3月13日托福阅读答案解析
2020年3月13日托福写作答案解析
2020年3月13日托福写作答案解析3月13日托福综合写作范文：Sample answer：The writer and the speaker have a debate on what causethe collapse of Akkadine Empire. The writer puts forwardthree reasons, which are opposed by the following lecture.First, the writer claims that the collapse of empire is cause by rebellion of conquered cities. While the speaker views this issue from an opposite angle, according to him/her, Conquered cities have little chance to rebel, for their walls have been destroyed by empire army. They are easily defeated again.Secondly, the passage states that bad weather results in shortage of food supply. However, the speaker casts doubt on this opinion by saying that Indeed, bad weather will lead to the reduction of food supply, but farmers in empire have advanced irrigation technology, which can bring water fromlong distance. What’s more, farmers will preserve grains.Last, the writer argues that unfair trade leads to discontent of other countries. They united to fight againstthe Empire. By contrast, in accordance with the speaker, this claim does not hold water. Empire has been looking for new partners. Losses caused by some countries can be made up by resources and benefits from new countries.3月13日托福独立写作真题：。
月日托福写作真题解析
2013年3月2日托福写作真题解析托福综合写作题目阅读：科学家发现到达North America的最早的inhabitants是欧洲人并不是之前认为的亚洲人，给出了这个thesis三个理由一是科学家在欧洲和北美都发现了spear points，而且都是single，large and sharp blade，但是亚洲的spear point很小，二是有一个human bone被发现可以证明这个结论，三是欧洲人可以穿越Atlantic Ocean，因为海路相对方便，并且一路上的ice可以用作resource of water听力：反驳。
北美和欧洲的spear point发展过程是独立的，欧洲的spear大是因为他们要hunt mammals，然后人骨只是一个single sample更多的其他人骨发现不是欧洲人，最后是那个时期，在欧洲人那儿没有发现boat、钓鱼工具等等，说明他们对航海没啥经验，a lack of experience of sea travel会让他们不容易存活下来。
托福独立写作题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Our society today is so busy and crowded that people do not need to be polite to each other.People today enjoy great material wealth due to hardwork, but some complain that people today are less polite than they used to be. Extremists argue that people do not need to have the conventional social norms, such as saying hello to other people, because those manners are a waste of time. However, I think politeness isimportant in many aspects of modern life.First, in dealing relationships with family and friend, people need to be polite and considerate. Many young people today claim that they are too busy to call their parents and contact their friends. Once, I refused to spend time talking with parents, using the excuse that I had too much work. The consequence was that my mother got angry and hung up the phone. Our relationship was strained, but I soon realized my rudeness and apologized to my mother. My mother forgave me because I showed my respect and concern for her. This situation is also true for friends. Politeness is a bond in relationships with close family members and friends.Second, in a working environment, one needs to obey the basic social norms of courtesy for interpersonal communication. Consider a rude colleague who is always short and unpleasant with his coworkers. Not many people are willing to work with him, because he does not show any basic skills or ability to deal with people. On the contrary, a coworker who smiles and acts respectfully towards others will certainly be more popular and easier to work with. Obviously, politeness will never be outdated, no matter how busy the world becomes.Third, in the political realm and entertainment industry, celebrities need to show a gracious and friendly manner in order to maintain a positive image. All politicians have a hectic agenda. But when they are giving a speech to the public, politicians need to dress appropriately and speak in a certain way. Patience when answering questions is also a must. Similarly, a famous movie star or a pop singer needs to show a friendly attitude towards any crazy fan. Otherwise, the printingmedia will make a big deal out of his/her unappreciative manner towards fans.In conclusion, though the world today drives people to work like machines, politeness is a prerequisite for people to have a satisfying home life and a fulfillingcareer.。
