A. They expect too much from the real world.B. They have little interest in blue-collar life.C. They have a feeling of trust in themselves.D. They are not confident of their future.74. In what important way has the author's work experience changed him?A. He learned to be more practical.B. He acquired a sense of urgency.C. He came to respect blue-collar workers.D. He came to appreciate his college education.75. Why does the author feel somewhat guilty?A. He realizes there is a great divide between his life and that of blue-collar workers.B. He looks down upon the mechanical work at the assembly line.C. He has not done much to help his co-workers at the factory.D. He has stayed at school just for the purpose of escaping from the real world.(B)Families should reduce exposure to synthetic chemicals found in food colorings, preservatives and packaging materials as a growing body of research shows they may harm children's health, according to a policy statement and technical report from the American Academy of Pediatrics released online.The statement also suggests improvements to the food additives regulatory system, including updating the scientific foundation of the U. S. Food and Drug Administration safety assessment program and retesting all previously approved chemicals. Q&A with the lead author We asked Leonardo Trasande, Council on Environmental Health member and lead author of the policy statement, to tell us more about these concerns.Q: What are the growing number of studies showing us?A: Over the past two decades, an accumulating body of science suggests some food additivescan interfere with a child's hormones, growth and development.Potentially harmful effects of food additives are of special concern for children because they are more sensitive to chemical exposures because they eat and drink more. relative to body weight than adults do and are still growing and developing. An early injury to their organ systems can have lifelong and permanent consequences.Q: What additives does the statement highlight?A: The additives of most concern, based on rising research evidence cited in the report, include:Bisphenols, such as BPA, used to harden plastic containers and line metal cans, can act like estrogen（雌激素）in the body which may potentially change the timing of puberty, decrease, fertility, increase body fat and affect the nervous and immune systems. BPA is now banned in baby bottles.Phthalates, which make plastic and vinyl tubes used in industrial food production flexible, may affect male genital development, increase childhood obesity and contribute to cardiovascular disease. In 2017, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned the use or some phthalates in child-care products such as teething rings.76. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics' report, people should____ to cope with the problem of food additives.A. reduce the usage of food additives and establish new food protection systemB. update the food safety assessment program and check the approved chemicals againC. improve the food additives regulatory system and retest all approved chemicalsD. try to avoid food additives in daily life and revise relevant rules on food additives77. Leonardo Trasande holds he view that food additives do more harm to children than adults because study shows _________________.A. children are more sensitive to what they eat and drink than adultsB. children usually eat and drink more unhealthy food than adultsC. children are just too young and weak to protect themselvesD. children's organs are easier to be damaged and hard to recover78. How many specific kinds of harmful effect caused by the additives are mentioned in the passage?A. 2.B. 7.C. 8.D. 1.(C)No one knows what the future will look like. New technology and climate change might make the world more different than we can possibly imagine. So we had better keep an open mind and hope for the best.We have no idea what the job market will look like in 2050. It is generally agreed that machine learning and robotics will change almost every line of work—from producing yoghurt to teaching yoga. However, there are conflicting views about the nature of the change and its urgency. Some believe that within a mere decade or two, billions of people will become economically redundant（多余的）. Others maintain that even in the long run automation will keep creating new jobs and greater prosperity for all.So are we on an edge of a terrifying sudden change, or are such forecasts yet another example of ll-founded Luddite hysteria（勒德分子的歇斯底里）?It is hard to say. Fear that automation will create massive unemployment go back to the nineteenth century, and so far they have never materialized. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, for every job lost to a machine at least one new job was created, and the average standard of living has increased dramatically.Yet there are good reasons to think that this time it is different, and that machine learning will be a real game changer. Human have two types of abilities—physical and cognitive（认知的）. In the past, machines competed with humans mainly in raw physical abilities, while humans still had a great advantage over machines in cognition. Hence as manual jobs in agriculture and industry were automated, new service jobs emerged that required the kind of cognitive skills only humans possessed: learning, analyzing, communicating and above all understanding human emotions.However, AI is now beginning to outperform humans in more and more of these skills, including in the understanding of human emotions.We don't know of any third field of activity—beyond the physical and the cognitive—where humans will always maintain a secure advantage. It is crucial to realize that the AI revolution is not just about computers getting faster and smarter. It is fuelled by breakthroughs in the life sciences and the social sciences as well. The better we understand the biochemical mechanisms that support human emotions, desires and choices, the better computers can become in analyzing human behavior, predicting human decisions, and replacing human drivers, bankers and lawyers.In the last few decades, research in neuroscience and behavioural economies allowed scientists to gain a much better understanding of how humans make decisions. It turned out that our choices of everything from food to mates result not from some mysterious free will, but rather from billions of neurons calculating probabilities within a split second. Boasting 'human intuition'（直觉）is actually pattern recognition.79. The second paragraph tells us about _______________.A. the urgency of creating new jobs with the help of automationB. the speed at which robotics will take the place of human beingsC. predictions about the role of machine learning in future job marketD. the nature of applying new technology to every line of work80. The underlined expression "ill-founded" in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to___.A. unidentifiedB. badly-managedC. unprovenD. ill-intended81. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. Lack of job security might force people to pick up machine learning.B. There is possibility that AI can perform a consulting role as a psychologist.C. The use of automation will make humans more needed than ever before.D. A real game changer lies in making computers become faster and smarter.82. What can be concluded from the passage?A. AI revolution is similar to the industrial revolution in causing unemployment.B. It's crucial that humans maintain an advantage in the third field of activity.C. The process of human decision is controlled by free will rather than neurons.D. The nature of preference at first sight is the result of recognizing patterns.Section CDirections: Read the passage carefiull. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Sustainable Cities Need More Than Parks, Cafes and a RiverwalkThere are many standards that aim to rank how green cities are. But what does it actually mean for a city to be green or sustainable?We've written about what we call the" parks, cafes and a riverwalk" model of sustainability, which focus on providing new green spaces, mainly for high-income people. This vision of shiny residential towers and waterfront parks has become a widely-shared conception of what green cities should look like. 83_____________Gentrification（住宅高档化）has become a catch-all term used to describe neighborhood change, and is often misunderstood as the only path to neighborhood improvement. In fact, its defining feature is displacement. Typically, people who move into these changing neighborhoods are wealthier and more educated than residents who are displaced.A recent flood of new research has focused on the displacement effects of environmental cleanup and green space initiatives. 84_____________Land for new development and resources to fund extensive cleanup of poisonous sites are scarce in many cities. 85__________ And in neighbourhoods where gentrification has already begun, a new park of farmers market can worsen the problem by making the area even more attractive to potential high-income people and pricing out long-term residents. In some cases, developers even create temporary community gardens or farmers markets or promise more green space than they eventually deliver, in order to market a neighborhood to buyers looking for green pleasantness.86__________ It makes deindustrialization seem both inevitable and desirable, often by quite literally replacing industry with more natural-looking landscapes. When these neighbourhoods are finally cleaned up, after years of activism by longtime residents, those advocates often are unable to stay and enjoy the benefits of their efforts.第Ⅱ卷I. GrammarDirections: Fill in the blanks with the proper-form of the given verbs.(A)Directions: After reading the passage below fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we 1__________(threaten) their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon 2__________ absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap—but it involves 3__________(strike) a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future 4_________.Require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, 5.______it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts 6___________(thin) out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off（抵挡）insects. The landscape is considered 7._________（easily）burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees 8____________(consume).The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35, 000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60, 000 by 2030—financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions. That's only 9________ small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, o it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, 10. _______ traditionally。
