药学英语
药学英语上册考点整理
Introduction1、Pharmacy:①药学；②药店。
Pharmacodynamics(药物效应学)Pharmacology(病理学)Pharmacokinetic (药物代谢动力学)<ADME>Pharmaceutics(药剂学)2、Plural forms-a(-ae) : mocosa →mucosae formula →formulae(处方)-um(-a) : bacterium →bacteria spectum →spectra(光谱)-us(-i) : fungus →fungi coccus →cocci(球菌)4、Cell : basic living unit of structures & functions of the body①general cell structures & components②general mechanisms for changing nutritions to energy③deliver end products into their surrounding fluid④almost all have the ability to reproduceNotes:(1)WEBSITES:CDA. FDA. WHO.(2)ADME:Absorbtio(吸收) →Distribution(分布) →Mechanism(代谢) →Excretion(排出)(3)formula prescription recipe 中药处方UNIT 1 TEXT A1、Physiology(生理学):Phisiology isa the functions of living matter.It is concerned with how an organisn performs its varied activities.Pathology（病理学）:Pathoology is the science of disease.Pathophysiology(病理生理学):Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.2、人体组成分级、类别cells(细胞)→tissues(组织)→organs(器官)→organ systems(系统)→organism(人体)3、The principle types of tissuesepithecal(上皮组织) connective(结缔组织) nervous(神经组织) muscular(肌肉组织)4、Cardiovavascular system(心血管组织)①组成：1）the heart 心脏2）blood vessels 血管3）associated tissues 相关联的组织②心脏结构：four chambers,two atria(心房) and two venticles(心室).③血循环过程1）Pulmonary circuit(肺循环): The right ventricles pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air.2）Systemtic circuit(体循环): The left ventricles pumps oxygenated blood returning from the lungs to the rest of body to supply the tissues.5、Anabolism(合成代谢)Catabolism(分解代谢)6、内分泌和神经系统特点和区别：1）The nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information very rapidly to specific cells. 2）The endocrine system secretes chemical agents,homones,which travel in the bloodstream to the cells upon which theyexert a regulary effect.7、Homeostasis （稳态）：①定义：1)The process of stabilization of the internal environment/2)Maintanance of relatively constant chemical/physical conditions of the internal environment[stabl e≠rigidity]②作用：Homeostasis regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable,constant condition of properties like temperature or pH.8、How to regulate the internal environment(one example)P5[Taking one example,the beating``````]Notes:Body Fluids 体液Extracellular fluid (ECF) 细胞外液→internal environment（内环境）Intracellular fluid (ICF) 细胞内液UNIT 3 TEXT B1、Antibiotic: chemical produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another microorganism.分类：①(?) 1）Antibacterial antibiotics(抗菌抗生素) 2）Antineoplastic antibiotics(抗癌抗生素)②1）cell wall inhibitors2）protein synthesis inhibitors3）folic acid inhibitors4）DNA synthesis inhibitors5）RNA synthesis inhibitors2、cross-infection(交叉感染)Super-infection(双重感染)3、不良反应：1）anaphylactic shock(过敏性休克)2）gastrointestinal disorder 肠胃失调；sore mouth 口腔溃疡；cramps 痉挛；diarrhea 腹泻；anal itch 肛痒UNIT 4 TEXT B1、Adverse drug reactions(ADR):unwanted effects caused by normal therapeutic does.2、Type A 和Type B 的区别1）Type A:①a consequence of the drug’s main pharmacological effect/predictable from pharmacological(药理学的) effect;②dose-related and usually mild;③usually due to incorrect dosage.2）Type B:①not predictable from the drug’s main pharmacological action;②not dose-related and severe with considerable mortality(死亡率);③The underlying pathophysiology (潜在的病理)of type B reactions is poorly if at all understood,and often has a genetic or immunological (免疫学的)basis;④occur infrequently(罕见的).3、Type C、D、E的概念Type C ：continuous reactions due to long-term drug useType D ：delayed reactionsType E ：end-of-use reactions3、Phase I/II/III Trials①Early(phase I/II) tials are important for assessing the tolerability and dose-response relationship of new therapeutic agents.②Phase III clinical trials can establish the incidence of common adverse reactions and relate this to therapeutic benefit. UNIT 5 TEXT B1、Lead compounds(先导物)①定义②特点2、Strategies in the Search for New Lead Compounds①②③④UNIT 7 TEXT B1、Controlled-release Technology 控释技术分类：①biodegradable polymers(可生物降解的聚合物);②maze escape(迷宫逃脱);③transmucosal delivery(透膜传递系统);④osmotic devices(渗透装置);⑤liposomes(脂质体)2、Liposomes 脂质体P1003、脂质体被机体视为外来入侵物应如何解决？