英语速记符号汇总
英语速记符号完整版(用于听力和笔记)
之阳早格格创做1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference: Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time. Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts andreferences.S = sumf = frequency Leave out periods in standardabbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = depart ment Use only the first syllable of aword.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalism Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individ ualcons = conservative Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizableabbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = infor mationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maxi mumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = mi nimumrep = repetition Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of theword.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = government Use an apostrophe in place ofletters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = govern menteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by addings.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductions Use g to represent ingendings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decre asingexptg = experimenting Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key. Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense withshorthand. Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the. If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter. Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitionalwords.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against\ = therefore= = is or equal Use technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.'Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially writtenout in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <--->resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp/闭于缩略词汇一、缩略词汇英语核心缩略词汇使用的频次很下，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible.很隐然如果能流利掌握缩略词汇，会对于考查大有裨益.缩略词汇的写法普遍为四种办法：F拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receiveF死存前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/OF死存启头战末端个收音字母WK weekRM roomPL peopleF根据收音R areTHO thoughTHRU through下档心译听力时常使用英语缩略词汇表缩略词汇本词汇APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS AddressADVAdviceAMAP As much/many as possibleAMT AmountAPV ApproveASAP As soon as possibleBAL BalanceBLDG BuildingCERT CertificateCFM ConformCNCL CancelCNF ConferenceCMI CommissionCMP CompleteCMPE Compete/competitiveCMU CommunicationCONC Concern/concerning/concernedCOND ConditionCO. CompanyDEPT DepartmentDISC DiscountDPT DepartureEXCH ExchangeEXPLN ExplainEXT ExtentFLT FlightFNT FinalFRT FreightFYR For your referenceGD GoodGUAR GuaranteeH.O. Home officeINFO InformationIMPS ImpossibleIMP(T) ImportantINCD IncludeINDIV IndividualINS InsuranceINTST InterestedI/O In stead ofIOU I owe youIVO In view ofMANUF ManufactureMDL ModelMEMO MemorandumMGR MangerMIN MinimumMKT MarketMSG MessageNCRY NecessaryNLT No later thanOBS ObserveOBT ObtainORD OrdinaryPAT PatentPC PiecePKG PackingPL PeoplePLS PleasePOSN PositionPOSS(BL) PossiblePROD ProductQLTY QualityQUTY QuantityRCV ReceiveREF ReferenceREGL RegularREP RepresentativeRESN ReservationRPT RepeatRESPON ResponsibleSEC SectionSITN SituationSTD StandardTEL TelephoneTEMPTemporaryTGM TelegraphTHO ThoughTKS ThanksTRD TradeTRF TrafficTTL TotalU YouUR YourWK WeekWL WillWT WeightXL Extra large闭于字母战图像两、字母、图像Z 表示"人"people/person，果为"Z"瞅上去像部分头，它常常被写正在一个词汇或者标记的左上角.比圆：日自己：JZ.C 表示政府，统制：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以便用C去表示govern, ernmental official 不妨表示为 CZP 表示政事：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political.那么politician便不妨表示为 PZE 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数教标记表示总值.G 表示效用：efficient, effective.G 为效用标记.Q 表示"通货伸展"：inflation果为那个标记酷似一个降下的气球.A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经时常使用到，所以用尾字母代替.B 表示商业：business.C×表示辩论，冲突：conflict， confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示阻挡于，字母"C"将阻挡于的观念缩小为conflict 战confrontation.W 表示处事，工做: work, employ 等.它是work的第一个字母.所以WZ便不妨用去表示worker, 而W(Z正在字母上圆表示employer, 正在字母下圆表示employee).i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用去不妨用去表示工业.U U 瞅酷似一个酒杯，正在条记中表示合共、协议（treaty, agreement）普遍惟有正在道判乐成、协议成接后才会表示"举杯祝贺".