药学英语Unit 6 Text A 注释及译文
Unit 6(英语泛读3)
பைடு நூலகம்
6. Nevada's board of pharmacy reprimanded Paxton's pharmacist, saying he should have warned her of the potential for allergic reaction. (内华达配药业委员会对帕克斯顿的药剂 师进行了斥责，认为他应该警告病人此药 有可能导致过敏反应。) reprimand: rebuke, especially officially. e.g. Officials were reprimanded or dismissed for poor work.
5.And there's no dearth of homework: new drugs are pouring into the market, stimulated by a 1992 program shortening the FDA's drug-approval times. (而且，家庭作业是不会少的：在1992 年缩减FDA药品批准时间的项目的促动 下，新的药品就如洪水般涌入了市场。) dearth: a scarcity or lack of something. e.g. There is a dearth of evidence.
4. Against this backdrop, too many people are taking the prescription transaction for granted. (在这种背景下，有太多的人把配药交易 想当然了。) backdrop: the setting or background for a scene, effect, or situation. e.g. The conference took place against a backdrop of increasing diplomatic activities.
医药英语教程第六单元课文翻译
Principles of pharmacology药理学原理An understanding of the principles of pharmacology forms a key component in the study of medicine.对药理学原理的理解是医学研究的一个重要组成部分。
From the Greek pharmacology,pharmacology is the branch of medical science that deals with the mechanism of actions,uses,harmful effects and outcomes of drugs on animals and humans.it examines the way in which drugs produce both beneficial and adverse side effects on the body.从希腊药理学，药理学是医学科学的一个分支，研究药物对动物和人类的作用、用途、有害影响和结果的机制。
它检查了药物对身体产生有益和有害副作用的方式。
Students of pharmacology look at the way in which the biochemical,physiological and psychological processes in health and disease are affected by drugs. When we talk about drugs,we are referring to biologically active compounds that change the state of the functioning of the body and improve health in some way-by relieving pain,calming the patient or eliminating infection,for example. We are also concerned with enhancing the way in which drugs are tested,so that they can eventually give greater benefit in the treatment of disease.药理学的学者们研究健康和疾病的生化、生理和心理过程受到药物影响的方式。
Unit 06 Right Drug_英语阅读
paid for by insurance or HMO’s has risen from 28% in 1991to 60% in 1997. These third-party payers are imposing ever-lower reimbursement rates on pharmacies… (para.7)
(3) Why does the writer think that a white coat doesn’t make a doctor?
-- More and more pharmacy technicians are used instead of pharmacists.
(4) You could get the right drug, but the wrong dose. But what causes this?
(2) Why does the writer think that you can’t rely solely on your doctor?
-- Most physicians are not so qualified. New drugs are pouring into the market.
• (Para.1, line 2) • （新处方上开的药是"利他林"，这是她母亲佩吉
在南卡罗来纳州洛克山的"莱特相助"药店配的药， 一种用来治疗注意力亢奋/不足的药。）
• Prescription: an instruction written by a
学术英语医学Unit6分析解析
• Suggested answers
• Congestive: hyperemic • Disinfect: 除去（感染），给…消毒
• Chlorine is used to disinfect water.
– 氯用来给水消毒。
• Palliate: to palliate a disease • Dialysis or kidney dialysis is a method of
special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode) • Health insurance • Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge planner or a social worker • Help from local governmental agencies • Doctor supervision at home