P101UNIT 8 TEXT A1、Analysis chemistry(分析化学) is concerned with the chemical characterization of matter and the answers to two important questions:what is it qualitative and how much is it quantative.2、Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses[pl]区别：①Qualitative analyses deal with the identification of elements(元素),ions(离子),or compounds(化合物) present ina sample;②Quantitative analses deal with the determonation of how much of one or more constituents(成分) is present.4、P110(In comparing qualitative versus quantitative analysis``````)介绍分析化学的应用：奥运会对违禁药品(bannedsubstances)的检验等UNIT 10 TEXT A1、USP(the United States Pharmacopoeia)美国药典内容: ①drugs; ②biologics; ③medical devices(医疗器械);④dietary supplements(补充剂);⑤compounded preparations(联合用药).UNIT 11 TEXT A1、P161 (The package insert,by legal definition``````)2、P162(American Academy of Pediatrics``````)Off-label useUNIT 12 TEXT A1、Drug development aims to produce a novel therapeutic agent which is superior in efficacy to existing remedies andwhich causes less frequent or less severe adverse effects.2、Drug development strategies①Random screening(随机筛选)②molecular roulette(分子轮盘赌);③Minor structural cahnges in existing agents(在已有药物上做小的改变)④Programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical(有计划地研究特定化合物合成)⑤Clinical observation of drug action in practice(临床实验观察药物作用)3、LD50 : the dose that kills 50% of animals(半数致死量)ED50: the dose causing 50% of maximum pharmacological response(半数有效量)治疗指数Therapeutic index(Ti) = LD50/ED504、三致反应：teratogenic effect 致畸mutagenicity 致突变carcinogenicity 致癌5、Enteral(经肠的) oral — swallowingThe route of administration intramuscular(IM) 肌肉注射Parenteral（非经肠的）subcutaneous(SC) 皮下注射Intravenous(IV) 静脉注射Intraperitoneal(IP) 腹腔注射6、Experimental pharmacology(实验期药理学)mouse（小鼠）→rat（大鼠）→hare（兔子）→dog →monkeyTEXT B1、Clinical EvaluationPhase 1 : determine whether the drug can be given to man without serious symptoms or toxicity, and whether it has the desired(强烈的) pharmacological effects.Phase 2 : determine whether the new drug has the desired effect on patients with the appropriate disease.Phase 3 : progression to large scale clinical trials to determine how the new drug compares in clinical practice with existing remedies,and to establish its profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.Phase 4 : collect the information on low-frequency adverse effects.UNIT 14 TAXT A1、A good number of products found in the grocery or drug store are regulated by the FDA.(①food;②drugs;③cosmetics;④the use of radiological products;⑤all of these products are honestly and informatively labeled.)2、FDA’s goal is to ensure industry’s compliance with federal laws regulating products in commerce.UNIT 14 TAXT B1、FDA审评新药的根本原则：the benefits outweigh the risks(收益风险比)2、1938年法案：Providing evidence of safety before marketing was first required.(第一次规范性规定安全性证明)1962年法案：It was first required to show a drug’s effectiveness before marketing.(反应停事件为背景，药物上市前的有效性提出法案)2、新药研发Lead conpound →NCEs →animals →clinical trials →NDA新药申请：IND(investigational new drug application): before the clinical trialsNDA(new drug applications): after the phase III for marketing3、Review Time: always longer than 180 workdays.Average approval time is more like 2 years.4、Why the reviewer purge trade secrets from documents requested under the Freedom of Information Act?5、Priorities1)AIDS drugs; 2) drugs that offer a significant medical advance over existing therapies for any other disease.6、be approved for marketingFinal Actions: be approvable provided minor changes are madeBe not approvable because of major problemsIn the last case, the applicant can then amend or withdraw the NDA or ask for a hearing.7、”grandfathered”:most prescription and over-the-counter(OTC) drugs that were on the market before the Federal Food,Drug,and Cosmetic Act passed in 1938.That means they are allowed on the market without the stringent proof of safety and effectiveness required of later drugs.。
adversedrugreaction药学英语
2 Type D-delayed reactions (alkylating agents leading to carcinogenesis, or retinoid-associated teratogenesis )
3 Type E-end-of-use reactions such as adrenocortical insufficiency following withdrawal of corticosteroids, or withdrawal syndromes following discontinuation of treatment with clonidine, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants or beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists.
11
3 Factors involved in the Etiology of Adverse Drug Reactions Can Be Classified as Follows
1 patient factors Intrinsic: Age-neonatal, infant and elderly Sex-hormonal environment Genetic abnormalities Previous adverse drug reactions, allergy, atopy Presence of organ dysfunction-disease Personality and habits-alcoholic, drug addict, nicotine, compliance .