如果正在U内挖进2××××，便不妨表示为bilateral（单边的）, 挖进3表示为trilateral(三边的).挖进正在U中挖进1表示: Unilateralism （单边主义），挖进m (multiple) 表示多边主义.如果正在U 上加一个"/"××××表示道判破裂.O 表示"国家"、"民族"、"收土"等：country, state, nation, etc.gO表示进心，Og表示出心那个标记酷似一把椅子，不妨表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over.那么正在此标记上加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc.T 表示"收袖人"：leader, head那么head of government, head of company 即不妨表示为 CT⊙圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一面表示一盆花，那个标记便不妨表示聚会、启会等：meeting，conference， negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposiumk 那个标记瞅上像条鱼，所以表示"挨鱼业"等合fishery 有闭的词汇汇.O 圆圈代表天球，横线表示赤讲，所以那个标记便不妨表示国际的、天下的、寰球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.J 表示启心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc.L 表示没有谦、气愤unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.EO 表示听到、总所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.O 表示漠没有闭心、漠不体贴：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc.用箭头、数教标记、标面标记去表示三、箭头g 表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to etc.表示引导、带收：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.表示伸服：submit tof 表示去自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc.表示逃溯到：come/go back to，originateh 表示降下：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc.表示收射、投搁商场、收止：launch，open, start, etc.表示死少、加强、促成：develop，strengthen， promote, etc表示"挫合"：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.四、数教标记+ 表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.++(+2) 表示"多"的比较级：more+3 表示"多"的最下档：most－表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.×表示"过得"、"过得"战"坏"的观念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc.> 表示"多于"观念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.表示"下" 观念：superior to，surpass, etc.< 表示"少于"观念：less/smaller，etc.表示"矮"观念：inferior to，etc.= 表示"共等"观念：means，that is to say， in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.表示"对于脚"观念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.( ) 表示"正在......之间"：among, within, etc.≠ 表示"分歧"观念：be different from, etc.表示"无敌"观念：matchless, peerless, etc.～表示"约莫"观念：about/around，or so， approximately, etc./ 表示"可定"，"取消"等观念：cross out, eliminate, etc.五、标面等: 表示百般百般"道"的动词汇：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.? 表示"问题"：question，issue，比圆：台湾问题：tw?. (dot) 那个"."面的位子分歧表示的观念也纷歧样".d"表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year, ".2m"表示two month ago."y"表示this year, "y2." two year later"next week", 不妨表示为"wk."∧表示转合√ 表示"佳的"状态，right/good，famous/well-known，etc.表示"共意"状态，stand up for，support， agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.☆表示"要害的"状态：important，exemplary（模范的） best，outstanding，brilliant，etc.n 表示"接流"状态：exchange，mutual, etc.& 表示"战"，"取"：and，together with，along with， accompany，along with，further more，etc.∥表示"中断"：end，stop，halt，bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.六、较少单词汇的处理办法-ism 简写为 m 比圆：socialism Sm-tion 简简写为 n 比圆：standardization (尺度化) stdn-cian 简简写为 o 比圆：technician techo-ing 简写为 g 比圆：marketing (商场营销) MKTg-ed 简写为 d 比圆：accepted acptd-able/ible/ble 简写为 bl 比圆：available avbl-ment 简写为 mt 比圆：amendment amdmt-ize 简写为 z 比圆：recognize regz-ful 简写为 fl 比圆：meaningful mnfl。
英语速记符号完整版(用于听力和笔记)
1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references. S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against\ = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples: custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <--->resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp/关于缩略词一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
英语速记符号汇总
1.表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，giveto，send to，present to etc. 2.表示导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc. 3.表示屈服：submit to 1.表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc. 2.表示追溯到：come/go back to，originate 1.表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc. 2.表示发射、投放市场、发行：launch，open, start, etc. 3.表示发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen，promote, etc 表示“波折”：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc. 常用速记数学符号汇编 +表示“多”: many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc. ++(+2)表示“多”的比较级：more +3表示“多”的最高级：most -表示“少”: little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc. ×表示“错误”、“失误”和“坏”的概念：wrong/incorrect，somethingbad，notorious，negative, etc. > 1.