Unit 6 Life and Medicine
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Topics for presentation
6 How has the meaning of palliative care changed?
Knowledge of the subject matter
Unit 6 Life and Medicine
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Topics for presentation
5 How has the meaning of palliative care changed?
药学英语第五版原文翻译.doc
Introduction to PhysiologyIntroductionPhysiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for or example—many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology.To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their functions. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs. When it is clear that a specific physiological process has a common basis in a wide variety of animal species, it is reasonable to assume that the same principles will apply to humans. The knowledge gained from this approach has given us a great insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treatment of many diseases.The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular, each with its own characteristics. Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of densely packed layers of muscle cells linked together via specific cell junctions. Organs such as the brain, the heart, the lungs, the intestines, and the liver are formed by the aggregation of different kinds of tissues. The organs are themselves parts of distinct physiological systems. The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system; the lungs, trachea, and bronchi together with the chest wall and diaphragm form the respiratory system; the skeleton and skeletal muscles form the musculoskeletal system; the brain, spinal cord, autonomic nerves and ganglia, and peripheral somatic nerves form the nervous system, and so on.Cells differ widely in form and function but they all have certain common characteristics. Firstly, they are bounded by a limiting membrane, the plasma membrane. Secondly, they have the ability to break生理学简介介绍生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。
医学英语教程-生物医学Unit6A课文翻译
医学英语教程-生物医学Unit 6 Reading AThe Kidney and Its Working Unit肾及其工作单位For many diners, eating tender, pale green shoots of asparagus is a pleasurable springtime event, but the gastronomic experience has a peculiar sequel：The next time they urinate ,even if just 20 minutes after eating, they notice the characteristic scent of asparagus. A chemical in the food crosses the gut ,enters the bloodstream, is filtered out by the kidneys, and appears in the urine with amazing speed. Actually, the chemical is acted on no faster than any other compound. The kidneys are simply marvels at processing body fluids and filtering out the urea; the sodium ,potassium ,or chloride ions ;and the glucose, water ,and other materials that need to be excreted. The key to a kidney's rapid functioning lies in its complicated internal structure and in the effcient plumbing system of which it is a part.对许多用餐者来说，吃到浅绿鲜嫩的芦笋是春季的一大享受，但享用完这种美食后会有一个奇特的后续：即使饭后仅20分钟,人们便会在上厕所时注意到尿液中有芦笋特殊的气味。
新21世纪大学英语课文第六单元texta的翻译
Unit 6 艾萨克·阿西莫夫的未来世界：医学艾萨克·阿西莫夫于1991年撰写了这篇文章，文章中的许多预言已经成为现实。
1.人人都认为预防疾病比试图治愈它更安全、更容易、更省钱。
2.医学界第一个伟大的胜利出现在1798年，当时人们发明了种痘。
于是，天花能够被预防了。
3.19世纪60年代，学界提出疾病的微生物理论，医生们开始发明出阻止细菌侵入人体以及人体一旦遭侵入后与之抗争的方法。
4.现在，我们能对付大多数细菌性疾病，但人类生命和健康最大的危险是所谓的退化疾病。
它们包括肌体的损坏，人们因此会遭受到癌症、心脏病、糖尿病等疾病的折磨。
5.医学界人士对如何配置我们的饮食以减少这些疾病的发病率了解甚多。
他们已学会如何用维生素使人的肌体保持较好的状态。
6.尽管我们已竭尽所能，但那些衰退疾病终将出现，人体将会完全垮掉。
因此，人人最终都将面临死亡。
然而，如果我们尽可能长地推迟疾病的发生，我们都将拥有更加强壮、更加健康的老年生活。
我们最终都不能回避死亡，但至少我们在离世之前不会遭受虚弱和痛苦的长期折磨。
7.这意味着未来的医学实践将更多地注重诊断或及早发现身体内部的变化。
如果在初期发现疾病，那时它还未形成并开始对身体进行侵害，治疗就会比较容易。
8.现代诊断始于19世纪90年代X射线的发现。
人们首次无需打开身体就能窥视体内器官。
但是，X射线只能发现大的原子微粒。
我们能清楚地看见骨头，但软组织显得不清楚。
除此之外，X射线能量很大，可能破坏身体甚至诱发癌症。
9.近年来，观察身体内部的方法得以改进。
我们能够运用比X射线危险性小得多的超声波。
还有一种被称为“核磁共振”的东西能根据原子对核磁区域的反应——甚至在软组织内——测出不同的原子。
它能显示X射线发现不了的东西，而且，它似乎对人体无害。
10.我们能够期盼，超声波、核磁共振或许还有其他技术将来可以在人体内任何东西开始变得异常之前就将其发现。
对少量血液的分析手段将得到改进，这样血液中任何反常的东西都能被筛选出来。
Unit six Traditional Chinese Medicine中国传统医药
When the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, medical equipment in China was both rudimentary and scarce. Medicine and medical care were not available to most Chinese. At that time, the average life expectancy in China was only 35. Now it is 73, way above the average 63 of developing countries and quite close to the average of 75 of developed countries. The maternal mortality rate（孕产妇死亡率） (dropping from 15,000 per million to 319 per million) and the infant mortality rate （新生儿死亡率） (declining from 200 per thousand to 13.8 per thousand) are among the lowest of developing countries.
