翻译理论论文

中图分类号：学校代码：1877UDC：密级：公开中国地质大学江城学院学期论文解释学翻译下的理论研究The Theoretical Study to Hermeneutics论文作者姜婷指导教师王伟老师学科专业英语专业研究方向翻译理论与实践班级名称翻译1 班学生学号 4120090114中国地质大学江城学院二○一一年十一导读解释学（Hermeneutics）的名字来源于希腊神话中的信使赫尔墨斯（Hermes），他主要的任务就是，把神旨传递并翻译给人间，在传递和翻译间有必要做一些解释的工作。

解释学在西方有着悠久的历史，代表人物有施莱尔马赫，海德格尔，加尔默尔，斯坦纳等人。

在19世纪，施莱尔马赫提出了“普遍解释学”的构想，使理解和解释主体化，海德格尔认为理解，有所谓的“前结构”主观的，且理解本身具有历史性，取决于观者先前的理解，因此理解要以“前理解”和“前结构”为前提。

20世纪以后，基于海德格尔思想的基础，伽达默尔在《真理与方法》(Truth and Methods)中提出“理解的历史性”，“视界融合”和“效果历史”三大哲学阐释学原则。

以海德格尔的释义思想为基础，斯坦纳把哲学、语言学、诗学、文学批评和文化史学的理论应用于对语言的解释，阐述的重点落在翻译这个中心问题上。

从阐释学角度来看，斯坦纳最为引人注目之处是提出了“理解也是翻译的观点”，他认为，无论语内翻译，语际翻译或符号学翻译都是不同形式的翻译，作为人类最基本的交流活动，它的最大特点在于理解。