2016年3月13日托福阅读答案解析
2016年3⽉13⽇托福阅读真题词汇题汇总：dramatically=striking perplexing=puzzlingtending=taking 挀愀爀攀 of conducive=favorable 琀漀quest＝search prevail＝dominantgenerally＝usually thereby＝consequentlyexceptional＝extraordinary suitable=appropriate 3⽉13⽇托福阅读真题第⼀篇 题材划分：地质类 主要内容：北美海⾯某种 dramatically heat 的现象。
这种先现象还导致海⾯上升(有题问为什么上升)。
然后⽤洋流来解释，但是这解释有问题，因为科学家发现洋流带来30%热才能增温。
但是不管是表层海⽔还是底层海⽔的检测都发现根本没这么多热，所以就进⼊第⼆段⽐较了厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜，厄尔尼诺是太平洋⾚道带海洋和⼤⽓互相作⽤后失去平衡的⽓候现象，还说暖流移动，使cool area变暖，还和Indian⽐较，Indian ocean 是 cool area，有 deep sea和sea surface。
史前距今五百万年的Eocene 时期在极地仍然会出现温暖的季节.厄尔尼诺还和 trade wind减弱相关。
拉尼娜是海⾯温度异常偏冷的现象，拉尼娜和wind trade增强相关，主要是tropical ocean和atmosphere的共同作⽤。
最后还讲了 greenhouse gas也可能是造成heat的原因，但是要测五百万年前的⼆氧化破浓度的挑战性就超级难，所以证据不⾜不确定。
有个题问了第三段和第四段的作⽤还是关系。
相似TPO练习推荐： TPO-23 Urban Climates TPO-10 Variations in the Climate 相关背景知识： El Ni漀 is the warm phase of the El Ni漀 Southern Oscillation (commonly called ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (between approximately the International Date Line and 120°W), including off the Pacific coast of South America. El Ni漀 Southern Oscillation refers to the cycle of warm and cold temperatures, as measured by sea surface temperature, SST, of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean. El Ni漀 is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific. The cool phase of ENSO is called "La Ni愀" with SST in the eastern Pacific below average and air pressures high in the eastern and low in western Pacific. The ENSO cycle, both El Ni漀 and La Ni愀, causes global changes of both temperatures and rainfall. Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study. La Ni愀 is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Ni漀 as part of the broader El Ni漀–Southern Oscillation climate pattern. The name La Ni愀 originates from Spanish, meaning "the girl", analogous to El Ni漀meaning "the boy". It has also in the past been called anti-El Ni漀, and El Viejo (meaning "the old man"). During a period of La Ni愀, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3–5°C. In the United States, an appearance of La Ni愀 happens for at least five months of La Ni愀 conditions. It has extensive effects on the weather in North America, even affecting the Atlantic Hurricane Season. A La Ni愀 often, though not always, follows an El Ni漀. 3⽉13⽇托福阅读真题第⼆篇 题材划分：经济发展史 主要内容： 16or17世纪的英国经济发展问题，讲英国农业如何在欧洲其他各国的农业发展之前独⾃发展⾄⼩康⽔平。
2019年3月托福真题回忆及解析
2019年3月托福真题回忆及解析【导语】托福考试对于留学生来说是一个非常有好处的考试，可以让大家在没有到目的地之前就对留学生活有了一个大致的了解。
而且高分获得者势必在申请过程中拥有更大的优势。
为了让大家更好的学习托福，无忧考网给大家整理了2019年3月3日、3月6日、3月19日、3月30日、3月31日的托福真题及回忆，希望对大家托福有帮助，欢迎阅读！3月3日托福口语真题回忆Q1 ：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?We should be complete honest and open to our close friends. Explain why.Q2：阅读标题：Ban sleeping in Library 原因1：影响其它学习的学生原因2：campus tour 的学生看到影响不好听力态度：不同意原因1：学生们在couch 上休息，学习的人可以选择chair，虽然不如couch 舒服，但是为了学习也还OK 原因2：男生也参加过campus tour，感觉挺好的。
大家都没觉得看到休息的学生不好，反而觉得学生学累了不回宿舍玩耍，只是小憩一下就接着学，影响很好。
Q3：阅读标题：flipped classroom 定义：不在课上讲课，反而录视频给学生看，课上做练习听力例子：一个朋友，数学老师，以前都是课上讲课，留作业给学生回家做，结果交上来的作业孩子们各种问题、不会做、甚至不做。
后来转变了方法，把想要教的录成视频让孩子们回家去看，第二天上课做练习，她在班里转着指导，这样问题可以及时解决。
Q4：话题：caterpillar 怎么自我保护要点1：physical feature例子1：身上长尖刺，鸟没法吃要点2：其它动物保护例子2 ：可以分泌sweet liquids 吸引ants 。
如果有predators ，ants 就保护它，chase predators。
托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本：Types of Social GroupsLife places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their ownright. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.Paragraph 1: Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.▉托福TPO13阅读Passage1题目：1. The word “complex” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ delicate○ elaborate○ private。
