中国的名胜古迹(英文版)

China's relicsChina's top 10 sites: the Great Wall, mountains and rivers in Guilin, Hangzhou, Beijing Palace Museum, Suzhou gardens, Huangshan in Anhui, Yangtze River Three Gorges, Taiwan Sun Moon Lake, the Summer Resort in Chengde, Qinling terracotta warriors and horses. Great Wall Great Wall's history: the Great Wall in northern China, began in the Warring States Qin, Zhao, Yan the three countries.1, Qin, Zhao, Yan in the north of the reasons for the construction of the Great WallQin Zhao Yan why should the construction of the Great Wall in the north, from the Warring States period Speaking of the situation. Warring States period, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is China's Yellow River region from slave society to the feudal society of the time of change. As countries between the political and economic relations strengthened, Zhu Xia culture and the Qin, Chu and Wu, the more cultural exchange and integration, reunification of the trend of increasingly strong. At that time a feudal reform of the Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu, Qi, Qin, Yan Qi after a powerful and prosperous country, to merge the war, seeking to force reunification of the Yellow River, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region. At this time, in northernShaanxi, Shanxi Province, northern Hebei Province and Inner Mongolia grassland on the various ethnic minorities have a strong, constant Lulue Qin, Zhao, Yan three northern border. Qin's north, just drainage, north of the Huns; Northwest Zhao Lin Hu, Loufan, the North has Dan Lan, the Huns; Yan-guo North-East sector. These northern minority regime, with the exception of justice drainage in agriculture, the other are nomadic, hunting a living. Drainage is just northwest of power on the Loess Plateau, since the Spring and Autumn and Warring States, Qin contend with more than 100 years. Hun, the East-nomadic peoples, such as the military is more high-quality, and operational ability. According to "Historical Records • Biography of the Huns," records: the Huns were to nom adic, hunting a living, livestock to horses, cattle, sheep for the largest, followed by camels, donkeys, mules, and so on. They "movement by water plants, Wu Chang castle, till the fields of industry. But also their Building Members present." Young men on the study Jishe. "Infants can ride sheep, mice with arch-launched birds; little longer, the radio Fox rabbit; used for food." Therefore, to an adult, "make for a ride." Of the Warring States Period, the Huns have entered slave society and a state agency. King called Shanyu, left their home under, Youxian Wang, left and right-Li Wang, left and right generals, left and right big Du Wei, left and right when the big families, left and right of both Hou, Chuzuo, You Xianwang, the other minister are hereditary. East Hu, Lin Hu, Dan Lan, and the HunsLoufan basically the same.Since the middle of the Warring States Period, they keep Lulue Qin, Zhao, Yan in the northern part of the three countries. Because of their good at Jishe, longer than the field, taking a surprise, come and go Piaohu difficult Zhuomo, shown very strong combat effectiveness. And Qin, Zhao, Yan in the mid-Warring States is the main combat units and infantry fighting vehicles, wearing Kuanyi the sleeve of clothing, move slowly, on line 30 - 50, naturally can not stop the Huns, the East-attacks and Lulue. This is not only to the northern part of the three people's lives and property were seriously threatened, production was severely damaged, but also greatly affected the three countries of the reunification cause. In view of this passive situation, we have conducted three Military System in the northern part of the reform and construction of the Great Wall.Since the beginning of reform Shang Yang Qin, the Fuguojiangbing. Gradually changed into the army infantry and cavalry, and tours of military merit and promotion, enhance the army's combat effectiveness, Suoxiangwudi. Wang Hui six years (before 332) and 10 years, has大败Wei to win WEI Xi River County (now Shaanxi Luohe River) and Shang Jun (now the Department of Shaanxi Province in Northeast) to. In order to prevent the Southern Huns were ransacked, zhao WANG ordered inLongxi, North, Shang Jun construction of the Great Wall north of the border, and sent troops stationed.Zhao-ling WANG in 19 years (before 307) Military System before the reform, implementation of Hufujishe. Since then strong force. 20 years, the West-ling WANG Lin Hu slightly, to Yuzhong, Lin Ma-Wang Xianzhi Xiangfu, but only to the Banshi. 