2021年考研英语一真题及答案

2021年考研英语(一)真题及答案2021英语真题答案

2021年考研英语(_)真题及答案2021英语真题答案2021年考研英语(一)真题Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text.Choosethe best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as "a bodily exercise precious to health. " But_some claims to the contrary, laughing probably haslittle influence on physical filness Laughter does —short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to , a good laugh is unlikely to have benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. ,instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently acplishes the ,第1页共32页studies dating back to the1930' s indicate that laughter, muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help the effects of psychological stress. Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of_feedback,that improve an individual * s emotional state. oneclassical theory of emotion,our feelings are partiallyrooted physical reactions. Itwas argued at the end of the19th century that humans do not cry they are sad but they bee sad when te tears begin to flow. Althoughtears,evidence suggests that sadness also ......emotions can flow muscular responses. In an experiment published in1988,social psychologist Fritz.1.[A]among[B]except [C]despite [D]like2.[A]reflect[B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce 3. [A]stabilizing[B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determini ng4. [A]transmit[B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe 5. [A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6. [A]In turn [B]In第2页共32页fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7. [A]opposite[B]impossible [C]average [D]expected 8. [A]hardens[B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes 9. [A]aggravate[B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10.[A]physical[B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11.[A]Exceptfor [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12.[A]with[B]on [C]in [D]at13.[A]unless[B]until [C]if [D]because14.[A]exhausts[B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15.[A]into[B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16.[A]fetch[B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17.[A]disappointed[B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18.[A]adapted第3页共32页[B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19.[A]suggesting[B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly[D]Conversely Section II Reading prehension Part A Directions： Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40points) Text1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hireAlan GiIbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in2021. Forthe most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. "Hooray!At last!" wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic. One第4页共32页第5页共32页of the reasons why the appointment came as such asurprise, however, is that Gilbert is paratively little known. EvenTommasini, who had advocated Gilbert , s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him. " As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like GustavMahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likelystruck at least some Times readers as faint conductor or even a good one. Tobe sure, he performs an impressive varietyinteresting positions, but it is not necessaryvisit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, tohear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my puter and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devotedconcertgoers who reply that recordings are nosubstitute for live performance are missing the point. Forthe time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must pete not only with operato have praise. Formy part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great of for me tohouses, dance troupes, theater panies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the20th century. Thererecordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today' s live performances；moreover, they can be “consumed" at a time and place of the listener" s choosing. Thewidespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. Onepossible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert J sown interest in new music has been widely noted： Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into "a markedly different, more vibrant organization. " But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra, s repertoire will not be enough. IfGilbert and the Phi 1harmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America' s oldest第6页共32页orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert, s appointment has [A]incurred criticism. [B]raisedsuspicion. [C]receivedacclaim. [D]arousedcuriosity. 22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential. [B]modest.[C]respectable. [D]talented.23. Theauthor believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances. [B]reject mostkinds of recorded performances. [C]exaggerate thevariety of 1ive performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances. 24.According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings? [A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. [B]Theyare easily accessible to the general public. [C]Theyhelp improve the quality of music. [D]Theyhave only covered masterpieces. 25.Regarding Gilbert' s role in revitalizing the第7页共32页Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful. [B]enthusiastic.[C]confident. [D]puzzled.Text2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Ratherthan cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving "to pursue my goal of running a pany. " Broadcasting his ambition was"very much my decision," McGee says. Withintwo weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September29. McGeesays leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of pany he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And第8页共32页第9页共32页turbulent business environment managers cautious of letting vaguetheir reputations.As the first signs of recoverydeputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a . Inthe third quarter, CEO turnover was down23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. Asthe economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. Thedecision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. Foryears executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. SaysKorn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey ：" I can , t thinkMcGee isn' t alone. Inrecent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. Asboards scrutinize succession plans in response toshareholder pressure, executives who don , t get the nod also may wish to move on. Aalso has seniorpronouncements cloud begin to take hold,of a single search I' ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first. " Those who jumped without a job haven' t always landed in top positions quickly. EllenMarram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. Itwas a year before she became head of a tiny Interbased modities exchange. RobertWillumstad left Citigroup in20xx with ambitions to be a CEO. Hefinally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Manyrecruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. Thefinancial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “Thetraditional rule was it' s safer to stay where you are, but that' s been fundamentally inverted," says one headhunter. ^Thepeople who' ve been hurt the worst are those who' ve stayed too long."26.When第10页共32McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being [A]arrogant. [B]frank.[C]self-centered. [D]impulsive.27.Accordingto Paragraph2, senior executives' quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status. [Bjtheirneed to reflect on their private life. [C]their strained relations with the boards. [D]their pursuit of newcareer goals. 28.The word “poached" (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means [A]approved of. [B]attendedto. [C]huntedfor. [D]guardedagainst. 29.第11页共32第12页共32It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts. [B]loyaltyof top performers is getting out-dated. [C]topperformers care more about rep utations. [D]it‘ s safer to stick to the traditional rules. 30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs ： Where to Go? [B]CE0s ： All the Way Up? [C]Top Managers Jump without a [D]The Only Way Out for TopPerformers Text 3 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. Nolonger. Whiletraditional "paid" media - such as television mercials and print advertisements - still play a majorrole, panies today can exploit media. Consumersby sending e-mail alerts about customers registered with itsWeb site. Theway consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paidand owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. Forearned media , such marketers act as the initiator formany alternative forms of passionate about a product may create "owned" mediaproducts and sales tousers' responses. Butin some cases, one marketers owned media bee another marketer y s paid media - for instance, when an e-merce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. Wedefine such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-merce engines within that environment. Thistrend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson &； Johnson, for exle, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes plementary and even petitive products. Besidesgenerating ine, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives panies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other panies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all panies concerned. Thesame dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) munications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more第13页共32页damaging ways. Suchhijacked media are the opposite of earned media： an asset or caign bees hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Membersof social works, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. Ifthat happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target pany at risk. Insuch a case, the pany, s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has beensteep.ToyotaMotor, for exle, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response caign, whichincluded efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as and the social-news siteDigg. 