俄罗斯与中国比对【英文】
中国与外国的相似之处英语作文
中国与外国的相似之处英语作文China and foreign countries share many similarities in terms of culture, traditions, and customs. Firstly, both China and foreign countries value family and kinship. In China, family plays a crucial role in shaping a person's identity, and the same can be observed in many foreign cultures. Respect for elders, filial piety, and close-knit family ties are common values shared across different cultures.Moreover, both China and foreign countries have rich and diverse culinary traditions. Chinese cuisine is famous forits use of various cooking techniques, seasonings, and ingredients, and foreign countries also have their own unique food cultures, such as Italian pasta, Japanese sushi, and Mexican tacos. Food is an important part of both Chinese andforeign cultures, often serving as a way to bring people together and celebrate special occasions.Another similarity between China and foreign countries is the celebration of traditional festivals. While the specific festivals may differ, the underlying emphasis on coming together, enjoying special foods, and honoring cultural traditions is a shared aspect. For example, the ChineseSpring Festival is a time for family reunions, feasting, and fireworks, while foreign countries have their own festive celebrations, such as Christmas, Diwali, and Thanksgiving.Furthermore, both China and foreign countries have a rich history of art and literature. Chinese calligraphy, painting, and poetry are renowned for their beauty and sophistication, and foreign countries also have a long tradition of artistic expression through various mediums, such as literature, music, dance, and visual arts. These artistic traditions serve as away to express emotions, record history, and reflect the values and beliefs of a society.In addition, the education system in China shares common traits with that of foreign countries. Education is highly valued in both Chinese and foreign cultures, and there is a strong emphasis on academic achievement, critical thinking, and practical skills. Furthermore, the pursuit of knowledge is seen as a pathway to personal and professional success, and the desire to provide a better future for the younger generation is a universal value.Finally, both China and foreign countries have a deep reverence for their historical and cultural heritage. Historical sites, monuments, and artifacts are treasured and preserved as a way to connect with the past and to understand the cultural identity. Similarly, foreign countries also have their own historical landmarks and heritage sites that are cherished and protected for future generations.In conclusion, China and foreign countries share many similarities in terms of culture, traditions, and customs. From the importance of family and food to the celebration of festivals and artistic expression, these commonalities serve as a reminder of the shared human experience and the richness of diversity in the world.。
中国与其他国家的文化比较 英语作文
中国与其他国家的文化比较英语作文China is a country with a rich and diverse culture that has evolved over thousands of years. As one of the oldest civilizations in the world, China has developed a unique cultural identity that is distinctly different from many other countries. However, when comparing Chinese culture to the cultures of other nations, there are both similarities and differences that are worth exploring.One of the most striking differences between Chinese culture and the cultures of many Western countries is the emphasis on collectivism rather than individualism. In China, the focus is often on the group or the community, rather than the individual. This is reflected in the importance placed on family, social harmony, and hierarchical relationships. Chinese people tend to see themselves as part of a larger whole, rather than as autonomous individuals. This contrasts with the more individualistic cultures of many Western countries, where personal achievement and self-expression are often highly valued.Another key difference is the role of Confucianism in shapingChinese culture. Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical system that has had a profound influence on Chinese society for centuries. It emphasizes the importance of social order, respect for authority, and the cultivation of virtues such as loyalty, filial piety, and benevolence. This has led to a strong emphasis on hierarchy and social roles in Chinese culture, which can be quite different from the more egalitarian and individualistic values of some Western cultures.However, it is important to note that China is not a monolithic culture, and there is significant diversity within the country. Different regions and ethnic groups have their own unique cultural traditions and practices. Additionally, as China has become more integrated with the global economy and culture, there has been an increasing influence of Western ideas and values, particularly among the younger generation.When comparing Chinese culture to the cultures of other Asian countries, there are also both similarities and differences. Many Asian countries share a common heritage of Confucianism, Buddhism, and other East Asian philosophical and religious traditions. This has led to some commonalities in values, such as the importance of family, respect for elders, and a focus on harmony and balance. However, each Asian country has also developed its own unique cultural traditions and practices, shaped by its own history, geography, and political and economic development.For example, Japanese