26 years (before 300), breaking Zhongshan, Rang and to the north-yan, and (now in northern Shanxi Province), Northwest concerning Land to the clouds, nine original (now the Inner Mongolia and Lingle County to Wu Jia River region). Therefore, ordered to build the Great Wall, since the generation and Yinshan Mountain (now the Castle Peak, Inner Mongolia, Wu Late Hill) and the West, Zhidi rivers (now the Inner Mongolia Wu Jia River), and the home Daijun, Yanmen, cloud in the county, south against the Huns Lulue. To specialized in the northwest, the next year, he let his son-in Ho Wang, since the father of the main. Wang Hui, 2002 (previous 297), the main father of a generation, to River (now Shanxi, Inner Mongolia between the Yellow River), Wang broke Loufan result of its soldiers.Qi-Xiong Yan-guo in the Warring States is one of the weakest countries, with the new south-Qi Zhao from the North to force in East Hu. Until the Yanzhao Wang enthronement (previous 311), the Fafentuqiang, withrecruitment of elite countries, reform, Yan-guo up only a strong and prosperous. When the East-powerful, often Southern Yan-guo ransacked the northern region. Yan Jun in order to maintain peace in the north, east Hu Wang was forced to make peace, and to the will of hostages. Zhao WANG, Qin Kai Hu quality in the East, he Zhiyongshuangquan, Wang Tung-even the letter, the freedom of movement, to understand the south-east of the mountains and rivers Xianyao, deployed with the military situation in the activities of law. After returning from that of the East-force attacks, the big break, and more than 1,000 East, but Hu. And "of attacking North Korea and liaotungensis" concerning Land to Pei water (now North Korea Qingchuan Jiang). Therefore, the "Great Wall Yi Zhu Yan, Yang made since (this Kangbao County of Hebei and Inner Mongolia Taibus County) to Xiangping; home on Valley, Yu Yang, right Peking, western Liaoning Province, Liaodong County refused to Hu."To sum up, the Warring States period, Qin, Zhao, Yan is the construction of the Great Wall in the north, its purpose is to defend against the Huns, the South-East ransacked.The Great Wall is from the city, developed from Fort. As a military defense project on the city, Fort, as early as the end of Yuanshigongshe started. Because it can play an effective role in the defense, after enteringclass society, the development has been generally. Great Wall, first appeared in the Spring and Autumn, such as Chu of the City (in this area of Nanyang in Henan Province). To the Warring States Period, WEI Xi River County is the Great Wall, Zhao Zhangshui on the Great Wall and Zhongshan, a western Great Wall, Yan Yi is the Great Wall, the Taishan Mountain-along with the Great Wall. The Great Wall, in the war have played a significant role. The rapid action of the northern nomadic cavalry, whereabouts and hard, both countries infantry or cavalry, they can not prevent them from attacks and Lulue. Only the construction of the Great Wall, together with the garrison defense, will it be possible to prevent them from ransacking the South. Only the construction of the Great Wall in the north, troops can be deployed mainly for the nations of the merger between war and defend the war, to complete the great cause of reunification.Second, Qin, Zhao, Yan the value of the Great WallWarring States period, the Qin, Zhao, Yan Great Wall, as a military defense projects, whether in war played a role in what » On its role, in particular the Qin Great Wall and the Great Wall of Yan, almost no documented history, Zhao Great Wall records rarely. This is not that they did not do what role » Is not. On the contrary, the three countries showsthat the construction of the Great Wall, the Huns, such as the East-not swept across the southern Great Wall, the Great Wall in the military on the defense played a major role.As we all know, zhao WANG, Qin territory is a period of one of the fastest expansion. If not built the Great Wall north, Qin army to be deployed to guard the north and pass an important channel to stop the powerful Hun South snatched, how to deploy the army大败the six countries of the coalition forces, the six countries occupied large tracts of land? »Clearly, Xiu Qin Dynasty Great Wall, only a small number of troops stationed, the south will be able to stop the Huns. If the Xiongnu troops southward, with the Great Wall of defense, difficult to break through 1:00; Qindu Xianyang not far from this day or night two or three days and nights to save you, therefore, the