药学英语词汇
药学英语词汇药学英语词汇是药学领域中不可或缺的一部分。
它涵盖了许多不同的概念和术语，涉及药物的研发、生产、管理和使用等方面。
下面将介绍一些常用的药学英语词汇，并对其进行拓展说明。
1. Pharmacology (药理学): The study of how drugs interact with the body and how they produce therapeutic effects or side effects.2. Pharmaceutical (制药的): Relating to the production, development, and sale of drugs.3. Pharmacokinetics (药物动力学): The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body.4. Pharmacodynamics (药物动力学): The study of how drugs exert their effects on the body at the cellular and molecular level.5. Drug formulation (药物制剂): The process of developing the most suitable form of a drug for administration, such as tablets, capsules, or injections.6. Clinical trial (临床试验): A research study that tests the safety andeffectiveness of a new drug or treatment in humans.7. Drug interaction (药物相互作用): The effects that occur when two or more drugs are taken together, which can alter their individual therapeutic effects or cause adverse reactions.8. Adverse drug reaction (药物不良反应): Any harmful or unintended response to a drug, which may range from mild to severe.9. Pharmacist (药剂师): A healthcare professional who is knowledgeable about drugs, their uses, and their potential side effects, and who dispenses medications to patients.10. Prescription (处方): A written order from a healthcare provider fora specific medication, including dosage instructions and duration of treatment.11. Over-the-counter (OTC) (非处方药): Medications that can be purchased without a prescription, typically used to treat minor ailments and symptoms.12. Generic drug (仿制药): A medication that is equivalent to a brand-namedrug in terms of active ingredients, dosage form, strength, and route of administration, but is usually less expensive.13. Drug resistance (药物抗性): The ability of microorganisms or cancer cells to survive and multiply despite the presence of a drug, making the treatment less effective.14. Pharmacovigilance (药品监测): The science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems.15. Drug delivery system (药物输送系统): The technology or method by whicha drug is administered to the body, including oral, transdermal, inhalation, and intravenous routes.以上这些药学英语词汇不仅在医药领域中广泛使用，而且对于学习和理解药物的研发、使用和管理至关重要。
药学课程中英文名称
课程中英文名称：一、专业必修课1. 药物化学 (Medicinal Chemistry)2. 药理学 (Pharmacology)3. 药物分析 (Pharmaceutical Analysis)4. 药剂学 (Pharmaceutics)5. 天然药物化学 (Natural Medicinal Chemistry)6. 生药学 (Pharmacognosy)二、专业选修课1. 药学导论 (Introduction to Pharmaceuticals)2. 药学英语 (Pharmaceutical English)3. 药学文献检索与利用 (Searching Pharmaceutical Literatures)4. 色谱分析 (Chromatographic Analysis)5. 有机化合物光谱分析 (Spectra Analysis of Organic Compounds)6. 生物药剂学与药物动力学 (Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics)7. 港澳药事法规 (Pharmacy Law in Hong Kong and Macao)8. 临床医学概论 (Introduction to Clinical Medicine)9. 病理生理学 (Pathophysiology )10. 诊断学 (Clinical Diagnostics )11. 物理药剂学 (Dosage Form Science)12. 临床药物治疗学 (Drug Therapeutics )13. 药剂执业I (Pharmacy Practice I)14. 药剂执业II (Pharmacy Practice II)15. 药物合成反应 (Drug Synthetic Reactions)16. 计算机辅助药物设计 (Computer-Aided Drug Design )17. 细胞与分子生物学 (Cell and Molecular Biology)18. 生物技术药物学 (Biotech Drugs)19. 生物工程制药 (Biotech Drug Manufacture)20. 医药市场营销 (Marketing of Pharmaceuticals)21. 药物毒理学 (Toxicology of Drugs)22. 药物专利与新药申报 (Drug Patent and New Drug Application)23. 新药评价概论 (Introduction of New Drug Evaluation )。
(完整版)药学英语专业词汇
ppm浓度parts per million concentration
安全范围safety range
安全试验法innocuity test method
安全系统safety coefficient
安慰剂placebo
螯合剂chelating gent
磁性药物制剂magnetic medicinal preparations
大分子macromolecule
单克隆抗体monoclonal antibody
胆碱酯酶cholinesterase
当量equivalent weight
当量定律equivalent law
当量浓度normality
当量溶液normal solution
等张溶液isotonic solution
低聚糖oligosaccharides