2024 届高二下学期英语开学摸底考(全国卷专用)01(解析版)
2024届高二下学期开学摸底考（全国卷专用）01英语（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分）注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。
2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1．What does the man want to do?A．Stay with Alan.B．Relax at home.C．Send Alan to school.【答案】C【原文】M: I think Alan is about the right age to go to school.W: But he is still so young, and I like to stay with him at home for some more time.2．What are the speakers talking about?A．Where to eat for dinner.B．How to cook beef.C．When to have dinner.【答案】B【原文】W: We’ll have beef for dinner today, and how do you like it cooked?M: Just do it as Martin once told you.3．What time is it now?A．8:30.B．9:00.C．9:10.【答案】C【原文】M: Honey, aren’t you ready to go? We need to drive 20 minutes to get to the airport.W: Don’t worry, dear. The flight to the US will be at 10:00 o’clock, so we still have 50 minutes togo.4．Where does the conversation probably take place?A．At a movie theater.B．At a newspaper office.C．At a television station.【答案】B【原文】W: Dave, I need someone to write a story for the front page. I also need someone to do a movie review for the entertainment section by noon.M: But I’m just a sports writer.W: I don’t care what you write. Just get it done on time!5．When was the meeting scheduled?A．At 6:00.B．At 6:30.C．At 7:00.【答案】A【原文】M: Hi, Sarah. What’s wrong? Are you upset?W: It’s 6:30. You were supposed to be here half an hour ago.M: I’m sorry. There was so much traffic on the freeway. It won’t happen again.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白,每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
2022-2023学年上海交通大学附属中学高二下学期开学摸底考英语试卷含详解
上海交通大学附属中学2022-2023学年度第二学期高二英语摸底考试试卷第I卷II.Grammar and Vocabulary(20’+20’)Section ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.1.These teenage girls prefer to take pictures________stands a famous cubism painting in a gallery.A.whereB.whatC.whenD.as2.When guided to reflect on their good fortune,people tend to be more thankful for and appreciative of________they have and________they are on their path right now,thus more willing to contribute to the common good.A.which,whenB.what,whereC.all,whichD.all,that3.—The wounded soldier________have been sent to hospital immediately.—So he________,but all efforts made no difference.A.should,wasB.must,didC.ought to,hadD.can,has4.With robots coming to the rescue and appearing on the farm scene,farming has been more efficient with regard to the time________takes to inspect crops and dig up weed.A.whatB.itC.oneD.which5.We need________to have a good command of English as a medical student needs________a doctor.A.as long and tough a training,to becomeB.as long and tough a training,becomingC.as a long and tough training,to becomeD.as a long and tough training,becoming6.The success of Full River Red(Man Jiang Hong),a2023historical suspense comedy film directed by Zhang Yimou,issuch________even some western celebrities have started to read Chinese history.A.asB.likeC.thatD.making7.According to economics,money flows to________it is that controls the scarce thing,say,the cutting-edge knowledge.A.whomB.whomeverC.whoD.whoever8.It is natural that the prominent actress________charged with tax evasion.A.wereB.would have beenC.may have beenD.should have been9.Premier Li Keqiang is going to take questions from both Chinese and foreign correspondents at the annual press conference_________in March.A.to holdB.to take placeC.occurredD.held10.Given the serious damage and substantial losses caused by the recent7.8magnitude earthquake which struck southern Turkey,just50miles from the Syrian border,more financial support from international society_________.A.remaining to be raisedB.remains to be raisedC.remaining to raiseD.remains to raise11.The firm has been taking measures to cut costs to keep its_________up,including purchasing cheaper raw materials and reducing its workforce.A.expenditureB.profitsC.salariesD.rank12.The idle afternoon we are going through at home really deserves a fix of coffee or tea to_________our tired minds.A.repairB.refreshC.recoverD.rescue13.General Motors(GM)plans to_________its two plants to electric vehicle production by2035and another plant in Coahuila will make the new model of Chevrolet Blazer from2024.A.converseB.convertC.conserveD.preserve14.Since the second wave of COVID-19pandemic in China,investors from home and abroad have lowered expectations of these tech companies,making it harder to lift their_________.A.marketsB.pricesC.brandsD.shares15.A record3.3million Americans applied for unemployment_________in the third week of March2020,according to the US Labor Department,as restaurants,hotels,barber shops,gyms and more shut down in a nationwide effort to slow the spread of the deadly coronavirus.A.claimsB.benefitsC.interestsD.objectives16.On hearing the heart-breaking news,she couldn’t_________herself and broke out crying.A.regainB.reserveposeprise17.ALK or the gene for anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a stretch of DNA whose mutant(突变的)form has been associated with human cancers,but,its normal function which has something to do with thinness in humans had not been _________before the research.A.foundedB.establishedC.maintainedD.received18.When the candidate presented the results of his experiment on the brain of mice to the pharmaceutical company,they laughed and paid no_________to the discovery which later turned out to be a brilliant idea for a new product.A.investigationB.regardC.noticeD.inspection19.In the4-day Shanghai Disneyland Tour,you will spend a full day venturing in dream-like Disney castle,gardens, _________film scenes,enjoying fabulous kid joy with famous Disney characters and various family entertainment activities and amusing shows.A.fancyB.fantasyC.fascinationD.fashion20.The policy_________“renationalisation”,and throws the country’s financial markets back to the past,complains the economist shepherding privatization for the former prime minister.A.accumulatesB.amounts toC.equals toD.recoversSection B:(A)Directions:Complete the following passages by using the words in the box.Each word can only be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need.A.selectedB.distinctiveC.signatureD.odds AB.domestication AC.decidedAD.individuals BC.tamest BD.conflicted CD.mixed ABC.developIf you see a house cat,the____21____are high that it will have white paws,a look that many owners affectionatelycall“socks.”But socks are rarely seen in wildcats,the elusive and undomesticated cousin of the house cat,so why do so many pet cats sport furry white feet?As it turns out,this story started about10,000years ago,when humans and cats____22____life was better together.This____23____eventually led to uber-prevalent socks on cats,as well as other well-known coat patterns,said Leslie Lyons,professor emerita and head of the Feline Genetics Laboratory at the University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine.“As humans became farmers and started staying in one place,they had grain stores and waste piles”that attracted rodents,Lyons said.It was a mutually beneficial arrangement:the humans had fewer rodents to deal with and the cats got aneasy meal.The wild,undomesticated ancestor species of house cats,Felis silvestris,lives in Africa and Eurasia.These felines are tasty snacks as kittens and stealthy predators as adults,so____24____born with a coat that offers camouflage(保护色) have tended to survive and reproduce.But not every F.silvestiis is born with a coat that blends into its habitat.“Genetic mutations are occurring all the time.”Lyons said.There isn’t much evidence to indicate why early cat people chose the individuals they did,but Lyons said the range of coats seen on modern domestic cats shows that our agrarian ancestors favored cats with markings that would have ____25____with their camouflage.In its native mixed forest or scrub desert environment,a cat with stark white paws would have stood out to predators and prey.When humans started taking an interest in cats,these white paws would have stood out to them,too.“There were probably people saying,‘I particularly like that kitten because it has white feet.Let’s make sure it survives’”,Lyons said.Humans probably also____26____cats who were calm and comfortable around humans,Lyons said.Behavioral traits seem unrelated to coat color,but for reasons that scientists don’t fully understand,white spots tend to appear when the _____27_____individuals are selected and bred.These____28____fur colors and markings emerge while a cat embryo is developing.The cells that give cat fur its color first appear as neural crest cells,which are located along what will become the back,Lyons said.Then,those cells slowly migrate down and around the body.If those waves of cells move far enough to meet each other on the cat’s front side,the embryo will be born a solid-colored kitten,such as an all-black or all-orange cat.Felines ____29____white feet,faces,chests and bellies when these cells don’t quite make it all the way.So,the next time you see a kitty wearing white socks,you’ll know that this_______30_______feature is a result of genetic mutations,domestication and developmental biology.Although if you try telling the cat that,it will probably just look at you quizzically before sauntering away.(B)Directions:Complete the following passages by using the words in the box.Each word can only be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need.A.initiallyB.formedC.societiesD.map AB.officiallyAC.constructed AD.potentially BC.investigate BD.perspective CD.boundariesABC.considerationConstruction of the world’s largest radio astronomy observatory,the Square Kilometre Array,has_____31_____begun in Australia after three decades in development.A huge intergovernmental effort,the SKA has been hailed as one of the biggest scientific projects of this century.It will enable scientists to look back to early in the history of the universe when the first stars and galaxies were _____32_____.It will also be used to_____33_____dark energy and why the universe is expanding,and to_____34_____search for extraterrestrial life.The SKA will_____35_____involve two telescope arrays—one on Wajarri country in remote Western Australia, called SKA-Low,comprising131,072tree-like antennas.SKA-Low is so named for its sensitivity to low-frequency radio signals.It will be eight times as sensitive than existing comparable telescopes and will_____36_____the sky135times faster.A second array of197traditional dishes,SKA-Mid,will be built in South Africa’s Karoo region.Dr Sarah Pearce,SKA-Low’s director,said the observatory would define“the next fifty years for radio astronomy, charting the birth and death of galaxies,searching for new types of gravitational waves and expanding the_____37_____of what we know about the universe”.She added:“The SKA telescopes will be sensitive enough to detect an airport radar on a planet circling a star tens of light years away,so may even answer the biggest question of all:are we alone in the universe?”The SKA has been described by scientists as a gamechanger and a major milestone in astronomy research.