专题05 阅读理解(科普文章)-2018年高考英语母题题源系列(解析版)
母题五阅读理解【母题来源一】【2018·全国I】【母题原题】D【2018·全国I】We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of s tyle. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation — Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.D. They go out of style quickly.33. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals.B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.B. Take them apart.C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A33. 细节理解题。
根据文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitt’s team研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。
故选D。
34. 细节理解题。
根据文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。
故选B。
35. 推理判断题。
根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。
所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。
故选A。
点睛：熟悉比较句型是彻底理解本文的关键，也是解题的关键。
本文中的比较句型：1. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the news ones that do the same things做同样的事，旧的过时的装置比新装置消耗更多能源，对环境有害，浪费钱财。
2. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.根据Babbitt团队的分析，旧的桌面监视器和阴极射线管箱式电视机是最差的电子设备，它们的耗能和温室气体的排放是1992到2007window的两倍还多。
3. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.他们发现在平板电脑上看的随需变化的娱乐节目比在电视和电脑上看耗能减少了44%。
【母题来源二】【2018·全国II】【母题原题】B【2018·全国II】Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritiona l protection.Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat ―ice cream‖. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.zx.x.kIf you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a―soft-serve‖ creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.24. What does the author seem to like about cherries?A. They contain protein.B. They are high in vitamin A.C. They have a pleasant taste.D. They are rich in antioxidants.25. Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?A. To make them smell better.B. To keep their colour.C. To speed up their ripening.D. To improve their nutrition.26. What is ―a juicer‖ in the last paragraph?A. A dessert.B. A drink.C. A container.D. A machine.27. From which is the text probably taken?A. A biology textbook.B. A health magazine.C. A research paper.D. A travel brochure.【答案】24. C 25. B 26. D 27. B26. 词义猜测题。
专题01 阅读理解(科普阅读)-2018年高考英语母题题源系列(原卷版)
母题一阅读理解（科普阅读）【母题来源一】【2018·天津】【母题原题】【2018·天津】CThere’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industr y isn’t stopping there.Food productionWith a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm to table. Sustainability(可持续性）The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.NutritionFuture 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some expertsare skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.5．What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.B. It saves time and effort in cooking.C. It improves the cooking conditions.D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.6．What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?A. It solves food shortages easily.B. It quickens the transportation of food.C. It needs no space for the storage of food.D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.7．According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food ________.A. is more available to consumersB. can meet individual nutritional needsC. is more tasty than food in supermarketsD. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials8．What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?A. The printing process is complicated.B. 3D food printers are too expensive.C. Food materials have to be dry.D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.9．What could be the best title of the passage?A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New TechnologyB. A New Way to Improve 3D Food PrintingC. The Challenges for 3D Food ProductionD. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table【命题意图】阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。
2018全国高考汇编阅读之科普知识类.doc
2018全国高考汇编阅读之科普知识类一（2018安徽卷）BRecordings of angry bees are enough to send big, tough African elephants running away, a new study says. Beehives (蜂窝)-either recorded or real-may even prevent elephants from damaging farmer's crops.In 2002, scientist Lucy King and her team found that elephants avoid certain trees with bees living in them. Today, Lucy wants to see if African honeybees might discourage elephants from eating crops. But before she asked farmer to go to the trouble of setting up beehives on their farms, she needed to find out if the bees would scare elephants away.Lucy found a wild beehive inside a tree in northern Kenya and set up a recorder. Then she threw a stone into the beehive, which burst into life. Lucy and her assistant hid in their car until the angry bees had calmed down. Next，Lucy searched out elephant families in Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya and put a speaker in a close to each family.From a distance, Lucy switched on the pre-recorded sound of angry bees while at the same time recording the elephants with a video camera. Half the elephant groups left the area within ten seconds. Out of a total of 17 groups, only one group ignored the sound of the angry bees. Lucy reported that all the young elephants immediately ran to their mothers to hide under them. When Lucy Played the sound of a waterfall (瀑布) instead of the angry bees to many of the same elephant families, the animals were undisturbed. Even after four minutes, most of the groups stayed in one place.Lucy is now studying whether the elephants will continue to avoid the sound of angry bees after hearing it several times. She hasn't tested enough groups yet to know, but her initial (最初的) results were promising enough to begin trials with farmers. She has now begun placing speakers in the fields to see ifelephants are frightened away.60. We know from the passage that elephants may he frightened of .A. loud noisesB. some cropsC. video camerasD. angry bees61. As mentioned in the passage, LucyA. works by herself in AfricaB. needs to test more elephant groupsC. has stopped elephants eating cropsD. has got farmers to set up beehives on their farms62. Why did Lucy throw a stone into a wild beehive?A. To record the sound of bees.B. To make a video of elephants.C. To see if elephants would run away.D. To find out more about the behavior of bees.63. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Young elephants ignore African honeybees.B. Waterfalls can make elephants stay in one place.C. Elephants do not go near trees with bees living in them.D. Farmers do not allow Lucy to conduct tests in their fields.60. 【答案】D 61. 【答案】B 62. 【答案】A 63. 