表示“多于”概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc. 2.表示“高” 概念：superior to，surpass, etc. < 1.表示“少于”概念：less/smaller，etc. 2.表示“低”概念：inferior to，etc. =1.表示“同等”概念：means，that is to say，in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc. 2.表示“对手”概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc. ( )表示“在......之间”：among, within, etc. ≠1.表示“不同”概念：be different from, etc. 2.表示“无敌”概念：matchless, peerless, etc. ～表示“大约”概念：about/around，or so，approximately, etc. /表示“否定”，“消除”等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc. 记笔记：常用符号和缩略语 (Note-taking: Useful Signs and Abbreviations) 1. 常用笔记符号： 符号信息意义 箭头符号 ↑上升;提高;增强;上涨;增长;扩大;起飞;升空;提拔;晋升 (grow, expand, develop, rise, go up, increase , ascend, launch, skyrocket, soar, appreciation, promote, upwards) ↓下降;下沉;降低;滑坡;轰炸;减少;恶化;降职;削减/裁减(drop to, bomb, jump, go down, descend,decrease, deteriorate, depreciation, reduce, downwards) ↗上扬;渐渐好转(become better and better) ↘下挫;不断亏损(become worse and worse) →出口;去;向前;出国;前往;运往;导致;发展成为… (export to, enter, arrive in/at, present to, result in, send to, transmit to, lead to, export to, cause) ←回顾;从前;进口;倒退;来自;源于(come from, originate from, receive from, go back to, import from)例如：café ← French意为: café源自于法语 数学符号 + 增加;补充;除此之外另外(furthermore, in addition to, with, and, besides, etc) — 减少;删除;缺乏(minus, lack) × 表示“不对的，错的，坏的，不好的，臭名昭著的”(incorrect, wrong, bad, inappropriate, notorious) > 超过，大于，胜过，优于(more than, bigger than, surpass, better than, superior to) < 小于，不足，次于，逊色(fewer than, less than, worse than, inferior to) = 等于符号(equal) 在听力笔记中相当于“与…一样”(equal to, the same as)，另外可以表示“是…的对手“(a ri-val, a competitor)等意思。
英语速记缩写词和符号
一些常用的速记缩写词和符号大于＞小于＜小于或等于≢大于或等于≣等于、意味着=不等于≠约等于≈遗憾、悲哀;高兴、荣兴(错误、否、不、否定×正确、对、好、肯定√不同意N同意Y上升、增加↑下降、减少↓强、好＋更强、更好＋＋弱、差－更弱、更差――因为∵所以∴优秀★属于↔胜利V问题、疑问？和、与＆结论是=＞将来; 过去<促进、发展↗国家□国与国□/□原因←导致、结果→对立、冲突><波折＜＜会议、会面⊙进入∩接触、交往∞分歧⊥非常、十分重要**坚持≡关键！有关@替换为∽与……比较而言‖空洞○代表△口译成功与否在很大程度上取决于译员在口译表达前对感知的信息进行记录的能力。
记录分为“脑记”和“笔记”两种。
人脑的记忆由短时记忆和长时记忆两部分组成。
顾名思义，短时记忆是一种操作性的暂时记忆，长时记忆属于一种储存性的永久记忆。
影响一个人短时记忆的因素很多，其中最主要的因素是记忆内容的意义性。
即便是当感知的信息有意义时，人的短时记忆只可容纳由二十多个单词组成的句子，或者一组十位数的数字。
因此，对于口译工作者来说，完全依赖人脑的记忆能力是危险的，记笔记便显得十分重要。
做口译笔记时的注意事项1.口译笔记应记要点，切忌求记“全”。
口译笔记是记忆的延伸或补充，不应也不必取代记忆。
口译笔记的主要内容是概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻辑关系（如大小、先后、正反、上下、升降、因果关系等），笔记单位以表达意群的词语和符号为主。
2.口译笔记求快求精，但不可潦草。
3.口译笔记可使用来源语，也可使用目标语，也可以双语兼用。
只要有利于口译的准确性和流利性，不必拘泥于某种文字或符号。
例如，“联合国大会”可笔录为“UN”或“联大”。
4.口译笔记使用大量常见略语，例如：cf(compare), Co(company), eg(for example), etc(and so on), esp(especially), ie(that is), max(maximum), min(minimum), ref(reference), std(standard), usu(usually),等。
英语听力速记符号
英语听力速记符号一、字母和缩写1. A - 代表“always” 总是2. B - 代表“because” 因为3. C - 代表“can’t” 不能4. D - 代表“don’t” 不要5. E - 代表“everything” 每件事6. F - 代表“friend” 朋友7. G - 代表“goodbye” 再见8. I - 代表“if” 如果9. J - 代表“just” 只是10. K - 代表“known” 知道二、数字和数学符号1. # - 代表“number” 数字2. × - 代表“multiply” 乘法3. / - 代表“divide” 除法4. + - 代表“plus” 加法5. - - 代表“minus” 减法6. < - 代表“less than” 小于7. > - 代表“greater than” 大于8. = - 代表“equals” 等于9. ( - 代表“open parenthesis” 开括号10. ) - 代表“close parenthesis” 闭括号三、标点和符号1. , - 代表“comma” 逗号2. . - 代表“period” 句号3. ? - 代表“question mark” 问号4. ! - 代表“exclamation mark” 感叹号5. ; - 代表“semicolon” 分号6. " - 代表“quotation marks” 双引号或单引号7. ' - 同上，也是引号的意思8. : - 同上，也是引号的意思9. & - 代表“and” 和10. * - 代表“star” 星号或乘号的意思四、图像和图形1. @ - 可以代表“at the” 在某处或某个时间点前2. @@ - 可以代表重复前一个符号或单词3. ~ - 可以代表“wave” 波浪形状，也可以表示声音的延长。
英语速记符号
今eve we :) 北大 再接 老朋 Dr Green&Mrs //
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I 代 全staff →Dr.&Mrs. G & 其 NZ 宾: wel //
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I Bel Gr 我sch 访 友合 重贡//
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tom 宾 go 南 & 上 I wish nice trip//
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Please share with us the pride and joy we have that some of exhibits are the products from some US-Chinese joint ventures. Although display of these exhibits are proportionally a mere fraction, only 5% of all the exhibits, it is nevertheless a promising sign of our future cooperation. “A good beginning is half the battle”, as we always believe it. I wish my Chinese friends a most rewarding visit.