Huns did not dare to move south, self-defeating. In short, since Qinzhao Wang built the Great Wall, the Huns have not Lulue south, which shows the Great Wall of military defense role.As for Zhao Great Wall, the construction in the Yinshan Mountain (now the Castle Peak, urapidil Shandong South) at the foot of many of the soil by Ben Zhu, poor quality, and close to the Huns, at the beginning of the Xiongnu troops are often attacked. Although Zhao army defensivepresence, to take the initiative against the city, but ate the loss. Xiang Wang Zhao mourn when (former 224 - before 236), Zhao border tired for the defeat by the Huns, the North tight, therefore, sent to the Great Wall Li Mu generals commanding army defense. Xiang Wang Li Mu cheaper to mourn the appointment and removal of privileges Shuli, and the clouds, Yanmen, Daijun the northern part of the business tax and the Tianfu as military spending for Li Mu disclaimer. Li Mu headquarters will be located in the northern part of the Great Wall Yanmen County, to East and West Reference. He generous soldiers, the killing of cattle to improve the food he ordered the army: "Huns to Lulue, immediately all the officers and men to Pneuma-the Great Wall of Sheep, who have dared to xenoliths chopped!" Huns to invade each, as flames strict, advance Knowledge, Guo-Jun Zhao Min Bao will be at the Great Wall of livestock. Hun Lulue less than people and livestock, finance, had receded. So few years, although not defeat the Huns, but there is no Zhao Jun Wang Shi. Zhao border, as well as the Huns, that Li Mu cowardice, Zhao Wang also blamed Li Mu, and Li Mu remains the same. Zhaowang anger, Zhao Hui Zhao, animal husbandry, to be replaced by another. The new strategy will take engaged; Hun each, he Lvjun attack, a few defeated. In more than a year's time, the officers and men of many casualties, not the north side grazing. Zhaowang no way but to re-invited to observe Li Mu Great Wall. Li Mu claiming illness, Mrs no doors, refused to be fate.Zhao Wang Nai-keung from animal husbandry, animal husbandry and Manpower soldiers guarding the north. Li Mu of Zhaowang said: "Wang must use me, and I still take the former strategy, you agree, I was ordered to the guts." Zhao Wang had promised. Li Mu to the Great Wall, about as before. Few years, Hun nowhere. Li Mu-ran to the end for the confidence. S. Y. Chao-men ", rather than a reward, are willing to fight." Therefore, Li Mu is the election chariot 1300, Jingji 13,000, the pick will be able to break the enemy's escapement of the 100 people with 50,000 people, Shanshe to 100,000 people, the training operations. Liancheng later, the longitudinal livestock. Great Wall north of human and animal Bianye. Hun heard of it to Lulue. Small income, animal husbandry, Paradox failure to appoint some of the people and livestock. Shanyu Daxi, it was the dumping of the troops to move south. Li Mu set up an ambush in advance, Zhang Zuo Youyi attack, the Huns breaking 10 million ride, Shanyu Luohuang defeated, Taoben the North to stop. Since then more than 10 years, the Huns did not dare near Zhao Great Wall. Zhao Jun Cheng Sheng eliminate Chan Lan, breaking East Hu, drop-Lin Hu. Thus, Zhao north quiet, people live and work. From here, we can clearly see that the Zhao Great Wall in the military defense on the tremendous role.Qinmo early Han Dynasty, the Huns by the Central Plains of war and over the Great Wall built by the Qin Mengtian, rehabilitation to the Warring States Period and Han Qin, Zhao, Yan Great Wall for the sector. As the disrepair of the Great Wall, north garrison scarce, therefore, continue to enter the powerful Hun Lulue within the Great Wall, has been into the valley, Taiyuan, River, Shang Jun, such as the North County, Han Gao Zu, Huidi, Emperor Wen and Jing Di Forced to take on the Huns and the pro-policy; married to Princess Shanyu to Yan's (Queen), and giving a lot of property. However, this is a dilapidated Great Wall, also, to a certain extent, played a role in military defense force, if not the Huns, the general can not enter the Great Wall Lulue. Secondly, if Shouqiang effective, even in the Xiongnu troops, not into the Great Wall. Cheng Shou also does not recognize the famous Great Wall, Li Guang and famous, he is very strict military, defense Hun attack at any time, the Huns are afraid to commit, that the Warring States also played a certain role in the Great Wall. Later Weiqing, Huoqu Bing, Gongsun He, Gong Sunao attack the Huns, and so on, are in Zhao, Qin Great Wall was dropped to a major offensive