31. Consumersmay create "earned" media when they are [A]obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.第14页共32页[B]inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C]eager to help their friends promote quality products. [D]enthusiastic about remending their favorite products.32.Accordingto Paragraph2,sold media feature [A] a safe business environment. [B]random petition.[C]strong user traffic.[D]flexibility in organization.33.Theauthor indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media [A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B]can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C]may be responsible for fiercer petition. [D]deserve all the negative ments about them. 34.Toyota Motor' s experience is cited as an exle of [A] responding effectively to hijacked media, [B]persuading customers into boycotting products. [C]cooperating with supportive consumers. [D] taking第15页共32页advantage of hijacked media. 35.Which of the following is the text mainly about ? [A] Alternatives to conventional paid media. [B]Conflict between hijacked and earned media. [C]Dominance of hijacked media. [D]Popularity of owned media. Text4 It' s no surprise that Jennifer Senior, s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “1 love My Children, I Hate My Life," is arousing much chatter - nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a pletely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Ratherthan concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness： instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even第16页共32页第17页共32页though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that "the very things that in the moment den our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight. " The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-chi1d image on newsstands this week. Thereare also stories about newly single - mom Sandra Bullock, as “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant"every week features at leastmom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands. Ina society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kittenkilling ? It doesn' t seem quite fair, then, to pare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn , t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with themessage that children are the single most important thing in the world ： obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. Ofadoptive - and newly well as the usual news. Practically one celebrity mom, orcourse, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazineslike Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. Accordingto several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. Noshock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on； yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their "own" (read： with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake. It' shard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous： most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. Butit' s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren' t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same waythat a small part of us hoped getting “ theRachel" might make us look just a little bit likeJennifer Aniston. 36. Jennifer第18页共32页Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring [A]temporary delight [B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect [D]lasting reward 37. We learn from Paragraph2 that [Ajcelebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip. [Bjsinglemothers with babies deserve greater attention. LC]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining. [D]havingchildren is highly valued by the public. 38. It issuggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism. [B]arelargely ignored by the media. [C]failto fulfill their social responsibilities. [D]are lesslikely to be satisfied with theirlife. 39. Accordingto Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is [A]soothing. [B]ambiguous.[C]pensatory. [D]misleading.40. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? [A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms. [B]Celebritymoms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.第19页共32页[C]HavingchiIdren intensifies our dissatisfaction with life. [D]Wesometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing. PartB Directions： The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. ForQuestions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. ParagraphsE and G have been correctly placed. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10points) [A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. Youcan, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. Butthe regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Notsurprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees. [B] His concern is mainly with the humanities： Literature,第20页共32页languages, philosophy and so on. Theseare disciplines that are going out of style：22% of American college graduates now major in business pared with only2% in history and 4% in English. However,many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a general education" should look like. AtHarvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read" -they form a sort of social glue. [C]Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. Thisis partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. Butfewer students want to study humanities subjects：English departments awarded more bachelor' s degrees in 1970-71 than they did20 years later. Fewer第21页共32页students requires fewer teachers. So,at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained. [D]One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Manystudents experience both varieties. Althoughmore than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. [E]第22页共32页第23页共32页Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities havea successful academic career ： as late asAmerican professors did not possess one. Butthe key idea behind professionalisation t argues MrMenand, is that "the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but nottransferable. " So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. [F]The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which "the producers ofprofessionalised the professor. Thegrowth in public money for academic research has speeded the process ： federal research grants rose fourfold between1960and1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its tol1.Professionalismhas turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree intoa prerequisite for1969a third of第24页共32页knowledge are produced. " Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which and criticize. " Academic inquiry,may need to bee less exclusionary quite how that happens, Mr Menand The subtle and intelligentlittle book The Marketplace of Ideas ： Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. Theymay then decide to go elsewhere. Forsomething curious has been happening in AmericanUniversities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully. G一 41.-42.—E -*43. -*44.-45.Part C Directions ： Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEETthey study, investigate at least in some fields, and more holistic. " Yetdose not say. [G]2. (10points) With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver," creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of selfhelp writing. (46)Allen' s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless；this allows us to think one way and act another. However,Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question： "Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? " Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : " We do not attract what we want, but what we are. " Achievement happens because you as aperson embody the external achievement； you don' t "get" success but bee it.Thereis no gap between mind and matter. Partof the fame of Allen' s book is its contention that第25页共32页^Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him." (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiorityof those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. This.however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Eachset of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. Ifcircumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged" then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation , Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual. The sobering aspect of Allen, s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us； where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we bee authorities of what is possible. Section第26页共32页III Writing Part A 51. Directions：Write a letter to a friend of yours to1)remend one of your favorite movies and2)give reasons for your remendation Your should write about100 words on ANSWER SHEET2 Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING" instead. Donot writer the address. (10 points) Part B52.Directions：Write an essay of160 -- 200 words based on the following drawing. Inyour essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it' s intended meaning, and 3) give your ments. Yourshould write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20points)2021年考研英语(一)真题参考答案无恒恋花发表于2021-01-16第27页共32页182次阅读I-5, ACDBA 6-10 CADCBII-15 BCACA16-20 BCADB21-25 DBCAA26-30 CCBDB 31-35 CCBDB 36-40 CBCCC 41-45 BDCAE 翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设一因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。

