2004英语词汇辅导
2004年七年级英语教材
2004年七年级英语教材一、单词部分。
1. 重点单词积累。
- 按照单元进行分类。
例如，第一单元可能涉及介绍自己、家人和朋友相关的单词，像“father（父亲）”“mother（母亲）”“student（学生）”等。
- 记忆单词的方法。
- 利用音标记忆。
例如，“book[bʊk]”，通过音标可以准确地读出单词，也有助于记忆拼写。
- 联想记忆。
如“pencil（铅笔）”，可以联想铅笔的形状、用途等。
2. 单词的词性。
- 名词：表示人、事物、地点等。
像“school（学校）”是名词，表示一个地点。
- 动词：表示动作或状态。
例如“run（跑）”是一个动作动词。
- 形容词：用来修饰名词，描述事物的特征。
如“big（大的）”可以用来形容物体的大小。
二、语法部分。
1. 一般现在时。
- 概念：表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。
- 结构。
- 主语是第三人称单数（he/she/it等）时，动词要加 -s或 -es。
例如“He likes reading.（他喜欢阅读）”- 主语不是第三人称单数时，动词用原形。
如“I like apples.（我喜欢苹果）”- 时间标志词：often（经常）、usually（通常）、sometimes（有时候）等。
2. 名词的单复数。
- 规则变化。
- 一般情况下，在名词后面加 -s。
如“book - books”。
- 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词，加 -es。
例如“box - boxes”。
- 以辅音字母 + y结尾的名词，把y变成i，再加 -es。
像“city - cities”。
- 不规则变化：如“man - men”“foot - feet”等。
3. 形容词性物主代词。
- 包括“my（我的）”“your（你的/你们的）”“his（他的）”“her（她的）”“its（它的）”“our（我们的）”“their（他们的）”。
- 用法：用来修饰名词，表示所属关系。
例如“My book is on the desk.（我的书在桌子上）”三、课文部分。
2004年考研英语词汇,短语及写作句型
2004年考研词汇与短语1.stumble: Vt. 绊脚；蹒跚而行；(不顺畅地)说、读、演奏stumble across/ on/ upon: 偶然发现stumble into sth. 无意间涉足某事stumbling block : 绊脚石2.database: n. 数据库，资料库data: 数据；资料；史料3.agent: n. 代理人，经纪人；an insurance agent保险经纪人动因(重要的人或事) Charity has been an agent for social change.4.interactive: adj. 合作的，相互影响的，互相配合的。
～ teaching methodsinteract: v. 交流，沟通合作；相互影响，相互作用～ with sb.5.criteria: n. 标准，规范，准则(criterion的复数形式)6.post: v. 张贴，公布；邮寄；派遣n. 邮递；职位=position；哨所；杆，柱A copy of the letter was posted on this notice board.Guards have been posted along the border.7.Notify: = inform Vt. 通知～ sb. of sth. ～ sd to do sth.notification: n. 通知，通告，告示written ～：书面通知8.opening: n. 空缺的职位= vacant post/ position；开幕式；；开端；缺口opening hours: 营业时间openness：坦率；开朗；开放9.strike: V. 敲打，碰撞；邂逅=spot；突然想到；给人以…印象；处于某种状态～ dumbAn awful thought has just struck me.She strikes me as an efficient person.Striking: adj. 引人注目的，异乎寻常的，显著地=marked动人的，标致的，俊秀的= stunning10.counsel: Vt. 为某人提供专业咨询；建议，劝告n. 劝告，建议=counselling；律师He counseled them to give up the plan.11.promising: adj. 有希望的，有前途的，有出息的12.Time-consuming: adj. 耗时的，费事的13.inefficient：adj. 效率低的，能理差的，浪费的an ～ heating system14.drawback: n. 缺点，不利条件～ to/of doing sthThe main drawback to it is the cost.同义词：disadvantage, weak points, demerit,15.eliminate: vt. 消除，清除～ sth. from sth.；消灭The police have eliminated two suspects from their investigation.16.implicit: adj. 含蓄的～ in sth. ；完全的，无疑问的Implicit in the speech is the assumption that they are guilty.She has the implicit trust of all the staff.17.abreast：adv.并肩，并列；最新，赶得上keep abreast of:与…并驾齐驱；了解….的最新情况keep abreast with 不落后于…18.traffic: 交通；访问量，运输，人流，货流freight /passenger ～pensate: vt. 补偿，弥补～for =make up for；给某人赔偿金compensation：n. 报酬；补偿；赔偿金compensatory: adj. an compensatory payment of 2000 yuan20.negotiate: vt. 谈判，协商；达成协议～with sb.about/for sthnegotiate a deal/ contract/ settlement/ treatynegotiation: n. negotiator: n.21.maintain: vt. 维持，保持= preserve；维修，保养maintain law/ order/ standards/ a balancemaintenance: n. 维修，保养the maintenance of sth.22.discriminate: vt. 区分，辨别～ between A and B；～ A fromB歧视，偏袒～ against ab.Discriminating: adj. 有辨别力的，有鉴赏力的Discrimination：n. 歧视，偏袒；识别力，鉴赏力= taste23.Insidious: adj. 暗中危害的，阴险的；隐伏的24.evenly：adv. 平均地，均等地；有规律的25.respectively：adv．分别，各自26.improving：adj．有启发的；有教育意义的27.literal：adj．字面意义的；完全的，彻底的28.humiliate：v. 羞辱humiliation: n. humility: 谦逊，谦虚29.ballot：投票＝vote ballot box 投票箱30.recipient: n . 受方，接收方31.overlook：v. 忽略=miss；对不良现象视而不见；俯瞰，眺望32.Conspicuous：adj. 显而易见的，引人注意的33.subtle：adj. 微妙的，不易察觉的；机智的，技巧的；巧妙的subtle changes/ differences/ distinctionsa subtle approach: 巧妙的方法subtle strategy/ plan/ technique34.Red-hot: adj. 炽热的；激烈的；热门的35.Outlet: n. 出路，机会；专营店，经销店；出口，排放管g: v. 缓慢移动，滞后The little boy lagged behind his parents.37.Temper: v. 使缓和，使温和Temperament:气质，性情，性格Temperamental：喜怒无常的，反复无常的38.retailer: n.零售商，零售店retail : v. 零售wholesale：v.批发39.revenue: 财政收入，税收40.headline: 标题v. 给…加标题41.: adv. 显著地，盛行地；占主导地位地42.bonus: 津贴，奖金，红利43.broker: 经纪人broke: 破产=bankrupt44.frenzy: n. 疯狂，狂乱 a ～ of activity/excitement frenzied: adj.45.real-estate broker: 房地产经纪人短语：1.Hunt for = look for= seek for= search ：寻找2.Be attracted by: 被….吸引3.Key in: 键入4.Intellectual property: 知识产权5.Work again…: 对….不利6.Be added to sth. ：对…上瘾，沉溺于7.Keep a close look at: 密切关注8.The line of work:行业，行当9.Be indispensable to sth. : 对…是必不可少的10.Have the advantage over sth.: 有….优势11.Thumb though: 翻查，浏览12.The root sets in.：情况开始出毛病，事情开始走下坡路13.Draw up：草拟，起草；14.Plough though：吃力的钻研；费力的阅读，艰难的通过15.Doze off：打瞌睡16.When it comes to sth: 每当谈论到…17.Show up: 露面，出现18.Do without: 凑合，将就，没有…也行19.Department store: 商场20.Silver linings: 一线希望。
2004人教版高中英语单词记忆卡
2004人教版高中英语单词记忆卡2004年版人教版高中英语单词记忆卡1.acquaintanceship[əˈkweɪntənsʃɪp]n.熟人关系The two of them developed a close acquaintanceship after working together on the project.2.barrier[ˈbæriə(r)]n.障碍物；屏障Language barrier can be a real challenge for foreigners living in a foreign country.prehend[ˌkɒmprɪˈhend]v.理解；领会It took me a while to comprehend the complexity of the situation.4.desirable[dɪˈzaɪərəbl]adj.理想的；令人满意的Good communication skills are highly desirable in today's job market.5.eliminate[ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt]v.消除；排除We need to find a way to eliminate the risks associated with this new technology.6.focus[ˈfəʊkəs]v.集中；聚焦It's important to focus on one task at a time in order to maintain productivity.7.gesture[ˈdʒestʃə(r)]n.手势；姿势He made a gesture of apology by bowing slightly.8.hesitate[ˈhezɪteɪt]v.犹豫；迟疑Don't hesitate to ask for help if you need it.9.impressive[ɪmˈpresɪv]adj.令人印象深刻的；令人钦佩的The grandeur of the palace was truly impressive.10.logical[ˈlɒdʒɪkl]adj.逻辑的；符合逻辑的The conclusion he drew from the evidence seemed logical.11.motivate[ˈməʊtɪveɪt]v.激励；刺激A good coach can motivate his team to achieve great things.12.narrative[ˈnærətɪv]n.叙述；故事The book is written in the form of a first-person narrative.anize[ˈɔːɡənaɪz]v.组织；筹划She's very good at organizing events and keeping everything running smoothly.14.participate[pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt]v.参与；参加It's important for everyone to actively participatein the discussion.15.require[rɪˈkwaɪə(r)]v.需要；要求This job requires a high level of skill and experience.16.stimulate[ˈstɪmjuleɪt]v.刺激；激发The teacher used games and puzzles to stimulate the students'interest in learning.prehensive[ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv]adj.全面的；综合的The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the current economic situation.18.valid[ˈvælɪd]adj.有效的；合法的This coupon is only valid until the end of the month.19.academic[ˌækəˈdemɪk]adj.学术的；学院的She pursued an academic career and became a professor.20.beneficial[ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl]adj.有益的；有利的Regular exercise has many beneficial effects on our health.以上是2004年版人教版高中英语单词记忆卡的内容，希望能对你的学习提供帮助。
2004年考研英语(一)翻译重要词汇汇总
2004年考研英语（一）翻译重要词汇汇总这是一篇语言类文章，是关于语言和思维关系的有趣话题，文中语言用词较通俗易懂，结构也不如往年复杂，总体难度不算大。
文章中的单词难度适中，基本没有超纲词汇，但是长难句偏多，可能会影响同学们的理解。
同样，文章中出现了许多高频重点单词，以下是本文中出现的10个，就让我们一起来学习吧！1. 3formulate ['fɔːmjʊleɪt]vt. 规划;用公式表示;明确地表达【词根记忆】：form(格式)+la→formula (公式，准则)+te→规划;用公式表示【短语搭配】：pormulate strategy 制定策略formulate corresponding 制定相应的; 制定相应formulate thinking 归算思路【真题例句】：He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language，the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.他论述说，某一特定语言中比较容易形成某些特定概念，但与此有别的其他概念则不易形成，因此该语言的使用者思考问题只会沿着这一条道而不会沿着那一条道进行。
(2004年翻译)2.1imprison [ɪm'prɪz(ə)n]vt. 监禁;关押;使…下狱【词根记忆】：im+prison(监狱)→关押，禁锢【短语搭配】：imprison for 被监禁【真题例句】：Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest from，states that language imprisons the mind 沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维。
2004年考研英语真题词汇