culture is often characterized by a strong emphasis on aesthetics, discipline, and a sense of honor and duty. Korean culture, on the other hand, is known for its vibrant pop culture, the importance of family and social hierarchies, and a deep respect for education. Meanwhile, Southeast Asian cultures, such as those of Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam, have their own distinct traditions and customs that reflect the diversity of the region.When comparing Chinese culture to the cultures of other parts of the world, such as Europe or the Americas, the differences become even more pronounced. Western cultures, for example, tend to place a greater emphasis on individualism, personal freedom, and the separation of church and state. This can lead to significant differences in values, social norms, and cultural practices.For instance, the role of religion in Western and Chinese cultures can be quite different. While Christianity and other Abrahamic religions have played a central role in shaping the cultures of many Western countries, the religious landscape in China is more diverse, with a mix of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism, as well as a growing influence of Christianity and other religions.Similarly, the political and economic systems of China and many Western countries can be quite different. China's authoritarianpolitical system and state-controlled economy contrast with the more democratic and market-driven systems of many Western nations.Despite these differences, however, there are also many areas of convergence and exchange between Chinese culture and the cultures of other countries. As China has become more integrated with the global economy and culture, there has been an increasing exchange of ideas, goods, and people between China and the rest of the world.This has led to a growing appreciation and understanding of Chinese culture in other parts of the world, as well as the incorporation of elements of Chinese culture into the cultural landscapes of other countries. For example, the popularity of Chinese cuisine, martial arts, and traditional medicine in many parts of the world is a testament to the global influence of Chinese culture.At the same time, Chinese culture has also been influenced by the cultures of other countries. The influx of foreign ideas, technologies, and cultural products has led to a process of cultural hybridization, where elements of Chinese culture have been combined with elements of other cultures to create new and innovative forms of cultural expression.In conclusion, the comparison of Chinese culture and the cultures ofother countries reveals both similarities and differences. While Chinese culture has its own unique characteristics shaped by its long history and distinct philosophical and religious traditions, it is also a dynamic and evolving culture that has been influenced by and has influenced the cultures of other parts of the world. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the exchange and blending of cultures will continue to shape the cultural landscape of the 21st century.。
【精编范文】俄罗斯的英文单词及读音-推荐word版 (3页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==俄罗斯的英文单词及读音俄罗斯是一个国家，我们可以适当的了解一下它的英文单词以及标准的读音。
下面就让小编给大家分享表示俄罗斯国家的英文单词以及正确的读音吧，希望能对你有帮助!俄罗斯的英文单词：Russia名词 (1917年以前的)俄罗斯帝国; 现俄罗斯; 俄罗斯皮革读音如音标所示：英 ['rʌʃə] 美 [ˈrʌʃə]俄罗斯的英文例句1. Many Chinese business people often go to the " customs clearance companies " in Russia to cut costs and to improve efficiency.2. Due to the language barriers and ignorance of Russian customs, most Chinese business people in Russia fail to enter the upper echelons of Russian society.3. Province leaders said they hoped it would help it to maintain its leading role in business relations between China and Russia.4. Now Russia is one of many countries, but for many years it was the opponent.5. He has advocated expelling Russia from the Group of Eight industrial nations and made Putin the butt of a punch line.6. CANBERRA - The Australian government on Tuesday condemned as a terrible act of extremism a bombing at a Moscow Airport in Russia.7. An additional agreement on buyer's credit for export between the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and Russia's VTB Bank was signed as well.俄罗斯的双语例句1. Russia, France and Israel will be more than happy to supplytop-of-the-line equipment.俄国、法国和以色列将非常乐意提供最尖端的设备。
中国和俄罗斯的不同,英文祥解
NO.2 Language
China——Chinese
Russia——Russian
NO.3 Belief
Russia：Russia's main religious orthodox Christianity, followed by Islam。
China: Taoism
NO.4 Values
the Russians —— theocratic thought, concept, mercy, salvation view of crime and punishment concept, mysticism, asceticism, conservatism.
Chinese —— on Marx ideology, the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the socialist concept of honor and Disgrace.
——black hair, yellow skin, black brown pupil.
Colors of Skin
The Russians ——skin white, hair color golden and dark brown eyes, pupil is blue and brown.
russians俄罗斯russiatheocraticcheongsam中国和俄罗斯的不同英文更多
The Differences between Russia and China
The Kremlin
The Great Wall
NO.1 SLeabharlann in colorsColors of Skin
中国和某一国家的对比(英语版)
2011 10 月份，奢侈品品牌 年11月2日，美国安全化妆品运动联盟表示，强生婴儿洗发水中含有可致癌的二恶烷以及季铵盐 Gucci被指在华用工双重标准，并爆发“虐工门”，让这个一向在中国口碑不错的奢侈品企业，一夜之间成了千夫所指的“血汗工厂”。 15。美国、中国、加拿大等5国市场所售产品中仍含有该物质。
Reference：Data from World st updated: Apr 27, 2017.
1.The proportion of population over 65:Belgium has more another 8% of total than China. 2.The proportion of population in age15-64:China has more another 8% of total than Belgium.