2021考研英语一真题及答案解析

2021考研英语一真题及答案解析（转自凯程教育）Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。

Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark [A]，[B]，[C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1。

（10 points）3。

A。

close B。

arrange C。

renew D。

postpone5。

A。

Unless B。

Less C。

After D。

Although 6。

A。

into B。

within C。

from D。

through 7。

A。

or B。

since C。

but D。

so8。

A。

test B。

copy C。

recite D。

create 9。

A。

folding B。

piling C。

wrapping D。

tying 10。

A。

passing B。

lighting C。

hiding D。

serving 11。

A。

association B。

meeting C。

collection D。

union 12。

A。

deal B。

part C。

grow D。

live 13。

A。

whereas B。

until C。

for D。

if14。

A。

avoid B。

follow C。

challenge D。

obtain 15。

A。

isolated B。

persuaded C。

viewed D。

exposed 16。

A。

wherever B。

whatever C。

whenever D。

ho wever17。

A。

changed B。

brought C。

shaped D。

pushed 18。

A。

invested B。

divided C。

2021年考研英语一真题及参考答案

2021年考研英语一真题及参考答案2021年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the follog te_t.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of e_periments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how s-floor lighting __1__workers productivity.Instead，the studies ended__2__giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the e_tremely influential idea the very__3__to being e_perimented upon changed subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plant.According to __5__of the e_periments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed.It did not __6__what was done in the e_periment.__7__something was changed productivity rose .A(n) __8__that they were being e_perimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers＇ behavior __10__itselfAfter several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne e_periments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the e_periments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what hened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output__16__rose pared with the previous Saturday and __17__to rise for the ne_t couple of days __18__，a parison with data for weeks when there was no e_perimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to bediligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off.This s uggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]e_tracted [D]restored2.[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3.[A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]controversial [B]perple_ing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5.[A]requirements [B]e_planations [C]accounts [D]assessments6.[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7.[A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8.[A]awareness [B]e_pectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitable [B]e_cessive [C]enough [D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11.[A]pared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For e_le [C]In consequence [D]As usual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection Ⅱ Reading prehensi onPart ADirections：Read the follog four te_ts.Answer the questions below each te_t by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Te_t 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called busine ss methods.Amazon received one for its“one-click”online payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a bo_。