低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein
滴定titration
滴定曲线titration curve
滴丸剂pill
递质transmitter
电解electrolyzation
电解质electrolyte
药学名词（中-英）
6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Janbon综合症Janbon's syndrome
PPB浓度parts per billion concentration
pphm浓度parts per hundred million concentration
过氧化物superoxide
含量均匀度content uniformity
药学英语Aspirin单词表
calcium [`ælsiәm] 名词 n. 〈化〉钙 We need calcium to make bones. 我们需要钙来壮骨。 fume [fju:m] n. 1.烟雾, 气味 She felt sick from breathing in paint fumes. 她因吸入油漆气味而感到恶心。 vi. 1.愤怒, 大怒, 发怒 He sat there fuming.他气呼呼地坐在那里。 2.冒烟 The mixture fumes.这种混合物不停地冒烟。 vt. .用烟熏 gradually [`grædjʊәlɪ] 逐步地,渐渐地,渐进的 nitro [`naitrәu] 名词 n. 〈口〉硝化甘油 ; adj. 含硝基的
constant [`kɔnstәnt] adj. 始终如一的, 恒久不变的 持续的， 连续发生的，持久的；经常的 pill [pil] n. 药丸, 药片 He took a few pills before going to bed. 他临睡前吃了几粒药。 swirl [swɜ:l] vi. 1.旋转, 打旋 methyl [美] [`meθil n. 甲基,木精 amino [`æmә.nәʊ] adj.<化>氨基的 antipyrin [`ænti`paiәrin] n.安替比林(退热及止痛剂的一种) potassium [pә`tæsi:әm] n.<化>钾 No potassium did we find in this mineral. 在这种矿石中我们没有发现钾。 ferrate [`fereit] n. 高铁酸盐
odour [`әudә] n. 气味; 臭气 odourless [`әʊdәlɪs] adj. 没有气味的,无臭的 melt [melt] vt. & vi. 1. (使)融[溶, 熔]化; 溶解2. (使) 消散, 消失3. （使）软化，变得温柔 appendix [ә`pendiks] n. 1. 附录2. 阑尾 slightly [`slaɪtli] adv. 1. 轻微地;稍稍2. 细长;苗条;微 小 soluble [`sɔljubl] adj. 1. 可溶的, 易溶解的2. 可以解 决的, 可以解释的 ethanol [`eθә.nɔ:l n. 乙醇 chloroform [`klɔ:rә.fɔ:m] n. (用作麻醉剂的)氯仿; 三氯甲烷
药学英语单词
吸入给药
抗生素
32、 anticoagulant 抗凝剂
55、 vitamin 维生素
33、 anticonvulsant 抗惊厥剂
56、 institute for safe medications
34、 antidepressant 抗抑郁药
practices (ISMP)安全药物试验研究所
35、 antidiabetic 抗糖尿病
2、 Leukemia 白血病
41、 antihypertensive 降压药
3、 Chronic 慢性的
42、 anti-inflammatory 抗炎药
4、 Agonist 激动剂
43、 antineoplastic 抗肿瘤药
5、 Antagonist 拮抗剂
44、 antitussive 镇咳药
13、 make-up 化妆品
30、 powerful stimulant 强效兴奋剂
14、 availability 可用性
31、 mental disturbances 精神紊乱
15、 heroin(diacetylmorphine)
32、 hallucination 幻觉
咖啡因（二乙酰吗啡）
33、 epileptic fits 癫痫发作
57、 milliequivalent（mEq）毫当量
36、 antidiarrheal 止泻药
37、 antidiuretic 抗利尿剂
38、 antiemetic 止吐剂
二、 R&D of New Drugs
39、 antifungal 抗真菌剂
1、 Acute 急性的
40、 antihistamine 抗组胺药
药学英语单词
药学英语单词药学英语单词⼀、Pharmacology1、pharmacology 药理学2、drug 药物3、pharmacy 药房，制药业4、pharmacist 药剂师5、toxicology 毒理学6、drug actions 药物相互作⽤7、drug effect 药效8、desired effect 预期效果9、side effect 副作⽤10、adverse reaction 不良反应11、contraindication 禁忌症12、local effect 局部作⽤13、systemic effect 全⾝作⽤14、cumulation effect 蓄积作⽤15、oral administration ⼝服给药16、sublingual administration⾆下给药17、buccal administration⼝腔含化给药法18、inhalation administration吸⼊给药19、rectal administration 直肠给药20、vaginal administration阴道给药21、topical administration局部给药22、transdermal administration 经⽪给药23、parenteral administration胃肠外给药24、intradermal administration⽪内注射25、intramuscular administration肌⾁注射26、intravenous administration静脉注射27、subcutaneous administration⽪下注射28、analgesic 镇痛剂29、anesthetic ⿇醉剂30、antiarrhythmic 抗⼼律失常药物31、antibiotic(anti-infective)抗⽣素32、anticoagulant 抗凝剂33、anticonvulsant 抗惊厥剂34、antidepressant 抗抑郁药35、antidiabetic 抗糖尿病36、antidiarrheal ⽌泻药37、antidiuretic 抗利尿剂38、antiemetic ⽌吐剂39、antifungal 抗真菌剂40、antihistamine 抗组胺药41、antihypertensive 降压药42、anti-inflammatory 抗炎药43、antineoplastic 抗肿瘤药44、antitussive 镇咳药45、antiulcer agent 抗溃疡药46、antiviral agent 抗病毒剂47、beta blocker β-受体阻滞药48、bronchodilator ⽀⽓管扩张药49、hormone 荷尔蒙50、hypnotic 安眠药51、immunosuppressant 免疫抑制剂52、laxative 泻药53、lipid-lowering agent 降脂剂54、sedative 镇静剂，⽌痛药55、vitamin 维⽣素56、institute for safe medicationspractices (ISMP)安全药物试验研究所57、milliequivalent（mEq）毫当量⼆、R&D of New Drugs1、Acute 急性的2、Leukemia ⽩⾎病3、Chronic 慢性的4、Agonist 激动剂5、Antagonist 拮抗剂6、New chemical entity新化学实体7、Lead compound先导化合物8、Drug candidate候选药物9、In-vitro 在试管内10、In vivo 有活⼒的11、Synthesize 合成12、Supervise 监督，管理13、Authorize 批准，认可14、Double-blind 