“To put the sensitivity of the SKA into_____38_____,it could detect a mobile phone in the pocket of an astronaut on Mars,225m kilometres away,”said Dr Danny Price,a senior postdoctoral fellow at the Curtin Institute of Radio Astronomy.“More excitingly,if there are intelligent_____39_____on nearby stars with technology similar to ours,the SKA could detect the aggregate‘leakage’radiation from their radio and telecommunication networks—the first telescope sensitive enough to achieve this feat.”Prof Alan Duffy,director of the space technology and industry institute at the Swinburne University of Technology, said the SKA would probably be the largest telescope______40______,“connecting across continents to create a world-spanning facility allowing us to see essentially across the entire observable universe”.III.Reading Comprehension(15’+22’+8’)Section ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The economic case for regiftingDespite its pleasures,gift giving can be problematic.A recipient wants items A and B(say,a hat and gloves)yet receives items C and D(say,a scarf and mittens).Another recipient wants C and D,yet receives A and B.The_____41_____seems simple:The two recipients can simply pass along the gifts they received to each other.The_____42_____however,is more complex.People in a study published in the Journal of Consumer Behaviour,for instance,used such words as guilty,lazy,thoughtless and disrespectful in describing their_____43_____about regifting. Popular culture casts it as taboo,as well.Getting stuck with gifts we do not want is no small problem.Consider that the National Retail Federation calculated that the average holiday-season_____44_____in the st year spent more than$1,000on gifts.In a survey across14 countries in Europe,meanwhile,1in7said they were unhappy with what they received for Christmas,yet more than half simply kept the gifts.Why can’t more gifts be passed along to people who_____45_____them?Our research with Francis J.Flynn,a professor of organizational behavior at Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business,suggests the shame associated with regifting is largely_____46_____.Indeed,our research consistently tells us that people overestimate the negative consequences.We conducted a study in which we asked people to imagine themselves either as a”giver,”who gives someone a gift card and later_____47_____it has been regifted;or as a“regifter,”one who receives the gift and gives it to someone else. The latter group saw more offense.Regifters tended to assume the original givers would be_____48_____when they found out.The general_____49_____of the original givers,however,was:It’s your gift,do what you want with it.”Next,we tried to shed light on just how serious the perceived offense is.We asked two group—again givers and regifters—to______50______regifting a hypothetical(假设的)wristwatch with throwing it in the trash.For the original givers,regifting the watch was a much less offensive act than trashing it.The regifters,however,______51______assumed that the givers would find both equally offensive.Finally,given that the feared offense looks more imagined than real,we turned our attention to how people might be______52______to break this taboo.For this part of our research,we invited to our lab at Stanford people who had recently received presents and divided the people into two groups.When we gave the first group an opportunity to______53______that present,9%did so.When we gave the second group the same opportunity,we added that it was‘“National Regifting Day,”a real______54______that happens each year on the Thursday before Christmas.It wasn’t really National Regifting Day,but the group didn’t know that:30%of them agreed to regift.Everyone has received bad gifts in their lives,and we generally accept that we will receive more in the future.Yet for some reason,we believe that we give only good gifts.Our research offers a simple solution to the problem of______55______gifts.This holiday season,consider regifting, and encourage people who receive your gifts to do the same if what you give them isn’t quite what they hope for.41.A.result B.cycle. C.trick D.solution42.A.cause B.psychology C.science. D.theory43.A.feelings B.ideas C.trick. D.evaluations44.A.citizen B.retailer C.shopper D.foreigner45.A.refuse B.appreciate C.envy D.collect46.A.perceived B.ignored C.unjustified D.immeasurable47.A.learns B.suspects plains D.imagines48.A.praised B.hurt C.hateful D.grateful49.A.motto B.code C.principle D.attitude50.A.replace B.connect pare D.exchange51.A.desperately B.voluntarily C.responsibly D.wrongly52.A.encouraged B.pushed C.challenged D.forced53.A.hide B.sell C.regift D.decline54.A.ceremony B.celebration C.day D.event55.A.unpopular B.unwanted C.expensive D.meaninglessSection BDirections:Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Jailbreaking commonly refers to unlocking iOS for iPhones and iPads.Seventeen-year-old George Hotz,or geohot as he liked to be called,was the first person to jailbreak an iPhone.He accomplished his feat in2007,and many others followed his lead.Jailbreaking an iPhone offers some distinct benefits.With a jailbroken iPhone,you have numerous ways to change any setting to suit your needs.You can also alter the look and feel of the phone so that it matches your personality.Another advantage of jailbreaking for iPhone users is the ability to install apps not offered in Apple’s App Store.Cydia,an alternative app store for jailbroken iOS devices,offers a variety of apps,some of which cost more than others.Before jailbreaking your iPhone,you should consider the consequences.Jailbreaking immediately voids(使无效)your iPhone’s warranty,which means that Apple is no longer required to fix your phone if something goes wrong.Jailbreaking also exposes you to the dangers associated with alternative apps.Poor quality apps from alternative app stores may causeyour iPhone to crash more often or stop working altogether.After jailbreaking your iPhone,you must also be careful not to allow Apple to install new software on your phone.Apple naturally discourages its customers from jailbreaking their iPhones.According to the company,jailbreaking doesn’t just affect the security and stability of an iPhone.It can also shorten the phone’s battery life.For many people,this is an important consideration.56.Which aspects of jailbreaking does the article discuss?A.The ways in which jailbreaking can save people timeB.The positives and negatives associated with jailbreakingC.The clients who got into legal trouble for jailbreakingD.The best and worst techniques for jailbreaking phones57.What does the article imply about the first person to jailbreak an iPhone?A.He apologized for his actions.B.He produced hardware designs.C.He gave himself a nickname.D.He was turned down for a job.58.From this article,what can readers learn about the products offered by Cydia?A.Their prices vary somewhat.B.Their inventors are quite young.C.They’re still manufactured abroad.D.They take only a few moments to install.59.According to Apple,what might happen after a person jailbreaks his or her iPhone?A.It might need a new camera stand.B.It might become harder to sell.C.It might be easily damaged by water.D.It might use up its battery faster.(B)Vanuatu is an island nation in the South Pacific.It is also one of the smallest countries in the world.But for those interested in adventure and sport,there is a lot to do.Some of the best snorkeling(浮潜)can be found here.Vanuatu’s islands also offer visitors two of the most exciting and dangerous activities in the world:volcano surfing and land diving.Volcano SurfingOn Tanna Island,Mount Yasur rises300meters(1,000feet)into the sky.It is known as the Lighthouse of the Pacific because of its regular eruptions for hundreds of years.For centuries,both island locals and visitors have climbed this mountain to visit the top.Some visitors find Yasur terrifying;others captivating.Photographers are beside themselves at the opportunity to make stunning artwork from such a special point.Recently,people have also started climbing Yasur to surf the volcano.In some ways,volcano surfing,also commonly known as ash boarding,is like surfing in the sea,but in other ways it’s very different.It was invented by an adventurer journalist named Zoltan Istvan,while on a trip to Vanuatu Islands in2002. Volcano surfing is considered as an extreme sport and there are not many practicing it.A volcano surfer’s goal is to escape the erupting volcano—without getting hit by flying rocks!Riders hike up the volcano and slide down,sitting or standing, on a thin plywood or metal board.It’s fast,fun,and dangerous—the perfect extreme sport.Land DivingMost people are familiar with bungee jumping,but did you know bungee jumping started on Pentecost Island in Vanuatu and is almost fifteen centuries old?The original activity,called land diving,is part of a religious ceremony.A man ties tree vines(藤)to his legs.He then jumps head-first from a high tower.It originated as a rite(仪式)of passage for young men trying to prove their manhood.The idea is to jump from as high as possible,and to land as close to the ground as possible.It is also a harvest ritual.The islanders believe the higher the jumpers dive,the higher the crops will grow.Every spring,island natives(men only)still perform this amazing test of strength.60.Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A.Mount Yasur is a light tower on the Pacific Ocean.B.The history of volcano surfing dates back centuries.C.Bungee jumping grew out of land diving.nd diving came to Vanuatu from another country.61.The underlined word captivating is closest in meaning to________.A.distressingB.charmingC.disappointingD.relieving62.Which of the following could be the best title of this passage?A.Untouched Beauty:VANUATUB.Volcano Adventure:VANUATUC.Extreme Destination:VANUATUD.Preserved Culture:VANUATU(C)The water off the coast of northwest Greenland is a glass-like calm,but the puddles(水坑)on the region’s icebergs are a sign that a transformation is underway higher on the ice sheet.Several days of unusually warm weather in northern Greenland have caused rapid melting,made visible by the rivers of meltwater rushing into the ocean.Temperatures have been running around60degrees Fahrenheit—10degrees warmer than normal for this time of year,scientists said.The amount of ice that melted in Greenland between July15and17this year alone—6billion tons of water per day —would be enough to fill7.2million Olympic-sized swimming pools,according to data from the US National Snow and Ice Data Center.Each summer,scientists worry that they will see a repeat of the record melting that occurred in2019,when532billion tons of ice flowed out into the sea.An unexpectedly hot spring and a July heat wave that year caused almost the entire ice sheet’s surface to melt.Global sea level rose permanently by1.5millimeters as a result.Greenland holds enough ice—if it all melted—to lift sea level by7.5meters around the world.The latest research points to a more and more threatening situation on the Northern Hemisphere’s iciest island.“Unprecedented(史无前例的)”rates of melting have been observed at the bottom of the Greenland ice sheet,a study published in February found,caused by huge quantities of meltwater flowing down from the surface.This water is particularly concerning because it can destabilize the sheet above it and could lead to a massive,rapid loss of ice.And in2020,scientists found that Greenland’s ice sheet had melted beyond the point of no return.The rate of melting in recent years exceeds anything Greenland has experienced in the last12,000years,another study found—and enough to cause measurable change in the gravitational field over Greenland.At the East Greenland Ice-core Project—or EastGRIP—research camp in northwest Greenland,the work of scientists to understand the impact of climate change is being affected by climate change itself.Aslak Grinsted,a climate scientist at the University of Copenhagen’s Niels Bohr Institute,said that they have been trying to get flights into the camp but the warmth is destabilizing the landing site.Before human-caused climate change kicked in,temperatures near32degrees Fahrenheit there were unheard of.But since the1980s,this region has warmed by around1.5degrees Fahrenheit per decade—four times faster than the global pace—making it all the more likely that temperatures will cross the melting point.63.The passage is mainly written to________.A.alert people to the rapid melting of Greenland’s ice sheetB.arouse people’s awareness of protecting the environmentrm people of the large amount of ice Greenland holdsD.reveal to people the cause and effect of the rise in sea level64.What does“a transformation”in the first paragraph refer to?A.Climate change.B.A rise in sea level.C.Global warming.D.The melting of ice.65.What can be learned about the ice that melted in2019?A.It repeated a record melting of the ice sheet several years ago.B.Its amount was the largest ever and lifted sea level permanently.C.It was enough to fill7.2million Olympic-sized swimming pools.D.Its melting rate was so rapid as to result in an unexpectedly hot spring.66.It is implied in the passage that________.A.climate change is a result of human activitiesB.the study of climate change is being made easierC.the melting of Greenland’s ice sheet is reversibleD.temperatures increase1.5°F or so each decade globallySection CDirections:Read the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Can Whales And Dolphins Fight Cancer?Whales and dolphins have been shown to be better at fighting cancer than we are,and now we may be closer tounderstanding why cetaceans(鲸目动物)do it.Cetaceans are generally the oldest living mammals,and some cetaceans have reached their200th birthday.Their size means their bodies contain far more cells than the human body.“_____67_____”says Daniela Tejada-Martinez at the Austral University of Chile.“So,if you are big or live longer, you have thousands and millions of cells that could become harmful.”_____68_____“There’s a joke that whales should be born with cancer and not even able to exist because they’re just too big,”says Vincent Lynch at the University at Buffalo,New York,he says there is a super trivial explanation for how whales can exist.“They just evolved better cancer protection mechanisms,”he says._____69_____Now,Tejada-Martinez and her colleagues have studied the evolution of1077tumor suppressor(肿瘤抑制)genes (TSGs).In all,they compared the evolution of the genes in15mammalian species,including seven cetacean species,Genes regulating DNA damage,tumor spread and the immune system were positively selected among the cetaceans. _______70_______“It’s not like we’re gonna be taking whale genes and putting them into humans and making humans cancer resistant,”says Lynch.“But if you can find the genes that play a role in tumor suppression in other animals,and if you can figure out what they’re doing,maybe you can make a drug that can be used to treat people.”A.They also found cetaceans gained and lost TSGs at a rate2.4times higher than in other mammals.B.If the whale gene was injected into the human body,could humans fight cancer?C.Some people deny that cetaceans can increase TSGs faster than other mammals.D.If you have more cells that means that one of those cells has an increased risk of becoming cancerous.E.In contrast,cetaceans have much lower cancer rates than most other mammals.F.But we still need to learn more about why and how they did this.第II卷IV Grammar(10+10)(A)Directions:After reading the passages below,fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper farm of the given word;far the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.When Steve Birkinshaw,the British fell running(越野路跑)champion,planned his record-breaking route across the 214peaks of the Lake District,it took him six months of preparation and all his years of experience to figure out ___71___he thought was the perfect path.Now two physics students from the University of Manchester who had never visited the mountains have produced a ___72___(short)route using a computer algorithm.Mr Birkinshaw,52,a researcher at Newcastle University who lives in the Lake District,has had an admirable fell running career,including breaking the72-year-old record set by Joss Naylor___73___climbing the214peaks in the Lake District in only six days and13hours in2014.His record was beaten by seven hours in2019by Paul Tierney,who followed Birkinshaw’s carefully mapped route over512km and36,000m of climbing.Mr Birkinshaw,who advised the students,thought___74___would be impossible to improve the route with a computer,”but they___75___(prove)me wrong“,he said.“The problem is you change one thing in the route and it’s a domino effect and everything else changes.I would have to spend two to three hours a week for six months___76___(redraw)the route on a computer to work out how long a slight adjustment would change the time___77___now they have the algorithms they can put in all the peaks and find out instantly?”To figure out their route,the pair used satellite imaging data of the area,with___78___complex data functions were coupled to describe how fest people can move along different routes.This allowed them to work out the energy costs of moving between each peak.They___79___(feed)all that information into an off-the-shelf solver for the travelling salesman problem,a classic computational science problem for finding out the fastest delivery routes along road networks.Their achievement opens up possibilities to update running records and____80____one day help to deliver aid in badly mapped areas of the world.(B)Directions:After reading the passages below,fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper farm of the given word;far the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.Sky Kurtz farms in the desert.The co-fbunder and CEO of Pure Harvest Smart Farms—___81___(locate)outside Abu Dhabi,where temperatures regularly top113°F—and his team use the challenging environs to trial new crops and technologies that have the potential to change farming in climate-challenged areas.Pure Harvest also provides produce to supermarkets and restaurants in Dubai and across the region___82___(use)less water,which is important in one of the most arid regions of the world.Kurtz founded Pure Harvest Smart Fanns in2017with his co-founders Mahmoud Adi and Robert Kupstas.Passionate about food insecurity,they spent the first year studying high-tech food-production systems around the world,___83___ searching for the optimal site for their first farm.Kurtz’s farms in the UAE started out with“___84___but a PowerPoint,a pile of dirt,and the promise of what we would do,”says Kurtz.But Pure Harvest quickly proved it was built on more than a promise.The founders’research and technological innovation led to the development of a proprietary(专利的)Controlled-Environment Agriculture(CEA) system—a combination of high-tech greenhouses and vertical farms that___85___(provide)a stable year-round climate. The first crop of tomatoes was planted in August2018and harvested in October.The company’s original farm is now its。
上海高二英语第二学期开学摸底考测试卷