2021年考研英语真题及答案(完整版)

2021年考研英语真题及答案（完整版）2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题详解Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, onthe whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the abilityto make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 ,he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day。

To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 。

2021年考研英语一参考答案及解析

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试（英语一）参考答案及解析SectionⅠUse of English【1】C peaks解析：A pause暂停B return返回C peaks顶峰D fades衰退文中后面讲到decline，表明此时处于最高峰。

【2】D generally解析A alternatively两者选之一地B formally正式地C accidentally 偶然地D Generally总地来说文中第一二句内容是对第一句的顺接，带入唯有generally合适【3】A while解析：A while转折B since因果C once条件D until时间文中前肯后否，选择while.【4】C Consumption解析：A detection识别B accumulation积累C consumption消耗D separation区分;and前后语义一致，前面是loss后面就是consumption【5】A possibility解析：B decision决定C goal目标D requirement要求，后面出现了might,体现了内容的不确定性，因此答案是possibility.【6】A delay解析：B ensure确保C seek寻找D utilize利用ｏｒ前后结果一致，因此语义相近prevent与delay一致。

【7】C included解析：A modified改变B supported支持D predicted后面讲到４０００多男性和女性研究对象，所以只能是included【8】B Compared解析：前文讲到什么这些数据，因为是实验文章，所以是比对数据，进行分析。

【9】A with此处为伴随动作，所用介词为ｗｉｔｈ【10】C scored此处属于动词和名词的匹配关系，什么与measure进行搭配，表示获得什么标准。

【11】D went by解析：考固定搭配，as the years went by随着岁月的流逝，go by表示（时间）流逝。

2021考研《英语(一)》真题答案(完整文都版)

2021考研《英语(一)》真题答案(完整文都版)Section I Use of English1. C few2. C run3. B If4. D literally5. A back6. B off7. D unfamiliar8. C way9. A so10. D eventually11. A surprised12. B option13. D For example14. C spot15. B through16. D breaks17. A artificial18. A Finally19. B mark20. C leadSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121. A enhance banker's sense of responsibility22. D "short-termism" in economic activities23. B adverse24. C the approaches to promoting "long-termism"25. B Patience as a Corporate VirtueText 226. D The influence of consumer culture27. A To help freshmen adapt to college learning28. A obtain more financial support29. C to be identical with each other30. C analyzing the causes behind itText 331. C involves some concerns raised by AI today32. D is too limited for us to reproduce it33. B is still beyond our capacity34. A affirmation35. C The conscience of AI:Complex But InevitableText 436. C make more online shopper pay sale tax37. D were considered unfavorable by states38. C harmed fair market competition39. B big-chain owners40. A gives a factual account of it and discuss its consequencesPart B新题型41. E42. D43. G44. B45. APart CTranslation46. 医学期刊中存在大量由广播公司和新闻媒体报道的这种无稽之谈，这会导致健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

2021年考研英语(一)真题及答案(Word最新版)

2021年考研英语(一)真题及答案通过整理的2021年考研英语(一)真题及答案相关文档，希望对大家有所帮助，谢谢观看！2021年考研英语(一)真题Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But _____some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ____ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. ____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the ____, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter. muscles, Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ______feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. ______one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _______ physical reactions. Itwas argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow. Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _____ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz. 1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like 2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce 3．[A]stabilizing[B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining 4．[A]transmit [B]sustain[C]evaluate [D]observe 5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief 7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected 8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes 9．[A]aggravate[B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance 10．[A]physical [B]mental[C]subconscious [D]internal 11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at 13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because 14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses 15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond 16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold 17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted 19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing 20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the form idable conduc tor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordingsare no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of t urning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that diff erence? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract. 21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has [A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion. [C]receivedacclaim. [D]aroused curiosity. 22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is [A]influential. [B]modest. [C]respectable. [D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers [A]ignore the expenses of live performances. [B]reject most kinds of recorded performances. [C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances. 24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings? [A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. [B]They are easily accessible to the general public. [C]They help improve the quality of music. [D]They have only covered masterpieces. 25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels [A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic. [C]confident. [D]puzzled. Text 2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking fo r the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to theoutside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partn er Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.” Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-basedcommodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The trad itional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.” 26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being [A]arrogant. [B]frank. [C]self-centered. [D]impulsive. 27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’quitting may be spurred by [A]their expectation of better financial status. [B]their need to reflect on their private life. [C]their strained relations with the boards. [D]their pursuit of new career goals. 28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means [A]approved of.[B]attended to. [C]hunted for. [D]guarded against. 29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A]top performers used to cling to their posts. [B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations. [D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules. 30. Which of the following is the best title for the text? [A]CEOs: Where to Go? [B]CEOs: All the Way Up? [C]TopManagers Jump without a Net [D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers Text 3 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media –such as television commercials and print advertisements –still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitiveproducts. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directlyon sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. 31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are [A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites. [B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them. [C] eager to help their friends promote quality products. [D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products. 32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature [A] a safe business environment. [B] random competition. [C] strong user traffic. [D] flexibility in organization. 33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media [A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers. [B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing. [C] may be responsible for fiercer competition. [D] deserve all the negative comments about them. 34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of [A] responding effectively to hijacked media. [B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers. [D] taking advantage of hijacked media. 35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media. [B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media. [C] Dominance of hijacked media. [D] Popularity of owned media. Text 4 It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My C hildren, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talkinglike the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very thing s that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gr atification and delight.” The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands. In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with themessage that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake. It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer A niston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight [B]enjoyment in progress [C]happiness in retrospect [D]lasting reward 37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip. [B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention. [C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining. [D]having children is highly valued by the public. 38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks [A]are constantly exposed to criticism. [B]are largely ignored by the media. [C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities. [D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life. 39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is [A]soothing.[B]ambiguous. [C]compensatory. [D]misleading. 40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? [A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms. [B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing. [C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life. [D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing. Part B Directions: The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years anda medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees. [B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue. [C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained. [D] One reason why it is hard todesign and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. [F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers ofknowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at le ast in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say. [G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, capture d it skillfully. G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45. Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing. (46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can behidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a que stion: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ” Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ W e do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter. Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a per son, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a j ustification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely tobegin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual. The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible. Section Ⅲ Writing Part A 51. Directions: Write a letter to a friend of yours to 1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendation Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2 Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead. Do not writer th e address.(10 points) Part B 52. Directions: Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain it’s intended meaning, and 3) give your comments. Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 2021年考研英语(一)真题参考答案无恒恋花发表于2021-01-16 182 次阅读1-5，ACDBA 6-10 CADCB 11-15 BCACA 16-20 BCADB 21-25 DBCAA 26-30 CCBDB 31-35 CCBDB 36-40 CBCCC 41-45 BDCAE 翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。