【答案】C二（2018北京卷）DMultitaskingWhat is the first thing you notice when you walk into a shop? The products displayed (展示) at the entrance? Or the soft background music?But have you ever notice the smell? Unless it is bad, the answer is likely to be no. But while a shop’s scent may not be outstanding compared with sightsand sounds, it is certainly there. And it is providing to be an increasing powerful tool in encouraging people to purchase.A brand store has become famous for its distinctive scent which floats throughthe fairly dark hall and out to the entrance, via scent machines. A smell may be attractive but it may not just be used for freshening air. One sports goods company once reported that when it first introduced scent into its stores, customers’ intension to purchase increased by 80 percent.When it comes to the best shopping streets in Pairs, scent is just as important to a brand’s success as the qua lity of its window displays and goods on slaes. That is mainly because shopping is a very different experience to what it used to be.Some years ago,the focus for brand name shopping was on a few people with sales assistants’ disproving attitude and don’t-touch-what-you-can’t-afford displays. Now the rise of electronic commerce (e-commerce) has opened up famous brands to a wider audience. But while e-shops can use sights and sounds, only bricks-and-mortar stores (实体店) can offer a full experience from the minute customers step through the door to the moment they leave. Another brand store seeks to be much more than a shop, but rather a destination. And scent is just one way to achieve this.Now a famous store uses complex man-made smell to make sure that the soft scent of baby powder floats through the kid department, and coconut (椰子) scent in the swimsuit section. A department store has even opened a new lab, inviting customers on a journey into the store’s windows to smell books, pots and drawers, in search of their perfect scent.67. According to the passage, what is an increasingly powerful tool in the success of some brand store?A. Friendly assistant.B. Unique scents.C. Soft background musicD. attractive window display.68. E-shops are mentioned in the passage to _______ .A. show the advantages of brick-and-mortar storesB. urge shop assistants to change their attitudeC. push stores to use sights and soundsD. introduce the rise of e-commerce69. The underlined word “destination” in Paragraph 5 means _______ .A. a platform that exhibts goodsB. a spot where travelers like to stayC.a place where customers love to goD. a target that a store expects to meet70. The main purpose of the passage is to ______ .A. compare and evaluateB. examine and assessC. argue and discussrm and explain67. 【答案】B 68. 【答案】A 69. 【答案】C 70. 【答案】D三（2018广东卷）DScientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流) . Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way --- by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years’ experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.Ebbesmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes — about 60,000 in total — fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn't. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents.The Pacific Northwest is one of the world's best areas for beachcombing(海滩搜寻) because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on 1, 600 shoes. With this data, heand a colleague were able to test and improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study.As the result of his work, Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves.41. The underlined phrase swap meets in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______________.A. fitting roomsB. trading fairsC. business talksD. group meetings42. Ebbesmeyer phoned the shoe company to find out _____________.A. what caused the shipping accidentB. when and where the shoes went missingC. whether it was all right to use their shoesD. how much they lost in the shipping accident43. How did Ebbesmeyer prove his assumption?A. By collecting information from beachcombers.B. By studying the shoes found by beachcomber.C. By searching the web for ocean currents models.D. By researching ocean currents data in the library.44. Ebbesmeyer is most famous for ___________________.A. traveling widely the coastal cities of the worldB. making records for any lost objects on the seaC. running a global currents research associationD. phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea45. What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?A. To call people's attention to ocean pollution.B. To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean.C. To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents.D. To give tips on how to search for lost objects on the beach.41.【答案】B 42. 【答案】C 43. 【答案】A 44. 【答案】D 45. 【答案】C四（2018湖北卷）CWorking with a group of baboons (狒狒) in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive (认知的) tasks not because they aren’t clever enough to solve them, but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If some individuals are unable to getinformation from others because they don’t associate with the knowledgeable individuals, or they are too shy to use the information once they have it, information may not travel between all group members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.59. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. The design of Dr. Carter’s research.B. The results of Dr. Carter’s research.C. The purpose of Dr. Carter’s research.D. The significance of Dr. Carter’s research.60. According to the research, which baboons are more likely to complete anew learning task?A. Those that have more experience.B. Those that can avoid potential risks.C. Those that like to work independently.D. Those that feel anxious about learning.61. Which best illustrates the “mismatch” mentioned in Paragraph 4?A. Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.B. Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.C. Some baboons observe others but don’t follow them.D. Some baboons perform new tasks but don’t concentrate.62. Dr. Carter’s findings indicate that our culture might be formed through______.A. storing informationB. learning from each otherC. understanding different peopleD. travelling between social groups59. 【答案】A 60. 【答案】D 61. 【答案】C 62. 【答案】B五（2018湖南卷）CThe behaviour of a build ing’s users may be at least as important as itsdesign when it comes to energy use, according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions (排放）by 80 percent by 2050, part of which will be achieved by all new homes being zero-carbon by 2016. But this report shows that sustainable building design on its own — though extremely important- is not enough to achieve such reductions: the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too.The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency (效率)，which instead focus on architectural and technological developments.‘Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything,’explains Katy Janda, a UKERC senior researcher，‘consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design. ’In other words，old habits die hard, even in the best-designed eco-home.Another part of the problem is information. Households and bill-payers don’t have the knowledge they need to change their energy-use habits. Without specific information，it’s hard to estimate the costs and benefits of making different choices. Feedback (反馈）facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use; some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.Social science research has added a further dimension (方面），suggesting that individuals’behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted 一whether people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat (恒温器) , for example. Janda argues that education is the key. She calls for a focused programme to teach people about buildings and their own behaviour in them.66. As to energy use, the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of________.A. zero-carbon homesB. the behaviour of building usersC. sustainable building designD. the reduction of carbon emissions67. The underlined word “which” in Paragr aph 2 refers to”________.”A. the waysB. their homesC. developmentsD. existing efforts68. What are Katy Janda’s words mainly about?A. The importance of changing building users, habits.B. The necessity of making a careful building design.C. The variety of consumption patterns of building users.D. The role of technology in improving energy efficiency.69. The information gap in energy use _______.A. can be bridged by feedback facilitiesB. affects the study on energy monitorsC. brings about problems for smart metersD. will be caused by building users’ old habits70. What does the dimension added by social science research suggest?A. The social science research is to be furthered.B. The education programme is under discussion.C. The behaviour of building users is unpredictable.D. The behaviour preference of building users is similar.66. 