2004年考研英语真题词汇title[ˈtaɪtl]n.主题；标题，题目；称号；职称salary[ˈsæləri]n.工资，薪水database[ˈdeɪtəbeɪs]n.[电脑]数据库，资料库-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------strategy[ˈstrætədʒi]n.战略，策略；对策，政策reminder[rɪˈmaɪndə(r)]n.提醒，想到；提醒物check[tʃek]n./v.检查，核对n.<美>支票-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------close[kləʊz]v./n.关闭，封闭adj.靠近的，接近的；（检查或观察）仔细的；（关系）密切的adv.接近地，靠近地；紧密地▊be closely tied密切联系▊be closet in meaning to与......含义最为接近watch[wɒtʃ]n./v.观看，注视compensation[ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn]n.补偿，赔偿；赔偿金，补偿金；<美>报酬，津贴arm[ɑ:m]n.胳膊，手臂；武器v.用武器装备；武装起来▊arm sb.With sth.用某物武装某人-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------refer[rɪˈfɜ:(r)]v.（to）参考，应用；论及，提到；把......归因（于）；把......归属（于）discrimination[dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn]n.区别，辨别；歧视▊rate discrimination费率差别歧视，区别对待费率letter[ˈletə(r)]n.字母，文字；信件；证件▊to the letter严格地，精细到字母地-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------theory[ˈθɪəri]n.理论，学说▊in theory从理论上讲enjoy[ɪnˈdʒɔɪ]v.使享受，使快活；欣赏，喜爱-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------alphabetically[ˌælfə'betɪklɪ]adv.按字母顺序地，照字母顺序排列地lucky[ˈlʌki]adj.幸运的，好运的；侥幸的-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------just[dʒʌst]adj.正义的，公正的adv.恰好，刚刚好；仅仅，勉强的▊just as正像，正如yet[jet]adv.还；已经；到目前为止conj.（连词）但是，然而cut[kʌt]v.砍，切，割，削，减；削减，减少；修剪，剪短-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Christmas[ˈkrɪsməs]n.圣诞节cautious[ˈkɔ:ʃəs]adj.小心的，谨慎的approach[əˈprəʊtʃ]v./n.接近，靠近n.途径，方法-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------seem[si:m]v.看起来好像，似乎▊seem like看起来像▊seem to be似乎，好像▊seem more likely to be看起来更像......swing[swɪŋ]v.（使）摇摆，（使）摆动；挥舞n.摆动；秋千；改变sustained[səs'teɪnd]adj.持久的，持续的-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------book[bʊk]n.书，书籍v.预定，预约trace[treɪs]n.痕迹，踪迹；遗迹；丝毫，微量v.追溯；跟踪，追踪；查出，探出pursuit[pəˈsju:t]n.追赶，追求；职业▊a wide range of pursuits大范围的职业▊in the pursuit of追求......-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------reject[rɪˈdʒekt]v.拒绝，否决；抛弃；驳回vulnerable[ˈvʌlnərəbl]adj.易受伤害的，脆弱的；易受攻击的exploitation[ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃn]n.开发，开采；利用；剥削participate[pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpeɪt]v.分享；参加，参与-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------joyfully['dʒɔɪfəlɪ]高兴地，喜悦地；快乐地proclaim[prəˈkleɪm]v.公布，宣告，声明hostility[hɒˈstɪləti]n.敌意，敌对状态；反对，对立intellect[ˈɪntəlekt]n.智力，理解力；（总称）知识分子eagerness['i:gənɪs]n.渴望，热枕。
2004英语真题单词
2004年英语真题单词text 11.stumble ['stʌmbl]vi. 踌躇，蹒跚；失足；犯错vt. 使…困惑；使…绊倒n. 绊倒；蹒跚而行stumbled:绊倒了stumbled up:磕磕绊绊的越过2.database ['deitəbeis]n. 数据库，资料库3.interactive [,intər'æktiv]adj. 交互式的；相互作用的4.property ['prɔpəti]n. 性质，性能；财产；所有权5.struck [strʌk]adj. 受罢工影响的v. 罢工，打，打击（strike的过去式和过去分词）6.counsel ['kaunsəl]n. 法律顾问；忠告；商议；讨论；决策vt. 建议；劝告vi. 商讨；提出忠告7.drawbacksn. 缺点；退税（drawback的复数）9.broaden ['brɔ:dən]vt. 使扩大；使变宽vi. 扩大，变阔；变宽，加宽10.abreast [ə'brest]adv. 并肩地；并列adj. 并排的；肩并肩的11.vice [vais]n. 恶习；缺点；老虎钳；卖淫adj. 副的；代替的vt. 钳住pensation [,kɔmpen'seiʃən]n. 补偿；报酬；赔偿金13.negotiatingn. 谈判v. 谈判（negotiate的ing形式）；磋商14.agent ['eidʒənt]n. 代理人，代理商；药剂；特工vt. 由作中介；由代理adj. 代理的16.advisory [əd'vaizəri]n. 报告；公告adj. 咨询的；顾问的；劝告的pensation [,kɔmpen'seiʃən]n. 补偿；报酬；赔偿金18.interaction [,intər'ækʃən]n. 相互作用；交互作用19.reminder [ri'maində]n. 暗示；提醒的人/物；催单20reserve [ri'zə:v]n. 储备，储存；自然保护区；预备队；储备金vt. 储备；保留；预约vi. 预订21.sitesn. 网站（site的复数）；遗址，举办地点v. 使...位于（site的单三形式）text 21.condemned [kən'demd]adj. 已被定罪的；被责难的2.condemned [kən'demd]adj. 已被定罪的；被责难的3.thumb [θʌm]n. 拇指vt. 翻阅；以拇指拨弄；作搭车手势；笨拙地摆弄vi. 用拇指翻书页；竖起拇指要求搭车4.directories [di'rektəriz]n. 目录，名录；指南；计算机文件或程序的目录（directory的复数）5evenly ['i:vənli]adv. 均匀地；平衡地；平坦地；平等地6.evenly ['i:vənli]adv. 均匀地；平衡地；平坦地；平等地7.vice-president [,vais'prezidənt]n. 副总裁；副总统；副校长8.Surnamesn. 名字的故事（书名）9.coincidence [kəu'insidəns]n. 巧合；一致；同时发生10.infant ['infənt]n. 婴儿；幼儿；[律]未成年人adj. 婴儿的；幼稚的；初期的；未成年的11.rarely ['rεəli]adv. 很少地；难得；罕有地12.qualificationsn. 资格证书；任职资格；职位要求；限定性条件（qualification的复数形式）13publicly ['pʌblikli]adv. 公然地；以公众名义14.humiliation [hju:,mili'eiʃən]n. 丢脸，耻辱；蒙羞；谦卑15．ceremoniesn. 仪式；典礼；礼节；客套（ceremony的复数形式）16.proudly ['praudli]adv. 傲慢地，自负地；得意洋洋地17.shortlist ['ʃɔ:tlist]n. （英）供最后挑选用的候选人名单18.attendeesn. 参加者；出席者（attendee的复数）19.plough [plau]n. 犁；耕地（等于plow）vt. 犁；耕vi. 用犁耕田；开路20.conspicuous [kən'spikjuəs]adj. 显著的；显而易见的21.prejudice ['predʒudis]n. 偏见；侵害vt. 损害；使有偏见22.brand [brænd]n. 商标，牌子；烙印vt. 铭刻于，铭记；打烙印于；印商标于23.discrimination [dis,krimi'neiʃən]n. 歧视；区别，辨别；识别力24.discrimination [dis,krimi'neiʃən]n. 歧视；区别，辨别；识别力25.impatient [im'peiʃənt]adj. 焦躁的；不耐心的26.doze off打瞌睡；困倦I doze off on the bus.:我在公车上打盹27.humiliatedadj. 羞辱的v. 屈辱（humiliate的过去式）；使丢脸，使蒙羞28.alphabetism [,ælfə'bətizəm]n. (作符号的)字母使用(如使用一组字母作为笔名或署名)paign COMPAIGNCOMPAIGN:一种有计划、有目的的活动|运动|战役Safety compaign:安全运动30.eliminate [i'limineit]vt. 消除；排除31.alphabetically [,ælfə'betikli]adv. 照字母顺序排列地32.unintentional [,ʌnin'tenʃənəl]adj. 非故意的；无意识的33.bias ['baiəs]n. 偏见；偏爱；斜纹；乖离率vt. 使存偏见adv. 偏斜地adj. 偏斜的text 31.manicurist ['mæni,kjuərist]n. 指甲修饰师2.polishing ['pɔliʃiŋ]n. 抛光；磨光v. 磨光；擦亮；修正（polish的ing形式）3.nailsn. 钉子（nail的复数）5.downscalingn. 降尺度v. 缩小规模（downscale的ing形式）6.admission [əd'miʃən]n. 承认；入场费；进入许可；坦白；录用7.dealership ['di:ləʃip]n. 代理权；代理商；经销权8.outletsn. 出路；销售点；排水口；批发商点（outlet的复数形式）9.revenue ['revənju:, -nu:]n. 税收，国家的收入；收益10.panickvt. 恐慌11.belttightenvt. 勒紧裤带12.dreadful ['dredful]adj. 可怕的；糟透的，令人不快的13.predominantly [pri'dɔminəntli]adv. 主要地；显著地14.broker ['brəukə]n. 经纪人，掮客vt. 以中间人等身分安排...vi. 作为权力经纪人进行谈判15.frenzied ['frenzi:d]adj. 疯狂的；狂乱的；激怒的v. 使狂乱（frenzy的过去式）16.overbiddingn. 出价过高v. 出价高于的价值（overbid的ing形式）17.real-estate ['riəli,steit, 'ri:l-]adj. 不动产的18.bubblesn. 泡沫；气泡（bubble的复数）v. 沸腾；冒泡；发出气泡声（bubble的第三人称单数形式）19.bubblesn. 泡沫；气泡（bubble的复数）v. 沸腾；冒泡；发出气泡声（bubble的第三人称单数形式）20.toasting ['təustiŋ]v. 烘；取暖；为举杯祝酒（toast的ing形式）21.venture ['ventʃə]n. 企业；风险；冒险vt. 敢于vi. 冒险；投机22.precedesv. 领先（precede的三单形式）；在之先；优于boom [bu:m]n. 繁荣；吊杆；隆隆声vt. 使兴旺；发隆隆声vi. 急速发展；发隆隆声text 41.entertainersn. 演艺人员，娱乐圈人士（entertainer的复数形式）2.entrepreneursn. 企业家（entrepreneur的复数）3.pursue [pə'sju:, -'su:]vt. 继续；从事；追赶；纠缠vi. 追赶；继续进行4.sake [seik]n. 目的；利益；理由；日本米酒5.symptomsn. 症状；症候；病徵6.counterbalance ['kauntə,bæləns, ,kauntə'bæləns]n. 平衡力；自动抵销vt. 使平衡；抵消7.pursuitsn. 追求（pursuit的复数）8.critically ['kritikəli]adv. 精密地；危急地；批评性地；用钻研眼光地9.resent [ri'zent]vt. 怨恨；愤恨；厌恶10.privilege ['privilidʒ]n. 特权；优待；基本权利vt. 给与特权；特免11.Pulitzer ['pulitsə; 'pju:-]n. 普利策（美国新闻业经营者）12.elitism [ei'li:tizəm, i'-]n. 精英主义；杰出人物统治论13rigorous ['riɡərəs]adj. 严格的，严厉的；严密的；严酷的14.restraintsn. 限制，禁止（restraint的复数）15.recitation [,resi'teiʃən]n. 背诵；朗诵；详述；背诵的诗16.innate [,i'neit]adj. 先天的；固有的；与生俱来的17.reluctantly [ri'lʌktəntli]adv. 不情愿地；嫌恶地18.manipulate [mə'nipjuleit]vt. 操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改19.proclaim [prəu'kleim]vt. 宣告，公布；声明；表明；赞扬20.eagerness ['i:ɡənis]n. 渴望；热心21.profound [prəu'faund]adj. 深厚的；意义深远的；渊博的22.pursuitsn. 追求（pursuit的复数）23.undervalue [,ʌndə'vælju:]vt. 低估...之价值；看轻24.intellectualism [,intə'lektjuəlizəm, '-tʃuə-]n. 理智主义，知性主义25opponent [ə'pəunənt]n. 对手；反对者；敌手adj. 对立的；敌对的26.intellectualism[,intə'lektjuəlizəm, '-tʃuə-]n. 理智主义，知性主义。
2004年考研英语真题与答案详细讲解_(含答案_译文_词汇讲解)