2021年考研英语一真题及答案

》》》》》》2023年整理试题资料，word版欢迎下载《《《《《《2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read t he f ollowing t ext.C hoose t he b est w ord(s)f or e ach n umbered b lank a nd m ark A,B,C o r D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Fluid i ntelligence i s t he t ype o f i ntelligence t hat h as t o d o w ith s hort-term m emory a nd t he ability t o t hink q uickly, logically, a nd a bstractly i n o rder t o s olve n ew p roblems. I t 1 in young a dulthood, l evels o ut f or a period o f t ime, a nd t hen 2 starts t o s lowly d ecline a s w e age.But 3 aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not b e.One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes i n f luid i ntelligence o ver a s ix-year p eriod. T hey f ound t hat m iddle-aged p eople9 higher m easures o f a bdominal f at 10 worse o n m easures o f f luid i ntelligence a s t he years11 .For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.16 ,there are steps y ou can 17 to h elp r educe a bdominal f at a nd m aintain lean muscle mass a s you a ge i n o rder t o p rotect b oth y our p hysical a nd mental 18 . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed f oods.1.[A] pauses2.[A] g enerally [B] returns[B] formally[C] fades[C] a ccidentally[D] peaks[D] alternatively3. [A] s ince [B] while [C] once [D] until4. [A] d etection [B] consumption[C]a ccumulation[D]s eparation5. [A] decision [B] possibility [C] goal [D] r equirement6. [A] e nsure [B] delay [C] seek [D] utilize7. [A] modified [B] s upported [C] predicted [D] included8. [A] d evoted [B] converted [C] compared [D] applied9. [A] a bove [B] with [C] by [D] against10. [A] l ived [B] managed [C] played [D] scored11. [A] went by [B] set o ff [C] drew i n [D] ran o ut12. [A] s uperior [B] parallel [C] a ttributable [D] r esistant13.[A] restored [B] i solated [C] c ontrolled14.[A] e xplain [B] s pread [C] remove15.[A]treatments [B] s ymptoms [C] d emands16.[A] Likewise [B] T herefore [C] M eanwhile17.[A] take [B] w atch [C] count18.[A] p rocess [B] w ellbeing [C] f ormation19.[A] love [B] level [C] knowledge20.[A] d esign [B] diet [C] p rescription [D] involved [D] alter[D] compensations [D] I nstead[D] change[D] coordination [D] space[D] routineSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text 1How can Britain’s train operators possibly justify yet another increase rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year ’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI) measure o f i nflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to s ubsidise t he d aily c ommute o f a s tockbroker f rom Surrey? E qually, t here i s a s ense t hat t he travails o f c ommuters i n t he S outh E ast, m any o f w hom w ill f ace a mong t he biggest r ises, h ave received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the N orth.However, o ver t he p ast 12 m onths, t hose c ommuters h ave a lso e xperienced s ome o f t he w orst rail s trikes i n years.I t is a ll very w ell t rain o perators t rumpeting t he i mprovements t hey a re making t o t he n etwork, b utpassengers s hould b e a ble t o e xpect a b asic l evel o f s ervice f or the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for t he l atest w ave o f s trikes rests o n the u nions. H owever, t here i s a s trong c ase t hat t hose w ho h ave b een w orst a ffected b y industrial a ction s hould r eceive compensation f or t he d isruption t hey h ave s uffered.The G overnment h as p ledged t o c hange t he l aw t o i ntroduce a m inimum s ervice r equirement so t hat, e ven w hen strikes o ccur, s ervices c an c ontinue t o o perate. T his s hould f orm p art o f a w ider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment i s n eeded,b ut p assengers w ill n ot b e w illing t o p ay more i ndefinitely i f t hey m ust a lso endure cramped, unreliable services, interrupted by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off f or now, b ut i t w ill r eturn w ith a v engeance i f t he j ustified a nger o f p assengers i s n ot a ddressedin short order.21.The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares .[A]has kept pace with inflation[B]remains an unreasonable m easure[C]is a big surprise to commuters[D]will ease train operators’burden22.The s tockbroker i n P aragraph 2i s u sed t o s tand f or .[A]local investors[B]ordinary taxpayers[C]car drivers[D]rail travellers23.It is indicated in Paragraph3that train operators .[A]have failed to provide an adequate service[B]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes[C]are offering compensations to commuters[D]are tying to repair relations with the unions24.If u nable t o c alm d own p assengers,t he r ailways m ay h ave t o f ace .[A]the loss of i nvestment[B]the collapse of o perations[C]a change of ownership[D]a reduction of r evenue25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn’t W ork[C]Ever-rising Fares Aren’t S ustainable[D]Can Nationalisation Bring H ope?Text 2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed i n p ace. One r eason f or t he t urnaround m ay b e t he c ountry’s a ntipoverty p rogram.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under c ertain conditions, s uch a s r equiring p eople t o k eep k ids i n s chool o r g et r egular m edical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation a nd environmental p rotection a re o ften v iewed a s c onflicting g oals,s ays P aul F erraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area i n Mexico t hat h ad i nstituted C CTs,s upported t he t raditional view.T here,a s p eople g ot m ore money,s ome o f t hem m ay h ave m ore c leared l and f or c attle t o r aise f or m eat,F erraro s ays.Such p rograms d o n ot h ave t o n egatively a ffect t he e nvironment, t hough. F erraro w anted t o see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest a rea o f t ropical f orest i n t he world a nd o ne o f t he h ighest d eforestation r ates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. “We see that the program is associated w ith a30 p ercent r eduction i n d eforestation, ” Ferraro says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against i nclement weather, F erraro s ays. T ypically, i f r ains a re d elayed, p eople m ay c lear l and t o plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the results may t ransfer t o other p arts o f A sia, d ue t o c ommonalities s uch a s t he i mportance o f g rowing r ice and m arket a ccess. A nd r egardless o f transferability, t he s tudy s hows t hat w hat ’s g ood f or p eople may a lso b e g ood f or t he e nvironment. E ven i f t his p rogram didn ’t reduce poverty, Ferraro s ays, “the v alue o f t he a voided d eforestation j ust f or c arbon d ioxide e missions a lone i s m ore t han t he program costs.”26.According t o t he f irst t wo p aragraphs, C CT p rograms a im t o .[A]help poor families get better off[B]facilitate health care r eform[C]improve local education s ystems[D]lower deforestation rates27.The s tudy b ased o n a n a rea i n M exico i s c ited t o s how t hat .[A]cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation[D]antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers28.In h is s tudy a bout I ndonesia, F erraro i ntends t o f ind o ut .[A]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[B]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[C]the role of its forests in climate change[D]its acceptance level of CCTs29.According t o F erraro,t he C CT p rogram i n I ndonesia i s m ost v aluable i n t hat .[A]it can boost grain production[B]it can protect the e nvironment[C]it will reduce regional inequality[D]it will benefit other Asian countries30.What is the text centered on?[A]The process of a s tudy.[B]The transferability of a study.[C]The debates over a program.[D]The effects of a p rogram.Text 3As a h istorian w ho’s a lways s earching f or t he t ext o r t he i mage t hat m akes u s r e-evaluate t he past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what b etter w ay t o s hatter t he image o f 19th-century p rudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I s tarted p osting t hem o n T witter—they h ave b een c ausing q uite a s tir. People h ave been s urprised to s ee e vidence t hat V ictorians h ad f un a nd c ould,a nd d id,l augh.T hey a re n oting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of c ourse,I n eed t o c oncede t hat m y c ollection o f‘Smiling V ictorians’makes u p o nly a t iny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position o r a djusted t heir l imbs. T he t hought o f holding a f ixed g rin a s t he c amera p erformed i ts magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why V ictorians s till h esitated t o s mile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal o ur t eeth,”ran o ne p opular V ictorian s aying,a lluding t o t he f act t hat b efore t he birth of proper d entistry, mouths were o ften in a shocking state of h ygiene.A flashing set o f healthy a nd c lean,r egular‘pearly w hites’w as a r are s ight i n V ictorian s ociety,t he p reserve o f t he super-rich (and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s gum-exposing C heshire C at,b ut i t was n ot a b ecoming l ook f or p roperly b red p ersons.E ven M ark Twain,a m an w ho e njoyed a h earty l augh,s aid t hat when i t c ame t o p hotographic p ortraits t here could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.31.According t o P aragraph1,t he a uthor’s p osts o n T witter .[A]illustrated the development of Victorian photography[B]highlighted social media’s role in Victorian s tudies[C]re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image[D]changed people’s impression of the Victorians32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?