37月13日托福阅读真题解析
2013年7月13日托福阅读真题解析阅读：第一篇TOPIC 非洲服饰历史讲非洲14到16世纪的服装，先给了定义，然后说穿着场合不当会造成不好的影响，但是特定穿着只在小圈子里面流通。
然后说服饰是symbolism，代表在部落中的地位。
首领的穿着在整个大陆都是统一的，然后提到首领的衣着使用贵重的材料。
最后说服饰以前看来是艺术，现在更多被认为是商品。
解析：本文属历史学话题。
历史类文章涉及范围较广，本次考试关于非洲裙子的历史比较少见；但历史类文章的结构比较明确，一般有较清晰的时间顺序和叙述脉络。
Africa, sub-Saharan: history of dressAfrican dress, like dress everywhere, communicates age, gender, occupation, ethnicity, power, and religious commitment for everyday, celebratory, ceremonial, and ritual occasions. Along with fashionable Western dress, Africans wear Islamic and indigenous apparel. Dress involves totally or partially covering the body by supplementing it with apparel and accessories such as head wraps and jewelry and modifying the body itself with tattoos or piercing. Dressing well for Africans involves proper conduct and elegant style, which includes appropriate apparel, cosmetics, and coiffure along with magnificent carriage, graceful movement, fastidious toilette, and immaculate garments.African dress worn every day indicates socially significant categories, but may also express personal idiosyncrasy. When Africans wear identical dress, such as uniforms or garments made from the same fabric, their garb emphasizes group affiliation and minimizes individuality. African dress is not the same as African costume. Actors and masqueraders temporarily conceal personal identity through costume, whereas in everyday life people communicate and reveal their personal identity through dress.African dress is as varied and diverse as the historical antecedents and cultural backgrounds of the African people in fifty-five countries and more than eight hundred linguistic groups. A continent two-and-a-half times as large as the continental United States, the physical environment of Africa ranges from the deserts of the Sahara and the Kalahari, to the mountains of the Great Rift Valley, and the rain forests in West and Central Africa, as well as the arid region of the Sahel that borders the Sahara. What African people wear relates to these factors of physical environment, to external and internal trade and migration, to the influences of explorers, missionaries, and travelers and to their own creativity. Specific information about the dress of each ethnic group comes from social, religious, and political histories, as well as oral, archaeological, trade, and mercantile records. Early evidence of dress is depicted in the rock art of northern, southern, and eastern Africa, indicating items of dress that predate contact withEuropean, Asian, and Middle Eastern peoples. Tellem caves in Mali provide cloth fragments that give evidence of hand woven apparel before Saharan trade or coastal contacts.第二篇TOPIC 恐龙灭绝讲科学家认为恐龙灭绝与小行星有关，但缺少证据，后来发现了一个特殊的土层，有高浓度Ir铱元素，因其会随大气移动，整个地球都能发现。
托福TPO3阅读真题原文题目及答案Part2
托福TPO3阅读真题原文题目及答案Part2托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO3阅读真题及答案Part2，望喜欢！托福TPO3阅读真题原文Part2Depletion of the Ogallala AquiferThe vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wellsnow tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate-that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply-has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting byusing great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies.In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers.Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.Paragraph 1: The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.托福TPO3阅读真题题目Part21.According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?○Until farmers and rancher s settled there in the 1880s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.○The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.○The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.