positions. This shows that, until the early Western Han Dynasty, the Warring States Qin, Zhao, Yan Great Wall is still playing the role of military defense, although its defense capability has been great as the Warring States period. Until the Han Wudi of the Huns arrived Mobei, the repair Mengtian built by the Qin Dynasty GreatWall and the construction of the Great Wall, of the Warring States Qin, Zhao, Yan was only to give up the Great Wall, its military defense role before the end result.Third, the Warring States Qin, Zhao, Yan Great Wall and the reality of the historical value of valueWarring States Qin, Zhao, Yan Great Wall has great historical value, first of all, it shows that only when the construction of the Great Wall, plus a certain number of troops, in order to prevent northern nomadic Cavalry Lightning-attacks. No Great Wall, even if there are large numbers of infantry and cavalry is still not the defense. Warring States Period, the historical fact that proves this point. The Great Wall is effective because the military defense project, which was later adopted by the emperor. Qin Shihuang in the expulsion of the Huns to Mobei after Mengtian immediately ordered the construction of a new Great Wall.Secondly, the Warring States Qin, Zhao, Yan built by the Great Wall, is a science, it is basically the situation Xianyao use of land and construction, in Yamaguchi and the plain areas, are building high-thick walls, cut off the Huns, the East Cavalry out of the road to Hu. In addition to the Great Wall, both inside and outside the commanding height also has a beacontowers, and enemy reconnaissance and impart information, so that the Great Wall on the troops to prepare for in the traffic junctions and TANIGUCHI, construction barrier City, sent troops stationed in order to strengthen the defense capacity of the Great Wall . Within the Great Wall, at some distance, the construction of the garrison city, with the rapid transmission of information communication network so that a unified command and mutual support. Of the three countries and the Great Wall beacon towers and obstacles, such as supporting the city construction, constitute a complete military defense system. The military defense system is in line with scientific, and defense is effective. It was the military defense project provides a model. PenPower built by the Qin Dynasty Great Wall, although all of the new, but it is obvious that he is in the light of the Warring States Qin, Zhao, Yan building the Great Wall on the basis of the design, a strong points. For example, he used beautiful terrain, because of their danger the founding of the city to build barrier. He regarded the Great Wall built in the mountains above, to make full use of ridges, wins mountain range for the city, unable to cross the Hun cavalry; river to make full use of barriers, as the Great Wall built in the north of the river so that water sources are not the enemy. In the hills, plains, to build a tall wall, or building debris folder, or soil Ben Zhu, and the link to the Great Wall of momentum into a magnificent, cut off the North-South dragon. Qin Great Wall beacon towers, representing thethree countries has improved the Great Wall, the Great Wall, built in the open mountain, in accordance with the terrain, every 10, 20, 30, has one. City also have impaired improvement in traffic junctions or TANIGUCHI, the construction of two north-south barrier City. Large forces in the city, the Great Wall built in the south, and closely linked with the Great Wall. It can be said that the construction of the Qin Dynasty Great Wall highly scientific nature, is the Warring States Qin, Zhao, Yan construction of the Great Wall of the inheritance and development.Finally, the Warring States Qin, Zhao, Yan Great Wall of historical value, not only the performance of more than 2,200 years ago the Chinese nation's great boldness of vision, and that at that time the Chinese people's high degree of wisdom, the high level of military science, the high level of science and culture.Great Wall location: the Great Wall north-south staggered things, rolling in our great motherland's vast land. It seems a dragon, Fan Yue Wei-wei mountains, across the vast grassland, crossed the vast desert, Cangmang towards the sea. According to historical records, there are more than 20 countries and the feudal dynasty诸侯construction of the Great Wall, if all the times together to build the Great Wall, about 10 Miles above. One Qin, Han and Ming dynasties by three repair the length of the Great Wall are