[A]They are rare among photographs of that age.[B]They show effects of different exposure times.[C]They mirror 19th-century social conventions.[D]They are in popular use among historians.33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?[A]Their inherent social s ensitiveness.[B]Their tension before the camera.[C]Their unhealthy dental c ondition.[D]Their distrust of new inventions.34.Mark T wain i s q uoted t o s how t hat t he d isapproval o f s miles i n p ictures w as .[A]a thought-provoking idea[B]a m isguided a ttitude[C]a c ontroversial v iew[D]a deep-rooted belief35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?[A]Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?[B]When did the Victorians start to view photography differently?[C]What m ade p hotography d evelop s lowly i n t he V ictorian p eriod?[D]How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian n orm?Text 4From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based c ompanies worried that the cable and phone companies s elling broadband c onnections h ad the p ower and incentive t o f avor a ffiliated w ebsites o ver their r ivals’.T hat’s w hy t here h as b een s uch a s trong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving t he f reedom a nd i nnovation t hat h ave b een t he l ifeblood o f t he i nternet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed i n a gain T uesday, b ut instead o f p roviding a b adly n eeded r esolution, i t o nly p rolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission(FCC)on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in2015,but rejected thecommission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared t hat s tate a nd local g overnments c ouldn’t r egulate b roadband p roviders e ither.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such a s a broadband-providing c onglomerate l ike A T&T f avoring i ts o wn v ideo-streaming s ervice at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV . Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers t hat i mposed d ata c aps o n t heir r ivals’streaming s ervices b ut n ot t heir o wn.On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that“the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological a nachronism.”In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.The e ndless l egal b attles a nd b ack-and-forth a t t he F CC c ry o ut f or C ongress t o a ct.I t n eeds to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband provides would .[A]bring web-based firms under control[B]slow down the traffic on their network[C]show partiality in treating clients[D]intensify competition with their rivals37.Faced w ith t he d emand f or n et n eutrality r ules, t he F CC .[A]sticks to an out-of-date order[B]takes an anti-regulatory s tance[C]has issued a special r esolution[D]has allowed the states to intervene38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?[A]It protects against unfair competition.[B]It engages in anti-competitive practices.[C]It is under the FCC’s investigation.[D]It is in pursuit of quality service.39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision .[A]focuses on trivialities[B]conveys an ambiguous message[C]is a t o dds w ith i ts e arlier r ulings[D]is out of touch with reality40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?[A]Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B]The FCC should be put under strict supervision.[C]Rules n eed t o b e s et t o d iversify o nline s ervices.[D]Broadband providers’ rights should be protected.Part BDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose t he m ost suitable o ne f rom t he l ist A-G t o f it i nto e ach o f t he n umbered b lanks. T here a re two e xtra c hoices, w hich d o n ot fit i n a ny o f t he b lanks. M ark y our a nswers o n t he A NSWER SHEET.(10points)In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence (AI) is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business，we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs，but in what ways is Al changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom m ass u nemployment p redictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. Here are a few ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. “There are experiments t hat show that, naturally, t he results of interviews a re much m ore b iased t han w hat A I d oes, ”says P edro D omingos, a uthor o f The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. In addition, “(41) ” One c ompany t hat ’s d oing t his i s c alled B lendoor. I t u ses a nalytics t o h elp i dentify w here t here may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome A I s oftware c an a nalyze a nd o ptimize m arketing e mail s ubject l ines t o i ncrease o pen rates. O ne c ompany in t he U K, P hrasee, c laims t heir s oftware c an o utperform h umans b y u p t o 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42)These a re “tools t hat h elp p eople u se d ata, n ot a r eplacement f or p eople,”says P atrick H. W inston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down o n t he c ost o f e lectricity. Insurance c ompanies, m eanwhile, c an b ase t heir p remiums o n A I models t hat m ore a ccurately a ccess r isk. D omingos says, “(43) ”Improved accuracy“Machine l earning o ften p rovides a m ore r eliable f orm o f s tatistics, w hich m akes d ata m ore valuable,” says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.” (44)Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA n umber o f c ompanies,p articularly i n e nergy a nd t ransportation,u se A I i mage p rocessing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.“If they f ail first and then you fix them, i t’s very expensive,”says Domingos. “(45) ”[A]AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you ’re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevantsources a nd i nformation t hat o therwise y ou j ust w ouldn’t h ave t ime f or.[B]There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance acrossmultiple channels like Adwords,Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.[C]One a ccounting f irm, E Y, u ses a n A I s ystem t hat h elps r eview c ontracts d uring a n a udit. T his process, a longwith e mployees r eviewing t he c ontracts, i s f aster a nd m ore a ccurate.[D]You w ant to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go t o.[E]We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish somethingbeyond human s cale.[F]Before, t hey m ight n ot i nsure t he o nes w ho f elt l ike a h igh r isk o r c harge t hem t oo m uch,o r they w ould c harge t hemtoo l ittle a nd t hen i t w ould c ost t he c ompany m oney.[G]AI looks at ré sumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promisingcandidates.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)World W ar I I w as t he w atershed e vent f or h igher e ducation i n m odern W estern s ocieties. (46) Those s ocieties came o ut o f t he w ar w ith l evels o f e nrollment t hat h ad b een r oughly c onstant a t3-5%o f t he r elevant a ge g roups d uring t he d ecades b efore t he w ar.B ut a fter t he w ar,g reat s ocial and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary s chool e ducation. (47) A nd t he d emand t hat r ose i n those s ocieties f or e ntry t o h igher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly(though unevenly)during the 1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these i n t urn have g iven r ise t o d ifferent s ets o f p roblems.T here w as f irst t he rate o f g row:t(h48)in many countries of Western Europe,the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the p roportion o f t he r elevant a ge g roup enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, a nd a bove a ll o f socialization. W hen a f aculty o r d epartment g rows f rom, s ay, f ive to 20 m embers w ithin t hree o r f our y ears, (49) a nd when t he n ew s taff a re p redominantly y oung men a nd w omen f resh f rom p ostgraduate s tudy, t hey l argely d efine t he norms o f a cademic l ife i n that f aculty. A nd i f t he p ostgraduate s tudent p opulation a lso g rows r apidly a nd t here i s l oss o f a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual a nd a cademic l ife o f t he institution —this w as s een i n A merica a s w ell a s i n F rance, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted i nto a c ommunity o f s cholars d uring p eriods o f s tability o r s low g rowth. I n t he 1960s a nd 1970s, E uropean u niversities s aw marked c hanges i n their g overnance a rrangements, w ith t he empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:A f oreign f riend o f yours h as r ecently g raduated f rom c ollege a nd i ntends t o f ind a j ob i n China. Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write a n e ssay o f 160-200 w ords b ased o n t he p icture b elow. I n y our e ssay, y ou s hould1)describe the picture b riefly,2)interpret the implied meaning,a nd3)give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2021 年试题答案速查表Section I Use of English (10 points)1. D2. A3. B4. C5. B6. B7. D8. C9. B 10. D11. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. BSection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points) Text121. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. CText 226. A 27. C 28. B 29. B 30. DText 331. D 32. A 33. C 34. D 35. AText 436. C 37. B 38. B 39. D 40. APart B (10 points)41. G 42. B 43. F 44. C 45. DPart C (10 points)46.这些经历了二战的国家，战前数十年适龄人口的高校入学率一直维持在3%至5%左右。