○Before the early 1900s there was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.Paragraph 2: The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following statements about the Ogallala aquifer are true EXCEPT:○The aquifer stretches from South Dakota to Texas.○The aquifer's water comes from underground springs.○Water has been gatheri ng in the aquifer for 30,000 years.○The aquifer's water is stored in a layer of sandstone.3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region's climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.○Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.○Because of the region's present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer.○Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of water continue to increase.Paragraph 3: The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.4. The word "ensuing" in the passage is closest in meaning to○continuing○surprising○initial○subsequent5. In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that 40 percent of American cattle are fattened in the High Plains?○To suggest that crop cultivation is not the most importantpart of the economy of the High Plains○To indicate that not all economic activity in the High Plains is dependent on irrigation○To provide another example of how water from the Ogallala has transformed the economy of the High Plains○To contrast cattle-fattening practices in the High Plains with those used in other region of the United StatesParagraph 4: This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate-that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply-has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.6. The word "unprecedented" in the passage is closest in meaning to○difficult to control○without any restriction○unlike anything in the past○rapidly expanding7. The word "virtually" in the passage is closest in meaningto○clearly○perhaps○frequently○almost8. According to paragraph 4, all of following are consequences of the heavy use of the Ogallala aquifer for irrigation EXCEPT:○The recharge rate of the aquifer is decreasing.○Water tables in the region are becoming increasingly lower.○Wells now have to be dug to much greater depths than before.○Increasingly powerful pumps are needed to draw water from the aquifer.9. According to paragraph 4, compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for irrigation, Texas○has the greatest amount of farmland being irrigated with Ogallala water○contains the largest amount of Ogallala water underneath the soil○is expected to face the worst water supply crisis as the Ogallala runs dry○uses the least amount of Ogallala water for its irrigation needsParagraph 5: The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies.10. The word "inevitable" in the passage is closest in meaning to○unfortunate○predictable○u navoidable○final11. Paragraph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?○Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.○Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.○Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.○Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.Paragraph 6: In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injectingcompressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.12.According to paragraph 6, what is the main disadvantage of the proposed plans to transport river water to the High Plains?○The rivers cannot supply sufficient water for the farmer's needs.○Increased irrigation costs would make the products too expensive.○The costs of using capillar y water for irrigation will increase.○Farmers will be forced to switch to genetically engineered crops.Paragraph 5: The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. █Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. █The ince ntive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies. █Paragraph 6: In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed totransport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. █Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passageBut even if uncooperative farmers were to join in the conservation efforts, this would only delay the depletion of the aquifer.