2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Secti on I Use of En glishDirectionsRead the follow ing text. Choose the best word(s) for each nu mbered bla nk andmark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juve nile deli nquency (crimes committed byyoung people) focus either on the in dividual or on society as the major con tribut ingin flue nee. Theories 1 on the in dividual suggest that childre n en gage in crim inal behavior 2 they were not sufficie ntly pen alized for previous misdeeds or that theyhave lear ned crim inal behavior through 3 with others. Theories focus ing on therole of society suggest that children commit crimes in 4 to their failure to rise above their socioec ono mic status, 5 as a reject ion of middle-class values.Most theories of juve nile deli nquency have focused on childre n from disadva ntaged families, 6 the fact that childre n from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate pare ntal con trol. All theories, however,are ten tative and are 8 to criticism.Chan ges in the social structure may in directly 9 juve nile crime rates. For example, cha nges in the economy that 10 to fewer job opport un ities for youth andrising un employme nt 11 make gainful employme nt in creas in gly difficult to obta in.The result ing disc ontent may in 12 lead more youths into crim inal behavior.Families have also 13 cha nges these years. More families con sist of on e-pare nt households or two working parents; 14 , children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was com mon in the traditi onal family 16 . This lack of pare ntal supervisi on is thought to be an in flue nee on juve nile crime rates. Other __17_ causes of offen sive acts in clude frustratio n or failure in school, the in creased __ 18 _ of drugsand alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and child neglect. All thesecon diti ons tend to in crease the probability of a child committi ng a crim inal act, ___ 20 a direct causal relatio nship has not yet bee n established.1. [A] acti ng [B] relyi ng [C] cen teri ng [D] commenting2. [A] before [B] unl ess [C] un til [D] because3. [A] in teracti on [B] assimilatio n [C] cooperati on [D] con sultatio n4. [A] return [B] reply [C] refere nee [D] response5. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else6. [A] con sideri ng [B] ign ori ng [C] highlighti ng [D] discard ing7. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with8. [A] immu ne [B] resista nt [C] sen sitive [D] subject9. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect10. [A] poi nt [B] lead [C] come [D] amount11. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by con trast [D] at len gth12. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essenee13. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] un dertake n [D] experieneed14.[A] con trarily [B] con seque ntly [C] similarly [D] simulta neously15. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as16. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage17. [A] assessable [B] ide ntifiable [C] n egligible [D] in credible18. [A] expe nse [B] restrictio n [C] allocation [D] availability19. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure [D] popularity20. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] suppos ingSectio n II Readi ng Comprehe nsionPart ADirectio ns:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text bychoosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hun ti ng for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redm on stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Intern et. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site ' s “ pers onal search age nt ” . It ' s an interacsv®rfeafeyerth®b eteriasuch as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is postedin the database. Redm on chose the keywords legal, in tellectual property andWashington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notific ation of an opening. "I struckgold, ” says Redm on, who Emailed his resume to the employer and won a positi on asin-house coun sel for a compa ny.With thousa nds of career-related sites on the Intern et, finding promis ing ope ningscan he time-c onsuming and in efficie nt. Search age nts reduce the n eed for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search age nt worked for Redm on, career experts see drawbacks. Narrow ing your criteria, for example, may work aga inst you:you an swer a questi on you e lim in ate a possibility, ” says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow con cept —what you thi nk youwant to do —then broaden it. “ None of these programs do that, ” says another expert. “ There ' s no career coun seli ng implicit i n all of this. ” In stead, the best strategy is the age nt as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; whe nyou get E- mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. "I would not re age nts for finding everyth ing that i s added to a database that might in terest me, says the author of a job-search ing guide.Some sites desig n their age nts to tempt job hun ters to retur n. When CareerSiteage nt sends out messages to those who have sig ned up for its service, for example, it in cludes only three pote ntial jobs —those it con siders the best matches. There may bemore matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to findthem —and they do. “ On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp in creasesays Seth Peets, vice preside nt of market ing for CareerSite.in o ur traffic,Eve n those who aren ' t hunting for jobs may find search age nts worthwhile. Someuse them to keep a close watch on the dema nd for their li ne of work or gatherin formatio n on compe nsati on to arm themselves whe n n egotiati ng for a raise. Althoughhappily employed, Redm on mai ntai ns his age nt at CareerBuilder. “ You always keepeyes ope n, ” he says. Work ing with a pers onal search age nt means havi ng ano ther set ofeyes look ing out for you.21. How did Redmon find his job?[A] By search ing ope nings in a job database.[B] By posti ng a match ing positi on in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.22. Which of the follow ing can be a disadva ntage of search age nts?[A] Lack of coun seli ng. [B] Limited nu mber of visits.[C] Lower efficie ncy. [D] Fewer successful matches.23. The expressi on“ tip service ” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably.means[A] advisory. [B] compe nsatio n.[C] in teractio n. [D] remin der.24. Why does CareerSite 's age nt offer each job hun ter only three job opti ons?[A] T o focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returni ng visits.[C] T o reserve space for more messages.[D] T o in crease the rate of success.25. Which of the follow ing is true accord ing to the text?[A] Personal search age nts are in dispe nsable to job-h un ters.[B] Some sites keep E-maili ng job seekers to trace their dema nds.[C] Pers onal search age nts are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some age nts stop sending in formati on to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past cen tury, all kinds of un fair ness and discrim in ati on have bee ncondemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism.This, for those as yet un aware of such a disadva ntage, refers to discrim in ati on aga instthose whose sur names begi n with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage overZodiac cars whe n customers thumb through their pho ne directories. Less well known isthe advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo? Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread betwee n the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large nu mber of top people have sur names begi nning with letters betwee n A and K.Thus the America n preside nt and vice-preside nt have sur names start ing with B andC respectively; and 26 of George Bush ' s predegeBs(fEish(eirc lbdd surn amesin the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, sixof the seve n heads of gover nment of the G7 rich coun tries are alphabetically adva ntagedcen tral(Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chr e tierand Koizumi). The world ' thsee top ban kers(Gree nspa n, Duise nberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Alle n, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coin cide nee? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their n ames. So short-sighted Zysma n junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualificati ons, because they get less in dividual atte nti on, as well as less con fide nee in speak ing publicly.The humiliati on con ti nu es. At uni versity graduati on cere moni es, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally hav ing a ZZ Z. Shortlists for job in terviews, electio n ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and atte ndees: all tend to be draw n up alphabetically, and their recipie nts lose in terest as they plough through them.26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked in equality.[B] A type of con spicuous bias.[C] A type of pers onal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrim in ati on.27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, n ames are esse ntial to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysma n.[C] Customers ofte n pay a lot of atte nti on to compa nies ' n ames.[D] Some form of discrim in ati on is too subtle to recog ni ze.28. The 4th paragraph suggests that ________ .[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadva ntaged stude nts ofte n escape from class[C] teachers should pay atte nti on to all of their stude nts[D] stude nts should be seated accord ing to their eyesight29. What does the author mean by “ most people are literally hZZZg'aLines 2-3,Paragraph 5)?[A] They are gett ing impatie nt.[B] They are n oisily doz ing off.[C] They are feeli ng humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.30. Which of the follow ing is true accord ing to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putt ing things alphabetically may lead to uninten ti onal bias.Text 3When it comes to the slow ing economy, Elie n Spero isn't bit ing her n ails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two Iongtime customers sudde nly stopped show ing up. Spero blames the softe ning economy, good econo mic in dicator, ” 'stiqdsayde a service that people can do without whe nthey're concerned about savi ng some dollars. ” So Spero is dow nscali ng, shopp ing atmiddle-brow Dillard's departme nt store n ear her suburba n Clevela nd home, in stead of Neima n Marcus. "I don't know if other clie nts are going to aba ndon me, too,Eve n before Ala n Gree nspa n's admissi on that America's red-hot economy is cooli ng, lots of worki ng folks had already see n sig ns of the slowdow n themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have bee n lagg ing for mon ths as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 perce nt from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they rema in optimistic about the econom y's Ion g-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tighte ning.Con sumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headli nes, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are hold ing steady in most regi ons. InManhattan, “ there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range,predomina ntly fed by Wall Street bonuses, S”ys broker Barbara Corcoran. In SanFran cisco, prices are still rising eve n as fren zied overbidd ing quiets. "Ins offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says Joh n Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep ajob.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheerfor lower interest rates. Employers would n't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market.Many con sumers seem to have bee n in flue need by stock-market swin gs, which in vestorsnow view as a n ecessary in gredie nt to a susta ined boom. Diners might see an upside,too. Gett ing a table at Man hatta n's hot new Ala in Ducasse restaura nt used to beimpossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.31. By “ EllenSpero isn 'bi t ing her nails just yet "(Line 1, Paragraph 1), the authormeans ____ .[A] Spero can hardly maintain her bus in ess.[B] Spero is too much en gaged in her work.[C] Spero has grow n out of her bad habit.[D] Spero is not in a desperate situati on.32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic. [B] Co nfused. [C] Carefree. [D] Pani cked.33. When mentioning “ the $4 million to $10 million range " (Lines 3, Paragraph 3), theauthor is talk ing about ______[A] gold market.[B] real estate.[C] stock excha nge.[D] ven ture in vestme nt.34. Why can many people see “ silver linings ” to the economic slowdown?[A] They would ben efit i n certa in ways.[B] The stock market shows sig ns of recovery.[C] Such a slowdow n usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchas ing power would be enhan ced.35. To which of the follow ing is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horiz on.[B] Tighte n the belt, the sin gle remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ven tures, the more cha nces.Text 4America ns today don't place a very high value on in tellect. Our heroes are athletes, en terta in ers, and en trepre neurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult tofind.“ Schoolshave always been in a socie ty where practical is more important thanintellectual, ” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “ Schools could be a counterbalancRavitch's latest book. Left Back: A Cen tury of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. En couragi ng kids to reject the life of the mind leavesthem vuln erable to exploitati on and con trol. Without the ability to thi nk critically, todefe nd their ideas and un dersta nd the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “ We willsecond- rate country. We will have a less civil society. ”"In tellect is rese nted as a form of power or privilege, ” writes historia n and pre Richard Hofstadter in An ti-i ntellectualism in America n Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have drivenus to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, com mon sen se, and n ative intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emers on and other Tran sce nden talist philosophers thought schooli ngand rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “ We are shut uschools and college recitati on rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing. H'uc M ebe Twa Fif Bi exemplifiedAmerican anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —going to school andlearning to read —so he can preserve his inn ate good ness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligenee, a quality wereluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind.In tellige nee seeks to grasp, man ipulate, re-order, and adjust, while in tellect exam in es,ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.School remai ns a place where in tellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our coun try'seducati onal system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and milita ntly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least in tellectual promise. ”36. What do America n pare nts expect their childre n to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking in depe nden tly.[B] Profound kno wledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The con fide nce in in tellectual pursuits.37. We can lear n from the text that America ns have a history of _____ .[A] un derval uing in tellect.[B] favoring intellectualism.[C] support ing school reform.[D] suppress ing n ative in tellige nce.38. The views of Raviteh and Emers on on schooli ng are ____ .[A] ide ntical. [B] similar. [C] compleme ntary. [D] opposite.39. Emers on, accord ing to the text, is probably ______ .[A] a pion eer of educati on reform.[B] an opp onent of in tellectualism.[C] a scholar in favor of in tellect.[D] an advocate of regular schooli ng.40. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is sec ond to in tellige nee.[B] It evolves from com mon sen se.