10.2495
8
8.7679
6
4
2
0.107751
0.092
0.093
0
2010
2012
2014
2010
2012
2014
China
Belgium
China
Belgium
Reference：Data from World st updated: Apr 27, 2017.
China has a larger total amount of carbon emission,but it has a less emissions per capita than Belgium.
Questions
1.Which country has a higher economic growth?
中国与俄罗斯文化差异 英文文献
中国与俄罗斯文化差异英文文献Culture difference between China and Russia.Have you ever been to Russia? Have you once had a culture shock? Have you had an appetite to experience the alien culture?If your answer is “yes”it’s essential for you to have a good know edge of the difference between Chinese culture and Russian culture.First of all. the difference in privacy is obvious. You must have realized that. for our Chinese. the concept of privacy is weak, Chinese tend to be willing to enjoy others’joys and sorrows of life, which, in turn, the others are pleasure to be honest. However, Russian concentrate on privacy very much, seldom will they mention money.Second. in Russia. If you plan to entertain people at home or call on someone. it’s polite for you to inform him or make an appointment in advance by yourself. Neither do they welcome the uninvited guest, nor are they pleased with the arrival in advance, which will make them hurry-scurry.Neverthless,the phonomenon of self invitation is quite common in china. Thirdly. when you are chatting with a Russian.you'll find it is politics. art works. new movies that theytalk most. Even though they are also interested in household affirs, they dislike being asked directly:“Do you have family?”For Russia has a lot of single mother, such question will get them into an awkward position.What's more. with its long history. Chinese is characterlized with fine tradition of beinag enthusiastic and hospitable. On a social intercourse or feast, there’s no difficulty in finding Chinese toast to each other, the host may put the delicious food into the guests bowl. While in Russia, which adovacates respecting personal rights and inters, they won't force other to do or eat what they are unwilling to do.The four aspects above is just a part of the difference between Chinese culture and Russian. Rooted in different background, their difference is reflected in all sides. So, now, it is you to figure out more!。
中俄文化对比差异英语作文
中俄文化对比差异英语作文China and Russia, two vast countries with richhistories and diverse cultures, offer fascinating insights into their unique traditions and ways of life. Let'sexplore some of the intriguing differences between Chinese and Russian cultures.In China, family values are deeply ingrained in society. The concept of filial piety, respecting and caring for elders, is a cornerstone of Chinese culture. Family gatherings are frequent occasions, where relatives come together to share