可以看出解释学在发展过程中逐渐由最初的理论变得体制化，虽然每种翻译思想都存在自己的局限性，但不可否认它们极大的推动了解释学的发展。

关于解释学的研究仍在继续，以期将其完善。

本文总共分为四个部分，首先介绍了解释学的定义及开端，从中我们可以了解到解释学的由来和它早期的发展，其次对施莱尔马赫，海德格尔，加尔默尔，斯坦纳四个人各自的翻译理论分别作了详细的介绍，从中我们能很明显的看到他们各自理论的特色，并能在脑海中形成鲜明的对比，并能很清晰的看到解释学理论的被发展，再次提到了解释学理解观与翻译研究，从中可以意识到在翻译中理解的重要性，Content1. Introduction (4)2.The relevant view of Hermetical theory (5)2.1The translational ideas of Schleiermacher (5)2.2 The translational ideas of M.Heidegger (5)2.3The translational ideas of Hans-Georg Gadamer (6)2.3.1 The understanding of the historic (6)2.3.2 Fusion of horizons (6)2.3.3 Effect of history (7)2.4 George Steiner‟s translation model of hermeneutics (7)3.The concept of hermeneutic and translation research (9)4.Conclusion (10)Reference (10)1. IntroductionHermeneutics is also known as interpretation of aesthetics, and it is developed on basis of the phenomenology and existentialism developed on the basis , the basic characteristics of modern hermeneutics is objectivism. Hermeneutics is a philosophy of interpretation and understanding of technical text, it may be described as an interpretation of the theory and to understand the text according to the text itself, emphasizing the true objectively grasp the intention the text and the author.Hermeneutics is a subject about understanding, interpretation and other methodology of the discipline，It is the first text to explore the meaning of words or works, in particular, to establish "God's words' meaning. Generally considered herme--neutic can be traced back to ancient Greece from the etymology of the literature, which is mainly used during the hermeneutics logic surgery and forensics, as well as some religious and literary classic interpretation of the text it is designed to eliminate ambiguity and misconception. In Middle Ages hermeneutics became a branch of "the Bible" research, during the Renaissance and Reformation the research of the hermeneutics no longer stickled to religious classics, but extended to the interpretation of the whole classical culture .Hermeneutics has experienced two major breakthroughs for the first time in 18-19th centuries, German religious philosopher F. Schleiermacher based on different areas of the ideas of hermeneutics .Through the interpretation of the syntax and of the psychological made the classic hermeneutics systematic, and made it become a general hermeneutics with methodological characteristics . And life philosopher W. Dilthey started from the "Historical Critique" program to expand the scope of the study of the hermeneutics ,and make a tight system of natural science. The second breakthrough occurred in the 20th century, two German philosophy, Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer realized the transform from epistemology to ontology, the establishment of the interpretation learning as a core philosophy to understand the independence of the Hermeneutics and push it into the prosperous. To the late 1960s, hermeneutics mainly related to the understanding , the meaning and the relationshipbetween the reader and the text and other issues. British translation theorist George Steiner was the first one to use the theory into translation studies in his book "After Babel: Aspects of Translation and Language" , thus establishing a close relationship between translation and interpretation .2.The relevant view of Hermetical theory2.1The translational ideas of SchleiermacherIn explaining the process of understanding Schleiermacher said, "If words could not be understood as a relationship of language, then it will not be understood as the spirit of the fact because of the inherent spirit "language, so it must be explained from the syntax. He presented his view of translation in the book "On the translation method," he thought that this problem of translation can be solved in two ways: First, try not disturb the tranquility of the original author , so readers can get close to the author (alienation) Second, try not to disturb the tranquility of the reader, so close the reader to the author （accommodation）He divided the translation into translation and interpretation: translators are mainly engaged in the field of science and art of translation; interpreters are mainly on the translation of commence.Also it was divided into the real translation and machine translation: real translation mainly refers to the natural sciences, literature and translation; machine translation refers to the practical translation .These arguments undoubtedly left a lot of space for the later generation to continue the study, and greatly enriched the idea of translation theory. from both the depth side and breadth side.2.2 The translational ideas of M.HeideggerHeidegger thought that the task of philosophy is to show how the theme is to build reasonably to aware the certainty of the specification, which determine whether a given representation is true or false. From this position, he continued, the truth is not long offered only by means of natural science concepts. However, such a model, often forget the most fundamental, the world's top science we are. This is Heidegger' s interpretation of the field. Therefore, philosophical hermeneutics is no longer a possibility of one of the few. On the contrary, hermeneutics hermeneutics of authenticity, as Heidegger said, it is philosophy, and it is in the first place. This reflects Heidegger' s understanding, interpretation, and asserted, such as definitions of terms. Understanding, in Heidegger' s account, which is neither a method of reading, nor is the will and well-conducted process of critical reflection of the results. This is not what we consciously do or not do something, but our stuff. Understanding is that existing models, so it is a human characteristic.This occupied the world in which the first way is itself a reflection of the nature of hermeneutics. We understand the premise of the world, reveals the way, we do not have theoretical considerations, apractical know-how, we are in the East. We opened the door, there is no objective or concept to determine the nature of a door handle or door frame. The world is a basic, intuitive way we familiar with. Most of the first, Heidegger believes that we do not understand a collection of neutral facts makes it possible to achieve universal ideas, laws