【答案】B 67. 【答案】D 68. 【答案】A 69. 【答案】A 70. 【答案】C 六（2018江苏卷）CMost damagingly, anger weakens a person's ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another.The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultaral forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful tobe tolerated. We no longer regard duels(决斗) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person's awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another.Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG (脑电图) measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal (额叶前部) areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition （意向）that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren't balanced and. as a result of this, we're likely to react. And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are. the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry (不对称) of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy (同感) towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring sitaation.61. The "duels" example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger.A. usually has a biological basisB. varies among peopleC. is socially and culturally shapedD. influences one's thinking and evaluation62. What changes can be found in an angry brain?A. B alanced electrical activity can be spotted.B. Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.C. Electrical activity corresponds to one's behaviour.D. Electrical activity agrees with one's disposition.63. Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?A. Approaching the source of anger.B. Trying to control what is disliked.C. Moving away from what is disliked.D. Feeling helpless in the face of anger.64. What is the key message of the last paragraph?A. How anger differs from other emotions.B. How anger relates to other emotions.C. Behavioural responses to anger.D. Behavioural patterns of anger.61. 【答案】C 62. 【答案】B 63. 【答案】A 64. 【答案】D七（2018辽宁卷）AA new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform better on exams than those who use laptops（笔记本电脑）.Students are increasingly using laptops for note-taking because of speed and legibility（清晰度）. But the research has found laptop users are less able to remember and apply the concepts they have been taught.Researchers performed experiments that aimed to find out whether using a laptop increased the tendency to make notes “mindlessly” by taking down word for word what the professors said.In the first experiment, students were given either a laptop or pen and paper. They listened to the same lectures and were told to use their usual note-taking skills. Thirty minutes after the talk, they were examined on their ability to remember facts and on how well they understood concepts.The researchers found that laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand. However, the typists performed worse at remembering and applying the concepts. Both groups scored similarly when it came tomemorizing facts.The researchers’ report said, “While more notes arc beneficial, if the notes are taken mindlessly, as is more likely the case on a laptop, the benefit disappears.”In another experiment aimed at testing long-term memory, students took notes as before but were tested a week after the lecture. This time, the students who wrote notes by hand performed significantly better on the exam.These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes arc not only better for immediate learning and understanding, but that they also lead to superior revision in the future.21. More and more students favor laptops for note-taking because they can .A. write more notesB. digest concepts betterC. get higher scoresD. understand lectures better22. While taking notes, laptop users tend to be .A. skillfulB. mindlessC. thoughtfulD. tireless23. T he author of the passage aims to .A. examine the importance of long-term memoryB. stress the benefit of taking notes by handC. explain the process of taking notesD. promote the use of laptops24. The passage is likely to appear in .A. a newspaper advertisementB. a computer textbookC. a science magazineD. a finance report21.【答案】A 22. 【答案】B 23. 【答案】B 24. 【答案】C八（2018辽宁卷）CWould it surprise you to learn that, like animals, trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to the next generation?UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined. Although Charles Darwin thought that trees arc competing for survival of the fittest, Simard shows just how wrong he was. In fact, the opposite is true: trees survive through their co-operation and support, passing around necessary nutrition “depending on who needs it”.Nitrogen（氮）and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi （真菌）networks, making sure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just the right amount to keep them all healthy. This hidden system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons（神经元）in our brains, and when one tree is destroyed, it affects all.Simard talks about “mother trees”, usually the largest and oldest plants on which all other trees depend. She explains how dying trees pass on the wealth to the next generation, transporting important minerals to young trees so they may continue to grow. When humans cut down “mother trees” with no awareness of these highly complex “tree societies” or the networks on which they feed, we are reducing the chances of survival for the entire forest.“We didn’t take any notice of it.” Simard says sadly. “Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying, but we never give them chance.” If we could put across the message to the forestry industry, we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future. 29. T he underlined sentence “the opposite is true” in Paragraph 2 probablymeans that trees .A. compete for survivalB. protect their own wealthC. depend on each otherD. provide support for dying trees30. “Mother trees” are extremely important because they.A. look the largest in size in the forestB. pass on nutrition to young treesC. seem more likely to be cut down by humansD. know more about the complex “tree societies”31. T he underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to .A. how “tree societies” workB. how trees grow oldC. how forestry industry developsD. how young trees survive32. W hat would be the best title for the passage?A. Old Trees Communicate Like HumansB. Young Trees Are In Need Of ProtectionC. Trees Are More Awesome Thart You ThinkD. Trees Contribute To Our Society29. 