meals and celebrate special occasions. Conversations often revolve around personal updates, work, and education. By contrast, Russian culture, while still emphasizing the importance of family, might be seen as slightly more individualistic. Russians value independence and personal space, and their social interactions often extend beyond the family circle to include friends and neighbors.The approach to art and creativity also differs between these two cultures. Chinese art, whether it's painting, calligraphy, or pottery, often reflects a harmonious blend of nature and humanity. The use of symbols and abstract forms convey deep meanings and emotions. On the other hand, Russian art tends to be more realistic and narrative, often focusing on historical events or social commentary. Russian literature, in particular, is renowned for its depth and complexity, reflecting the country's rich intellectual heritage.Food culture is another fascinating aspect of both China and Russia. Chinese cuisine is renowned for its diversity and complexity, with each region offering its unique flavors and cooking techniques. The importance of food in Chinese culture is reflected in the saying "Eat is the heaven's mandate," indicating that food is not just nourishment but also a source of joy and community. Russian cuisine, while also diverse, tends to focus more on hearty, home-cooked meals. Classic dishes like borscht, pelmeni, and blini are enjoyed by families across the country and often served during special occasions.In conclusion, while China and Russia share many similarities, their cultures are also distinct in many ways.。
世界各国和地区英文简写
世界各国和地区英文简写世界各国和地区英文简写序号缩写中文英文1 AE 阿联酋 United Arab Emirates2 AF 阿富汗 Afghanistan3 AL 阿尔巴尼亚 Albania4 AO 安哥拉 Angola5 AR 阿根廷 Argentina6 AT 奥地利 Austria7 AU 澳大利亚 Australia8 AZ 亚塞拜然 Azerbaijan9 BD 孟加拉 Bangladesh10 BE 比利时 Belgium11 BG 保加利亚 Bulgaria12 BH 巴林 Bahrain13 BI 蒲隆地 Burundi14 BJ 贝南 Benin15 BM 百慕大 Bermuda16 BN 汶莱 Brunei17 BO 玻利维亚 Bolivia18 BR 巴西 Brazil19 BS 巴哈马 Bahamas20 BT 不丹 Bhutan21 BW 波札那 Botswana22 CA 加拿大 Canada23 CF 中非共和国 Central Africa24 CG 刚果 Congo25 CH 瑞士 Switzerland26 CK 库克群岛 Cook Is.27 CL 智利 Chile28 CM 喀麦隆 Cameroon29 CN 中国 China30 CO 哥伦比亚 Colombia31 CR 哥斯大黎加 Costa Rica32 CU 古巴 Cuba33 CV 维德角群岛 Cape Verde Is.34 CY 塞普勒斯 Cyprus35 CZ 捷克共和国 Czech36 DE 德国 Germany37 DK 丹麦 Denmark38 DZ 阿尔及利亚 Algeria39 EC 厄瓜多 Ecuador40 EE 爱沙尼亚 Estonia41 EG 埃及 Egypt42 ES 西班牙 Spain43 ET 衣索比亚 Ethiopia44 FI 芬兰 Finland45 FJ 斐济 Fiji46 FR 法国 France47 GA 加彭 Gabon48 GB 英国 Great Britain49 GD 格瑞那达 Grenada50 GH 迦纳 Ghana51 GM 甘比亚 Gambia52 GN 几内亚 Guinea-Bissau53 GQ 赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea54 GR 希腊 Greece55 GT 瓜地马拉 Guatemala56 GU 关岛 Guam57 GY 盖亚那 Guyana58 HK 香港 Hong kong59 HN 宏都拉斯 Honduras60 HR 克罗埃西亚 Croatia61 HT 海地 Haiti62 