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It un derlies powerPart BDirections:Read the followi ng text carefully and the n tran slate the un derl ined segme nts into Chi nese. Your tran slation should be writte n clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 poi nts)The relation of Ianguage and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (41) The Greeks assumed that the structure of Ian guage had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse Ian guages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of Ianguages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native Ianguages of North and South America during the first half of the twen tieth cen tury. (42) We are obliged to them because some of these Ianguages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their n ative Ian guages. Other li nguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from“ exoticIan guage, were not always so grateful. (43) The newly described Ian guages were often so______ strik in gly differe nt from the well studied Ian guages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricat ing their data. Native America nIan guages are in deed differe nt, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code duri ng World War II to send secret messages.Sapir 'pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American IndianIan guages. (44) Being in terested in the relati on ship of lang uage and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of Ian guage determ ines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain conceptsand not others in a give n Ian guage, the speakers of that Ian guage thi nk along one trackand not along ano ther. (45) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism ___________which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patter ns in a Ian guage can produce far-reach ing con seque nces for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,but this term is somewhat in appropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasizedthe diversity of Ianguages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion oflin guistic determ ini sm.Section III Writi ng46. Directio nsStudy the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which youshould1. describe the draw ing ,2. in terpret its meaning, and3. support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 poi nts)答案解析Secti on I Use of En glish1. 完形填空翻译：许多研究青少年犯罪（即低龄人群犯罪）的理论要么强调个人要么强调社会是导致犯罪的主要因素。
2004年考研大纲英语词汇表_带中文注释
a art.一(个);任何一个;每,每一件abandon v.放弃;抛弃abide v.坚持,遵守ability n.能力,智能;才能,才干able a.有能力的,能干的,显示出才华的be able to 能,会abnormal a.反常的,不正常的aboard ad.在船(飞机,车)上,上船(飞机,车) aboard prep.在(船,飞机,车)上,上(船,飞机,车) abolish v.废除,取消about ad.在周围,附近,到处;大约,差不多about prep.关于,对于;在…周围,在…附近a.准备be about to 即将above prep.在…上面,超过,高于above a.上面的,上述的ad.在上面,以上above all 首要,尤其abroad ad.到国外,在国外;到处abrupt a.突然的;(举止,言谈等)唐突的absence n.缺席,不在场;缺乏,没有absent a.(from)缺席,不在场;缺乏的;漫不经心的absolute a.绝对的,完全的absorb v.吸收;吸收,使专心be absorbed in 专心于absorption n.吸收abstract a.抽象的 n.摘要,提要 v.提(抽取) absurd a.荒唐的abundance n.丰富,充裕abundant a.(in)丰富的,充分的,充裕的abuse v./n.滥用;虐待;谩骂academic a.学院的;学术的academy n.学院accelerate v.加快,促进acceleration n.加速(度)accent n.腔调,口音;重音(符号)accept v.接受,认可;同意,认可acceptable a.可接受的acceptance n.接受,验收;承认,认可access n.接近;入口,通道;接近(或进入)的方法have access to 可以获得accessory n.附件,配件 a.附属的accident n.事故;意外的事,偶然的事by accident 偶然accidental a.偶然的,意外的accommodate v.留宿,收容;供应,供给accommodation n.住宿,留宿;膳宿供应accompany v.陪同,伴随;为…伴奏accomplish v.完成accordance n.一致in accordance with 与…一致according to 按照,根据accordingly ad.因此,从而,相应地,照着(办) account n.账(目,户);叙述,说明 v.说明,解释account for 说明(原因等)on account of 因为,由于take...into account 考虑accumulate v.积累,积蓄,堆积accuracy n.准确,准确度accurate a.精确的,准确的accuse v.(of)控告,谴责accustom v.(to)使习惯accustomed a.惯常的,习惯的be accustomed to 习惯于ache v.痛 n.疼痛,酸痛achieve v.完成;达到,达成,获得acid n.酸a.酸的acknowledge v.承认;致谢acquaint v.(sb.with)使认识,使了解acquaintance n.熟人,相识acquire v.取得,获得;学到acquisition n.获得,获得物acre n.英亩across prep.横过,穿过;在…对面,与…交叉ad.横过act v.行动;(on)起作用;表演 n.行为;(一)幕action n.行动,行为;动作,活动;(on)作用activate v.使活动,起动active a.有活力的,活跃的,敏捷的,在活动中的activity n.活动;活性,活力actor n.男演员actress n.女演员actual a.实际的,现实的acute a.敏锐的,尖锐的;(疾病)急性的AD n.(A.D.)公元advertisement n.广告adapt v.(to)(使)适应,适合;改编,改写adaptation n.改编;适应add v.(to)加,增加;补充说,又说add up to 合计,总计addition n.(增)加,加法;附加(物)in addition 另外in addition to 除…之外additional a.附加的,另外的,额外的address n.地址；致词 v.致函,写姓名地址adequate a.足够的,充分的,恰当的adhere v.(to)粘附,胶着;坚持adjacent a.(to)邻近的,毗连的adjective n./a.形容词(的)adjoin v.毗连,靠近adjust v.调节,调整,校正administrate v.掌管;实施,执行;给予,投(药) administration n.管理,经营;行政(机关,部门);政府admiration n.钦佩,赞美admire v.钦佩,赞赏,羡慕admission n.允许进入,接纳,收容;承认admit v.让…进入,接纳;承认adolescent n.青少年 a.青春期的,青少年的adopt v.采用,采纳,通过;收养adoption n.采用,采纳,通过;收养adult n.成(年)人a.成年人的,已成熟的advance v.前进;推进;提出(建议等)n.前进,进展;预付in advance 提前,预先advanced a.高级的,先进的,前进的advantage n.优点,长处,有利条件;利益,好处have an advantage over 胜过,优于take advantage of 利用advantageous a.有利的adventure n.冒险,冒险活动;奇遇adverb n.副词advertise v.做广告advice n.劝告,忠告,(医生等的)意见advisable n.可取的,适当的advise v.劝告,忠告;建议;通知advocate n.提倡者,鼓吹者v.提倡,鼓吹aerial a.空中的,航空的n.天线aeroplane n.飞机aerospace n.太空,宇宙空间aesthetic a.美学的,艺术的;审美的affair n.事,事情,事件affect v.影响;感动affection n.爱,慈爱,感情;影响affiliate v.使隶属(或附属)于n.附属机构,分公司affirm v.断言,肯定affirmative a.肯定的afford v.担负得起,买得起,花得起(时间);供给,给予afraid a.(of)怕,害怕的;恐怕,担心的Africa n.非洲African a.非洲(人)的 n.非洲人after prep.在…以后,在…后面 conj.在…后afternoon n.下午,午后afterward ad.后来,以后again ad.又,再(次),重新againstprep.对(着),逆;反对;违反;靠近,倚在;对比age n.年龄;时期,时代 v.变老,老化agency n.代理(处),代办处agenda n.议事日程agent n.代理商(人),代表aggravate v.恶化,加重,加剧aggressive a.侵略的,好斗的;敢作敢为的,有进取心的agitate v.鼓动,搅动;搅拌ago ad.以前,…前agony n.苦恼,痛苦agree v.(to,with)同意,赞成;一致,适合agreeable a.惬意的,令人愉快的;易相处的;同意的agreement n.同意,一致;协定,协议agricultural a.农业的agriculture n.农业ahead ad.在前,向前,提前,前头ahead of 在…前面,先于aid v.援助,救援 n.援助,救护;助手,辅助物aim v.(at)目的在于,旨在;瞄准,针对n.目标,目的air n.空气,大气,天空;神气,架子v.使通风in the air 在流行中,在传播中aircraft n.航空器,飞机airline n.航线;航空公司airmail n.航空邮件,航空邮政airplane n.飞机 [英]aeroplaneairport n.机场,航空站alarm n.警报;惊恐 v.使惊恐,惊动;向…报警alcohol n.酒精,乙醇alert a.警惕的;机灵的alien n.外侨;外星人 a.外国的;(from)相异的alike a.相同的,想像的alive a.活着着;活跃的,热闹的all a.所有的,全部的 pron.一切,全部ad.完全,都above all 首要,尤其after all 终于,毕竟;虽然这样all but 几乎,差一点;除…之外其余都all out 全力以赴,竭尽全力all over 遍及,到处all right 行,可以;顺利,良好at all 完全,根本in all 总共,共计not at all 一点也不allege v.断言,宣称alleviate v.减轻,缓解,缓和alliance n.结盟,联盟;联姻in alliance with 与…联盟allied a.联合的,同盟的allocate v.分配,分派,把…拨给allow v.允许,准许;承认;让…得到allow for 考虑到allowance n.津贴,补助(费)make allowance for 考虑到,顾及;体谅,原谅alloy n.合金ally n.同盟国,同盟者;支持者v.(with)使结盟almost ad.几乎,差不多alone a.单独,独立 ad.仅仅,只;单独地,独自leave...alone 听其自然,不要去管let alone 更不用说along prep.沿着 ad.向前 along with 与…一起alongside prep.在…旁边,横靠,与…并肩 ad.并排地aloud ad.出声地,大声地alphabet n.字母表already ad.已,已经also ad.也,同样;而且,还not only...but also 不但…而且alter v.改变,变更alteration n.改变,变更alternate a.交替的,轮流的v.交替,轮流alternative a.两者挑一的 n.可供选择的事物,替换物although conj.尽管,虽然,即使altitude n.高度,海拔altogether ad.完全,全部地;总共;总之aluminum n.铝always ad.永远,始终;总是,一直AM A.M.(a.m.)上午amateur a.业余的 n.业余(活动)爱好者amaze v.使惊奇,使惊愕,使惊叹ambassador n.大使ambiguous a.模棱两可的ambition n.雄心,野心ambitious a.有雄心的,野心勃勃的ambulance n.救护车amend v.修改,修正America n.美洲;美国American a.美洲(人)的;美国(人)的n.美国人;美国人among prep.在…之中,在…中间amount n.数量,总额v.(to)合计,总共达,等于ampere n.安培ample a.充分的,富裕的;宽敞的,宽大的amplifier n.放大器,扩音机amplify v.放大,增强amuse v.逗…笑,给…以娱乐(消遣)amusement n.娱乐,消遣;娱乐活动analog n.类似物;模拟analogy n.比拟,类比by analogy 用类推的方法analysis n.分析,分解analytic a.分析的,分解的analyze v.(analyse)分析,分解ancestor n.祖宗,祖先anchor n.锚 v.抛锚,停泊ancient a.古代的,古老的and conj.和,与,而且;那么;接连,又angel n.天使anger n.(愤)怒,气愤 v.使发怒,激怒angle n.角;角度,方面,观点angry a.愤怒的;生气的;(风雨等)狂暴的animal n.动物,野兽,牲畜a.动物的,野兽的ankle n.踝anniversary n.周年(纪念日)announce v.宣布,发表,通行;报告…的来到announcer n.播音员,报幕员annoy v.使恼怒,使生气,打搅annual a.每年的,年度的n.年刊,年鉴anonymous a.匿名的;无名的;无特色的another a.