more than 1 Miles. Now China's Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi,Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions are ancient Great Wall, the remains of beacon towers. Of which only the Great Wall in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region amounted to more than 30,000 Lane. China's Great Wall located in the northern part of its Bohai Bay east of Shanhaiguan in Hebei Province, the inland west of Jiayuguan in Gansu Province. Trans-Hebei, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, and other seven provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, is about 6,700 kilometers, with about 13,300, in the world "Great Wall" reputation.The historical story of the Great Wall: Meng Jiangnv cried the Great Wall When the Qin Dynasty, a kind-hearted beautiful woman named Meng Jiangnv. One day, she was doing the yard of their home, suddenly found under the possession of a Putao Jia, threatened her Yitai Tiao, just shouting and saw that person a series of Baishou, pleading: "Do not shout Do not shout, please help I! I called FAN Xi-liang, is to flee the. "Emperor at this time in order to create the original Great Wall, are everywhere to arrest workers have starved to death, I do not know how many people had Leisi! Meng Jiangnv the FAN Xi-liang was down, that he knows of the arguments, Meiqingmuxiu, he had a feeling of love, and the FAN Xi-liang also like the Mengjiang Nv. The couple affiliatedchildren, with the consent of a parent's consent, is ready to become husband and wife.Chengqin the day, Bangladesh Zhangdengjiecai, guests Full, the scenes of jubilation faction. Seeing Tian Kuaihei, drink Xijiu people have gradually scattered, the bride and groom going into the bridal chamber, I suddenly heard only fly Goujiao chicken, and then entered to a team of officers and men of E Henhen, Burongfenshuo, chained a lock, FAN Xi-liang forcibly captured the Great Wall to work. Hao Duanduan the air into a joyous event, Meng Jiangnv indignant Cross, day and night thinking of her husband. She would like to: I sit at home with their dry anxious to do his own to go to the Great Wall. On! To do so! Meng Jiangnv immediately clear up to pack up and the road.Along the way, do not know how many Fengshuang experience rain and snow, the number of dangerous mountain trek evil water, Meng Jiangnv not shout out too hard, not out off Yidi Lei, finally, with indomitable willpower, with deep love for her husband, She reached the Great Wall. At that moment, the Great Wall is from one site consisting of a very long long city wall, Meng Jiangnv a site to find a site up, but not always the husband's whereabouts. Finally, her courage, to a team of just doing manual workers asked: "Here you have a FAN Xi-liang?»"Migrantworkers, said:" there are so personal, to the new. "Meng Jiangnv one, Beng Titus Happy! She quickly asked: "Where is he?» "Migrant workers, said:" already dead, and identify, have filled the city feet! "Mengdi to hear this news, I really like Qingtianpili general, Meng Jiangnv Zhijue eyes and one black, a while sad, crying together. Cried the whole three days and three nights, Kude Tianhundean even have moved heaven and earth. More and more dreary days, more and more fierce winds, is only "Huala," the inverted section of the Great Wall was crying, it is exposed to the FAN Xi-liang identify, and Meng Jiangnv tears drip in his Xueroumohu faces. She finally see their beloved husband, but he would never see her, because he had been brutally killed by the emperor. Beijing Forbidden CityBeijing's Forbidden City palace is the Ming and Qing dynasties, also known as the Forbidden City. Palace are history, "Gong Li as the day" to show Junquan "mandated in the day." As for the emperor-jun, the emperor's palace Jungmun living as the "Purple Palace" prohibited place, Gu Ming Forbidden City. Jianyu Ming Yongle Palace before 2004 (1406), Wing-lok 18 years (1420) completed. After the Ming and Qing dynasty emperor 24. Palace scale of the event, covering 720,000 square meters, construction area of over 150,000 square meters, housing 9999, is the world's largest and most complete ancient palace complex. In order tohighlight the supreme authority of the emperor, the National Palace Museum has a Miyagi runs through the north-south axis, in this line of the shaft, according to "sleep after the former" old system, layout of the imperial orders, the symbol of political power center of the three main hall (Wo Hall, and in the Middle Temple, and Bao Dian) and the residence after