第一学期期末考试英语模拟试卷高二英语（满分100分考试时间100分钟）学员编号: _______ 学员姓名：__ __ 命题人：___________得分___________第I卷Vocabulary and GrammarI. Grammar 18%1. High rates of crime and unemployment often presents a threat ____________ the security of society.A. ofB. forC. in D to2. While income worry is a rather common problem of the aged, loneliness is ____________ problem thatthe aged may thee.A. otherB. anotherC. the otherD. more3. When lie bought the products m large quantities, he was angry, to find they were ____________ thesamples given to him.A. as not well asB. as not good asC. not so good asD. not so well as4. -- Does Monica speak English well now, Carl?-- Well, she learns new expressions quickly, but she ____________ them in no time.A. has forgottenB. is forgettingC. would forgetD. forgets5. I ____________ on holiday with-you, but you know my mother was terribly ill those days.A. must have gone B must go C. could have gone D. could6. He served in the army in ____________ when he was in ____________.A. 1970's ...his twentiesB. 1970's...the twentiethC. the I970's...the twentiethD. tine 1970's...his twenties7. -- My watch loses 5 minutes every day.-- You should take it to be repaired ____________ it still can be used now.A even though B. when C. so long as D. however8. Animals have the same right as we de and there is nothing fair or right about a person with a gun____________ the harmless and beautiful creatures.A. shootingB. shootC. having shotD. to have shot9. ____________ the virus, the doctors now Conducted tests m some specially selected animals.A. IsolatedB. Having isolatedC. Being isolatedD. To have isolated10. He holds the opinion ____________ life in the city is tougher than that in the country.A. whichB. thatC. sinceD. if11. ____________ the most difficult and complex event on the planet to hold, China produced the bestorganized Olympic Games in history.A. GivingB. GivenC. Having givenD. Being given12. It seems that the infection may occur again, but so far there ____________ no signs of its return.A. has beenB. have beenC. had beenD. are13. ____________ to take the job ill that uncultured area was more a worry or a pity than a pleasure in his lamely.A. AssigningB. AssignedC. Being assignedD. His assigning14. Livewire, an online social network, provides a safe and fun online community ____________members can share experiences, play games, access blogs and enter chat rooms.A. when B what C. where D. that15. The teacher advised his students that un the presence of the visiting mayor they should not sayanything unless ____________.A. being askedB. askedC. to be askedD. having been asked16. The fire started from the lobby of the hotel, many of ____________ guests were having dinner in therestaurant on the second floor.A. itsB. hisC. whoseD. that17. Little ____________ that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business.A. he realized B he didn't realize C. didn't he realize D. did he realize18. Tom doesn't believe it is a good idea to buy the bigger computer, ____________?A. is itB. isn't itC. does heD. doesn't heII. Section B (8%)Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each world can only be used once. Note that there are two more than you need.19. How we wish the authority would ___________ to the number of advertisements during a TV series.20. He still remembered that ___________ he met her, he was struck by her beauty.21. His defense says that it has found a new witness to ___________ his claim that be is a victim of mistaken identity.22. I am restless, but one day I will want to ___________ and have a family.23. Every time I enter the corridor which leads to m room, the eerie feelings always ___________ me.24. They had a heated discussion but still couldn't ___________ the site on which to build a new factory.25. If you ___________ your work now, you will be terribly busy in the following weeks.26. Scientists believe that ___________,environment will influence a person's memory.III. Cloze 10%Directions: For each blank in the following passage here are four words of phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word of phrase that best fits the context.More and more students want to study in "hot" majors. As a result, many students want to give up their interest and study in these 27 such as foreign languages, international business and law, etc. Fewer and fewer students choose scientific majors, 28 maths, physics and biology, and art majors like history, Chinese and philosophy.,Only a few students can study in these "hot" majors, because the number of these "hot" majors __29 limited.If one has no interest in his work or study, 30 , can he do well? I learned this from one of my classmates. He is from the countryside. His parents are farmers. Though he 31 biology, he chose international business. He wants to live a life which is different 32 of his parents.In the end, he found he 33 in doing business. He found all the subjects to be tiresome. __34__ this wouldn't have happened if he had chosen his major according to his own interests.Choosing a major in university 35 decide one's whole life. Majors that are not “hot” today may become “hot” majors of tomorrow.Choosing your major according to your own 36 is the best way to succeed.27. A. places B. districts C. areas D. space28. A. for example B. such as C. for instance D. as a result29. A. is B. are C. would be D. have been30. A. why B. what C. how D. when31. A. studies B. likes C. learns D. succeeds32. A. from which B. from that C. for which D. for that33. A. was interested B. was clever C. was not interested D. was not clever34. A. So B. Then C. But D. Maybe35. A. can B. does not C. probably D. must36. A. interests B. experience C. mind D. thoughtsIV. Reading Comprehension 20%(A)Different people in different countries have different manners. We must find out their customs, so that they will not think us ill-mannered. Here are some examples that a well-mannered person does or does not do.If you visit a Chinese family, you should knock at the door first. When the door opens, you’ll move before the host says “Come in, please!” after you enter the room, you shouldn’t sit down until the host asks you to take a seat. When a cup of tea is put on a tea-table before you or sent to your hand, you'll say "Thank you" and receive it with your two hands, not one hand, or he/she will think you are ill-mannered.Before entering a house in Japan, it is a good manner to take off your shoes. In European countries, even though shoes sometimes become very dirty, this is not done. In a Malay house, a guest never finishes the food on the table. He leaves a little to show that he has had enough. In England, a guest always finishes the drink or the food to show that he has enjoyed it. This will make the host, especially the hostess pleased.37. We must find out what different manners are in different countries so that _________.A. we won't be thought in poor healthB. they won't think we are illC. we can know what to do and what not to do when we go thereD. we earl give some examples38. In China, when the host opens the door, _________ before he says "Come in, please!"A. you won't leaveB. you won't walkC. you won't stand in front of himD. you won't get in39. In Japan, it is a good manner to take off your shoes __________.A. before your visitor enters your houseB. before you enter the host's houseC. before you visit a familyD. before you sit down and receive a cup of tea40. In European countries, __________ when you get into a house.A. you needn't take off your shoesB. you must take off your shoesC. you are not allowed to wear dirty shoesD. you should put on clean shoes41. In a Malay house, a guest leaves a little food to show that __________.A. he has enjoyed itB. he can't have any moreC. he is not hungry at allD. he needs some drink(B)Some building designers are thinking about building whole cities under glass dome（圆顶）in the desert. Of course, those heating and cooling systems will be necessary to control the climate in the domes. However, there will never be any rain or snow, and temperature will always be comfortable.Perhaps everyone will live in high vertical（垂直）cities that are so large that they can contain all the necessities of life. Since vertical cities will use less land than horizontal cities, and provide homes for people, they will be practical for small countries that have large population.Another idea that will be helpful to small countries and island countries is the floating city. Monaco has already built houses, stores and offices on the water of the Mediterranean Sea. And a Japanese designer has suggested a plan for constructing buildings on bridges over Tokyo Bay.There are some people who think we will go back to live in caves. But the caves of future will be very different from those of the Stone Age. Computers will control light and climate. Farms and parks will be on the land over the cave city. When people want to go to a park, a short ride in a lift will take them there.42. The text is mainly about _________.A. future lifeB. future citiesC. building designersD. how to save land43. What kind of city covers less land?A. The city under glass dome in the desertB. The vertical cityC. The floating cityD. The horizontal city44. People living in _________ can enjoy natural climate.A. the cries under glass domesB. either vertical cities or cave citiesC. both vertical cities and floating' criesD. all the above cities except the underground cities45. _________ control light and climate in the caves of future.A. FarmersB. SlavesC. ComputersD. Animals46. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. Temperature will always be comfortable in the domes.B. Vertical cities will use more land than horizontal cities.C. No one thinks we will go back to live in caves.D. Computers will control light and climate someday.(C)When someone says “Well, I guess I'll have to face the music”, it doesn't mean that he is planning to go to hear a singer. It is something far less happy, as you are called in by your boss to explain why you did this and did that or why you did not do this or that.At some time or another, every one of us has to “face the music”, especially as children. We can still remember father's angry word "I want to talk to you". And it was just because we did not do as he told us to. What a bad thing it was!In the middle or at the end of every term, we students have to "face the music". The result of the exam will decide whether we will face the music or not. If... that means parents' c old faces and contempt of the teachers and classmates.