另一,再一;别的 pron.另一个,类似的一个one after another 一个接一个one another 互相answer v.回答,答复响应(for)负责;(to)符合 n.回答ant n.蚂蚁antarctic a.南极(区)的 n.the Antarctic 南极洲antenna n.天线anticipate v.预期,预料,预感,期望anxiety n.挂念,焦虑,焦急,忧虑;渴望,热望anxious a.(about)忧虑的,担心的,焦急的;渴望的any a.(否定,疑问,条件句中)什么,一些;任何的any pron.无论哪个,无论哪些;一个,一些any ad.稍,丝毫anybody pron.任何人,无论谁;重要人物anyhow ad.不管怎样,无论如何;不论用何种办法anyone pron.任何人,无论谁anything pron.无论什么事(物),一切;任何事(物) anything but 除…以外任何事(物),根本不anyway ad.无论如何anywhere ad.在什么地方,无论哪里apart ad.撇开;分开,分离;相距,相隔apart from 除去apartment n.(英)房间,套间;(美)公寓apologize v.(to,for)道歉,认错apology n.道歉,歉意,认错apparatus n.器械,设备,仪器,装置apparent a.(to)明显的,显而易见的;表面的,貌似的appeal v.(to)呼吁,要求;对…有吸引力;申述,上诉appeal n.(to)呼吁,要求;吸引力;申诉,上诉appear v.出现,显露;出场,问世;来到;好像是,仿佛appearance n.出现,出场,露面;外表,外貌,外观appendix n.附录,附属物appetite n.食欲,胃口;欲望,爱好,要求applaud v.喝彩,欢呼,鼓掌,称赞applause n.鼓掌欢迎,欢呼apple n.苹果(树)appliance n.用具,器具applicable a.(to)能应用的,适用的application n.请求,申请(书,表);应用,运用;施用,敷apply v.(for)申请,请求;(to)适用,应用,运用appoint v.任命,委任;约定,指定appointment n.任命,委任;约定,指定appraisal n.估计,估量;评价appreciable a.可以察觉的,可估计的appreciate v.感谢,感激;正确评价,欣赏,赏识apprehension n.忧虑,担心,疑惧;理解,领悟approach v.靠近,接近,邻近n.方法,途径;探讨appropriate a.(to)适当的,恰如其分的approval n.赞成,同意;认可,批准approve v.(of)赞成,满意,同意;批准,审定,通过approximately ad.近似地,大约April n.四月apt a.恰当的;(习性)易于…的,有…倾向的Arabian n.阿拉伯人a.阿拉伯(人)的arbitrary a.任意的,专断的arch n.拱门,弓形结构 v.拱起,(使)变成弓形architect n.建筑师architecture n.建筑(式样,风格);建筑学arctic a.北极(区)的n.(the Arctic)北极,北极圈area n.面积;地区,区域;范围,领域argue v.争论,辩论;主张,论证;说服argument n.争论,辨认;论据,论点arise v.出现,发生;(from)由…引起,由…产生arithmetic n.算术arm n.(手)臂,臂状物;扶手 (pl.)武器 v.武装army n.军(队),陆军;大群around ad.各处,到处;在附近;大约 prep.在.周围arouse v.唤醒,唤起;激起,引起arrange v.整理,排列,布置;安排,筹备array n.一系列,大量;排列 v.排列arrest v./n.逮捕,拘留arrival n.到来,到达;到达的人或物arrive v.到达,来到arrive at 达到,得出arrow n.箭;箭头(符号),箭状物art n.艺术,美术;技术,技艺;(pl.)文科,人文学科article n.文章,论文;物品,商品;项目,条款;冠词articulatea.善于表达的,口齿清晰的 v.明确有力地表达artificial a.人工的,人造的;人为的,娇揉造作的artist n.艺术家,美术家artistic a.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的as ad.一样,同样 conj.像…一样;由于;正当as...as 像…一样as for 至于,就…方面说as if 好像,仿佛as though 好像,仿佛as to 至于,关于as well 也,又as well as (除…之外)也,既…又not as...as 不如…那样ascend v.攀登,上升ascertain v.查明,弄清,确定ash n.灰(烬)ashamed a.(of)羞耻,惭愧,害臊ashore ad.在岸上,上岸Asia n.亚洲Asian a.亚洲(人)的 n.亚洲人aside ad.在旁边,到旁边aside from 除…以外ask v.(询)问;请求,要求;(邀)请,约请ask after 询问,问候ask for 请求,要求asleep a.睡着的aspect n.样子,外表,面貌;(问题等的)方面assault v./n.袭击,攻击assemble v.集合,集会,会议;装配assembly n.集合,集会,会议;装配assert v.断言,宣称assess v.估价,评价assign v.分配,委派;指定(时间,地点等)assignment n.分配,委派;任务,(课外)作业assimilate v.(被)吸收,(被)消化;(使或被)同化assist v.帮助,援助,协助assistance n.帮助,援助assistant n.助手,助教 a.辅助的,助理的associate v.(with)使联系;交往 n.合作人,伙伴 a.副association n.协会,团体;联合,联系,交往;联想assume v.假装;假定,设想;采取,承担;呈现assumption n.假定,设想;采取;承担assurance n.确保,断言;保证,担保assure v.使确信,使放心;保证,担保astonish v.使惊讶,使吃惊astronaut n.宇航员astronomy n.天文学at prep.(表示地点)在,于;(表示时刻)在…时athlete n.运动员Atlantic a.大西洋的 n.(the Atlantic)大西洋atmosphere n.大气(层);空气;气氛;大气压(压力单位) atmospheric a.大气的,空气的atom n.原子;微粒,微量attach v.(to)缚上,系上;使依附,使隶属,使依恋attached to 附属于,隶属于attack v./n.攻击,抨击;着手,开始 n.(病)发作attain v.达到,获得attempt v.尝试,试图 n.(at)企图,努力attend v.出席,参加;(to)照顾,护理attendance n.到场,出席attendant n.服务员,值班员;护理人员attention n.注意(力),留心;立正pay attention to 注意attentive a.注意的,留神的attitude n.(to,towards)态度,看法;姿势attorney n.律师attract v.吸引,招引,引诱,引起(注意等)attractive a.有吸引力的,引起兴趣的,动人的attribute n.属性,品质 v.(to)把…归于audience n.听众,观众,读者;谒见,会见augment v.扩大,增加,提高August n.八月aunt n.伯母,婶母,姑母,舅母,姨母aural a.听觉的Australia n.澳大利亚,澳洲Australian a.澳洲的;澳大利亚(人)的 n.澳大利亚人author n.作者;创始人authority n.权力,威信;权威者;(pl.)当局auto n.汽车automatic n.自动机构 a.自动的,无意识的,机械的automation n.自动(化)automobile n.汽车autumn n.秋(季)auxiliary a.辅助的,补助的avail n.效用,利益 v.有用于,有助于avail oneself of 利用to no avail (of no avail)不起作用,没有用availablea.可用的,可得到的;可以见到的,随时可来的avenue n.林荫道,大街;途径,手段average n.平均(数) a.平均的;通常的 v.平均,均分on the average (on an average)平均,一般说来avert v.防止,避免;转移(目光,注意力等)aviation n.航空,飞行avoid v.避免,回避,逃避await v.等候,期待awake a.醒着的,警觉的 v.唤醒;醒,觉醒,醒悟到award n.奖(品) v.授予,奖给aware a.(of)知道的,意识到的away ad.离开,远离;…去,…掉;不断…下去right away 立即,马上awful a.极度的,极坏的;威严的,可怕的 ad.十分awfully ad.非常,很awkward a.笨拙的,不灵活的;棘手的,尴尬的axe n.斧(子)axis n.轴(线);构图中心线baby n.婴儿,孩子bachelor n.单身汉;(亦作B-)学士(学位)back n.背(面) a.后面的 ad.在后;回;以前 v.后退back and forth 来回,往返,来来往往地back down (back off)放弃,让步,退却back of 在…后部,在…背部back up 支持,援助;倒退,后退background n.背景,经历backward a.向后的,倒行的;迟钝的 ad.向后,朝反方向bacon n.咸肉,熏肉bacterium (pl.)bacteria n.细菌bad a.坏的,错的;低劣的;不舒服的,病的;腐败的badge n.徽章badly ad.坏,恶劣地;严重地,非常,厉害地badminton n.羽毛球bag n.袋,包baggage n.行李bake v.烤,烘,焙;烧硬,焙干bakery n.面包房balance v.称,(使)平衡 n.天平;平衡,均衡;差额,余款bald a.秃的,秃头的ball n.球,球状物;舞会balloon n.气球ban v.取缔,查禁;(from)禁止 n.禁止,禁令banana n.香蕉band n.条,带;乐队;波段;一群,一伙 v.缚,绑扎bandage n.绷带 v.用绷带扎缚bang n.砰砰的声音;猛击 v.砰地关上,猛撞,猛击bank n.岸,堤;银行,库 v.存入银行bankrupt a.破产的bankruptcy n.破产 v.使破产banner n.旗(帜)bar n.条,杆,闩;酒吧;栅,障碍(物) v.闩上,阻拦barber n.理发师bare a.赤裸的,空的;稀少的,仅有的 v.露出,暴露barely ad.赤裸裸地,无遮蔽地;仅仅,勉强,几乎没有bargain n.廉价货;交易,契约,合同 v.议价,成交bark v.吠叫,咆哮 n.吠声,狗叫声barn n.谷仓,仓库barrel n.桶;枪管,炮管barrier n.栅栏,屏障;障碍(物)base n.基础,底部;根据地 v.(on)把…基于baseball n.棒球basement n.建筑物的底部,地下室,地窖basic a.基本的,基础的basin n.盆,脸盆;内海,盆地basis n.基础,根据on the basis of 根据,在…的基础上basket n.篮(子),篓basketball n.篮球bat n.球拍,球棒,短棒;蝙蝠batch n.一批,一组,一群bath n.沐浴,洗澡;浴室(池,盆) v.(给…)洗澡bathe v.游泳,洗澡,浸,弄湿bathroom n.浴室;盥洗室,卫生间battery n.电池(组);炮兵连,炮组battle n.战役,战斗;斗争 v.战斗,斗争,搏斗bay n.海湾,(港)湾BC (B.C.)公元前be v.(就)是,等于;(存)在;到达,来到,发生beach n.海滩,湖滩,河滩beam n.(横)梁,桁条;(光线的)束,柱 v.微笑bean n.豆;菜豆,蚕豆bear n.熊 v.忍受,容忍;负担;结果实,生子女beard n.胡须beast n.兽,牲畜;凶残的人,举止粗鲁的人beat n.敲打;(心脏等)跳动 v.打败;(心脏等)跳动beautiful a.美(好)的beauty n.美(丽);美人,美丽的东西because conj.因为because of 由于,因为become v.成为,变得;适宜,同…相称bed n.床(位);苗床,圃,花坛;河床,矿床,海底bedroom n.卧室bee n.(蜜)蜂beef n.牛肉beer n.啤酒before prep.在…以前 conj.在…之前 ad.前面,从前beforehand ad.预先,事先beg v.乞求,乞讨;请求,恳求begin v.开始begin with 从…开始beginner n.初学者beginning n.开始,开端behalf n.利益on behalf of 代表,为了behave v.举止,举动,表现;运转,开动behavior behaviour n.行为,举止;(机器的)特性behind prep.在…后面,落后于 ad.在后,向后being n.生物,人;存在,生存belief n.信仰,信条;相信,信念believe v.(in)相信,信仰;认为make believe 假装bell n.钟,铃belong v.(to)属于,附属,隶属;应归入(类别,范畴等) beloved a./n.受爱戴的,敬爱的;爱人,被心爱的人below prep.在…下面,在…以下 ad.在下面,向下belt n.(皮)带,腰带;地带bench n.长凳,条凳;(工作)台,座bend v.(使)弯曲;屈从,屈服 n.弯曲(处),曲折处beneath prep.在…下边,在…之下 ad.在下方beneficial a.(to)有利的,有益的benefit n.利益,好处,恩惠 v.有益于;(from,by)受益bent a.弯曲的berry n.浆果beside prep.在…旁边,在…附近;与…相比besides prep.除…之外 ad.而且,还有best a.最好的 ad.最好(地)at the best 充其量try one's best 尽力,努力get the best of 胜过make the best of 充分利用,妥善处理bet v.赌,打赌 n.打赌,赌注betray v.背叛,出卖;暴露,流露,泄露better a.较好的 ad.更好(地) v.改良 n.较佳者for the better 好转,改善get the better of 占上风,胜过had better 最好还是,应该between prep.在(两者)之间 ad.当中,中间beware v.当心,谨防bewilder v.使迷惑,难住beyond prep.在(或向)…的那边,远于 ad.在那边bias n./v.(使有)偏见,偏心,偏袒Bible n.圣经bicycle n.自行车bid v.祝愿;命令,吩咐;报价,投标 n.出众,投标big a.大的,巨大的;重大的,重要的bike n.自行车bill n.账单;招贴,广告;(人员,职称等的)表;钞票billion num./n.(美)十亿,(英)万亿bind v.捆,绑,包括,束缚biography n.传记biology n.生物学bird n.鸟,禽birth n.出生,分娩;出身,血统biscuit n.饼干,点心bit n.一点,一片,一些bite v./n.咬,叮 n.一口bitter a.(有)苦(味)的;痛苦的,厉害的black a.黑(色)的,黑暗的 n.黑人,黑色blackboard n.黑板blame v.责备;怪,把…归咎于 n.责任,过错;责备blank a.空白的,空着的;失色的 n.空白;表格blanket n.毛毯,毯子blast n.一阵(风);爆炸冲击波;管乐器声 v.爆炸blaze n.火焰;火光;闪光,光辉 v.燃烧,冒火焰bleak a.荒凉的;冷酷的;没有希望的bleed v.出血,流血blend n.混合(物) v.混和,混杂bless v.祝福,保佑blessing n.祈祷,祝福blind a.瞎的;盲目的 v.使失明;蒙蔽 n.百叶窗block n.大块木料(或石料);一排房屋 v.阻塞,拦阻blood n.血(液);血统,宗族,门第;血气,气质bloody a.流血的,血腥的bloom n.花(朵);开花(期) v.开花blossom n.花 v.开花blow v.吹(气),打气;吹响(乐器,号角等);爆炸n.打blue a.(天)蓝色的,青的;伤心的,沮丧的 n.蓝色blunder v.(因无知等而)犯大错;踉踉跄跄地走 n.大错blunt a.率直的;钝的 v.(使)钝;(使)迟钝blush v./n.脸红board n.板,木板;全体委员;伙食 v.上船(车,飞机) on board 在船(车,飞机)上boast v.(of,about)自夸,夸耀 n.自夸,大话boat n.小船,艇body n.身体,本体;主体;尸体;物体;(一)群,批,堆boil v.(使)沸腾,煮(沸)boiler n.锅炉;煮器(壶,锅等)bold a.大胆的,勇敢的;冒失的;黑体的,粗体的bolt n.螺栓,(门,窗的)插销 v.闩(门),关窗,拴住bomb n.炸弹 v.投弹于,轰炸bond n.结合(物),粘结(剂),联结;公债,债券,契约bone n.骨(骼)bonus n.奖金,红利book n.书(籍);卷,篇,册 v.