HU 匈牙利 Hungary63 ID 印度尼西亚 Indonesia64 IE 爱尔兰 Ireland65 IL 以色列 Israel66 IN 印度 India67 IQ 伊拉克 Iraq68 IR 伊朗 Iran69 IS 冰岛 Iceland70 IT 义大利 Italy71 JM 牙买加 Jamaica72 JO 约旦 Jordan73 JP 日本 Japan74 KE 肯亚 Kenya75 KH 柬埔寨 Cambodia76 KP 韩国 R.O.Korea77 KR 北朝鲜 D.P.R.Korea78 KW 科威特 Kuwait79 KZ 哈萨克 Kazakhstan80 LA 寮国 Laos81 LB 黎巴嫩 Lebanon82 LT 立陶宛 Lithuania83 LU 卢森堡 Luxembourg84 LV 拉托维亚 Latvia85 LY 利比亚 Libya86 MA 摩洛哥 Moroo87 MC 摩纳哥 Monaco88 MD 摩尔多瓦 Moldova89 MG 马达加斯加 Madagascar90 ML 马里 Mali91 MN 蒙古 Mongolia92 MO 澳门 Macao93 MR 茅利塔尼亚 Mauritania94 MT 马耳他 Malta95 MU 模里西斯 Mauritius96 MV 马尔地夫 Maldives97 MX 墨西哥 Mexico98 MY 马来西亚 Malaysia99 MZ 莫三比克 Mozambique100 NA 奈米比亚 Namibia101 NE 尼日 Niger102 NG 奈及利亚 Nigeria103 NI 尼加拉瓜 Nicaragua104 NL 荷兰 Netherlands105 NO 挪威 Norway106 NP 尼泊尔 Nepal107 NZ 纽西兰 New Zealand108 OM 阿曼 Oman109 PA 巴拿马 Panama110 PE 祕鲁 Peru111 PG 巴布亚纽几内亚 Papua New Guinea 112 PH 菲律宾 Philippines113 PK 巴基斯坦 Pakistan114 PL 波兰 Poland115 PT 葡萄牙 Portugal116 PY 巴拉圭 Paraguay117 QA 卡达 Qatar118 RO 罗马尼亚 Romania119 RU 俄罗斯 Russia120 RW 卢安达 Rwanda121 SA 沙乌地阿拉伯 Saudi Arabia 122 SD 苏丹 Sudan123 SE 瑞典 Sweden124 SG 新加坡 Singapore125 SK 斯洛伐克 Slovakia126 SM 圣马利诺 San Marino 127 SN 塞内加尔 Senegal128 SO 索马利亚 Somalia129 SY 叙利亚 Syria130 TH 泰国 Thailand131 TJ 塔吉克 Tadzhikistan132 TM 土库曼 Turkmenistan 133 TN 突尼西亚 Tunisia134 TO 汤加 Tonga135 TW 台湾 Taiwan136 TZ 坦尚尼亚 Tanzania137 UA 乌克兰 Ukraine138 UG 乌干达 Uganda139 UK 英国 United Kingdom 140 US 美国 United States141 UY 乌拉圭 Uruguay142 UZ 乌兹别克 Uzbekistan143 VA 梵蒂冈 Vatican City144 VE 委内瑞拉 Venezuela145 VN 越南 Viet Nam146 YE 叶门 Yemen147 YU 南斯拉夫 Yugoslavia148 ZA 南非 South Africa149 ZM 尚比亚 Zambia150 ZR 扎伊尔 Zaire151 ZW 辛巴威 Zimbabwe世界各国英文简称阿尔巴尼亚Albania Lek ALL阿尔及利亚第纳尔 DZD安道尔法郎 FRF亚美尼亚 AMD安第列斯群岛盾 ANG安哥拉 AON阿根廷比索 ARP奥地利先令 ATS澳大利亚元 AUD安圭拉东加勒比海元 XCD阿鲁巴岛弗罗林 AWF安地卡及巴布达岛东加勒比海元 XCD亚塞拜然 AZM波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 BAK巴贝多元 BBD比利时法郎 BEF保加利亚列弗 BGL蒲隆地法郎 BIF巴哈马群岛元 BSD汶莱元 BND玻利维亚 BOB巴西 BRL不丹卢比 BTR波札那 BWP宏都拉斯元 BZD 加拿大元 CAD贝南法郎 XAF刚果法郎 CDF瑞士法郎 CHF智利比索 CLP中国人民币 CNY 哥伦比亚比索 COP 哥斯大黎加 CRC 捷克克郎 CZK古巴比索 CUP维德角 CVE塞普路斯镑 CYP 英镑 GBP德国马克 DEM丹麦克郎 DKK多美尼加比索 DOP 布吉纳法索 XAF 厄瓜多 ECS缅甸元 MMK爱沙尼亚 EEK埃及镑 EGP厄利垂亚 ERN西班牙彼萨塔 ESP 柬埔寨 KHR衣索比亚 ETB喀麦隆 XAF欧元 EUR芬兰 FIM斐济元 FJD法国法郎 FRF中非共和国 XAF 查德 XAF乔治亚 GEL迦纳塞第 GHC直布罗陀 GIP甘比亚 GMD几内亚法郎 GNF 希腊 GRD瓜地马拉 GTQ盖亚那 GYD港币 HKD纽西兰元 NZD克罗埃西亚 HRK 海地 HTG匈牙利福林 HUF 印尼卢比 IDR爱尔兰 IEP以色列 ILS印度卢比 INR伊拉克第纳尔 IQD 伊朗里亚尔 IRR 冰岛克郎 ISK荷兰盾 NLG义大利里拉 ITL牙买加元 JMD约旦第纳尔 JOD 日圆 JPY肯亚先令 KES萨尔瓦多El SVC朝鲜 KPW赤道几内亚 XAF韩国 KRW衣索比亚 ETB科威特第纳尔 KWD 哈萨克 KZT寮国 LAK黎巴嫩镑 LBP斯里兰卡卢比 LKR 赖比瑞亚元 LRD赖索托 LSL立陶宛 LTL卢森堡法郎 LUF拉托维亚 LVL利比亚第纳尔 LYD 摩洛哥迪拉姆 MAD 摩尔多瓦 MDL马达加斯加 MGF 马其顿第纳尔 MKD 加彭 XAF甘比亚 GMD蒙古 MNT澳门 MOP茅利塔尼亚 MRO 马耳他 MTL模里西斯卢比 MUR 马尔地夫 MVR希腊德拉玛 GRD 墨西哥比索 MXP 格陵兰 DKK马来西亚 MYR莫三比克 MZM奈米比亚 NAD奈及利亚奈拉 NGN 尼加拉瓜 NIO瓜地马拉 GTQ挪威克郎 NOK几内亚 GNF尼泊尔卢比 NPR 纽西兰 NZD阿曼 OMR巴拿马 PAB祕鲁 PEN菲律宾比索 PHP 巴基斯坦卢比 