“To face the music” is well known to every American, whether young or old. It is at least 100 years old. It really means that you have to do something, no matter how terrible the whole thing might be, because you know you have no choice.47. If you didn't listen to your father's words, you would "face the music" or _________.A. do something to please himB. do something to make him angryC. be punished by himD. be pleased with him48. After the exam, we'll have to "face the music". That's why _________.A. we like to take examsB. we are afraid of taking examsC. exams are very importantD. we're afraid to pass exams49. In the third paragraph, "If..." really means "If _________."A. we got a "D" in the examB. we got a "A" in the examC. the exam is easyD. the exam is difficult50. Which of the following is NOT true?A. "To face the music" is well known in the United States.B. “To face the music” has a history of more than 100 years.C. The young Americans know what “to face the music” means.D. Only the old in the United States know the meaning of “to face the music”.51. What does the underlined word contempt mean?A. DisrespectB. RespectC. HonorD. Look(D)Kids who live in cold places have always enjoyed making snowballs and having snowball fights. Could snowball fighting become an Olympic sport? Probably not anytime soon —but the sport is growing. The rules have recently been made, and people are starting to think of having snowball fighting as a team sport. In this sport, players throw snowballs at players on the other team and try to get their flag, which is on their side of the field. Snowball fighting sport is becoming very popular among kids. When the season turns to winter, matches are held all over Japan.In a city of Hokkaido, one member of the team, Hattori Yosuke, who is in the sixth grade, explains, "In the winter in Hokkaido, it’s cold, and there is a lot of snow, so we can’t play baseball. This is fun, because it gives us another way to run around outside." Another member says, "It’s very exciting when you catch the flag of the other team."A snowball-fighting field is 36 meters wide and 10 meters long. Teams have four forwards and three backs who throw snowballs at the players on the other team. The players carry and make snowballs behind 90-centimeter- high walls made of snow in different places around the field. While trying to protect themselves from their competing players’ snowballs, they need to run quickly into the other team’s place and try to get the flag. Players who are hit by snowballs are out of the game, and must leave the field. If all the players on one team get out, they lose the game.The International Snowball Fighting Championship games include 190 teams from all over Japan and overseas. The sport has already been played in other countries. If snowball fighting becomes more and more popular, it’s possibl e that one day it just might really become an Olympic sport.52. How many players are there on each team during a snowball fighting match?53. When should the players leave the game?54. How do kids like the snowball fighting?55. The 90-centimeter-high snow walls can protect the players when _______________.56. The winning team is the one that ________________.(E)Directions: Read the following err and choose the most suitable heading from A to F for each paragraph.57. _____________It is a common phenomenon that some teenagers smoke in the toilet or at the comer of the corridor. More and more people begin smoking at a young age and more girls become addicted to it.58. _____________It has been shown that children who smoke have cerium characteristics. Compared with non-smokers they are more rebellious, their work becomes worse as riley move tip school, they are more likely to leave school early, and are more often delinquent and sexually premature. Many o f these features can oe summarized as anticipation of adulthood.59. _______________There are a number of factors which determine the onset of smoking, and these are largely psychological and social. They include availability of cigarettes, curiosity, rebelliousness, appearing tough, anticipation of adulthood, social confidence, the example of parents and teachers, and Smoking by friends and older brothers and sisters.60. ________________It should be much caste- to prevent children from starting to smoke than to persuade adults to give up the habit once established, but in fact this has proved very difficult. The example set up by people in authority, especially parents, health care workers, and teachers, is of prime importance. School rules should forbid smoking by children on the premises. This rule has been introduced at Summerhill School where I spent my school days.61. ________________There is, however, a risk of children smoking just to rebel against the rules, and even in those schools which have tried to enforce no smoking by physical punishment there is as much smoking as other schools. Nevertheless, banning smoking is probably on balance beneficial Teachers too should not smoke on school premises, at least not in front of Children.第II卷I. Translation 14%62. 适度地参加体育锻炼对健康有好处。
2022-2023学年上海交大附中高二上学期摸底考试英语试题及答案
上海交通大学附属中学2022-2023学年度第一学期高二英语摸底考试卷(满分150分，130分钟完成。
)第Ⅰ卷Ⅰ.Listening Comprehension(25’)Section ADirections:In Section A,you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said.The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper,and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1.A.Home. B.Hospital.C.Cafeteria.D.Restaurant.2.A.In an apartment. B.In a house agency.C.In a bedroom.D.In a waiting room.3.A.They will hold a furniture display.B.They will hold a lecture tonight.C.They are short of chairs for the audience.D.They haven’t prepared the lecture well.4.A.They cannot finish the assignment until Thursday.B.They have plenty of time to work on the assignment.C.The assignment looks easy but actually it’s quite difficult.D.The assignment is too difficult for them to complete on time.5.A.The man left home earlier than usual.B.The man has decided to work flexible hours.C.The man had to leave work earlier to take a walk.D.The man always walks to work despite the weather.6.A.He doesn’t believe the woman.B.He has had too many phone calls.C.The man is expecting the telephone.D.He doesn’t usually get calls at this time.7.A.Research suggests that watching TV is a passive activity. and videos can replace parents in pre-school education.C.Parents should spend time with kids to help them learn better.D.Watching videos can greatly help kids’language development.8.A.They like to book a hotel at the last minute.B.They have decided to go to Canada this year.C.They always have different opinions about where to go.D.They usually spend long time discussing travel arrangements.9.A.It ran into another car.B.It fell into a river and sank.C.It broke down on the road.D.It left the road and landed in a field.10.A.Ask his teacher for help.B.Make a copy of her notes.C.Attend the revision lessons.D.Go to the chemistry lab this evening.Section BDirections:In Section B,you will hear two Passages and one longer conversation.After each passage or conversation,you will be asked several questions.The passages and the conversation will be read twice,but the questions will be spoken only once.When you hear a question,read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heardQuestions11through13are based on the following passage.11.A.Someone would follow her immediately.B.Someone would take her out of the building.C.Someone would tell her that nothing was wrong.D.Someone would let her know what actually happened.12.A.She went downstairs at once.B.She lost her way in the building.C.She looked for what to take with her.D.She screamed back‘Everything is OK!’13.A.They didn’t get suitable tools.B.They didn’t hear the explosion.C.They didn’t obey the command.D.They didn’t leave the building soon enough.Questions14through16are based on the following passage.14.A.The sales of newspapers are declining.B.Newspapers are selling at a high price.C.Too many people wait in line to buy newspapers.D.Passengers in train stations take no interest in newspapers.15.A.To explain why people are dishonest in some cases.B.To describe the unique processes that the survey underwent.C.To introduce a well-known TV programme about psychology.D.To illustrate that WHSmith’s new idea may not work as planned.16.A.Banks. rge supermarkets.C.Department stores.D.Neighbourhood shops.Questions17through20are based on the following conversation.17.A.A professor giving advice on parenting.B.A member of high school authorities.C.A researcher of teenage psychology.D.An expert specializing in steep18.A.30minutes. B.20minutes.C.10minutes.D.3minutes.19.A.Shortage of sleep. B.Staying up all night.C.Owing classmates money.D.Falling asleep in class.20.A.It appears in the morning.B.It reminds people to wake up.C.It makes people want to sleep.D.It helps teenagers to be energetic.Ⅱ.Grammar and Vocabulary(20’+20)Section ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A,B,C andD.Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.1.By the time you visit me at2pm tomorrow,the seminar________for a whole day,but I doubt it will be over.A.will progressB.will have progressedC.has been progressingD.will have been progressing2.Examinees________the testing room during exam unless________.A.won’t leave;permittedB.aren’t leaving;being permittedC.are not to leave;permittedD.shall not leave;being permitted3.The research team________survey work last week,but the extreme heatwaves hampered the operation.A.had startedB.would startC.was to have startedD.was to start4.A special high-level dialogue on environment and climate convened in July,with the official statement________that China would stand ready to work with EU to further strengthen the policy coordination.A.readB.readingC.to readD.to be read5.—Does the way you thought of________traffic volume during rush hours make any sense?—It certainly does;in fact,it is a mature initiative________many times in several metropolises.A.to reduce;adoptedB.to reduce;having been adoptedC.reducing;adoptedD.reducing;having been adopted6.Until________,the money won’t go to another ambitious investment plan,________is run by high-achieving stockbrokers.A.recovering;whichB.recovered,oneC.having been recovered;whichD.having been recovered,that7.If you are stranded on a deserted island with hardly any food and water,what should your priorities be?Should you postpone worrying about food and water________you have managed to find a shelter?A.untilB.afterC.lestD.provided8.Of these candidates________you opt for,you will have a right assistant.A.whoB.thatC.whicheverD.whoever9.When we arrived in________is now called the Centre for Prodigies,we got to meet a most gifted teenager________experts thought might make great achievements in astronomy.A.where;whoB.where;thatC.what;whomD.what;who10.Public health experts kept telling citizens it was of utmost importance that social distancing and hygiene habits ________amid the pandemic.A.were to be keptB.had to be keptC.must be keptD.should be kept11.Alberg opened his mouth,as if________,but he gave up the intention.A.protestedB.protestingC.having protestedD.to protest12.Constant efforts have been poured into the protection of such traditional local languages________are only spoken by a tiny portion of people,in the presence of________world cultures are sure to be diverse and colourful.A.that;whichB.as;whichC.that;whoseD.as;whose13.His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey windows,________he could watch what was going on with the special operations mission.A.from whichB.whereC.from whereD.from there14.Just as I was hurrying to class,there________come Tom with a long story to tell you.A.couldB.mustC.mightD.would15.His appearance has changed so much that you________not recognize him.A.may wellB.may as wellC.maybeD.should16.Little wonder________up their hands in dismay.A.have some thrownB.some have thrownC.thrown some haveD.have thrown some17.He is the very man in________pocket I found my lost money.A.thatB.whoC.whomD.whose18.There are many traditional tribes in Asia,of which the Kayan tribe may be the only one________women have their necks stretched to incredible lengths using brass coils.