Healthcare Services in China
Second, the medical insurance system in the country has been gradually improving. More than 1.2 billion urban and rural Chinese have been covered by basic health insurance. Over 90% of the population has enjoyed the benefits. In cities, residents with jobs are covered by urban workers’ health insurance while those unemployed are enrolled in the urban residents’ health insurance. By the end of 2010, people covered by the two types of insurance have reached over 421 million, accounting for 70% of the total urban population. In addition, every citizen is encouraged to voluntarily participate in commercial health insurance.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Drug Discovery and Natural Products It may be argued that drug discovery is a recent concept that evolved from modern science during the 20th century, but this concept in reality dates back many centuries, and has its origins in nature. On many occasions, humans have turned to Mother Nature for cures, and discovered unique drug molecules. Thus, the term natural product has become almost synonymous with the concept of drug discovery. In modem drug discovery and development processes, natural products play an important role at the early stage of "lead" discovery, i.e. discovery of the active (determined by various bioassays) natural molecule, which itself or its structural analogues could be an ideal drug candidate.1.origin ['ɔridʒin] n.起点，端点; 来源；出身, 血统.2.Synonymous [sɪ'nɔnəməs]adj.同义的，类义的.3.i.e. [,aɪ'i:] <拉> abbr. (=id est) 即，换言之.4.candidate ['kændidit] n.申请求职者, 候选人；报考者；候选物.有人可能认为药物发现是一个20世纪才出现的、来源于现代科学的新概念，但是事实上这个概念是源于自然界的，可以追溯到许多个世纪以前。
过去，人们常常向自然母亲寻求帮助，并且找到了分子结构独特的药物。
在那时，天然产物几乎是药物发现的同义词。
天然产物在现代药物发现和开发过程中也发挥着重要的作用，即作为天然活性化合物（通过各种生物检定方法）的来源，而天然活性化合物或者其结构类似物可能是很好的候选药物。
Natural products have been enormous source of drugs and drug leads. It is estimated that 61 percent of the 877 small-molecular new chemical entities introduced as drugs worldwide during 1981-2002 can be traced back to or were developed from natural products. These include natural products (6 percent), natural product derivatives (27 percent), and synthetic compounds with natural-product-derived pharmacophores (5 percent) and synthetic compounds designed on the basis of knowledge gained from a natural product, i.e. a natural product mimic (23 percent). In some therapeutic areas, the contribution of natural products is even greater, e.g. about 78 percent of antibacterials and 74 percent of anticancer drug candidates are natural products or structural analogues of natural products. In 2000, approximately 60 percent of all drugs in clinical trials for the multiplicity of cancers were of natural origins. In 2001, eight (simvastatin, pravastatin, amoxycillin, clavulanic acid,clarithromycin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, cyclosporin and paclitaxel) of 30 top selling medicines were natural products or derived from natural products, and despite being neglected by the pharmaceutical companies, these eight drugs together totaled $16 billion in sales.1. entity ['entiti] n.实体, 独立存在体, 实际存在物.2. derivative [di'rivətiv]n.派生物, 引出物，衍生物adj.模仿他人的; 衍生的; 派生的3. pharmacophore ['fɑ:məkəfɔ:] n.药效基团4. multiplicity [,mʌlti'plisiti] n.多样性天然产物已经成为药物或先导化合物的重要来源。
据统计，在1981年至2002年间新发现的、在全世界广泛应用的877种小分子药物中，有61%与天然产物有关或者源于天然产物。
其中直接来自于天然产物的占6%；天然产物的衍生物占27%；根据天然产物药效团合成的化合物占5%；基于对天然产物的认识设计、合成的化合物，即模拟天然产物的合成化合物，占23%。
甚至于在某些治疗领域天然产物的贡献更大，例如78%的抗生素类候选药物和74%抗癌类候选药物是天然产物或其结构类似物。
在2000年，进行到临床试验阶段的用于治疗多重癌的药物中，大约有60%是天然来源的。
在2001年，药品销售额前30强中，源于天然产物的药物或天然产物类似物就占了8席（辛伐他汀、帕伐他汀、阿莫西林、克拉维酸、克拉霉素、阿奇霉素、头孢曲松、环孢菌素和紫杉醇）。
尽管制药公司对这一点的认识尚有不足，但是这8种药物的销售总额已经达到了160亿美元。
Despite the impressive record and statistics regarding the success of natural products in drug discovery, "natural product drug discovery" has been neglected by many big pharmaceutical companies in the recent past. The declining popularity of natural products as a source of new drugs began in the 1990s, because of some practical factors, e.g. the apparent lack of compatibility of natural products with the modern high throughput screening (HTS) programs, where significant degrees of automation, robotics and computers are used, the complexity in the isolation and identification of natural products and the cost and time involved in the natural product "lead" discovery process. Complexity in the chemistry of natural products, especially in the case of novel structural types, also became the rate-determining step in drug discovery programs. Attempts to discover new drug "leads" from natural sources has never stopped, despite being neglected by the pharmaceutical companies, butcontinued in academia and some semi-academic research traditional approaches to natural product drug discovery have been applied.patibility [kəm,pætə'bɪlətɪ]n.①适合，一致;互换性；通用性，兼容性②和睦相处；并存；相容2. isolation [,aɪsə'leɪʃən]n.隔离, 与世隔绝3. academia [,ækə'di:mjə] n.学术界,学术环境尽管统计数据表明从天然产物中发现药物这种方法非常成功，但是在刚刚过去的一些年里，这种方法还是没有引起制药业巨头的足够重视。
受到一些现实原因的制约，例如天然产物的分离和鉴别是很复杂的过程，天然产物的生物活性筛选需要投入大量时间和资金，天然产物、特别是新发现的各类天然产物的化学结构的复杂性，这些显然无法与电脑程控的高度机械化、自动化的，快速的高通量筛选方式相适应，因而从20世纪90年代开始，天然来源的新药所占比例有所下降。