双盲15、Placebo 安慰剂/⽆效对照剂16、Indication 适应症17、Submission 投降，提交，服从18、Evolution of a new drug新药发展的历程19、drug development strategies新药研发的策略20、serendipity 意外发现，运⽓21、intuition 直觉22、roulette 轮盘赌23、staphylococci 葡萄状球菌24、penicillin 青霉素25、podophyllotoxin ⾜叶草毒素26、vincristine 长春新碱27、taxol 紫杉醇28、camptothecin 喜树碱29、molecular roulette 分⼦转轮30、minor structural changesin existing agents现有药物分⼦结构的细微修正31、programmed basic researchwith synthesis of specificchemicals对特定化合物的合成⽽制定的基础研究32、clinical observation of drug action in practice 使⽤中药物作⽤的临床观察33、berberine ⼩檗碱34、experimental pharmacology实验药理学35、subcellular particles 亚细胞粒⼦36、isolated tissue 离体组织37、perfused organs 灌注器官38、haematological ⾎液学的39、teratogenic 致畸的40、mutagenicity 诱变41、carcinogenicity 致癌性42、toxicological assessment毒物学监定43、rationale 基本原理三、drug dependence1、withdrawal 撤退，收回2、opiate 鸦⽚试剂3、cocaine 可卡因4、amphetamine 苯丙胺5、alcohol酒精6、barbiturate 巴⽐妥类7、cannabis ⼤⿇8、volatile solvents 挥发性⽓体9、psychic dependence精神成瘾性10、physical dependence⾝体成瘾性11、curiosity and wanting tobelong好奇和归属感12、psychiatric 精神病学的13、make-up 化妆品14、availability 可⽤性15、heroin(diacetylmorphine)咖啡因（⼆⼄酰吗啡）16、restlessness 躁动不安17、distress 悲痛18、nausea 恶⼼，晕船19、pyrexial 发热的，发烧的20、the possibility of over dosage可能吸⾷过量21、the frequent occurrenceof sepsis常发⽣败⾎症22、baby born to an addict成瘾者的⼩孩23、go to any length to想尽⼀切办法24、management 戒毒25、addicts must be registered成瘾者⼀定要登记在册26、methadone 美沙酮27、clonidine 可乐定28、the nasal septum ⿐隔膜29、appetite suppressor⾷欲抑制剂30、powerful stimulant 强效兴奋剂31、mental disturbances 精神紊乱32、hallucination 幻觉33、epileptic fits 癫痫发作34、resin 树脂，松⾹35、volatile solvent 挥发性溶剂36、euphoria 精神欢快37、detoxification and medically managed withdrawal去毒及医疗辅助下的撤去毒品38、long-term residential treatment 长期居家治疗39、short-term residential programs 短期居家治疗40、outpatient treatment门诊治疗41、individualized drug counseling 个性化毒品咨询42、group counseling集体咨询。
(完整版)药学英语专业词汇
（完整版）药学英语专业词汇一、药物分类及命名1. 抗生素（Antibiotics）青霉素（Penicillin）头孢菌素（Cephalosporins）大环内酯类（Macrolides）2. 抗病毒药物（Antiviral Drugs）抗流感病毒药物（Antiviral for Influenza）抗艾滋病病毒药物（Antiviral for HIV）3. 抗肿瘤药物（Anticancer Drugs）化疗药物（Chemotherapeutic Agents）靶向治疗药物（Targeted Therapy Drugs）4. 心血管系统药物（Cardiovascular Drugs）抗高血压药物（Antihypertensive Drugs）抗心绞痛药物（Antianginal Drugs）抗心律失常药物（Antiarrhythmic Drugs）5. 消化系统药物（Gastrointestinal Drugs）抗胃溃疡药物（Antigastric Ulcer Drugs）止泻药物（Antidiarrheal Drugs）泻药（Laxatives）6. 中枢神经系统药物（Central Nervous System Drugs）抗抑郁药物（Antidepressants）抗精神病药物（Antipsychotic Drugs）镇痛药物（Analgesics）二、药物剂型及给药途径1. 剂型（Dosage Forms）片剂（Tablets）胶囊（Capsules）注射剂（Injections）2. 给药途径（Routes of Administration）口服（Oral）肌内注射（Intramuscular）静脉注射（Intravenous）三、药物作用及不良反应1. 药物作用（Pharmacological Actions）抗菌作用（Antibacterial Action）抗病毒作用（Antiviral Action）镇痛作用（Analgesic Action）2. 不良反应（Adverse Reactions）过敏反应（Allergic Reactions）胃肠道反应（Gastrointestinal Reactions）肝脏毒性（Hepatotoxicity）四、药学专业英语词汇1. 药理学（Pharmacology）药物代谢（Drug Metabolism）药物动力学（Pharmacokinetics）药效学（Pharmacodynamics）2. 药剂学（Pharmaceutics）制剂工艺（Preparation Technology）药物稳定性（Drug Stability）药物质量控制（Drug Quality Control）3. 药物化学（Medicinal Chemistry）药物合成（Drug Synthesis）药物结构（Drug Structure）药物设计（Drug Design）本文档旨在帮助药学专业学生和从业者掌握药学英语专业词汇，提高专业英语水平，为学术交流和临床实践提供便利。
(仅供参考)药学英语整理
药学英语一、Physiology and Pathology（P9）生理学与病理学（一）概念1、Physiology is the scientific study of function in living systems.（ppt）the study of how living organisms work.(书里)2、Pathology is a significant component of the causal study of disease and a major field in modern medical practice and diagnosis.(ppt)the science of disease,which deal with the studies of etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic structures, changes in functions and metabolism in the living organisms by means of natural science.