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.whose19.What difficulty________the program of economic reform?A.do you think the new mayor has to initiateB.you think does the new mayor have to initiateC.does the critic think the new mayor have initiatingD.does the critic think the new mayor has initiating20.________to be manufactured locally,the National Medical Products Administration issued a guidance to encourage various new partnerships and collaborations with pharma giants.A.There were some imported medical devices of this kind remainedB.There was some imported medical devices of this kind remainingC.There being some imported medical devices of this kind remainingD.Some imported medical devices of this kind remainedSection B(A)Directions:Complete the following passages by using the words in the box.Each word can only be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need.A.forceB.mainsC.intenseD.spellE.respiteF.fuellingG.urging H.severity I.underlying J.collapses K.forecastPeople across the UK are set to sizzle on what could be the hottest day of the year so far.Temperatures are expected to reach33℃for four consecutive days,___21___concerns there could be hundreds of heat related deaths in the UK.A Met Office amber weather warning for extreme heat comes into___22___today for almost all of England south of Manchester and parts of eastern Wales.It is expected to last until Sunday with temperatures___23___to climb to36℃.Temperatures are not expected to drop below the low20℃in some areas,even at night.Older people,young children and those with___24___conditions are more likely to experience adverse health effects,the Met Office said.“Compared to the July record-breaking heat,this event will be less___25___,but last longer,which could actually have a greater impact on people’s health,”Hannah Cloke,a professor of hydrology at the University of Reading,said.Both countryside and urban areas are tinder dry,___26___people to take special care.Ten fire engines and about70firefighters were called to a grassfire in Rainham,east London,yesterday,the London Fire Brigade said.The Met Office’s fire___27___index,an assessment of how severe a fire could become if one were to start,is very high for most of England and Wales.The village of Northend in Oxford shire became the first place in the UK to run dry in the hot___28___.Thames Water,which operates in the area,sent water tankers and handed out bottles.The company has said that as a severe drought has made ground conditions worse for water___29___,it will bring in a hosepipe ban for its15million customers across London,Surrey and Gloucestershire in the“coming weeks”.Experts have also warned that cliff___30___could become more of a risk on south coast beaches.Vanessa Banks,of the British Geological Survey,said that clay-like sediments will shrink as soils experience large changes in volume due to changes in water content.(B)Directions:Complete the following passages by using the words in the box.Each word can only be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need.A.accountB.contentedC.contestedD.dateE.featureF.previouslyG.believably H.pointed I.represented J.stretches K.windsFor centuries,two of the most intriguing question about Leonardo da Vinci’s“Mona Lisa”were“Who?”and “When?”A discovery made at Heidelberg University in2005pretty much answered both.A note written in a manuscript in the library confirmed the___31___of da Vinci’s first biographer,Giorgio Vasari:that the sitter was a merchant’s wife,Lisa Gherardini.The note also helped___32___the masterpiece to between1503and1506.A third mystery—“Where?”—is still in dispute,But on June3rd a French engineer,Pascal Cotte,declared that he and a collaborator had identified the landscape in the background of the painting.Arguments had once been made for___33___of countryside in the Marche region and between Milan and Genoa.During a presentation in Vinci,near Florence,Mr.Cotte argued that the artist was more___34___depicting a part of his native Tuscany-one that much interested him at the time.According to this theory,da Vinci___35___the area not as it was,but as,in an unrealized scheme,intended it to be.Mr.Cotte,who was asked by the Louvre(where the“Mona Lisa”hangs)to create a digital image of the painting,is the inventor of the multispectral(多光谱的)camera:a device that can detect not only the drawing below the surface of an oil painting,but also,where they exist,intermediate layers of work.It was among these, under what appears to be a___36___rock,that he found a preparatory sketch showing that da Vinci intended it to represent a castellated(城堡形的)tower.The landscape of the“Mona Lisa”also includes a huge steep cliff.That is similar to one that da Vinci included in a sketch of a fortress(堡垒)___37___by Pisa and Florence in the war that broke out between them in1503 (around the time he was painting Gherardini).The fortress with the nearby cliff—and a tower,known as the Caprona tower—all overlook the river Arno as it snakes from Florence to Pisa.All three also___38___in drawings made by da Vinci to illustrate a plan about which,says Mr.Cotte,he became“obsessive”.Mr.Cotte argues that a channel that___39___through desolate countryside at the right of the“Mona Lisa”is too wide to be a road,as some have speculated,and is instead the dried-up bed of the Armo as da Vinci pictured itonce his plan had been adopted.It never was.But if Mr.Cotte’s theory is right,it might just explain why Gherardini,a Florentine,wears such a ____40____,if mysterious,smile.Ⅲ.Reading Comprehension(15+22+8)Section ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.People who listen to indie bands are miserable shaggy-haired layabouts(懒惰的人)while fans of rap music are brave and full of self-confidence.___41___mere narrow-minded opinions,these are the results of an extensive psychological survey of more than36,000music lovers,which confirms,once and for all,that our musical tastes really do affect our personality. But the study’s most remarkable discovery is that lovers of classical music___42___a high number of personality traits with those who prefer rocking out to a heavy metal.The research asked people worldwide to describe their personality and then to list their favourite styles of music.The results show a___43___relationship between people’s personality traits and the style of music they enjoy.Fans of indie music,for instance,were found to have low self-esteem and little___44___but described themselves as creative.Rap enthusiasts,___45___,tend to feel good about themselves and are extremely outgoing. Those who love dance music are___46___outgoing but are more likely to be unfriendly and slightly self-centred.Professor Adrian North,who led the study,suggested that the results explain why so many people bond over music and also why some of us are very___47___about the music we listen to,since it is likely to be closely linked to the person we are.According to Professor North,both heavy metal and classical fans are___48___by a shared‘love of the grandiose’,which means that a Metallica fan is far more likely to listen to Mahler than an indie kid is to give reggae a try.‘Aside from their age difference,they’re___49___the same kind of person,’he said.‘Lots of heavy metal fans will tell you that they also___50___Wagner,because it’s big and loud.There’s also a sense of theatre in both heavy rock and classical music,and I___51___that this is what they’re really looking to experience when they listen.’John Gregson,23,a classically-trained musician with a passion for heavy metal,___52___.‘As an instrumentalist out of all of the main styles of music,heavy metal and classical are the ones which require the most___53___to play—they’re technically very difficult and involve playing at inhumanly fast speeds.’he said.‘You feel like you’re in on a secret—you___54___it personally.It also feels like you know something that other people don’t because you___55___a style of music which is often underestimated.’41.A.Regardless of B.Rather than C.As for D.Apart from42.A.illustrate B.acquire C.share D.sustain43.A.distinct B.subtle C.vague D.varied44.A.misery B.prejudice C.motivation D.tendency45.A.out of proportion B.in addition C.on the other hand D.in principle46.A.equally B.individually C.scarcely D.occasionally47.A.curious B.concerned C.protective D.cross48.A.annoyed B.blinded C.united D.overtaken49.A.questionably B.basically C.respectively D.originally50.A.go at B.go into C.go in for D.go about51.A.remember B.predict C.forget D.suspect52.A.agrees B.doubts C.persists D.regrets53.A.creativity B.sympathy C.discipline D.assistance54.A.identify with pare with C.coordinate with ply with55.A.create B.appreciate C.detect D.collectSection BDirections:Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)You may think that an underground town with3,500residents is something out of a science fiction film.You may not believe that such a town has shops,car parks,hotels,restaurants,cafes,swimming pools,churches, galleries,museums,cinemas,a golf course and much more.We Coober Pedy in Australia’s Outback is just such a place.Although film makers sometimes use the town as a spot for science-fiction films,it is a real community full of people who enjoy living underground.The name Coober Pedy comes from the Aboriginal(土著的)phrase kupa piti which means‘white man in a hole’.Miners and their families choose to live like this,hoping to get rich looking for the precious stones thatAustralia is famous for—opals.Living underground is the only way to shelter from the sandstorms and the high temperatures above ground,where it can be up to50degrees C(122F).Deep down in the town far below the desert surface,the temperature is between19and20degrees C and life is cool.Mary Deane believes that it’s the possibility of being poor one day and rich the next that makes Coober Pedy so addictive.She and her husband Jim are among the lucky ones.They live in a luxurious home,built with money from the opals Jim has found.