three Dihou Palace (dry Qinggong, the TAC Thai Palace, Kunning Gong). In its part Neiting (dry-door north), about the formation of an overlord to live in palaces - Ningshou Gong, and to live in palaces - Taifei Cishou Palace as the center of the minor axis, these two Minor axis, North Korea and also the door for Ethernet and ZTE, and the left side of the Wen Huadian, the right of the Wu Yingdian echoes. Two minor axis and the central axis between a vegetarian and Yang Xindian Palace, which is then living things Pin Fei Liu Gong. For defensive needs of the external construction of these palaces are built up to 10 metres Gongqiang, 1.40 Jiaolou there, outside the moat.National Palace Museum, also known as the Forbidden City in central Beijing, People said she was the National Palace Museum, and Italy for the past palace. National Palace Museum things 750 meters wide, 960 meters long from north to south, the area reached 720,000 square meters, the most in the world; Palace of the building were two strong line of defense around the middle, the external is a 52 m wide and six metersdeep moat around the ; Followed by three kilometer perimeter of the city wall, the wall nearly 10 meters high, 8.62 meters Dikuan. On the walls there are four open, a South Gate afternoon, the North has Shen Wumen, has Donghua Men East, the West is West, doors, walls 1.40, also stands four Jiaolou, Jiaolou a three-tier roof, the roof 72, Linglong Titou , The unique shape of the Chinese masterpiece of ancient architecture.Taihe Dian the National Palace MuseumTaihe Dian commonly known as the Jinluan Dian, the National Palace Museum for the "three main hall," the head of the establishment of the five-metre-high white marble platform, the platform around the Diaolong towering stone pillars. This is the largest of the palace group building. Dian-high 36 meters, 63 meters wide, an area of 2,380 square meters. Basilica middle of the table two meters high is Jinqidiaolong throne, behind the throne is elegant wall, the LONG Zhu Jin Qi Lek powder and refined Panlong Zaojing, magnificent. Ming and Qing dynasties emperor enthronement, and the birth of the Spring Festival, Winter Solstice, and other celebrations were held here.In the National Palace Museum and HallAnd in the Middle Temple in Tai Wo Dianhou, is the National PalaceMuseum "three great hall" one. The Middle Temple is one of the square Danyan Cuanjian Ding Hall. 21 meters on each side, all three, out-20 corridor, yellow glazed tile 1.40 Cuanjian Ding, a center of the Baoding-lau. Taihe Dian events to the emperor first in this rest, to accept the cabinet, Li Bu, such as the worship and bodyguard, all kinds of gift during the day before, this is also viewed with the emperor and Zhuci Zouzhang.Palace security and DianSecurity and the Middle Temple is located at the Palace and after the National Palace Museum is the "three great hall" one. The annual Lantern Festival on New Year's Eve and the Qing Dynasty, the emperor entertained royalty and nobility in this, and the Man Mo minister, to Qianlong years, the first three years from Taihe Dian Dian Shi's move here. Bao Dian things and Wu both sides of the room was replaced by successive art galleries to display a primitive society from the Qing Dynasty about 6000BC to the Chinese art treasures.Palace stem QinggongStem Qinggong is Neiting the main hall, Dian-zhong for the throne, thereare "Zhengdaguangming" floor plaques, is the emperor of the Qin Gong Ming and Qing dynasties and the normal processing of local government affairs, after the Yongzheng out. Annual New Year's Day, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Winter Solstice, Mansudae such as festivals, Anli held in this family feast, and after the death of Emperor Ling Jiu parked in the Hall.Hall of the National Palace Museum TAC HOThai Temple in reference to stem Qinggong, is the Ming and Qing Dynasties held at the Queen's Shouqing place. Dian memory Yu-xi 25; Qianlong between the west side of furnishings made Ziming Zhong; Tonghudilou to the east, the Qing Shizu Shunzhi prohibit interference in the conduct of public affairs, the official also stand in this Tiepai Hall.Palace Kunning GongKunning Gong in the Ming Dynasty, is the Queen's Qingong, known as the Palace, Shunzhi years modelled on the Shenyang-Ning Palace reconstruction, while the West Snappers to Jishen places, often held in the festival, Xi Festival, the Spring and Autumn festival; East Snappers is the wedding of the emperor as a wedding, Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty,。