or decisions, large or small extent, corresponding to the world, because it is through the collection of the world. The world is tacitly understood.2.3The translational id eas of Hans-Georg GadamerAs the translation is the interpretation and understanding to the original text, highly subjective interpretation of the translation process research must locate the translator, and gives the translator the initiative to the understanding and interpretation of the text. After the 20th century, based on Heidegger‟s idea, Gadamer referred t o three philosophy principles: in "Truth and Methods "understanding of the historic", "fusion of horizons" and "effect of history". Especially, the "fusion of horizons” improved the interpreter's initiative and creativity to unprecedented heights.2.3.1 The understanding of the historicGadamer thought hat understanding is historic, understanding of the historic constitute the prejudice of understanding, thereby determining the creative and generative the understanding. Real understanding is not to overcome the limitations of history but to properly evaluate and adapt to it, in this sense, understanding of the text is no doubt a historic. Either a translator will be subject to a variety of subjective or objective historical conditions, the absolute "trust" can not exist. Misreading is the historic understanding which has been recognized by the times, and it is also the production affected by the existing social factors and the values before the understanding. For example, the late Qing period, facing the foreign powers invasion, alien domination, the Patriots gave full play to political enlightenment function the novel's literary, and many those had no political color or a lighter color of the foreign political novels were added "political reading" when they were translated and introduced to China, and take up a political mission. The understanding of the historical led to the bias of understanding, including misreading phenomenon, but Gadamer thought that this bias is "legitimate", he affirmed this "legitimate prejudice" constitute the historical factors of understanding. Gadamer‟s discourse to the positive bias makes us realize the significance of the misreading ,the denial and blame should not given to misreading, we need to re-examine its value.2.3.2 Fusion of horizonsUnderstanding existed in the means of the historical, whether the subject -------knower- or the object------ text all historically existed, and both have their own horizon. Horizon refers to the starting point of understanding, perspective and possible prospects. Two kinds of event horizon exist gaps, the gap caused by thechange of space and history of this scene can not be eliminated by any person. Madame claimed that the two kinds of vision should be blended together during the process of the understanding to achieve "fusion of horizons", so can make the knowers and understood objects surpass the original understanding of the event horizon, to achieve a new vision. His fusion of horizons has revealed the concept of translation, literary translation, especially in real terms, that is, in translation, the translator should strive to close to the initial vision of the original author ,then comprehended the author's intention.2.3.3 Effect of historyThe knowers and understood objects are all the existence of the history, the understanding and the meaning of the text were formed together in a constant process, Hans-Georg Gadamer called the history of this process "effect of history."To understand the works in the effect of history. Gadamer' s hermeneutics is a basic principle, he believes that "art works are the works including the effect of history ," and pointed out that the text is open, its significance can never be exhausted, so it is beyond the era that produced it, which provided for the possibility of understanding it for people of different times , in this sense, literary classics retranslation should be worth encouraging, Mr. Lu claimed that even if there is good translation, retranslation is still necessary , and even a near-final version in full, will change because of a new era of re-translation. Meaning of work is diverse, but a translation is fixed historical, cultural, temporary product. Human constantly surpassed themselves in the understanding it, are constantly re-writing their own history in the renewal and development of the "effect of history", and re-reflect on themselves and their own culture.Gadamer emphasized the ontological status of artistic truth, aesthetic understanding is the understanding of the truth of art and the world body, art works as the object to the understanding to the beauty is actually open, on the one hand, the most artists speak directly to us, there is a mysterious intimacy that we feel with the integration of the arts as a whole, on the other hand, we continue to see themselves from the art, as if we face to face with ourselves2.4 George Steiner’s translation model of hermeneuticsBased on interpretation of Heidegger' s thinking, the Steiner applied the philosophy, linguistics, poetry, literary criticism and cultural history of the theory to the interpretation of language ,and its focus falls on the translation of this central issue. From the hermeneutic point of view, the most striking is that Steiner proposed a "point of view to understanding is the translation "and steps to the interpretation of translation has particular characteristics, which includes :”Understanding as Translation” The concept of Seiner's translation has a broad sense,including “intralingual translation”. “interlingual translation”and “inter semiotic translation”,which is same to the linguists Jacobs Johnson's reference. Not only across different symbol systems and language translation between interlingual translation is difficult, and in the same language, the translation of the dialect and common language between the old saying and modern language is not very easy, the difficulty lies in understanding. He believes that the production of language and the process understanding is actually the translation process. Translation is the basis of language, while the translation is based on the existence of language as a whole.The hermeneutical steps constitutes the core of Stenior …s theoretical description , which is divided into four parts: trust ,aggression, incorporation, and compensation .