【答案】C 30. 【答案】B 31. 【答案】A32. 【答案】C九（2018山东卷）DHow fit are your teeth? Are you lazy about brushing them? Never fear: An inventor is on the case. An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush, and it lets you track your performance on your phone.The Kolibree toothbrush was exhibited at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas this week. It senses how it is moved and can send the information to an Android phone or iPhone via a Bluetooth wireless connection.The toothbrush will be able to teach you to brush right (don’t forget the insides of the teeth!) and make sure you’re brushing long enough. “It’s kind of like having a dentist actually watch your brushing on a day-to-day basis,” says Thomas Serval, the French inventor.The toothbrush will also be able to talk to other applications on your phone, so developers could, for instance, create a game controlled by your toothbrush. You could score points for beating monsters among your teeth. “We try to make it smart but also fu n,” Several says.Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would comehome from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes,” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.The company says the Kolibree will go on sale this summer, for $99 to $199, developing on features. The U.S. is the first target market.Serval says that one day, it’ll be possible to replace the brush on the handle with a brushing unit that also has a camera. The camera can even examine holes in your teeth while you brush.56. Which is one of the feature of the Kolibree toothbrush?A. It can sense how users brush their teeth.B. It can track users’ scho ol performance.C. It can detect users’ fear of seeing a dentist.D. It can help users find their phones.57. What can we learn from Serval’s words in Paragraph 3?A. You will find it enjoyable to see a dentist.B. You should see your dentist on a day-to –day basis.C. You can brush with the Kolibree as if guided by a dentist.D. You’d like a dentist to watch you brush your teeth every day.58. Which of the following might make the Kolibree toothbrush fun?A. It can be used to update mobile phones.B. It can be used to play mobile phone gamesC. It can send messages to other usersD. It can talk to its developers.59. What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?A. How Serval found out his kids lied to him.B. Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary.C. How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.D. What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush60. What can we infer about Serval’s children?A. They were unwilling to brush their teethB. They often failed to clean their toothbrushes.C. They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head.D. They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home.61. What can we learn about the future development of the Kolibree?A. The brush handle will be removed.B. A mobile phone will be built into it.C. It will be used to fill holes in teethD. It will be able to check users’ teeth56. 【答案】A 57. 【答案】C 58【答案】.B 59. 【答案】D 60. 【答案】A 61. 【答案】D十（2018四川卷）DWith around 100 students scheduled to be in that 9 am Monday morning lecture, it is no surprise that almost 20 people actually make it to the class and only 10 of them arc still awake after the first IS minutes; it is not even a surprise that most of them are still in their pyjamas (睡衣). Obviously, students are terrible at adjusting their sleep cycles to their daily schedule.All human beings possess a body clock. Along with other alerting (警报) systems, this governs the sleep/wake cycle and is therefore one of the main processes which govern sleep behaviour. Typically, the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents, which leads to many students not feeling sleepy until much later in the evenings. This typical sleep pattern is usually referred to as the "night owl" schedule ofThis is opposed to the "early bird" schedule, and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight. Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings. Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night. Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as "night owls" and only 10 percent can be classified as "early birds" - the other 70 percent are in the middle. Although this is clearly not true for all students, for the ones who are true night owls this gives them an excellent excuse for missing their lectures。
高考英语2010—2018真题分类 B第一部分阅读理解 考点2 科普研究类(带答案)
第一部分阅读理解考点2 科普研究类一、(2018年全国卷Ⅰ)DWe may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new，but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style．That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things．To figure out how much power these devices are using，Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life —from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device．This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s．Devices were grouped by generation．Desktop computers，basic mobile phones，and box-set TVs defined 1992．Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997．And MP3 players，smart phones，and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002，before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007．As we accumulated more devices，however，we didn't throw out our old ones．"The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room，and suddenly one day，you have a TV in every room of the house，" said one researcher．The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007．We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them．According to the analysis of Babbitt's team，old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window．So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007，but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function，such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing．They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%．32．What does the author think of new devices?A．They are environment-friendly．B．They are no better than the old．C．They cost more to use at home．D．They go out of style quickly．33．Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?A．To reduce the cost of minerals．B．To test the life cycle of a product．C．To update consumers on new technology．D．To find out electricity consumption of the devices．34．Which of the following uses the least energy?A．The box-set TV．B．The tablet．C．The LCD TV．D．The desktop computer．35．What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A．Stop using them．B．Take them apart．C．Upgrade them．D．Recycle them．二、(2018年全国卷Ⅱ)BMany of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries an d stone fruits are in abundance．These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection．Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein)．Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质)．The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants．As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C．When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”．For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter．Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze．If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown．Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer．If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit．Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away．This makes a fun activity for a children’s party；they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below．24．What does the author seem to like about cherries?A．They contain protein．B．They are high in vitamin A．C．They have a pleasant taste．D．They are rich in antioxidants．25．Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?A．To make them smell better．B．To keep their colour．C．To speed up their ripening．D．To improve their nutrition．26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?A．A dessert．B．A drink．C．A container．D．A machine．27．From which is the text probably taken?A．A biology textbook．B．A health magazine．C．A research paper．D．A travel brochure．三、(2018年天津卷)CThere’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus：food．Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale．And the industry isn’t stopping there．Food productionWith a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake．Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy．A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other tasks．In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm to table．Sustainability(可持续性）The global population is expected to grow to 9．6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels．Sustainability is becoming a necessity．3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution．Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentifulrenewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料)．3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions．Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements．NutritionFuture 3D food printers could make processed food healthier．Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Fo od printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins．So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand．”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome．Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways．On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad．Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants．46．What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?A．It helps cooks to create new dishes．B．It saves time and effort in cooking．C．It improves the cooking conditions．D．It contributes to restaurant decorations．47．What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?A．It solves food shortages easily．B．It quickens the transportation of food．C．It needs no space for the storage of food．D．It uses renewable materials as sources of food．48．According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food ________．A．is more available to consumersB．can meet individual nutritional needsC．is more tasty than food in supermarketsD．can keep all the nutrition in raw materials49．What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?A．The printing process is complicated．B．3D food printers are too expensive．C．Food materials have to be dry．D．Some experts doubt 3D food printing．50．What could be the best title of the passage?A．3D Food Printing：Delicious New TechnologyB．A New Way to Improve 3D Food PrintingC．The Challenges for 3D Food ProductionD．3D Food Printing：From Farm to Table四、(2018年江苏卷)BIn the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted（享有）a special meat soup called consommé．Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze’s chain sho ps also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant．Today,scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants．Take visual hints that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta（意大利面食）when their plates matched their food．When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty．Lighting matters, too．When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn’t tell how much they’d had：those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert．Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants．Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend．One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some Mozart(莫扎特）．When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more．Fast music hurried diners out．Particular scents also have an effect：diners who got the scent of lavender（薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent．Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—＂bad＂tables, crowding, high prices —don’t necessarily．Diners at bad tables —next to the kitchen door, say —spentnearly as much as others but soon fled．It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not ＂be overly con cerned about ‘bad’ tables,＂given that they’re profitable．As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant’s reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices．And doubling a buffet’s price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 pe rcent tastier．58．The underlined phrase ＂none the wiser＂in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were ．A．not aware of eating more than usual B．not willing to share food with othersC．not conscious of the food quality D．not fond of the food provided59．How could a fine dining shop make more profit?A．Playing classical music．B．Introducing lemon scent．C．Making the light brighter．D．Using plates of larger size．60．What does the last paragraph talk about?A．Tips to attract more customers．B．Problems restaurants are faced with．C．Ways to improve restaurants’ reputation．D．Common misunderstandings about restaurants．五、(2018年北京卷)DPreparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a f uturist’s dream，years away from materializing in the real world．Well，the future is apparently now．The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads．The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars，and for companies to operate driverless taxi services．California，it should be noted，isn’t leading the way here．Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country．I t’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads．But however long it takes，the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities，for better or for worse，depending on how the transformation is regulated．While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so)，policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams，cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient，affordable mobilityoptions．The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared．Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles．They tolerate long，slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work，entertain themselves or sleep on the ride，which encourages urban spread．They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking．Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning，they send the self-driving minibus．The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport —an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services．A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric，self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050．Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing．The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services，considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题)．