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The Ogallala aquifer is a large underground source of water in the High Plains region of the United States.●●●Answer choices○The use of the Ogallala for irrigation has allowed the High Plains to become one of the most productive agricultural regions in the United States.○Given the aquifer's low recharge rate, its use for irrigation is causing water tables to drop and will eventually lead to its depletion.○Releasing capillary water and introducing drought-resistant crops are less-promising solutions to the water supply crisis than bringing in river water○The periodic deepening of wells and the use of more-powerful pumps would help increase the natural recharge rate of the Ogallala.○In Texas, a great deal of attention is being paid to genetic engineering because it is there that the most critical situation exists.○Several solutions to the upcoming water supply crisis have been proposed, but none of them promises to keep the costs of irrigation low.托福TPO3阅读真题答案Part2参考答案：1. ○42. ○23. ○14. ○45. ○36. ○37. ○48. ○19. ○310. ○311. ○212. ○213. ○314. The use of the Ogallala for…Given the aquifer's low recharge…Several solutions to the upcoming…托福TPO3阅读翻译Part2奥加拉拉蓄水层的枯竭19世纪80年代，在美国中部北美大平原的广阔草原上定居着农场主们和牧场主们。
徽文文化联考卷九年级上册语文
徽文文化联考卷九年级上册语文注：本次测试时间120分钟，满分120分一、语言基础知识及运用(共37分后)1、阅读下面语段，完成后面题目。
(8分)①回眸年走到的路，我们不禁心潮澎拜。
②这一年，灾难频密：暴风雪小范围侵袭，手足口病不期而至，特大地震猝然出现。
③在大灾大难面前，并使中华民族表明出来空前的凝聚力。
④从总书记至老百姓，大家心往一处想要，劲朝一处并使，缺钱的掏钱，有力的出力，踊现了一大批可歌可泣的先进典型，普写下了一曲万众一心、抗震救灾的了不起颂歌!⑤灾难，虽然可以炸毁我们的家园，却炸毁没法我们生活的信心；灾难夺不去中华民族勇敢不屈不挠的意志，虽然它能夺走无数同胞的生命!(1)给加点字注音 (2分) ( )A．不禁( ) B．侵袭( ) C．猝然( ) D．可歌可泣( )(2)找出①④⑤句中的四个错别字，然后将正确的字依次写在田字格内，要求书写规范、工整、美观。
(2分)改成改成改成改成(3)第③句有语病，应修改为 (2分)(4)修正画线句子，并使之与前句结构相同，语意连贯。
(2分后)2、下列加点词语使用不恰当的一个是（）（3分）A．第一次至公司回去见到总经理，他西装革履正襟危坐，怕存有差池。
B．他生平最是趋炎附势的，如何肯销声匿迹。
C．畅游仙女山，游览武隆的芙蓉洞，不得不惊叹这里景色的惟妙惟肖。
D．他演讲时，贯穿古今，引经据典，获得听众阵阵掌声。
3、根据语境，仿效画线句，再写两个句子，并使之构成一首大诗。
（4分后）假如我是一丛荆棘，我愿意长成一道绿色的栅栏，把房子守护；假如我就是一簇兰花，我愿散发出缕缕迷人的幽香，使主人陶醉。
，，；，，。
4、读下面的材料，回答问题。
(8分)某班积极开展漫游语文世界综合课堂教学活动后，各小组将搜集的资料予以甄选、剖析，构成了以下活动成果。
成果A：各地方言与普通话读音差异明显。
如将吃念成七，将撕念成日。
成果B：街头巷尾乱用语言文字现象轻微。
例如一家具有专卖店名--南方家俱店；一鞋店前的广告牌--穿××皮鞋，步步为赢等。
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3月13日托福阅读答案解析2016年3月13日托福阅读真题词汇题汇总：dramatically=strikingperplexing=puzzlingtending=taking 挀愀爀攀ofconducive=favorable 琀漀quest＝searchprevail＝dominantgenerally＝usuallythereby＝consequentlyexceptional＝extraordinarysuitable=appropriate3月13日托福阅读真题第一篇题材划分：地质类主要内容：北美海面某种dramatically heat 的现象。
这种先现象还导致海面上升(有题问为什么上升)。
然后用洋流来解释，但是这解释有问题，因为科学家发现洋流带来30%热才能增温。
但是不管是表层海水还是底层海水的检测都发现根本没这么多热，所以就进入第二段比较了厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜，厄尔尼诺是太平洋赤道带海洋和大气互相作用后失去平衡的气候现象，还说暖流移动，使cool area变暖，还和Indian比较，Indian ocean 是cool area，有deep sea和sea surface。
史前距今五百万年的Eocene 时期在极地仍然会出现温暖的季节.厄尔尼诺还和trade wind减弱相关。
拉尼娜是海面温度异常偏冷的现象，拉尼娜和wind trade 增强相关，主要是tropical ocean和atmosphere的共同作用。
最后还讲了greenhouse gas也可能是造成heat的原因，但是要测五百万年前的二氧化破浓度的挑战性就超级难，所以证据不足不确定。
有个题问了第三段和第四段的作用还是关系。
相似TPO练习推荐：TPO-23 Urban ClimatesTPO-10 Variations in the Climate相关背景知识：El Ni漀is the warm phase of the El Ni漀Southern Oscillation (commonly called ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (between approximately the International Date Line and 120°W), including off the Pacific coast of South America. El Ni漀Southern Oscillation refers to the cycle of warm and cold temperatures, as measured by sea surface temperature, SST, of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean. El Ni漀is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the east ern Pacific. The cool phase of ENSO is called “La Ni愀” with SST in the eastern Pacific below average and air pressures high in the eastern and low in western Pacific.The ENSO cycle, both El Ni漀and La Ni愀, causes global changes of both temperatures and rainfall. Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study.La Ni愀is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Ni 漀as part of the broader El Ni漀–Southern Oscillation climate pattern. The name La Ni愀originates from Sp anish, meaning “the girl”, analogous to El Ni漀meaning “the boy”. It has also in the past been called anti-El Ni漀, and El Viejo (meaning “the old man”). During a period of La Ni愀, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3–5 °C. In the United States, an appearance of La Ni愀happens for at least five months of La Ni愀conditions. It has extensive effects on the weather in North America, even affecting the Atlantic Hurricane Season. A La Ni愀often, though not always, follows an El Ni漀.3月13日托福阅读真题第二篇题材划分：经济发展史主要内容：16or17世纪的英国经济发展问题，讲英国农业如何在欧洲其他各国的农业发展之前独自发展至小康水平。
当时英格兰的农业比欧洲其他国家发展的都早都好，原因是受到瘟疫和宗教的影响较小。
着眼于土地及其产出方面，在欧洲之前就发生了农业革命。
英格兰农场主发现农业获利很大后，就采取了高产的农产品，新技术，把原来tenure的农民都化成了签约式的，而且签约前要交钱否则就用别人(此处有题，大概是说四个选项里哪个没有在文中提到)。
还说到由于农场主采用了嫡长子继承制，所以没有土地仍然很集中，同样时间土地产运好了，还把地分割出来养牲畜。
还举例如提高房租，改善耕种方式，还有开始做羊毛，并且出口至欧洲各国甚至美国。
最后提到了英国的纺织产业远销欧洲和海闻，收尾的地方提到了应该产业与西班牙的染料息息相关。
讲了英国驻西班牙总督的成功。
相似TPO练习推荐：TPO-10 Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth相关知识背景：During the late 18th century and early 19th century, there was considerable social upheaval as a largely agrarian society was transformed by technological advances and increasing mechanization, which was the Industrial Revolution. Much of the agricultural workforce was uprooted from the countryside and moved into large urban centres of production, as the steam-based production factories could undercut the traditional cottage industries, because of economies of scale and the increased output per worker made possible by the new technologies. The consequent overcrowding into areas with little supporting infrastructure saw dramatic increases in the rate of infant mortality (to the extent that many Sunday schools for pre-working age children (5 or 6) had funeral clubs to pay for each other’s funeral arrangements), crime, and social deprivation.The transition to industrialization was not wholly seamless for workers, many ofwhom saw their livelihoods threatened by the process. Of these, some frequently sabotaged or attempted to sabotage factories. These saboteurs were known as “Luddites”.3月13日托福阅读真题第三篇题材划分：农业发展史主要内容：讲北美new England地区agriculture,因为大部分地区都是forest不利于耕种。
然后殖民者利用印第安人已经clear掉树的地区种植粮食节约劳力和时间，clear的时候水平锯到sap flow为止，树叶和树枝会自己死掉。
后来由于人口增加需求增加，这些地不够用了，得自己clear。
然后这种耕作不是像在欧洲那样的精耕细作，因为土壤不肥沃，就几个粮食一起种，为了produce food rapidly。
后面又发现了一种可循环的ecosystem，又种grass和cattle,牛吃草，然后牛的粪便可以使土壤肥沃，还讲到了燃烧产生的potash的作用，可以制造很多东西。
然后有利于粮食种植，最后形成了一个良好的循环。
相似TPO练习推荐：TPO-21 The Origins of Agriculture相关知识背景：Phosphates are substances that contain phosphorus, which stimulates root developmentin young plants and is therefore particularly valuable for root crops. It also increases yields and speeds up plant growth generally. Phosphates are not easily lost from soil, but they mostly occur in very stable forms that are not liberated quickly enough by natural processes, so fertilisation is necessary. Traditionally, phosphate-bearing materials added to soil include bonemeal, powdered slag, and seaweed.Potashes are substances that contain potassium which promotes disease resistance and helps to build starches and sugars. Plants tend to absorb potash during early stages of growth, and potash tends to reduce the problems caused by applying nitrogen. It also increases the weight of an individual cereal grain. Traditional potash sources included applying ash to the land and ploughing in crop residues after the harvest. Artificial potash fertilisers were not used until deposits of potash salts were discovered in Germany in 1861.。