PKR 波兰 PLZ巴拉圭 PYG卡达 QAR罗马尼亚 ROL俄罗斯卢布 RUR 卢安达法郎 RWF 沙乌地阿拉伯 SAR 苏丹 SDD瑞典克郎 SEK新加坡 SGD斯洛维尼亚 SIT斯洛伐克 SKK塞拉里昂 SLL约旦 JOD索马利亚 SOS叙利亚 SYP史瓦济兰 SZL泰铢 THB塔吉克 TJR土库曼 TMM突尼西亚 TND拉托维亚 LVL汤加 TOP土耳其 TRL台湾 TWD坦尚尼亚 TZS乌克兰 UAH乌干达 UGX乌拉圭 UYU美圆 USD乌兹别克 UZS委内瑞拉 VEB越南 VND万那杜 VUV叶门 YER南斯拉夫 YUN世界各国家英文简称中国 china谁能给我世界各国和地区的英文名AF Afghanistan 阿富汗AL Albania 阿尔巴尼亚AD Andorra 安道尔AO Angola 安哥拉AI Angola 安圭拉AQ Antarctica 南极洲AG Ntigua and Barbuda 安地卡及巴布达AR Argentina 阿根廷AM Armenia 亚美尼亚AW Aruba 阿鲁巴AU Australia 澳大利亚AT Austria 奥地利AZ Azerbaijan 亚塞拜然AN Netherlands AntillesAE United Arab Emirates 阿联酋BS Bahamas 巴哈马BH Bahrain 巴林BD Bangladesh 孟加拉BB Barbados 巴贝多BY White Russia 白俄罗斯BZ Belize 贝里斯BE Belgium 比利时BJ Benin 贝南BM Bermuda 百慕大BT Bhutan 不丹BO Bolivia 玻利维亚BA Bosnia Hercegovina 波黑BW Botswana 波札那BV Bouvet Island 布维岛BR Brazil 巴西BN Brunei Darussalam 汶莱BG Bulgaria 保加利亚BF Burkina Faso 布其纳法索BI Burundi 蒲隆地BY Byelorussian SSR 白俄罗斯CM Cameroon 喀麦隆CA Canada 加拿大CV Cape Verde,Republic of 维德角CF The Central African Republic 中非共和国CL Chile 智利CN China 中国CX Christmas Island 圣诞岛CC COCOS Islands 可可岛CO Colombia 哥伦比亚CH Switzerland 瑞士CG Congo 刚果CK Cook Island 库克群岛CR Costa rica 哥斯大黎加CI Lvory Coast 象牙海岸CU Cuba 古巴CY Cyprus 塞普勒斯CZ Czech Republic 捷克共和国DK Denmark 丹麦DJ Djibouti 吉布提DM Gominica 多明哥DE Grmany 德国DO Dominica 多明尼加DZ Algeria 阿尔及利亚EC Ecuador 厄瓜多EC Ecuador 厄瓜多EG Egypt 埃及EH West Sahara 西撒哈拉ES Spain 西班牙EE Estonia 爱沙尼亚ET Ethiopia 衣索比亚FJ Fiji 斐济FK Falkland Islands 福克兰群岛FO Faroe IslandsFI Finland 芬兰FR France 法国FM Micronesia 密克罗尼西亚GA Gabon 加彭GQ Equatorial Guinea 赤道几内亚GF French Guiana 法属盖亚那GM Gambia 甘比亚GE Geia 乔治亚GH Ghana 迦纳GI Gibraltar 直布罗陀GR Greece 希腊GL Greenland 格陵兰GB United Kingdom 英国GD Grenada 格瑞那达GP Guadeloupe 瓜德罗普GU Guam 关岛GT Guatemala 瓜地马拉GN Guinea 几内亚GW Guinea-Bissau 几内亚比索GY Guyana 盖亚那HR Croatia 克罗埃西亚HT Haiti 海地HM Heard and McDonald Islands HN Honduras 宏都拉斯HK Hong Kong 中国香港HU Hungary 匈牙利IS Iceland 冰岛IN India 印度ID Indonesia 印度尼西亚IR Iran 伊朗IQ Iraq 伊拉克IO British Indian Ocean Territory 英联邦的印度洋领域IE Ireland 爱尔兰IL Israel 以色列IT Italy 义大利JM Jamaica 牙买加JP Japan 日本JO Jordan 约旦KZ Kazakstan 哈萨克KE Kenya 肯亚KI Kiribati 吉里巴斯KP North Korea 朝鲜KR Korea 韩国KH Cambodia 柬埔寨KM Comoros 葛摩KW kuwait 科威特KG Kyrgyzstan 吉尔吉斯斯坦KY Cayman Islands 开曼群岛KN St. Kitts and NevisLA Laos 寮国LK Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡LV Latvia 拉托维亚LB Lebanon 黎巴嫩LS Lesotho 赖索托LR Liberia 赖比瑞亚LY Libya 利比亚LI Liechtenstein 列支敦斯登LT Lithuania 立陶宛LU Luxembourg 卢森堡LC St. Lucia 圣露西亚MO Macao 中国澳门MG Malagasy 马达加斯加MW Malawi 马拉维MY Malaysia 马来西亚MV Maldives 马尔地夫ML Mali 马里MT Malta 马尔他MH Marshall Islands 马绍尔群岛MQ MauritaniaMR Mauritania 茅利塔尼亚MU Mauritius 模里西斯MX Mexico 墨西哥MD Moldova,Republic of 摩尔多瓦MC Monaco 摩纳哥MN Mongolia 蒙古MS MontserratMA Moroo 摩洛哥MZ Mozambique 莫三比克MM Burma 缅甸MP Northern Nariana Islands NA Namibia 奈米比亚NR Naura 诺鲁NP Nepal 尼泊尔NL Netherlands 