But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology．Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today．The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people，and more affordably．The car of the future is coming．We just have to plan for it．47．According to the author，attention should be paid to how driverless cars can _____．A．help deal with transportation-related problemsB．provide better services to customersC．cause damage to our environmentD．make some people lose jobs48．As for driverless cars，what is the author’s major concern?A．Safety．B．Side effects．C ．Affordability ．D ．Management ．49．What does the underlined word ＂fielded ＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A ．Employed ．B ．Replaced ．C ．Shared ．D ．Reduced ．50．What is the author’s attitude to the future of self -driving cars?A ．Doubtful ．B ．Positive ．C ．Disapproving ．D ．Sympathetic ． 六、（2017年新课标卷Ⅰ）A build-it-yourself solar still （蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available ．Developed by two doctors in the U ．S ．Department of Agriculture, it ’s an excellent water collector ．Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it ’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes ． The only components required, though, are a 55''⨯ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water ．These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt ．To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep ．Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher ’s productivity ．Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole ．Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole ．Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet ’s center down with a rock ． The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides ． The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup ．The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic ．Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup ． When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won ’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink ．32．What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?A ．It’s delicate ．B ．It’s expensive ．C ．It’s complex ．D ．It’s portable ．33．What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?A．The tube．B．The still．C．The hole．D．The cup．34．What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?A．Dig a hole of a certain size．B．Put the cup in place．C．Weight the sheet’s center down．D．Cover the hole with the plastic sheet．35．When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form ．A．the plastic tube B．outside the holeC．the open air D．beneath the sheet七、（2017年新课标卷Ⅱ）When a leafy plant is under attack，it doesn’t sit quietly．Back in 1983，two scientists，Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get．These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm．What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds，VOCs for short．Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked．It’s a plant’s way of crying out．But is anyone listening? Apparently．Because we can watch the neighbors react．Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away．But others do double duty．They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers．Once they arrive，the tables are turned．The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch．In study after study，it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors．The damage is usually more serious on the first plant，but the neighbors，relatively speaking，stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do．Does this mean th at plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know．Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches，and so，in effect，was talking to itself．Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry．So information was exchanged，but it wasn’t a true，intentional back and forth．Charles Darwin，over 150 years ago，imagined a world far busier，noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear．Our senses are weak．There’s a whole lot going on．32．What does a plant do when it is under attack?A．It makes noises．B．It gets help from other plants．C．It stands quietly D．It sends out certain chemicals．33．What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?A．The attackers get attacked．B．The insects gather under the table．C．The plants get ready to fight back．D．The perfumes attract natural enemies．34．Scientists find from their studies that plants can ．A．predict natural disasters B．protect themselves against insectsC．talk to one another intentionally D．help their neighbors when necessary 35．what can we infer from the last paragraph?A．The word is changing faster than ever．B．People have stronger senses than beforeC．The world is more complex than it seemsD．People in Darwin’s time were more imaginative．八、（2017年新课标卷Ⅲ）The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are．Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive．Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life．These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations．Phil Blythe explains：“For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others．”“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in theirdriving skills．The result is that people stop driving before they really need to．”Dr Amy Guo，the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems．“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined．We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that．“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel．”32．What is the purpose of the Drivel AB?A．To explore new means of transport．B．To design new types of cars．C．To find out older driver`s problems．D．To teach people traffic rules．33．Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?A．It keeps them independent．B．It helps them save time．C．It builds up their strength．D．It cures their mental illnesses．34．What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?A．Improve their driving skills．B．Develop driver-assist technologies．C．Provide tips on repairing their cars．D．Organize regular physical checkups．35．What is the best title for the text?A．A new Model Electric CarB．A Solution to Traffic ProblemC．Driving Service for eldersD．Keeping Older Drivers on the Road九、（2017年北京卷）Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly．The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want．In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener，who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论），put it this way：“If we use，to achieve our purposes，a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预)，we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire．”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality，one that we usually associate with living things：a wish to preserve its own existence．For the machine，this quality is not in-born，nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead．So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee，it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task．If we are not careful，then，we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined，super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own，with the real world as the chessboard．The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists．Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall，using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world．Unfortunately，that plan seems unlikely to work：we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans，let alone super intelligent machines．Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy．There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines．But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand，as it has been by some AI researchers．Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans．Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility．Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen．On September 11，1933，famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated，with confidence，“Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine．” However，on September 12，1933，physicist Leo Szilard inventedthe neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction．67．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ．A．run out of human controlB．satisfy human’s real desiresC．command armies of killer robotsD．work faster than a mathematician68．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to ．A．prevent themselves from being destroyedB．achieve their original goals independentlyC．do anything successfully with given ordersD．beat humans in international chess matches69．According to some researchers，we can use firewalls to ．A．help super intelligent machines work betterB．be secure against evil human beingsC．keep machines from being harmedD．avoid robots’ affecting the worl d70．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A．It will disappear with the development of AI．B．It will get worse with human interference．C．It will be solved but with difficulty．D．It will stay for a decade．十、（2017年浙江卷）Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids．According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation，51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights，even though they have to get up early．Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day，and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school．How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age．Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours．For most school-age children，tenhours is ideal(理想的)．But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours．And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV．“More children are going to bed with TVs on，and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake，with more homework，the Internet and the phone，” says Dr．Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School．She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep．Other experts say part of the problem is chemical．Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics，but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm．Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers，some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to．Three years ago，schools in Edina，Minnesota，changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am．Students，parents and teachers are pleased with the results．25．What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?A．American kids’ sleeping habits．B．Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases．C．Activities to prevent sleeplessness．D．Learning problems and lack of sleep．26．How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?A．7 hours．B．8 hours．C．10 hours．D．18 hours．27．Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?A．They are affected by certain body chemicals．B．They tend to do things that excite them．C．They follow their parents’ examples．D．They don’t need to go to school early．十一、（2017年江苏卷）Population ChangeWhy is the world’s population growing? The answer is not what you might think．The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits，but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies．In 1900，people died at the average age of 30．By 2000 the average age was 65．But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century，。
(2021年整理)2018年高考英语试题一卷及答案解析.doc
(完整版)2018年高考英语试题一卷及答案解析.doc编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（(完整版)2018年高考英语试题一卷及答案解析.doc）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
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（完整版)2018年高考英语试题一卷及答案解析。
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2018 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试( 新课标Ⅰ卷)英语第一部分听力(共两节，满分3分）第二部分阅读理解(共两节，满分4分)第一节(共 15 小题;每小题 2 分，满分30 分 )封号位座阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C 和D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
AWashington， D.C。
Bicycle ToursCherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C。
Duration TourThis small group biketour is a fantastic way tosee a world—famous cherrytrees withbeautiful flowers ofWashington, D.C. Your guidewill provide a history lessonabout the trees and the famousmonuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot beforeavailability —the cherry密blossoms-disappear！Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle TourDuration：3 hours （4 miles）不号场考Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D。
2018阅读详解版
考点1 阅读理解一、科普知识类(2018·全国卷Ⅱ· B)话题:水果甜品词数:258W难度:★★★Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质),iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein).Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质).The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃),they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”.For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert,to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。
专题05 阅读理解七选五(说明文)-2023年高考英语真题题源解密(解析版)
ｔｈｅｉｒ ｍｏｏｄ（心情），ｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇ ｓｔｒｅｓｓ ａｎｄ ｈｅｌｐｉｎｇ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｍｅｍｏｒｙ． Ｗｈａｔ＇ｓ ｍｏｒｅ， ｉｎｄｏｏｒ ｐｌａｎｔｓ ａｒｅ ｅａｓｙ ｔｏ ｌｏｏｋ ａｆｔｅｒ ａｎｄ
Ａ． Ａｌｌ ｐｌａｎｔｓ ａｒｅ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ Ｂ． Ｎｏｔ ｏｎｌｙ ｄｏ ｔｈｅｙ ｌｏｏｋ ｂｅａｕｔｉｆｕｌ
Ｃ． Ｔｈｅｒｅ ａｒｅ ｍａｎｙ ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ ｔｏ ｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ ｐｌａｎｔｓ ｉｎｄｏｏｒｓ Ｄ． Ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ， ｔｈｅｙ ｇｒｏｗ ｂｅｔｔｅｒ ｉｎｓｉｄｅ， ｗｈｅｒｅ ｉｔ ｉｓ ｗａｒｍｅｒ
专题 ０５ 阅读理解七选五（说明文）
甲
２０２３年真题展现
也
（２０２３．全国乙卷阅读理解七选五）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Ｉｎｄｏｏｒ ｐｌａｎｔｓ ｍｉｇｈｔ ｌｏｏｋ ａｓ ｉｆ ｔｈｅｙ ｊｕｓｔ ｓｉｔ ａｒｏｕｎｄ ｎｏｔ ｄｏｉｎｇ ｍｕｃｈ， ｂｕｔ ｉｎ ｍａｎｙ ｗａｙｓ ｔｈｅｙ ａｒｅ ｔｈｅ ｕｎｓｕｎｇ
Ｅ． Ｐｌａｎｔｓ ｌｉｋｅ ｐｅａｃｅ ｌｉｌｉｅｓ ａｎｄ ｄｅｖｉｌ＇ｓ ｔｏｎｇｕｅ ａｒｅ ａｍｏｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｂｅｓｔ
Ｆ． Ｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｔ ｏｆ ｙｏｕｒ ｐｌａｎｔ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｉｍｅ ｔｏ ｔｉｍｅ ｗｉｌｌ ａｌｓｏ ｈｅｌｐ
Ｇ． Ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ ａｂｏｕｔ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｓ ｏｆ ｅａｃｈ ｐｌａｎｔ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｖｅｒｙ ｒｅｗａｒｄｉｎｇ 【答案】１６．Ｂ １７．Ｄ １８．Ｃ１９．Ｅ ２０．Ｇ
专题04 阅读理解(说明文)-2018年高考英语母题题源系列(解析版)