预定,订(票,房间等) boom v.迅速发展,兴旺;发出隆隆声boot n.(长统)靴booth n.电话亭,货摊border n.边界,国界;边(沿) v.交界,与…接壤;接近bore v.钻(孔),挖(洞);烦扰 n.讨厌的人,麻烦事born a.出身于…的,天生的,生来的borrow v.借(用)bosom n.(心)胸boss n.工头,老板,上司 v.指挥,支配,发号施令both pron.二者,双方 a.两,双both...and 既…又…,两个都bother v.打扰,烦扰;烦恼,操心 n.麻烦bottle n.瓶(子) v.装瓶bottom n.底(部);基础,根基;海底,湖底,河床bough n.大树枝,主枝bounce v.跳起,弹起 n.(球)跳起,弹回bound v./n.跳(跃) a.被束缚的,理应…的;开往…的boundary n.分界线,边界bow v./n.鞠躬,点头 n.弓(形);蝴蝶结bowl n.碗(状物),钵box n.箱(子),盒(子);包厢 v.拳击,打耳光boy n.男孩;男服务员,男仆boycott n./v.(联合)抵制,拒绝参与brace v.使防备;支撑;使(手,足,肩等)绷紧 n.托架bracket n.(方)括号brain n.(大)脑,骨髓;(pl.)脑力,智能brake v./n.制动(器),闸,刹车branch n.(树)条,分支;分店;(学科)分科,部门;支流brand n.商标,标记,牌子 v.使铭记;打火印,打烙印brandy n.白兰地酒brass n.黄铜,铜器brave a.勇敢的bravery n.大胆,勇敢bread n.面包breadth n.宽度,幅break v.打破,折断;使中止;破坏 n.打断;休息时间break away from 脱离,逃跑break down 损坏,分解,瓦解break in 强行进入,闯入;打断,插嘴break into 闯入break off 断绝,结束break out 突然发生,爆发;(of)逃出break through 突破break up 中止,结束;打碎,拆散breakdown n.垮,衰竭;损坏,故障,倒塌breakfast n.早饭,早餐 v.吃早饭breast n.胸膛,乳房breath n.呼吸,气息catch one's breath 屏息,歇口气out of breath 喘不过气来,上气不接下气breathe v.呼吸,吸入breed v.(使)繁殖,生殖;产生;教养,抚养 n.品种breeze n.微风,和风bribe n.贿赂 v.向…行贿,买通brick n.砖(状物)bride n.新娘bridge n.桥(梁) v.架桥,建桥brief a.简短的,简洁的 v.简短介绍,简要汇报in brief 简单地说,简言之bright a.明亮的,辉煌的;聪明的;欢快的,美好的brilliant a.光辉的,灿烂的;卓越的,有才华的brim n.边缘,帽沿bring v.带来,拿来;引起,导致bring about 带来,造成bring down 打倒,挫伤;降低bring forth 产生,提出bring forward 提出bring out 使出现,使显明;公布,出版bring to 使恢复知觉bring up 教育,培养,使成长brisk a.轻快的;生气勃勃的;兴隆的Britain n.不列颠,英国British a.不列颠的;英国(人)的brittle a.易碎的,脆(弱)的broad a.宽的,广阔的;广大的;宽宏的,豁达的broadcast v./n.广播(节目)brochure n.小册子broken a.破碎(了)的bronze n.青铜(色),青铜制品brook n.小河,溪broom n.扫帚brother n.兄弟;同胞;教友brow n.眉(毛);额brown n./a.褐色(的),棕色(的)brush n.刷(子),毛刷;画笔 v.刷,擦,掸,拂;掠过brutal a.残忍的;严峻的;严酷的bubble n.泡,水泡,气泡 v.冒泡,起泡,沸腾bucket n.水桶,吊桶bud n.芽,花苞 v.发芽,含苞欲放budget n.预算 v.做预算buffet n.自助餐bug n.臭虫;小毛病;窃听器 v.窃听build v.造,建筑,建设,建立build up 积累,堵塞;树立,逐步建立;增进,锻炼building n.建筑(物),房屋,大楼bulb n.灯泡,球状物bulk n.体积,容积;主体,大批,大量,大块in bulk 散装;大批,大量bull n.公牛bullet n.子弹,枪弹bulletin n.公报,公告,告示bump v.(against,into)碰;颠簸着前进 n.碰撞bunch n.(一)簇,束,捆,串bundle n.捆,包,束burden n.担子,负担,重担bureau n.署,局,司,处burn v.燃烧,烧毁,烧伤 n.烧伤,灼伤burn out 烧掉burn up 烧起来,旺起来;烧完,烧尽burst v.爆裂,炸破;突然发生 n.突然破裂,爆发bury v.埋(葬),安葬;埋藏,遮盖bus n.公共汽车trolley bus 无轨电车bush n.灌木(丛)business n.商业,生意;事务,业务,职责on business 因公,因事busy a.忙的,繁忙的;(with)忙于…的 v.使忙于but conj.可是,而 prep.除…外 ad.只,仅仅but for 除…以外,倘没有,除非butcher n.屠夫,卖肉者butter n.黄油,奶油 v.涂黄油于…上butterfly n.蝴蝶button n.纽扣,按钮(开关) v.扣紧;扣上纽扣buy v.(购)买 n.购买,买卖by prep.在…旁;不迟于;靠,用,通过 ad.在近旁bypass n.(by-pass)旁路,迂回的旁道by-product n.副产品cabbage n.洋白菜,卷心菜cabin n.客舱,机舱;小(木)屋cabinet n.橱柜;内阁cable n.电报;电缆;缆,索,钢丝绳 v.拍电报cafe n.咖啡馆,(小)餐馆cafeteria n.自助食堂cage n.鸟笼cake n.饼,(蛋)糕calculate v.计算,推算;计划,打算calendar n.日历,月历call n.叫喊;(电话)通话 v.叫(喊);(on,at)访问call for 邀请;要求,需要call forth 唤起,引起;振作起,鼓起call off 放弃,取消call on (call upon)访问,拜访;号召,呼吁call up 召集,动员;打电话;使人想起calm a.(天气,海洋等)静的 n.平静 v.(使)平静camel n.骆驼camera n.照相机,摄影机camp n.野营,营地;帐篷,阵营 v.设营,宿营campaign n.战役;运动campus n.(大学)校园can aux.v.能,会;可以;可能 n.罐头 v.装罐头Canada n.加拿大Canadian a.加拿大的 n.加拿大人canal n.运河;(沟)渠cancel v.取消,把…作废;删去,划掉cancer n.癌candidate n.候选人,候补者;报考者candle n.蜡烛candy n.糖果cannon n.大炮,火炮canoe n.独木舟,小游艇canteen n.食堂canvas n.帆布;油画布,油画cap n.便帽,军帽;盖,罩,套 v.覆盖于…顶端capable a.有本领的,有能力的;(of)可以…的,能…的capacity n.容量,容积;能量,能力;接受力capital n.首都;大写字母;资本 a.首位的,最重要的capitalism n.资本主义capsule n.胶囊;太空舱captain n.首领,队长;船长;上尉 v.做…的首领,指挥captive n.俘虏 a.被俘虏的,被监禁的capture v./n.捕获,俘虏;夺得,攻占car n.车(辆),汽车;(火车)车厢carbon n.碳carbon dioxide 二氧化碳card n.卡片,名片;纸牌;纸片ID card 身份证credit card 信用卡care n.小心;关怀,照料 v.(about)关心,介意,计较care for 照管,关心;喜欢,意欲take care 小心,当心take care of 照顾,照料;承担,处理,负责career n.生涯,经历;专业,职业careful a.小心的,仔细的;细致的,精心的cargo n.船货,货物carpenter n.木工,木匠carpet n.地毯carriage n.(四轮)马车;(火车)客车厢carrier n.搬运人;载体carrot n.胡萝卜carry v.运送,搬运;传送,传播;领,带carry off 夺去carry on 继续下去,坚持下去;从事,经营carry out 贯彻,执行,实现cart n.(二轮货运)马车,手推车cartoon n.漫画,幽默画;动画片carve v.(雕)刻case n.箱,盒,容器;情况,事实;病例;案件in any case 无论如何,总之in case 假如,以防(万一),免得in case of 假使,万一in no case 决不cash n.现金,现款 v.兑现,付(或收)现款cashier n.收银员,出纳员cassette n.盒子;盒式磁带cast v.投,扔,掷,抛;铸造 n.演员表castle n.城堡casual a.偶然的,碰巧的;临时的,非正式的casualty n.伤亡人员;受害人cat n.猫catalog (catalogue) n.目录(册) v.编目(录) catch v.捕捉,捕获;赶上;感染;理解,听到catch on 理解,明白catch up with 追上,赶上category n.种类,类目cathedral n.大教堂Catholic a.天主教的 n.天主教徒cattle n.牛;牲口,家畜cause n.原因;事业,事件,奋斗目标 v.使产生,引起caution n.小心,谨慎;警告,告诫 v.警告cautious a.(of)小心的,谨慎的cave n.洞,穴cease v./n.停止,中止ceiling n.天花板celebrate v.庆祝cell n.细胞;小房间;蜂房;电池cellar n.地窑,地下室cement n.水泥;胶泥,胶接剂 v.胶合;巩固,加强census n.人口普查(调查)cent n.分(币);百 per cent 百分之center (centre)n.中心(区),中央 v.集中centigrade n./a.摄氏温度计(的);百分度(的) centimetre n.(centimetre)厘米central a.中心的,中央的,中枢的;主要的century n.世纪,(一)百年ceremony n.典礼,仪式;礼节,礼仪certain a.某,某一,某些;(of)一定的,确信的,可靠的certainly ad.一定,必定,无疑;当然,行certainty n.必然,肯定;必然的事certificate n.证(明)书,执照chain n.链(条);(pl.)镣铐;一连串 v.用链条拴住chair n.椅子;主席(职位)chairman n.主席,议长,会长,董事长chalk n.粉笔,白垩challenge n.挑战(书);艰巨任务,难题 v.向…挑战chamber n.房间,室champion n.冠军,得胜者;拥护者,斗士chance n.机会;可能性;偶然性,运气v.碰巧,偶然发生by chance 偶然,碰巧take a chance 冒险一试change n.改变,变化;零钱 v.更换,调换,交换;改变channel n.海峡,水道;信道,波道;路线,途径chaos n.混乱,紊乱chapter n.章(节),回character n.性格,品质,特性;人物,角色;字符,(汉)字characteristic a.(of)特有的,独特的 n.特征,特性characterize(characterise)v.表示…的特性;描述…特性Charge v.索(价);控告;充电 n.(pl.)费用,代价;电荷in charge of 负责,主管take charge of 担任,负责charity n.慈善(团体),仁慈,施舍charm n.吸引力,魅力 v.迷人,(使)陶醉;施魔法于charming a.迷人的,可爱的chart n.图,图表charter v.租船,租车 n.宪章chase v./n.追逐,追求chat v./n.闲谈,聊天cheap a.便宜的;低劣的,不值钱的cheat v.欺骗;作弊 n.骗子;欺诈,欺骗行为check v.检查;制止;(凭票)托运或寄存 n.检查,核对check in 办理登记手续check out 结帐后离开;检验,核查check up on 校对,检查,检验check (cheque)n.支票cheek n.面颊,脸cheer v.(使)振奋,(使)高兴 v./n.喝彩,欢呼cheer up 使高兴,使振奋;高兴起来,振作起来cheerful a.愉快的,高兴的cheese n.干酪,乳酪chemical a.化学的 n.(pl.)化学制品,化学药品chemist n.化学家;药剂师chemistry n.化学cheque (check) n.支票,空白支票;总收入cherish v.珍爱;怀有cherry n.樱桃(树)chess n.棋chest n.胸腔,胸膛;箱,柜chestnut n.栗子,栗树chew v.咀嚼;思量chicken n.小鸡,小鸟;鸡(肉)chief a.主要的,首要的 n.首领,领袖chiefly ad.主要地,首要地child ((pl.)children) n.小孩,儿童,儿女childhood n.幼年,童年childish a.孩子气,幼稚的chill n.寒冷,寒气,寒战 v.使寒冷chimney n.烟囱chin n.下巴,颏china n.瓷器China n.中国Chinese n.中国人;中文 a.中国(人)的,中国话的chip n.切屑,碎片;(土豆等的)薄片;集成电路块chocolate n.巧克力(糖),赭色choice n.选择(机会),抉择,选择项;入选者 a.精选的choke v.窒息,噎住;闷塞,堵塞,阻塞choose v.选择,挑选;甘愿chop v.砍,劈,斩 n.排骨,肉块chorus n.合唱队;合唱 v.异口同声地说,随声附和in chorus 一齐,一致,共同Christian n.基督教徒 a.基督教徒的Christmas n.圣诞节chronic a.(疾病)慢性的;积习难改的;严重的,坏的church n.教堂;(C-)教会cigar n.雪茄烟cigarette n.香烟,纸烟,卷烟cinema n.电影院;电影,影片circle n.圆,圆周;集团;周期,循环 v.环绕,旋转circuit n.环行,周线,巡回;电路,线路circular a.圆(形)的,环形的;循环的 n.传单,通报circulate v.(使)循环,(使)流通circumference n.圆周,周围circumstance n.(pl.)情况,形势,环境;经济情形,境况circus n.马戏团,杂技团;马戏场,杂技场cite v.引用,引证,举(例)citizen n.公民;市民,居民city n.城市,都市civil a.公民的,市民的;民间的;民用的;有礼貌的civilian n.平民 a.平民的;民用的civilization (civilisation) n.文明,文化civilize v.使文明,开化claim v.要求;声称;索赔 n.要求;断言;索赔;权利clap v.拍手,拍,轻拍 n.拍(手),掌声,霹雳声clarify v.澄清,阐明clarity n.清晰,明晰clash v./n.碰撞 n.碰撞声clasp n.扣子,钩子;握手 v.扣住,钩住;紧握,紧抱class n.班级;课;阶级;等级,类别 v.把…分类classic n.(pl.)杰作,名著 a.第一流的,不朽的classical a.经典的,古典(文学)的classification n.分类,分级classify v.分类,分等(级)classmate n.同班同学classroom n.教室,课堂clause n.(正式文件或法律文件的)条款;从句,分句claw n.爪,脚爪clay n.粘土,泥土clean a.清洁的,干净的;洁白的 v.打扫,使干净clear a.清晰的;畅通的 ad.清楚地 v.澄清,清除clear away 扫除,收拾clear up整理,收拾;清除,解除;解释,澄清;(天气)变晴clerk n.职员,办事员;店员clever a.聪明的,伶俐的,机敏的,精巧的client n.顾客;(诉讼)委托人cliff n.悬崖;峭壁climate n.气候;风气,社会思潮climax n.顶点,高潮climb v./n.攀登,爬cling v.(to)粘住;依附;坚持clinic n.诊所clip v.剪,修剪;钳,夹住 n.夹,钳;回形针cloak n.外套,斗篷 v.掩盖,掩饰clock n.钟around the clock 昼夜不停地clockwise a.顺时针方向close v.关;结束n.结束a.近的,接近的ad.接近地cloth n.(一块)布,织物,衣料clothe v.(给…)穿衣,供给…衣服clothes n.衣服clothing n.服装,被褥cloud n.云(状物);遮暗物,阴影;一大群cloudy a.多云的,阴(天)的;混浊的,模糊的club n.俱乐部,夜总会;社团;棍棒,球棒clue n.线索,暗示clumsy a.笨拙的,愚笨的cluster n.丛,群,串 v.群集,丛生clutch v.抓住,攫住,掌握 n.离合器coach n.(铁路)客车,长途汽车;辅导员 v.教练,辅导coal n.煤,煤块coarse a.粗糙的,粗劣的;粗鲁的,粗俗的coast n.海岸,海滨coat n.外套,上衣;皮毛 v.涂上,盖上,包上cock n.公鸡,雄鸡;龙头,开关code n.代码,代号,密码;法典,法规,规划coffee n.咖啡(色)coherent a.粘着的,粘附的coil v.卷,盘绕 n.(一)卷,(一)圈;线圈,绕组coin n.硬币,货币 v.铸造(硬币),创造(新词) coincide v.和…一致,相符,相同coincidence n.巧合,巧事;一致,符合cold a.寒冷的;冷淡的 n.感冒;寒冷collaborate v.协作,合作collapse v./n.倒坍,崩溃,垮台collar n.衣领;环状物colleague n.同事,同僚collect v.收集,搜集;领取,接走;收(税等);聚集,堆积collection n.收藏(品),收集(物)collective n.集体 a.集体的,共同的college n.学院,高等专科学校,大学collide v.碰撞,冲突;(with)抵触collision n.碰撞,冲突colonel n.(陆军)上校colonial a.殖民(地)的colonist n.殖民者,移民。