“Whenever people hear we live underground,they always imagine a dusty cave,”says Mary,“but they are amazed when they sit in my spotless clean kitchen eating home-made apple pie.Everyone loves our pine furniture and I have every electrical appliance money can buy in here.Whatever I need I can have and whenever I·need more space we just dig out a few more rooms!I love my home.”However,not everything is perfect in Coober Pedy.Mary has a tiny garden that she is very proud of,but the grass is not real.Plant life is rare.Water is also five times more expensive than overground residents pay. Recycling is a way of life,so Jim usually washes his car with bath water and they have a special system to re-use the water from the dishwasher and washing machine.“We must be very careful about how we use water,”he says,“it’s not quite as precious as the opals,but it’s still very scarce!”56.What can be learned from the passage about Coobor Pody?A.It was originally built for science-fiction films.B.It provides residents with recreational facilities.C.It is losing its appeal to young people in Australia.D.It was designed by Aboriginals who used to live there.57.Why do miners and their families choose to live in Coober Pedy?A.To save money and get rich one day.B.To make it possible to produce opals.C.To keep away from the modern way of life.D.To escape from the terrible weather conditions.58.According to Mary Deane,one of the problems that living in Coober Pedy has is that.A.they have to be economical with waterB.they have to spend more money on foodC.they cannot use some electrical appliancesD.they cannot grow plants in the garden59.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A.Coober Pedy:Based on RecyclingB.An Unimaginable FilmC.Underground MiningD.Life Down Under(B)Handling RisksBackground____________________________________________________________________________________________ ___Oat of the frying panRecently,there has been growing concern in Europe about the problem of obesity,especially among children. Newspapers,magazines,and TV have all taken up the call for a healthier diet.In order to remain successful McCain needs to be aware of such trends and the potential risks the company might face.It has always seen itself as careful to listen to and respond to public demand—and has a successful track record in introducing new products to meet the changing environment.Back in1979the company was the first to introduce a chip that could be cooked in the oven rather than the deep fryer and this is now widely seen as a healthier and easier-to-prepare alternative to the fried chip.The more recently launched McCain Home Fries TM oven chip is a huge seller.The challenge for McCain now is to ensure that they are able to market their products in increasingly hostile conditions. PEST analysis for McCain____________________________________________________________________________________________ ___PoliticalThe growing pressure to make foods healthier has led to widespread discussion of the possibility of higher taxes on unhealthy food,restrictions on advertising(e.g.during children’s TV),regulations limiting what may be sold in schools,requirements to label fat,sugar,and salt content more clearly and even the suggestion of health warnings on packets.EconomicBecause all adults work in more and more households,the market for quality prepared food seems likely to continue growing.People generally have more money but less time,and seek products that allow them to prepare good food quickly.People have been prepared to spend more on higher-quality prepared products,but a downturn in the economy could see a choice of more basic items.Social&CulturalRecent health advice given to the public has led to a change in consumer demand.There have been many warnings about eating too much salt and saturated fat(饱和脂肪).The media regularly include chips within the category of unhealthy or junk food.TechnologicalNew technology has led to new kinds of‘functional food’items to appear on the shelves,claiming to offer positive health benefits.Potatoes are naturally high in vitamin C and natural carbohydrates(碳水化合物)—but the technological challenge is maintaining nutritional value and flavour while making the product easier to use,usable in new ways.60.What is the“hostile”(paragraph1)most probably mean in this passage?A.necessaryB.physicalC.idealD.disadvantageous61.Which of the following will be a political challenge that McCain might have?A.It is not allowed to advertise its products on TV.B.It needs to pay a higher tax imposed on its products.C.It must create new products containing less salt.D.It can no longer be sold to schoolchildren.62.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A.McCain’s products are categorized unhealthy food according to the media.B.McCain has developed a new way to maintain potatoes’nutritional value.C.McCain will soon give health advice regularly to its consumers.D.McCain’s products used to cost people much time to cook.(C)The colours of beautiful feathers are often borrowed.Flamingos,for example,owe their pinkness to chemicals called carotenoids that are made by bacteria known(confusingly)as blue-green algae.The birds,when feeding, both ingest these bacteria directly and consume small crustaceans(甲壳纲动物)that themselves live on such bacteria､Blue-footed boobies obtain their eponymous colour similarly,via the fish they eat.Carotenoids,though,are dual-use molecules.Besides giving these birds colours,they also help to stimulate the immune system.If a bird has some health issues,its immune system will thus use up some of its carotenoid stock defending against these interlopers,and its colour will suffer.If it is in good shape,by contrast,most of the carotenoids it consumes will be used to create colour.This is a difference that potential mates notice and act on,asdozens of experiments have proved.But a study just published in Naturwissenschaften has gone beyond these observations and shown that bright feather is also an indicator of a healthy digestive system.Wild animals live in a world of constant food scarcity.Squeezing every last calorie and nutrient molecule from what they eat is crucial to their survival.Since carotenoids are obtained as part of this digestive process.Tuul Sepp of Arizona State University and her colleagues wondered if feather brilliance might therefore be a reliable signal of the efficiency with which a bird draws goodness from its food.To assess that she turned to a test called the“acid steatocrit”.This involves collecting an animal’s faeces(排泄物)mixing them with perchloric acid to liberate the fat molecules within,centrifuging(使离心)the mixture and then measuring the thickness of the fatty layer which has accumulated at the top.The thinner this layer,the more efficiently the animal in question has been digesting any fats it has eaten.Since most carotenoids are bound to fatty molecules called lipoproteins,Dr Sepp reasoned that those birds which the test suggests are collecting fats efficiently from their food will also be brightly coloured.To investigate this idea,she and her colleagues collected36male house finches—birds known for having brilliant red breasts.They photographed their captives and held them in cages for a short time,in order to collect some faeces from each.They then ran the images of the birds‘breasts through a computer to analyse how red they were,and studied a sample of each bird’s faeces using the acid stratocrat test.The result was that there is indeed a correlation between the brilliance of a bird’s breast and the efficiency of its fat digestion.If Dr Sepp’s computer can see this,it seems likely female house finches can,too—and will thus have yet another reason to pick the mates with the prettiest feathers.63.By“The colours of beautiful feathers are often borrowed”the writer means that________.A.the colour of birds’feathers fades with ageB.birds prefer to eat food that look colourfulC.birds’feathers get colour after they are bornD.the colours of birds’feathers are a sign of disease64.Healthy birds have bright feathers because________.A.more carotenoid is consumed to create colourB.their immune system produces more carotenoidC.they are more likely to defend against certain diseaseD.their potential mates are more likely to see bright colours65.We can infer from Dr Sepp’s experiment that the male house finches that are redder________.A.have a less strong digestive systemB.appeal less to female house finchesC.are more able to separate fatty moleculesD.digest fat collected from food more efficiently66.What can be concluded from the passage?A.Female birds choose mates based on their act.B.Birds with poor digestion are literally off colour.C.Faeces are a useful indicator of birds’immune system.D.How efficiently birds process food remains to be studied.Section CDirections:Read the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.If having much chocolate makes your trousers too tight,blame the genes Chocoholics no longer need to feel guilty about their craving.They are simply the victims of their genes, scientists have found.___67___.It also raises the possibility of designing a drug which could“switch off”the gene and help people resist sugary foods.Children,in particular,risk their heath by eating too many sweets and chocolates.To identify the gene,the research teams-based at Harvard medical School in Boston and Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York—conducted experiments using mice which have differences in their ability to taste sweet foods.They compared the DNA of the two types of mice and noticed differences in the gene called TIR3.Dr Gopi Shanker,of the Mount Sinai team,said:“It contains information which produces a protein called the sweet taste receptor.This recognizes the sweet content of food and initiates a series of events which signal to the brain that a sweet food has been eaten.”Dr Shanker added:“Exactly the same gene exists in humans.___68___.”Research by the Harvard team has come to the same conclusion.But Aubrey Sheiham,professor of dental public health at University College,London,said the results did not provide chocoholics with an excuse to give up dieting.He said,“We have always known that some people have a sweeter tooth than others.___69___.They will be satisfied with a lower level of sweetness.”Mr.Sheiham warned against any form of gene therapy which sought to deactivate the sweet tooth gene.“___70___.We all need to have some sugar in our diet”.The U.S researchers are using their discovery to develop artificial sweeteners without an aftertaste.A.But it has also been proved that if you gradually expose people to less sugar,then the body becomes accustomed。