荷兰NT Neutral ZoneNC New Caledonia 新喀里多尼亚NZ New Zealand 纽西兰NI Nicaragua 尼加拉瓜NE Niger 尼日NG Nigeria 奈及利亚NU Niue 纽埃NF Norfolk IslandNO Norway 挪威OM Oman 阿曼PK Pakistan 巴基斯坦PF French Polynesia 法属玻里尼西亚PW Palau 帛琉PA Panama 巴拿马PG Papua,Territory of 巴布亚纽几内亚PY Paraguay 巴拉圭PE Peru 祕鲁PH Philippines 菲律宾PN Pitcairn Islands 皮特开恩群岛PL Poland 波兰PT Portugal 葡萄牙PR Puerto Rico 波多黎各（美）PM St.Pierre and MiquelonQA Qatar 卡达RE Reunion IslandRO Romania 罗马尼亚RU Russia 俄罗斯联邦RW Rwanda 卢安达SV El Salvador 萨尔瓦多SH St.Helena 圣赫勒那SM San Marino 圣马利诺ST Sao Tome and Principe 圣多美与普林西比SA Saudi Arabia 沙乌地阿拉伯SN Senegal 塞内加尔SC Seychelles 塞席尔SL Sierra leone 狮子山SG Singapore 新加坡SK Slovakia 斯洛伐克SI Slovene 斯洛维尼亚SB Solomon Islands 索罗门群岛SO Somali 索马利亚SD Sudan 苏丹SR Surinam 苏利南SJ Svalbard and Jan Mayen IslandsSZ Swaziland 史瓦济兰SE Sweden 瑞典SY Syria 叙利亚SU USSR(formerly) 苏联(前)TD Chad 查德TF French Southern Territoties 法属南方领土TW Taiwan 中国台湾TJ Tsjikistan 塔吉克TZ Tanzania 坦尚尼亚TH Thailand 泰国TG Togo 多哥TK Tokela 托克劳TO Tonga 汤加TT Trinidad and T obago 千里达及托巴哥TN Tunisia 突尼西亚TR Turkey 土尔其TP East Timor 东帝TM Turkomanstan 土库曼TC Turks and Caicos IslandsTV Tuvalu 吐瓦鲁UG Uganda 乌干达UA Ukiain 乌克兰UK England 英国（正式程式码为GB）US America 美国UM 美国边远小岛UY uruguay 乌拉圭UZ Uzbekstan 乌兹别克VA Vatican 梵蒂冈（罗马教庭）VE Venezuela 委内瑞拉VN Vietnam 越南VG Virgin Islands(British) 不列颠岛(英) VI Vigin Islands(U.S.) 不列颠岛(美)VC St. Vincent and the GrenadinesWS Western Samoa 西萨摩亚WF Wallis and Furtuna IslandsYE Yemen 叶门YU Yugoslavia 南斯拉夫ZA South Africa 南非ZR Zaire 扎伊尔ZM Zambia 尚比亚ZW Zimbabwe 辛巴威急求世界各国国名的英文（三个字母）简写？CHN, AUS, CAN, FRA,GB,RUS世界舞台的英文，和英文简写world arenaWA求世界各国（地区）国花亚洲中国--国花蕙芷、牡丹（未定）台湾--区花梅花香港--区花紫荆花澳门--区花莲花朝鲜--国花朝鲜杜鹃（金达莱）韩国--国花木槿日本--国花樱花、菊花寮国--国花鸡蛋花缅甸--国花龙船花泰国--国花素馨、睡莲马来西亚--国花扶桑印度尼西亚--国花毛茉莉新加坡--国花万带兰菲律宾--国花毛茉莉印度--国花荷花、菩提树尼泊尔--国花杜鹃花不丹--国花蓝花绿绒蒿孟加拉--国花睡莲斯里兰卡--国花睡莲阿富汗--国花郁金香巴基斯坦--国花素馨伊朗--国花大马士革月季伊拉克--国花月季（红）阿拉伯联合大公国--国花孔雀、百日草叶门--国花咖啡叙利亚--国花月季黎巴嫩--国花雪松以色列国--国花银莲花、油橄榄土耳其--国花郁金香欧洲挪威--国花欧石楠瑞典--国花欧洲白蜡芬兰--国花铃兰丹麦--国花冬青冰岛--国花三色堇俄罗斯--国花向日葵波兰--国花三色堇捷克--椴树斯洛伐克--国花石竹、玫瑰德国--国花矢车菊塞尔维亚--国花桃花克罗埃西亚--国花天竺葵马其顿--国花矢车菊匈牙利--国花郁金香罗马尼亚--国花狗蔷薇保加利亚--国花玫瑰、突厥蔷薇英国--国花玫瑰爱尔兰--国花白车轴草法国--国花鸢尾荷兰--国花郁金香比利时--国花虞美人、杜鹃花卢森堡--国花月季摩纳哥--国花石竹西班牙--国花香石竹葡萄牙--国花雁来红、薰衣草瑞士--国花火绒草奥地利--国花火绒草义大利--国花雏菊、月季圣马利诺--国花仙客来马耳他--国花矢车菊希腊--国花油橄榄、老鼠?北美洲加拿大--国花糖槭美国--国花玫瑰墨西哥--国花大丽花、仙人掌瓜地马拉--国花爪哇木棉萨尔瓦多--国花丝兰宏都拉斯--国花香石竹尼加拉瓜--国花百合（姜黄色）哥斯大黎加--国花卡特兰古巴--国花姜花、百合牙买加--国花愈疮木海地--国花刺葵多明尼加共和国--国花桃花心木南美洲哥伦比亚--国花卡特兰、咖啡厄瓜多--国花白兰花祕鲁--国花金鸡纳树、向日葵玻利维亚--国花向日葵巴西--国花卡特兰、毛蟹爪莲智利--国花野百合阿根延--国花刺桐乌拉圭--国花商陆、山楂大洋洲澳大利亚--国花金合欢、桉树纽西兰--国花桫椤、四翅槐斐济--国花扶桑非洲埃及--国花睡莲利比亚--国花石榴突尼西亚--国花素馨阿尔及利亚--国花夹竹桃、鸢尾摩洛哥--国花月季、香石竹塞内加尔--国花猴面包树赖比瑞亚--国花胡椒迦纳--国花海枣苏丹--国花扶桑坦尚尼亚--国花丁香、月季加彭--国花火焰树尚比亚--国花叶子花马达加斯加--国花凤凰木、旅人蕉塞席尔--国花凤尾兰辛巴威--国花嘉兰，梅花也是国花之一。
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7
China – location of domestic oriented industries
8