四级词汇辅导 .doc
四级词汇辅导1.confront: 对抗，遭遇A soldier often has to confront danger. 士兵常常要身临险境。
Be confronted withAfter being confronted with our evidence, the other side had to back down. 面对我们摆出来的证据，对方只得做出让步。
The new system will be confronted with great difficulties at the start. 这种新的制度一开始将会面临很大困难。
2. Anguish: n. 苦闷, 痛苦pain, hurtPhysical disability causes mental anguish. 生理伤残会引起心理苦闷.The child was badly hurt and was in anguish all the evening. 这个孩子受了重伤，整夜都在痛苦之中。
3. Graceful 优雅的elegantWe admired the graceful poise of the dancer. 我们很欣赏那位舞蹈演员的优美舞姿。
She runs up the stairs with a light graceful step. 她以轻快优雅的步子奔上楼去。
4. Shudder: v. 战悚, 发抖He shuddered with cold. 他冷得发抖。
She shuddered at the sight of the dead body. 她一看到死尸就战栗起来。
5. Well up: 涌上Joy welled up in his heart. 欢乐涌上他的心头。
Tears welled up in her eyes. 泪水涌上她的眼眶。
6. Rest 搁Rest the ladder against the wall. 把梯子靠在墙上吧。
张剑英语考研真题黄皮书2004年词汇注释与长难句分析
2004年真题词汇注释与常难句分析causal［］a.因果关系的；前因后果的；原因的(P4L6) concerning［］prep.about something;involving somebody/something 关于；涉及(P1L1)consist of sth［］v.由……组成、构成例：Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.水由氢和氧组成。
(P4L1)delinquency［］n.（常指青年人的）犯罪，违法行为【超纲】(P1L1) disadvantaged［］a.*1.社会地位低下的；生活条件差的；贫困的例：a severely disadvantaged area极贫困地区2.（the disadvantaged）people who are disadvantaged下层社会(P2L1)discontent［］a.不满；不满足；不满的缘由(P3L3)engage（sb）in（sth）（使）从事，参加例：Even in prison,he continued to engage in criminal activities.他甚至在监狱里还继续从事犯罪活动。
(P1L3)establish［］v.to discover or prove the facts of a situation查实；确定；证实例：Police are still trying to establish the cause of the accident.警方仍在努力确定事故的原因。
(P4L7)gainful［］ed to describe useful work that you are paid for有收益的；有报酬的；有利可图的(P3L2)household［］n.一家人；家庭例：low income households低收入家庭。
(P4L1)misdeed［］n.恶行；不义之举例：He will have to answer for hismisdeeds in a court of law.他将不得不为其恶劣行径在法庭上受到惩罚。
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2004年工程硕士考研辅导：词汇部分I. 在职攻读硕士学位考试大纲词汇量要求：1．领会式掌握4250个英语单词和500个常用词组；2．复用式掌握1800个左右的常用英语单词和200个常用词组；3．掌握一定数量的常用词缀，并能根据构词法和语境意思识别常见的派生词。
II. 词汇部分的考试形式及重点：形式：单句选择填空，要求考生从四个选项中选出一个最佳答案填入空格中。
题量共有5道，每道题2分，共10分。
重点：是对名词、动词、形容词、短语及固定搭配的判断和理解，其中包括区分同义词、近义词、反义词等。
如：In order to _____ your goals, you must work hard.A. makeB. achieveC. requireD. developAs they can’t afford to let the situation get worse, they will take some necessary _____.A. decisionsB. sidesC. directionsD. stepsThe first, second, and third prizes went to Jack, Tom and Harry ______.A. equallyB. differentlyC. similarlyD. respectivelyIII. 单词记忆方法：a.通过阅读记单词b.通过做练习题记单词c.通过联想方式记单词: 邻近联想:lightening-thunder-storm; winter-freeze- snow-frost;spring-blossom-awake; 类比联想: result-effect-impact; because of, on account of, due to; 对比联想: stupid-clever-smart; advance-backward等.。
d.分类记忆单词：根据单词的词性、词义、读音等方式将单词分类。
如按意义分类：vehicle,truck, jeep, taxi 等。
按单词词性分类：reduce, decline, decrease, fall, drop等。
e.掌握构词法：如，前缀、后缀、词根。
前缀：名词后缀：动词后缀：副词后缀：常见词根：IV. 四种命题方式：1．近形词题目：考单词辨认、近形词辨认的能力。
如：The problem is caused _____ by a lack of money.A. prominentlyB. profoundlyC. primarilyD. proportionallyThe new director of the television station wants to _____ its program.A. divideB. decideC. diversifyD. divert2．近义词题：词义相近、用法不同。
如：Generally ____, that city is less crowded than the others in the same state.A. talkingB. speakingC. sayingD. tellingIn the big flood, only 20 % of the people in that village ______.A. remainedB. stayedC. livedD. survived3．语境词汇题：根据单词所处的具体语言环境，确定正确选项。
In 400 A.D. Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that span upwards and fell back to earth as _____ ceased.A. rotationB. suspensionC. emissionD. motivationAs a good photographer, you must develop an awareness of the world around you and the people who ____ it.A. innovateB. inhabitC. integrateD. inherit4．固定搭配：动词与介词或副词的搭配，形容词与名词的搭配等。
Not all persons arrested and ____ with a crime are guilty, and the main function of criminal courts is to determine who is guilty under the law.A. sentencedB. accused C persecuted D chargedIf you are a member of a club, you must _____ to the rules of that club.A. conformB. appealC. referD. accessV. 词汇部分的主要词类及要点在词汇考试中，考生应该重视主要词性及其要点，如名词、动词、形容词和副词。
名词：名词是词汇考试的一个重要组成部分；考生应注意名词在不同的语境中所体现的不同含义和用法，同时需通过练习熟悉这批名词，以及了解名词的外延和内涵和一定量的同义词。
1、除了英语本族语及少量外来语等拼写简单的名词外，名词多数是由希腊及拉丁词根加上前缀、后缀构成。
大量的名词后缀是表示性质、状态和行为的。
参见III. e. 掌握构词法之名词后缀及成绩词根。
2）名词的复数(1) 以-f结尾的名词，构成复数时只加-s，如：cliff s（悬崖）gulf s（海湾）proof s（证据）safe s（保险箱）有些-f结尾的名词可有两种复数形式。
如：dwarf—dwarfs—dwarves（侏儒）hoof—hoofs—hooves（蹄）(2) 源自拉丁语、希腊语及法语的一部分外来词的复数形式仍然保留不变。
1）来自拉丁语的：stratum / starta（地层）larva / larvae（昆虫的幼虫）stimulus / stimuli（刺激）bacterium / bacteria（细菌）2）来自希腊语的：analysis / analyses（分析）hypothesis / hypotheses（假设）synopsis / synopses（概要，大意）thesis / theses（论文，论题）criterion / criteria （标准）phenomenon / phenomena（现象）(3) 一些外来词兼有原有复数形式和英语规则复数形式。
外来词原有复数形式英语规则复数形式syllabus（拉）syllabi syllabuses（大纲, 课程表）medium （拉）media mediums（媒体）symposium（拉）symposia symposiums（研讨会）(4) 复合名词的复数形式1）daughter-in-law / daughters-in-law（儿媳）2）looker-on / lookers-on（旁观者）3）stand-by / stand-bys（可依靠的人或物）(5) 一些名词的单复数意义不同。
anxiety（焦虑）/ anxieties（令人忧虑之事）security（安全）/ securities（证券，债券）kindness （善意）/ kindnesses（善行）(6) 有些名词的复数形式兼有单数形式的意义和新的意义。
letter字母；信letters 字母；信/ 文学，学问manner方式，方法manners方式，方法/ 礼貌pain 痛pains 痛/ 努力colour 颜色colours 颜色/ 军旗名词练习：1.With more terrorist attacks and a war against Iraq on the horizon, the top _____ forNATO isn’t enlargement, but transformation: in the post-Sept.11 world, what exactly is NATO for?A. secretB. priorityC. minorityD. majority2.The Germans have agreed to take the _______ in putting together a group of Europeancountries to lease large transport planes before Europe’s own Airbus A400M can be made around 2009.A. leadB. leaderC. leadershipD. led3.There are far more hospitable places than the Red Cross ________center in Sangatte, innorthern France, a stinking hangar crammed with over 1,600 asylum seekers and surrounded by police and a high wire fence.A. refugeeB. immigrantC. emigrantD. braggart4.When the ______ police finally moved into the church, the migrants did not fight butfiled obediently into buses waiting to ferry them to local police stations.A. primitiveB. savageC. riotD. barbarian5.In press conferences and on TV talk shows, Gore has attacked not just the presidential________, but most members of the current government.A. cabinetB. ministersC. officialsD. executive.6.The book was declared to be a/an ______ to the community by the angry local people.A. offenderB. officerC. offenseD. guidance7.There are few tanks better armored these days than most celebrities, who are fullyprepared to defend themselves from all ________ of the public to see any side of thembut the faces they want the public to see.A. attentionB. temptationC. perceptionD. attempts8.Because Twain’s songs are aimed at a mass audience, they are built with the same focuson and inoffensiveness as a political________.A. marshalB. electionC. campaignD. hierarchy9.The movie Fellowship turned out to be the second highest grossing film of 2001 and washonored with 13 Oscar _________, including Best Picture.A. awardsB. nominationsC. nominatorsD. dominoes10.I have got an autographed photo from Robert Lange, producer of seven of the 100 bestselling _______ of all time in MTV.A. volumesB. DVDsC. recordsD. albums动词:动词的测试重点：1) 动词的认知能力和辨别能力；2) 动词的用法；3) 动词的搭配关系。