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其它缩略词
01
cp(compare),
02
Co(company),
eg(for example),
etc(and so on),
esp(especially),
ie(that is),
07
max(maximum),
口译速记符号及范例
口译速记符号及范例
在口译速记中，使用了各种符号来代表不同的词语、词组和信息。
以下是一些常见的口译速记符号及其范例：
1. 单词/词组的缩写：
- 例如：govt（government），UN（United Nations），intro （introduction）
2. 数字：
- 例如：2（two），15（fifteen），3.2%（three point two percent）
3. 符号表示特定含义：
- 例如：∴（therefore），≠（not equal to），±（plus or minus）
4. 词语/词组的简化形式：
- 例如：info（information），conf（conference），rep （report）
5. 声音的表示：
- 例如：/kæt/（cat），/əˈsaɪst/（assist）
6. 常用的速记符号：
- 例如：箭头（表示方向或变化），圆圈（表示重要或突出），斜线（表示取消或过时）
7. 符号的组合和结构：
- 例如：↑（上升），↓（下降），→（发展），←（反对）
8. 表示固定短语或俚语的符号：
- 例如：BFF（best friends forever），TGIF（Thank God it's Friday）
请注意，以上仅为一些常见的例子，实际上口译速记符号有很多种，各口译员可能会根据个人习惯和需求进行一些定制或修改。
使用哪些符号以及如何使用符号，都取决于个人风格和技巧。
英语速记符号汇总
1.表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to etc.2.表示导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.3.表示屈服：submit to1.表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc.2.表示追溯到：come/go back to，originate1.表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc.2.表示发射、投放市场、发行：launch，open, start, etc.3.表示发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen，promote, etc表示“波折”：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.常用速记数学符号汇编+表示“多”: many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.++(+2)表示“多”的比较级：more+3表示“多”的最高级：most-表示“少”: little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.×表示“错误”、“失误”和“坏”的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc.> 1.表示“多于”概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.2.表示“高”概念：superior to，surpass, etc.< 1.表示“少于”概念：less/smaller，etc.2.表示“低”概念：inferior to，etc.=1.表示“同等”概念：means，that is to say， in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.2.表示“对手”概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.( )表示“在......之间”：among, within, etc.≠1.表示“不同”概念：be different from, etc.2.表示“无敌”概念：matchless, peerless, etc.～表示“大约”概念：about/around，or so，approximately, etc./表示“否定”，“消除”等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.记笔记：常用符号和缩略语(Note-taking: Useful Signs and Abbreviations)1. 常用笔记符号：符号信息意义箭头符号↑上升;提高;增强;上涨;增长;扩大;起飞;升空;提拔;晋升 (grow, expand, develop, rise, go up, increase , ascend, launch, skyrocket, soar, appreciation, promote, upwards)↓下降;下沉;降低;滑坡;轰炸;减少;恶化;降职;削减/裁减(drop to, bomb, jump, go down, descend,decrease, deteriorate, depreciation, reduce, downwards)↗上扬;渐渐好转(become better and better)↘下挫;不断亏损(become worse and worse)→出口;去;向前;出国;前往;运往;导致;发展成为… (export to, enter, arrive in/at, present to, result in, send to, transmit to, lead to, export to, cause)←回顾;从前;进口;倒退;来自;源于(come from, originate from, receive from, go back to, import from)例如：café← French意为: café源自于法语数学符号+ 增加;补充;除此之外另外(furthermore, in addition to, with, and, besides, etc)—减少;删除;缺乏(minus, lack)×表示“不对的，错的，坏的，不好的，臭名昭著的”(incorrect, wrong, bad, inappropriate, notorious)> 超过，大于，胜过，优于(more than, bigger than, surpass, better than, superior to)< 小于，不足，次于，逊色(fewer than, less than, worse than, inferior to)= 等于符号(equal) 在听力笔记中相当于“与…一样”(equal to, the same as)，另外可以表示“是…的对手“(a ri-val, a competitor)等意思。
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一、缩略词（缩略词的写法一般为四种方式）拿掉所有元音MKT marketMGR managerMSG messageSTD standardRCV receive保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeIOU I owe youI/O In stead of保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekRM roomPL people根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS AddressADV AdviceAMAP As much/many as possible AMT AmountAPV ApproveASAP As soon as possibleBAL BalanceBLDG BuildingCERT CertificateCFM ConformCNCL CancelCNF ConferenceCMI CommissionCMP CompleteCMPE Compete/competitive CMU CommunicationCONC Concern/concerning/concern edCOND ConditionCO. CompanyDEPT DepartmentDISC DiscountDPT DepartureEXCH ExchangeEXPLN ExplainEXT ExtentFLT FlightFNT FinalFRT FreightFYR For your referenceGD GoodGUAR