(书里) 3、Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.a convergence of Pathology with Physiology4、etiology is the study of causation,or the origination of diseases.5、the pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism that causes the disease.6、inflammation is a response of body tissues to injury or irritation; (刺激）characterized by pain and swelling and redness and heat. （红热胀痛）(二)思考题1.How do you understand pathology and pathophysiology?Pathology is the science of diseasePathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.2. what is the difference between etiology and pathogenesis?Etiology is the study of causation, or the origination of diseases.the pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism that causes the disease 3. Could you explain the symptoms and signs of a disease?symptoms of a disease(“症”): as certain biologic processes are encroached on(侵害) ,the patient begins to feel subjectively that something is wrong., These subjective feelings are called symptoms of disease.Symptoms are subjective and can be reported only by the patient to an observer.signs of a disease（“征”）：when manifestations of the disease can be objectively identified by an observer, these are terms signs of the disease.4、what is the pathogenesis of tuberculosis?the pathogenesis of tuberculosis would include the mechanisms whereby the invasion of the body by tubercle bacillus ultimately leads to the observed abnormalitiesBiochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms.二、Medicinal Chemistry药物化学(一)概念1、Medicinal chemistry(药物化学)is the science that deal with the discovery or design of new therapeutic chemicals and the development of these chemicals into useful medicine.2、Medicine（药品drug, pharmaceutics) is a compound that interacts with a biological system, and produces a biological response (ideally desired and positive)3、Therapeutic index（治疗指数）sure of the ratio of undesirable to desirable drug effects. Therapeutic index=LD50/ED50The larger the Therapeutic index, the greater the margin of safety of drug!4、LD50（半数致死量）:the lethal dose for 50% of the test animals5、ED50（半数有效量）:the effective dose that produces the maximum therapeutic effect in 50% of the test animals.6、Log P（脂水分配系数）is the base-ten logarithm of the partition coefficients (分配系数)7、Chirality（手征性）: a molecule is considered chiral if there exists another molecule that is of identical composition ,but which is arranged in a non-superposable mirror image.8、Bioisosteres(生物电子等排体): are substituents or groups that havechemical or physical similarities ,and which produce broadly similar biological properties.9、Bioisosterism(生物电子等排性) is a lead modification approach that has been shown to be useful to attenuate toxicity （降低毒性）,modify the activity of a lead （修饰活性）and may have a significant role in the alteration of metabolism of the lead.10、Prodrug（前药）is drug which is given (taken) in an inactive form. Once administered ,the prodrug is metabolized by the body into the biologically active compound.（二）知识点1、The difference of “good” and “bad” drugs:Depend on dosage and chronic exposure. and therapeutic index can be the measure of safety of drugs2、classification of drugsFour main groups:（1）B y biological effect---varied assortment of drugsanalgesics（止痛剂）,anti-asthmatics（平喘药）,antipsychotics（抗精神病药）etc.（2）B y chemical structure---common skeletonPenicillin （青霉素类）,opiates(阿片类药物) etc.（3）B y target system（靶向系统）----affect a target system(synthesis, release, receptor)antihistamine (抗组胺药)etc.