(1) TrustThe so-called trust is based on past experience, the reader believe that the original work is serious, meaningful values ,so it must be understood thoroughly, otherwise it dose not have to translate. All translation activities have started from the trust,and the trust is based on the original two sides, partly from experience, the other is the theory. The translator's first action is "a belief that investment," which lies in the belief and trust that something original is understandable.(2) AggressionThe captured interpreted can bu thought as the conflict between two languages, two forms of conflict in the translator‟s intuition , this is a"offensive, strong and aggressive “ action. This violent of Steiner' s understanding from Heidegger can find a theoretical basis from Heidegger ,and specifically refers to the invasion of the original translator, the original text to be understood.(3)AbsorptionAbsorption means that the translator absorbs the original meaning, which inject new vitality into translation. This is the first step the results achieved, including the original meaning and form of naturalization must be transplanted into the target language, target language should embody all the information reflects the original works. Steiner saw the following two extremes as a "complete return" First, the purpose of the target text completely archived classic status, or " always maintain the strange and edge position forever."(4) CompensationThe compensation means compensating for the lost in the translation process ,namely return the things that the original to the original place, the complete four steps of translation must end with"compensation" Steiner pointed out that in the translation the translator's aggressive diversion of the original meaning of the merger will inevitablyresult in the loss of all aspects of the original works, so the translator must try to "make up in order to restore the balance between the original and translated."3.The concept of hermeneutic and translation researchTranslation is the interpretation and understanding of the original text ,the process of the hermeneutic is very subjective, and is generated by the reader through the text of an intermediary in the process of dialogue with the author-generated, but also generated in the main interaction between Interpretation of Marxism. The concept of translation thought that the translator is not a passive recipient of the text, but the process of actively creating the text, the translator must explore thinking process and track of the original author, and grasp the "pre-structure" of the text . The interpretation in translation is that the critic and interpretation is based on the translator‟s understanding to the original text , and is the psych ological process that the translator experienced before he resorted the target language to written expression ,and it is attached to understanding and express links.As we all know, any translation began with the understanding to the original text, and in hermeneutic theory made a very important point worthy with the translation researcher‟s attention from the very beginning, Hans-Georg Gadamer said: "Understanding is a thing which we are involved in it but can not control, it is a thing fallen on us . we never empty-handed enter into the realm of understanding,but always carrying a lot of familiar beliefs and expectations. The understanding of Hermeneutic includes both the strange world we suddenly encounter and the familiar world which we have. "This view is used in translation, and will the translator‟ s awareness and understanding in the process of the Hermetic, but if you ignore this factor it is easy to understand the deviation caused by translation and misunderstanding. for example, the contemporary translation, the translator of "Journey to the West" mistakenly translated a character "barefoot" as red-legged immortal, which is clearly based on the way to understand the English language and only understand "red" in the Chinese understand become "red"in the english, but do not know "red" in the Chinese language also means "light, bare".Philosophical Hermeneutics of Translation Studies has a comprehensive and profound influence to the study of translation, if most of the major theoretical did not have the use of philosophical hermeneutics, we may not get a reasonable explanation. So that the translation is no longer a mechanical conversion of the language level, translation studies are also not only analysis and application to the text.4.ConclusionFrom the above study, we can learn that the scientists of the hermeneutic interpretation of are on hold a positive attitude.Schleiermacher referred to accommodation and alienation, and made distinction between translation and interpretation, the real translation and machine translation.Heidegger believed that understanding is subjective, and understanding has its own historic , depending on the viewer's understanding of the previous, there is so-called "pre-structure" and therefore should understand the "pre-understanding" and "pre-structure" as a precondition. Da Moet referred to three principles of hermeneutics in "Truth and Method" :"understanding of the historic", "fusion of horizons" and "effect of history" .The most striking that Steiner made is "Understanding is the translation of ideas."These views have their own translation characteristics and their values, during their own period ,they all have pushed the development of hermeneutic ,and we can still find that those translation ideas have developed from step by step ,and have gradually become systemically ,although they inevitably have their own objectivity and limitations, but it is undeniable that they injected new ideas for the hermeneutics. Knowledge is endless, only by continues study and research can we make a progress.So we not only need to learn from the experience and study of previous people,but also need to explore this field and improve the hermeneuticsReference1.Ferguson, Sinclair B; David F Wright, J. I. (James Inn ell) Packer (1988). New Dictionary of Theology. 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