High investment rates coupled with spatial agglomeration effects increased labor productivity
10 8
Labor Productivity Growth (%), 1980-2005
• Differing productive structures limits growth prospects for Russia but provides flexibility for China. • China will continue to shape global market for manufactures – more in terms of variety than in just lower costs. • Russia will continue to be largely an energy/mineral supplier and vulnerable to price fluctuations. • This has political implications for how they will relate to the international community. • China needs good relationships given its dependency on the broader global market for its goods. Russia sees itself as an energy exporter to captive markets and thus less dependent on favorable relationships.
Interpreting China’s Performance With a Russian Perspective
Yukon Huang Carnegie Endowment
Similarities
Russia Transition from planned economy Size YES Largest land mass China YES Largest population
4
(1) Economic activity is concentrated in Asia
5
Massive migration of labor to the coast spurs concentration
6
China – location of globalized industries
Large Trade Surplus
$ 200 billion (2011)
$180 billion (2012 E) 35%
$7000 West to East
Exports as % of GDP 35% (recent averages)
Labor productivity $7000 (VA per worker 2005) Massive Internal Migration East to West
Supply delays Total
3.5
1.0 12.5
1.5
1.5 7.5
11
Regional Trade – specialized components, strong logistics and scale economies
12
Processing trade drives China’s trade surplus
Trade balance (RMB bn) 40
30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
13
Processing trade Normal trade
Russia and China – relations with global community
Inequality (Ge from 25 to 45
Rose from 25 to 45
2
Differences
Russia Agrarian labor share of total Source of growth Resource based share of exports Manufactures share of exports Investment as % of GDP (2011) 10% Capacity utilization and energy prices 80% 15% 22% China 40% Investment and industrial expansion 3% 90% 47%
Investment climate: administrative and transactions costs as a percent of sales
Russia China
Bribes
Infrastructure problems
1.5
6.5
2.0
2.5
Security, theft protection
GDP Growth (%)
Past Decade: 5% Future: 3-4%
Past Decade: 10% Future: 7-8%
3
Three Key Policy Differences
• Agglomeration and manufactures trade
• Innovation and productivity increases • Vested interests and state capture
China
6
4 2 0
10
-2 -4 -6 -8
15
20
25
30
35
40
Investment to Output Ratio (%)
9
China and Russia – Comparison of World Bank’s Business Environment Rankings
CHINA Ease of doing business Starting a business Construction permits Registering property Getting credit Protecting investors Paying taxes Trading across borders Enforcing contracts Resolving insolvency 91 151 179 40 67 97 122 60 16 75 RUSSIA 120 111 178 45 98 111 105 160 13 60