（4）B y target site of action(作用靶点)—target enzyme or receptor Anti-cholinesterase (抗胆碱酯酶)3、Medicinal chemistry involves:(1)synthesis (2)structure-activity relationships(SAR)(3)receptor interactions(4)absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME)4、Medicinal chemistry cover 3 critical steps:● A discovery step●An optimization step● A development step5、important functional groups on drugs:(1)Alkanes&alkenes(烷烃和烯烃) (2)alcohol 醇（3）phenols 酚（4）ethers 醚（5）aromatic hydrocarbons 芳香化合物6、a drug usually has 3 names:（1）chemical (化学名)Mostly following rules by chemical abstracts service(CAS)One compound can only have one name（2）international non-proprietary names(INN,通用名)Convenient to remember ,needed when apply for registration, cannot be trade marked（商标）or patented(取得专利权)One compound can only have one name（3）commercial (商品名)Named by manufactures ,can be trade marked to protect the brand. One compound can have many different names7、prodrug strategies are used to overcome a variety of problems by:(1)Altering solubility 改变溶解度(2)Improving membrane permeability 提高细胞膜通透性(3)Slow release of the active agent 缓慢释放活性(4)Masking drug toxicity or side effects 掩蔽药物毒副作用三、Phytochemistry and Natural Products 天然药物化学和天然产物(一)概念1、Phytochemistry（天然药物化学）is in the strict sense of the study of phytochemicals, which are derived from plants. In a narrower sense the terms are often used to describe the large number of secondary metabolic compounds found in plants.2、Primary metabolites(初级代谢产物): compounds that are common to many types of organisms, that fulfill basic biologicalfunctions(e.g.respiration 呼吸,photosynthesis光合作用,DNA replication ＤＮＡ复制)3、Secondary metabolites（次级代谢产物）：compounds that are not essential to daily ,common metabolism of cells and individual organisms. Instead, these compounds are unique to certain taxa and fulfill secondary functions ,often involved in signaling between organisms (e.g.mate recognition配偶识别, chemical defense化学防御, chemotaxis 趋化作用)4、natural products: a natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism found in nature.（Primary metabolites & Secondary metabolites）（二）知识点1、summary:●natural products are compounds synthesized by living organisms,usually organic molecules with 5-100 carbons●natural products can be primary or secondary metabolites●secondary metabolites are produced via enzymatic pathways fromprimary metabolic building-blocks2、how to get natural products?/the process to purify natural products?(1)Plant collection植物采集(2)Extraction萃取(3)Fractionation分馏(4)Isolation分离(5)Structural determination 结构测定（UV，IR，MS,NMR）3、Journals in Phytochemistry and Natural Products Chemistry:●Journal of Natural Products 天然产物杂志●Phytochemistry●Journal of Ethnopharmacology 民族药物学杂志●Planta Medica 天然药物学会志（欧洲）●Phytochemical Analysis 植物化学分析●Chemical &Pharmaceutical Bulletin 化学与药学通报（日本）Review journals 综述期刊●Natural Product Reports 天然产物报告●Phytochemistry Review四、biochemistry 生物化学1、What is the goal of biochemistry？The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is to determine how the collections of inanimate molecules （无生命的分子）that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintain and perpetuate life.（延长生命）2、Macromolecules（生物大分子）that constitute living organisms include proteins, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), and polysaccharides.3、20种氨基酸：1、丙氨酸Alanine/Ala/A2、半胱氨酸Cysteine/Cys/C3、天冬氨酸Asparticacid/ Asp /D4、谷氨酸Glutamic acid/Glu/E5、苯基丙氨酸Phenylalanine/Phe/F6、甘氨酸glycine/Gly/G7、组氨酸Histidine/His/H 8、异亮氨酸Isoleucine/Ile/I9、赖氨酸Lysine/Lys/K 10、亮氨酸Leucine/leu/L11、蛋氨酸Methionine/Met/M 12、天冬酰胺Asparagine/Asn/N 13、脯氨酸Procine/pro/P 14、谷氨酰胺Glutamine/Gln/Q 15、精氨酸Arginine/Arg/R 16、丝氨酸Serine/Ser/S17、苏氨酸Threonine/Thr/T 18、缬氨酸Valine/Val/V19、色氨酸Tryptophan/Try/W 20、酪氨酸Tyrosine/Tyr/Y五、Microbiology 微生物学1、Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa,virus and some types of algae, which encompass various sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitology, bacteriology, and other branches.2、几位科学家的成就Bacteriology was found in the 19th century by Ferdinand CohnCohn was also the first to formulate the scheme for the taxonomic classification of bacterial and discover spores费迪南德∙科恩, Ferdinand Cohn德国博物学家和植物学家，以研究藻类、细菌和蕈类著称，被视为细菌学的创始者之一。