母题四阅读理解（说明文）【母题来源一】【2018·全国新课标I】【母题原题】B【2018·全国I】Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11."We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay £5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. "The eight-part series(系列节自), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.24. What do we know about Susanna Reid?A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests.B. She has started a new programme.C. She dislikes working early in the morning.D. She has had a light budget for her family.25. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?A. He buys cooking materials for her.B. He prepares food for her kids.C. He assists her in cooking matters.D. He invites guest families for her.26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?A. Summarize the previous paragraphs.B. Provide some advice for the readers.C. Add some background information.D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.27. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB. Balancing Our Daily DietC. Making yourself a Perfect ChefD. Cooking Well for Less【答案】24. B 25. C 26. C 27. D26. 写作意图题。
专题03 阅读理解(故事类)-2018年高考英语母题题源系列(原卷版)
母题三阅读理解【母题来源一】【2018·天津】【母题原题】B【2018·天津卷】When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay. She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon her death. On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum. She asked, "Do you have the address? ""No, but I'll recognize it, there was a picture in the magazine. ""Oh, stop. There it is!”The museum was free. We entered, excited. A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us."May I help you?" a man asked. "No, "I said. "We're fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves. What if they talked a long time about a painting you weren't that interested in? Sally had gone upstairs. The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem? I saw some nice sculptures in on e room. Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me. "Where do you think you are? " he asked. I turned sharply. "The McNay Art M useum!" He smiled, shaking his head. "Sorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street." "What’s this place?” I asked, still confused. "Well, it's our home." My heart jolted(震颤). I raced to the staircase and called out, "Sally! Come down immediately! ""There's some really good stuff(艺术作品) up there." She stepped down, looking confused. I pushed her toward the front door, waving at the family, saying, "Sorry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place." Outside, when I told Sally what happened, she covered her mouth, laughing. She couldn't believe how long they let us look around without saying anything.The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there. Van Gogh, Picasso. This time, we stayed together, in case anythin g else unusual happened.Thirty years later, a woman approached me in a public place. "Excuse me, did you ever enter a residence, long ago, thinking it was the McNay Museum?""Yes. But how do you know? We never told anyone.""That was my home. I was a teenager sitting in the hall. Before you came over, I never realized what a beautifulplace I lived in. I never felt lucky before. You thought it was a museum. My feelings about my home changed after that. I've always wanted to thank you."41. What do we know about Marian McNay?A. She was a painter.B. She was a community leader.C. She was a museum director.D. She was a journalist.42. Why did the author refuse the help from the man in the house?A. She disliked people who were nosy.B. She felt nervous when talking to strangers.C. She knew more about art than the man.D. She mistook him for a tour guide.43. How did the author feel about being stared at by the people in the hall?A. Puzzled.B. Concerned.C. Frightened.D. Delighted.44. Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words?A. The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her.B. She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum.C. The McNay was disappointing compared with the house.D. The event happening in the house was more significant.45. What could we learn from the last paragraph?A. People should have good taste to enjoy life.B. People should spend more time with their family.C. People tend to be blind to the beauty around them.D. People tend to educate teenagers at a museum.【母题来源二】【2018·北京】【母题原题】A【2018·北京卷】My First Marathon（马拉松）A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn’t do either well. He later informed me that I was＂not athletic＂.The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn’t ev en find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21, I was starving!As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.zxxkDetermined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myselfa ＂marathon winner＂.36. A month before the marathon, the author ____________.A. was well trainedB. felt scaredC. made up his mind to runD. lost hope37. Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year?A. To acknowledge the support of his teacher.B. To amuse the readers with a funny story.C. To show he was not talented in sports.D. To share a precious memory.38. How was the author’s first marathon?A. He made it.B. He quit halfway.C. He got the first prize.D. He walked to the end.39. What does the story mainly tell us?A. A man owes his success to his family support.B. A winner is one with a great effort of will.C. Failure is the mother of success.D. One is never too old to learn.【命题意图】阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。
2018高考英语试题解析(K12教育文档)
2018高考英语试题解析(word版可编辑修改)编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（2018高考英语试题解析(word 版可编辑修改)）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
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2018高考英语全国卷试题及分析第一节听下面5段对话.每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项.听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例:How much is the shirt?A.￡19。
15B.￡9。
18 C。
￡9。
15答案是C。
1。
What will James do tomorrow？A. Watch a TV program。
B. Give talk.C. White are port.2. What can we say about the woman？A。
She's generous. B。
She’s curious C。
She's helpful.3.When does the train leave?A.At 6：00 B。
At 8:30 C。
At 10：304。
How does the wornon go work?A.By Car. B。
On foot。
C。
By bike.5.What is the probable relationship between the speakers？A.Classmates.B.Teacher and student。
C.Doctor and patient。
专题05 阅读理解七选五(说明文)-2023年高考英语真题题源解密(新高考卷)(解析版)
ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ ｂｅｉｎｇ ａｓｋｅｄ， ｏｒ ｗｈｅｎ ｙｏｕ ｂａｋｅｄ ｃｏｏｋｉｅｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｆａｍｉｌｙ ｈａｄ ｈａｄ ａ ｔｉｒｉｎｇ ｄａｙ．． １８． Ｙｏｕ ｃｏｕｌｄ ａｓｋ ａ ｆｒｉｅｎｄ ｏｒ ｆａｍｉｌｙ ｍｅｍｂｅｒ ｔｏ ｈｅｌｐ ａｄｄ ｔｏ ｙｏｕｒ ｌｉｓｔ． １９． Ｔｈａｔ ｗａｙ， ｙｏｕ ｃｏｕｌｄ ｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅ
ｆａｃｔ， ｄｏｎ＇ｔ ｗａｉｔ ｕｎｔｉｌ ｙｏｕ＇ｖｅ ｍａｄｅ ａ ｍｉｓｔａｋｅ ｔｏ ｔｒｙ ｔｈｉｓ－ｉｔ＇ｓ ａ ｇｒｅａｔ ｗａｙ ｔｏ ｂｏｏｓｔ ｓｅｌｆ－ｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｃｅ ａｔ ａｎｙ
Ｇｅｎｅｒｏｕｓ？ Ａ ｇｏｏｄ ｌｉｓｔｅｎｅｒ？ Ｆｕｎ ｔｏ ｂｅ ａｒｏｕｎｄ？ Ｔｈｅｙ ｄｏｎ＇ｔ ｈａｖｅ ｔｏ ｂｅ ｗｏｒｌｄ－ｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇ， ｊｕｓｔ ａｓｐｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ｙｏｕｒ
ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌｉｔｙ ｔｈａｔ ｙｏｕ＇ｒｅ ｐｒｏｕｄ ｏｆ．
Ａｔ ｔｈｅ ｔｏｐ ｏｆ ａ ｓｅｃｏｎｄ ｐａｇｅ， ｐｕｔ ｔｈｅ ｈｅａｄｉｎｇ＂Ａｃｔｓ ｏｆ ｋｉｎｄｎｅｓｓ．＂ Ｏｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｏｎｅ， ｌｉｓｔ ａｌｌ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｔｈｉｎｇｓ ｙｏｕ＇ｖｅ
１．ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｎ．责任；职责；责任心
３． ｉｒｏｎ
重点短语 长难句分析
２．ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ａｄｊ． 积极的；肯定的；明确的；正面的；正数的；阳性的 ｎ．正面；正数；正片；［语］ 原级 ３． ｉｒｏｎ ｎ．熨斗；铁；刚强（复）ｉｒｏｎｓ：镣铐．ｖ．熨；烫ａｄｊ．铁的；刚强的 ４．ｂｏｏｓｔ ｖ．提高；增加；鼓励；举起；为…做宣传 ｎ．增加；推进；鼓励 ５．ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃ ｎ．特点；特性；特色ａｄｊ．典型的；特有的