2021年考研英语一真题及答案解析【完整版】

Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land…When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。

2021年考研英语一真题及答案

》》》》》》2023年整理试题资料，word版欢迎下载《《《《《《2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read t he f ollowing t ext.C hoose t he b est w ord(s)f or e ach n umbered b lank a nd m ark A,B,C o r D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Fluid i ntelligence i s t he t ype o f i ntelligence t hat h as t o d o w ith s hort-term m emory a nd t he ability t o t hink q uickly, logically, a nd a bstractly i n o rder t o s olve n ew p roblems. I t 1 in young a dulthood, l evels o ut f or a period o f t ime, a nd t hen 2 starts t o s lowly d ecline a s w e age.But 3 aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not b e.One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes i n f luid i ntelligence o ver a s ix-year p eriod. T hey f ound t hat m iddle-aged p eople9 higher m easures o f a bdominal f at 10 worse o n m easures o f f luid i ntelligence a s t he years11 .For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.16 ,there are steps y ou can 17 to h elp r educe a bdominal f at a nd m aintain lean muscle mass a s you a ge i n o rder t o p rotect b oth y our p hysical a nd mental 18 . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed f oods.1.[A] pauses2.[A] g enerally [B] returns[B] formally[C] fades[C] a ccidentally[D] peaks[D] alternatively3. [A] s ince [B] while [C] once [D] until4. [A] d etection [B] consumption[C]a ccumulation[D]s eparation5. [A] decision [B] possibility [C] goal [D] r equirement6. [A] e nsure [B] delay [C] seek [D] utilize7. [A] modified [B] s upported [C] predicted [D] included8. [A] d evoted [B] converted [C] compared [D] applied9. [A] a bove [B] with [C] by [D] against10. [A] l ived [B] managed [C] played [D] scored11. [A] went by [B] set o ff [C] drew i n [D] ran o ut12. [A] s uperior [B] parallel [C] a ttributable [D] r esistant13.[A] restored [B] i solated [C] c ontrolled14.[A] e xplain [B] s pread [C] remove15.[A]treatments [B] s ymptoms [C] d emands16.[A] Likewise [B] T herefore [C] M eanwhile17.[A] take [B] w atch [C] count18.[A] p rocess [B] w ellbeing [C] f ormation19.[A] love [B] level [C] knowledge20.[A] d esign [B] diet [C] p rescription [D] involved [D] alter[D] compensations [D] I nstead[D] change[D] coordination [D] space[D] routineSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text 1How can Britain’s train operators possibly justify yet another increase rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year ’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI) measure o f i nflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to s ubsidise t he d aily c ommute o f a s tockbroker f rom Surrey? E qually, t here i s a s ense t hat t he travails o f c ommuters i n t he S outh E ast, m any o f w hom w ill f ace a mong t he biggest r ises, h ave received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the N orth.However, o ver t he p ast 12 m onths, t hose c ommuters h ave a lso e xperienced s ome o f t he w orst rail s trikes i n years.I t is a ll very w ell t rain o perators t rumpeting t he i mprovements t hey a re making t o t he n etwork, b utpassengers s hould b e a ble t o e xpect a b asic l evel o f s ervice f or the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for t he l atest w ave o f s trikes rests o n the u nions. H owever, t here i s a s trong c ase t hat t hose w ho h ave b een w orst a ffected b y industrial a ction s hould r eceive compensation f or t he d isruption t hey h ave s uffered.The G overnment h as p ledged t o c hange t he l aw t o i ntroduce a m inimum s ervice r equirement so t hat, e ven w hen strikes o ccur, s ervices c an c ontinue t o o perate. T his s hould f orm p art o f a w ider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment i s n eeded,b ut p assengers w ill n ot b e w illing t o p ay more i ndefinitely i f t hey m ust a lso endure cramped, unreliable services, interrupted by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off f or now, b ut i t w ill r eturn w ith a v engeance i f t he j ustified a nger o f p assengers i s n ot a ddressedin short order.21.The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares .[A]has kept pace with inflation[B]remains an unreasonable m easure[C]is a big surprise to commuters[D]will ease train operators’burden22.The s tockbroker i n P aragraph 2i s u sed t o s tand f or .[A]local investors[B]ordinary taxpayers[C]car drivers[D]rail travellers23.It is indicated in Paragraph3that train operators .[A]have failed to provide an adequate service[B]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes[C]are offering compensations to commuters[D]are tying to repair relations with the unions24.If u nable t o c alm d own p assengers,t he r ailways m ay h ave t o f ace .[A]the loss of i nvestment[B]the collapse of o perations[C]a change of ownership[D]a reduction of r evenue25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn’t W ork[C]Ever-rising Fares Aren’t S ustainable[D]Can Nationalisation Bring H ope?Text 2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed i n p ace. One r eason f or t he t urnaround m ay b e t he c ountry’s a ntipoverty p rogram.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under c ertain conditions, s uch a s r equiring p eople t o k eep k ids i n s chool o r g et r egular m edical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation a nd environmental p rotection a re o ften v iewed a s c onflicting g oals,s ays P aul F erraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area i n Mexico t hat h ad i nstituted C CTs,s upported t he t raditional view.T here,a s p eople g ot m ore money,s ome o f t hem m ay h ave m ore c leared l and f or c attle t o r aise f or m eat,F erraro s ays.Such p rograms d o n ot h ave t o n egatively a ffect t he e nvironment, t hough. F erraro w anted t o see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest a rea o f t ropical f orest i n t he world a nd o ne o f t he h ighest d eforestation r ates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. “We see that the program is associated w ith a30 p ercent r eduction i n d eforestation, ” Ferraro says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against i nclement weather, F erraro s ays. T ypically, i f r ains a re d elayed, p eople m ay c lear l and t o plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the results may t ransfer t o other p arts o f A sia, d ue t o c ommonalities s uch a s t he i mportance o f g rowing r ice and m arket a ccess. A nd r egardless o f transferability, t he s tudy s hows t hat w hat ’s g ood f or p eople may a lso b e g ood f or t he e nvironment. E ven i f t his p rogram didn ’t reduce poverty, Ferraro s ays, “the v alue o f t he a voided d eforestation j ust f or c arbon d ioxide e missions a lone i s m ore t han t he program costs.”26.According t o t he f irst t wo p aragraphs, C CT p rograms a im t o .[A]help poor families get better off[B]facilitate health care r eform[C]improve local education s ystems[D]lower deforestation rates27.The s tudy b ased o n a n a rea i n M exico i s c ited t o s how t hat .[A]cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation[D]antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers28.In h is s tudy a bout I ndonesia, F erraro i ntends t o f ind o ut .[A]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[B]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[C]the role of its forests in climate change[D]its acceptance level of CCTs29.According t o F erraro,t he C CT p rogram i n I ndonesia i s m ost v aluable i n t hat .[A]it can boost grain production[B]it can protect the e nvironment[C]it will reduce regional inequality[D]it will benefit other Asian countries30.What is the text centered on?[A]The process of a s tudy.[B]The transferability of a study.[C]The debates over a program.[D]The effects of a p rogram.Text 3As a h istorian w ho’s a lways s earching f or t he t ext o r t he i mage t hat m akes u s r e-evaluate t he past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what b etter w ay t o s hatter t he image o f 19th-century p rudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I s tarted p osting t hem o n T witter—they h ave b een c ausing q uite a s tir. People h ave been s urprised to s ee e vidence t hat V ictorians h ad f un a nd c ould,a nd d id,l augh.T hey a re n oting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of c ourse,I n eed t o c oncede t hat m y c ollection o f‘Smiling V ictorians’makes u p o nly a t iny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position o r a djusted t heir l imbs. T he t hought o f holding a f ixed g rin a s t he c amera p erformed i ts magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why V ictorians s till h esitated t o s mile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal o ur t eeth,”ran o ne p opular V ictorian s aying,a lluding t o t he f act t hat b efore t he birth of proper d entistry, mouths were o ften in a shocking state of h ygiene.A flashing set o f healthy a nd c lean,r egular‘pearly w hites’w as a r are s ight i n V ictorian s ociety,t he p reserve o f t he super-rich (and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s gum-exposing C heshire C at,b ut i t was n ot a b ecoming l ook f or p roperly b red p ersons.E ven M ark Twain,a m an w ho e njoyed a h earty l augh,s aid t hat when i t c ame t o p hotographic p ortraits t here could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.31.According t o P aragraph1,t he a uthor’s p osts o n T witter .