GuaranteeH.O. Home officeINFO InformationIMPS ImpossibleIMP（T）ImportantINCD IncludeINDIV IndividualINS InsuranceINTST InterestedI/O In stead ofIOU I owe youIVO In view ofMANUF ManufactureMDL ModelMEMO MemorandumMGR MangerMIN MinimumMKT MarketMSG MessageNCRY NecessaryNLT No later thanOBS ObserveOBT ObtainORD OrdinaryPAT PatentPC PiecePKG PackingPL PeoplePLS PleasePOSN PositionPOSS（BL）PossiblePROD ProductQLTY QualityQUTY QuantityRCV ReceiveREF ReferenceREGL RegularREP RepresentativeRESN ReservationRPT RepeatRESPON ResponsibleSEC SectionSITN SituationSTD StandardTEL TelephoneTEMP TemporaryTGM TelegraphTHO ThoughTKS ThanksTRD TradeTRF TrafficTTL TotalU YouUR YourWK WeekWL WillWT WeightXL Extra large二、字母、图像Z 表示"人"people/person，因为"Z"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
例如：日本人：JZ。
C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。
governmental official 可以表示为CZP 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。
那么politician 就可以表示为PZE 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。
G 表示效率：efficient, effective。
G为效率符号。
Q 表示"通货膨胀"：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。
B 表示商业：business。
C×表示冲突，矛盾：conflict，confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对，字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和confrontation。
W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。
它是work的第一个字母。
所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。
i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。
U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议（treaty, agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。
如果在U内填入2××××，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）, 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。
填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。
如果在U上加一个"/"××××表示谈判破裂。
O 表示"国家"、"民族"、"领土"等：country, state, nation, etc.gO表示进口，Og表示出口这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over。
那么在此符号上加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc. T 表示"领导人"：leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为CT⊙圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting，conference，negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposiumk 这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示"捕鱼业"等合fishery 有关的词汇。
O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc.L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.EO 表示听到、总所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of,etc.O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc.三、箭头g 表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to etc.表示导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.表示屈服：submit tof 表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc.表示追溯到：come/go back to，originateh 表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc.表示发射、投放市场、发行：launch，open, start, etc.表示发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen，promote, etc表示"波折"：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.四、数学符号+ 表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.++(+2) 表示"多"的比较级：more+3 表示"多"的最高级：most－表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.×表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc.> 表示"多于"概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.表示"高" 概念：superior to，surpass, etc. < 表示"少于"概念：less/smaller，etc.表示"低"概念：inferior to，etc.= 表示"同等"概念：means，that is to say，in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc. 表示"对手"概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.( ) 表示"在......之间"：among, within, etc. ≠ 表示"不同"概念：be different from, etc.表示"无敌"概念：matchless, peerless, etc. ～表示"大约"概念：about/around，or so，approximately, etc./ 表示"否定"，"消除"等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.五、标点等: 表示各种各样"说"的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.? 表示"问题"：question，issue，例如：台湾问题：tw?. (dot) 这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year, ".2m"表示two month ago。