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《药学英语》课程教学大纲
一、课程教学目的与任务
开设药学英语旨在从培养高级应用型人才的目标出发，结合药学及相关专业学生毕业后的工作实际，力求为他们提供其未来工作岗位所需要的专业英语知识和技能。
通过教学，提高学生借助辞典和其他工具书籍，阅读国外文献的能力，并为将来我国执业药师与国际接轨做准备。
二、理论教学的基本要求
学完该课程后，在知识、技能和能力上分别应达到的以下程度：
了解英文药学文献的写作特点和格式，学习如何分析和理解英语长句。
英国药典和美国药典的背景知识和使用方法，了解FDA的职责和功能；理解各章节PartA部分课文意思及PartB部分药品说明书中的常见例句；掌握掌握药品说明书必须书写的10个项目及其常用词汇，能够归纳出一些常见的化学基团的英文词缀；能用所学知识书写简单的英语药品说明书。
三、实践教学的基本要求
本课程实践学时全部以课堂对话形式进行，无单独实验项目。
四、教学学时分配
五、教学内容
Unit 1
教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习，理解课文意思；掌握药品说明书的作用、项目；能够归纳出一些常见的化学基团的英文词缀。
教学重点：常用专业单词，如Pharmaceutical等的用法。
教学难点：文章翻译；常见的化学基团的英文词缀。
主要内容：PartA Foreign Investment in Chinese Pharmaceutical Sector；PartB 第1节药品名称；PartC China—from self-sufficiency to World Leadership。
Unit 2
教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生理解课文意思；掌握常用专业单词，如supervision等的用法；掌握描述药物性状的常见句型；掌握药物性状的常用表达方式。
教学重点：常见的药物性状。
教学难点：常见描述药物性状的单词或短语。
主要内容：PartA FDA: Policeman or Teacher；PartB 第2节药物性状；PartC Data Required for Drug Approval。
Unit 3
教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生掌握英文药品说明书中描写适应症的常见描短语或句型，常用专业单词，如临床药理(Clinical Pharmacology)、药效(Potency)、毒性(Toxicity)等。
教学重点：英文药品说明书中描写适应症的常见描短语或句型。
教学难点：文章翻译。
主要内容：Part A Pharmacological Tablet；PartB第2节药物性状。
Unit 4
教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生理解课文意思；掌握英文药品说明书中常见描写适应症、禁忌症的短语或句型。
教学重点：英文药品说明书中常见描写适应症、禁忌症的短语或句型。
教学难点：文章翻译。
主要内容：PartA Chemistry and Matter；PartB 第4节适应症、第5节禁忌症。
Unit 5
教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生掌握英文药品说明书中描写用法用量及不良反应的常见短语或句型。
常用专业单词，如常用表示剂量的术语平均剂量（average dose）、常用的剂量单位表示法、每次给药次数的表示方法：每隔…小时（every …hours）、每日三次（three times a day /daily)等。
教学重点：英文药品说明书中描写用法用量及不良反应的常见短语或句型。
教学难点：文章翻译。
主要内容：PartA Chemistry and Matter；PartB 第6节用量与用法、第7节不良反应。
Unit 6
教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习, 使学生理解课文意思；掌握英文药品说明书中描写注意事项的常用专业单词，如：precaution（s）注意事项、本项中常见的检查项目：blood count 血细胞汁数、kidney （renal）function肾功能、blood picture（hemogram）血象及描写注意事项的常见句型。
教学重点：药品说明书中描写注意事项的常见短语或句型。
教学难点：文章翻译。
主要内容：PartA Antibiotics；PartB 第8节注意事项。
Unit 7
教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生掌握英文药品说明书中描写包装及贮存的常见短语或句型。
常用专业单词如：“包装”在英文药品说明书中最常用的表示法：Pack （Package）；常见的包装单位（工具）的英语表示法：ampoule(s) 安瓿、carton 纸盒、blister pack（package）铝塑包装（水泡眼包装）、pack 包；药物的常见剂型的英语表示法：ampoule 针剂、capsules 胶囊、oral solution 口服液、coated（-）tablets 包衣片、pill 丸剂、injection
注射剂，针剂、sustainedrelease tablets 恒（缓）释片及常见句型。
教学重点：英文药品说明书中描写包装及贮存的常见短语或句型。
教学难点：文章翻译。
主要内容：PartA Food Nutrition（自学内容；PartB）；第9节包装、第10节贮存。
Unit 8
教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,掌握英文药品说明书中其他项目。
常用专业单词，如precaution（s）注意事项、本项中常见的检查项目：blood count 血细胞汁数、kidney （renal）function肾功能、blood picture（hemogram）血象及描写注意事项的常见句型。
教学重点：药物特点、药代动力学及药物相互作用中的专业单词。
教学难点：药代动力学及药物相互作用中的专业单词。
主要内容：PartA Nutritional Problems（自学内容）；PartB 第11节其他项目。
Unit 9
自学内容
附录：《英国药典》及《美国药典》
教学目的和要求：通过该附录学习本了解英国药典及美国药典的简介及背景。
理解英国药典药品专论范例：Asprin 阿司匹林的描写方法。
教学重点：英国及美国药典药品专论范例：Asprin 阿司匹林的描写方法。
教学难点：英国及美国药典药品专论范例：Asprin 阿司匹林的描写方法。
主要内容：《英国药典》（BP）简介；《美国药典》（USP）简介。
六、考核方式及成绩评定
本课程考核方式：考查
本课程成绩构成比例：课程总成绩=平时成绩20%+作业成绩20%+期末考试成绩60%
七、推荐使用教材及主要教学参考书
推荐使用教材：李有贵，唐霖，赵冰，药学英语，北京：高等教育出版社，2012
主要参考书：
[1]李大魁，临床药学英语，北京：人民卫生出版社，2007
[2]刘沙，药学英语，北京：化学工业出版社，2013
[3]史志祥，药学英语，北京：人民卫生出版社，2011
八、课程有关说明
本大纲依据药物制剂本科专业的人才培养方案编制，主要目的在于提高学生的综合素质，结合药学及相关专业学生毕业后的工作实际，力求为学生提供未来工作岗位所用的专业英语知识和技能，培养学生的英语应用能力。
在执行大纲的过程中，重点是讲解专业英语的学习方法，如在讲授词汇时应重点讲授构词规律，以帮助学生更好地掌握词汇，锻炼学生学以致用的能力。
学习本课程之前，学生应先学习基本的药学专业知识（药理学、药学化学、药物分析等课程）和基础英语知识（大学英语），为该课程的学习奠定一定的理论基础。