[A]illustrated the development of Victorian photography[B]highlighted social media’s role in Victorian s tudies[C]re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image[D]changed people’s impression of the Victorians32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?[A]They are rare among photographs of that age.[B]They show effects of different exposure times.[C]They mirror 19th-century social conventions.[D]They are in popular use among historians.33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?[A]Their inherent social s ensitiveness.[B]Their tension before the camera.[C]Their unhealthy dental c ondition.[D]Their distrust of new inventions.34.Mark T wain i s q uoted t o s how t hat t he d isapproval o f s miles i n p ictures w as .[A]a thought-provoking idea[B]a m isguided a ttitude[C]a c ontroversial v iew[D]a deep-rooted belief35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?[A]Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?[B]When did the Victorians start to view photography differently?[C]What m ade p hotography d evelop s lowly i n t he V ictorian p eriod?[D]How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian n orm?Text 4From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based c ompanies worried that the cable and phone companies s elling broadband c onnections h ad the p ower and incentive t o f avor a ffiliated w ebsites o ver their r ivals’.T hat’s w hy t here h as b een s uch a s trong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving t he f reedom a nd i nnovation t hat h ave b een t he l ifeblood o f t he i nternet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed i n a gain T uesday, b ut instead o f p roviding a b adly n eeded r esolution, i t o nly p rolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission(FCC)on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in2015,but rejected thecommission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared t hat s tate a nd local g overnments c ouldn’t r egulate b roadband p roviders e ither.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such a s a broadband-providing c onglomerate l ike A T&T f avoring i ts o wn v ideo-streaming s ervice at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV . Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers t hat i mposed d ata c aps o n t heir r ivals’streaming s ervices b ut n ot t heir o wn.On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that“the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological a nachronism.”In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.The e ndless l egal b attles a nd b ack-and-forth a t t he F CC c ry o ut f or C ongress t o a ct.I t n eeds to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband provides would .[A]bring web-based firms under control[B]slow down the traffic on their network[C]show partiality in treating clients[D]intensify competition with their rivals37.Faced w ith t he d emand f or n et n eutrality r ules, t he F CC .[A]sticks to an out-of-date order[B]takes an anti-regulatory s tance[C]has issued a special r esolution[D]has allowed the states to intervene38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?[A]It protects against unfair competition.[B]It engages in anti-competitive practices.[C]It is under the FCC’s investigation.[D]It is in pursuit of quality service.39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision .[A]focuses on trivialities[B]conveys an ambiguous message[C]is a t o dds w ith i ts e arlier r ulings[D]is out of touch with reality40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?[A]Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B]The FCC should be put under strict supervision.[C]Rules n eed t o b e s et t o d iversify o nline s ervices.[D]Broadband providers’ rights should be protected.Part BDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose t he m ost suitable o ne f rom t he l ist A-G t o f it i nto e ach o f t he n umbered b lanks. T here a re two e xtra c hoices, w hich d o n ot fit i n a ny o f t he b lanks. M ark y our a nswers o n t he A NSWER SHEET.(10points)In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence (AI) is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business，we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs，but in what ways is Al changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom m ass u nemployment p redictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. Here are a few ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. “There are experiments t hat show that, naturally, t he results of interviews a re much m ore b iased t han w hat A I d oes, ”says P edro D omingos, a uthor o f The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. In addition, “(41) ” One c ompany t hat ’s d oing t his i s c alled B lendoor. I t u ses a nalytics t o h elp i dentify w here t here may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome A I s oftware c an a nalyze a nd o ptimize m arketing e mail s ubject l ines t o i ncrease o pen rates. O ne c ompany in t he U K, P hrasee, c laims t heir s oftware c an o utperform h umans b y u p t o 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42)These a re “tools t hat h elp p eople u se d ata, n ot a r eplacement f or p eople,”says P atrick H. W inston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down o n t he c ost o f e lectricity. Insurance c ompanies, m eanwhile, c an b ase t heir p remiums o n A I models t hat m ore a ccurately a ccess r isk. D omingos says, “(43) ”Improved accuracy“Machine l earning o ften p rovides a m ore r eliable f orm o f s tatistics, w hich m akes d ata m ore valuable,” says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.” (44)Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA n umber o f c ompanies,p articularly i n e nergy a nd t ransportation,u se A I i mage p rocessing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.“If they f ail first and then you fix them, i t’s very expensive,”says Domingos. “(45) ”[A]AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you ’re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevantsources a nd i nformation t hat o therwise y ou j ust w ouldn’t h ave t ime f or.[B]There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance acrossmultiple channels like Adwords,Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.[C]One a ccounting f irm, E Y, u ses a n A I s ystem t hat h elps r eview c ontracts d uring a n a udit. T his process, a longwith e mployees r eviewing t he c ontracts, i s f aster a nd m ore a ccurate.[D]You w ant to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go t o.[E]We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish somethingbeyond human s cale.[F]Before, t hey m ight n ot i nsure t he o nes w ho f elt l ike a h igh r isk o r c harge t hem t oo m uch,o r they w ould c harge t hemtoo l ittle a nd t hen i t w ould c ost t he c ompany m oney.[G]AI looks at ré sumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promisingcandidates.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)World W ar I I w as t he w atershed e vent f or h igher e ducation i n m odern W estern s ocieties. (46) Those s ocieties came o ut o f t he w ar w ith l evels o f e nrollment t hat h ad b een r oughly c onstant a t3-5%o f t he r elevant a ge g roups d uring t he d ecades b efore t he w ar.B ut a fter t he w ar,g reat s ocial and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary s chool e ducation. (47) A nd t he d emand t hat r ose i n those s ocieties f or e ntry t o h igher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly(though unevenly)during the 1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these i n t urn have g iven r ise t o d ifferent s ets o f p roblems.T here w as f irst t he rate o f g row:t(h48)in many countries of Western Europe,the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the p roportion o f t he r elevant a ge g roup enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, a nd a bove a ll o f socialization. W hen a f aculty o r d epartment g rows f rom, s ay, f ive to 20 m embers w ithin t hree o r f our y ears, (49) a nd when t he n ew s taff a re p redominantly y oung men a nd w omen f resh f rom p ostgraduate s tudy, t hey l argely d efine t he norms o f a cademic l ife i n that f aculty. A nd i f t he p ostgraduate s tudent p opulation a lso g rows r apidly a nd t here i s l oss o f a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual a nd a cademic l ife o f t he institution —this w as s een i n A merica a s w ell a s i n F rance, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted i nto a c ommunity o f s cholars d uring p eriods o f s tability o r s low g rowth. I n t he 1960s a nd 1970s, E uropean u niversities s aw marked c hanges i n their g overnance a rrangements, w ith t he empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:A f oreign f riend o f yours h as r ecently g raduated f rom c ollege a nd i ntends t o f ind a j ob i n China. Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write a n e ssay o f 160-200 w ords b ased o n t he p icture b elow. I n y our e ssay, y ou s hould1)describe the picture b riefly,2)interpret the implied meaning,a nd3)give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2021 年试题答案速查表Section I Use of English (10 points)1. D2. A3. B4. C5. B6. B7. D8. C9. B 10. D11. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. BSection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points) Text121. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. CText 226. A 27. C 28. B 29. B 30. DText 331. D 32. A 33. C 34. D 35. AText 436. C 37. B 38. B 39. D 40. APart B (10 points)41. G 42. B 43. F 44. C 45. DPart C (10 points)46.这些经历了二战的国家，战前数十年适龄人口的高校入学率一直维持在3%至5%左右。

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