自动化专业可参考的外文文献
自动化论文参考文献范例
自动化论文参考文献一、自动化论文期刊参考文献[1].PGP成像光谱仪的全视场自动化光谱定标方法.《光谱学与光谱分析》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年8期.孙慈.巴音贺希格.崔继承.潘明忠.李晓天.唐玉国.[2].人工与自动化双分拣区系统品项分配优化.《机械工程学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2015年10期.李明.吴耀华.吴颖颖.陈宁宁.[3].荷兰温室盆花自动化生产装备系统的发展现状.《农业工程学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2012年19期.辜松.杨艳丽.张跃峰.[4].民勤沙区非称量式蒸渗仪组扩容及其自动化监控系统设计.《农业工程学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2015年23期.张锦春.刘世增.方峨天.田亚菲.王珊.朱维亮.柴成武.郭树江.李云鹏.姜生秀.[5].基于EPON的电力自动化信息传送平台.《电力系统保护与控制》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年2期.殷志锋.周雅.张元敏.[6].构建中国智能电网技术思考.《电力系统自动化》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2009年9期.肖世杰.[7].面向工厂自动化无线网络的时间同步方法.《计算机研究与发展》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年3期.杨雨沱.梁炜.张晓玲.刘帅.[10].大型飞机自动化装配技术.《航空学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2008年3期.许国康.二、自动化论文参考文献学位论文类[1].YT公司光盘的自动化质量控制研究.作者：王金帅.工商管理山东大学2012（学位年度）[2].翻译认知过程视角下译者控制加工与自动化加工研究.被引次数：1 作者：陈罗霞.英语语言文学湖南大学2013（学位年度）[3].环形轨自动化制孔系统开发及其定位精度分析.作者：江一行.机械工程浙江大学2014（学位年度）[4].基于激光跟踪仪的飞机机翼自动化扫描测量系统设计.作者：袁菲菲.机械制造及其自动化浙江大学2014（学位年度）[5].分布式系统自动化测试平台设计与实现.作者：胡瑶.计算机系统结构电子科技大学2014（学位年度）[6].项目管理在非标自动化设备制造中的应用研究——以厦门D公司非标自动化设备制造为例.作者：吴健康.项目管理厦门大学2012（学位年度）[7].金盐银盐自动化生产线的设计与研究.作者：郭豪.控制工程山东大学2014（学位年度）[8].自动化仓储系统的设计与应用前景分析.作者：郝晶晶.管理科学与工程中国科学技术大学2015（学位年度）[9].飞机壁板机器人自动化制孔法向修正技术研究.作者：李永超.机械制造及其自动化浙江大学2014（学位年度）[10].基于无线通信技术的水利自动化监控系统研究.被引次数：11作者：田野.电气工程山东大学2012（学位年度）三、相关自动化论文外文参考文献[1]Optimizationofautomation:Ⅰ.Estimationmethodofcognitiveautomat ionratesreflectingtheeffectsofautomationonhumanoperatorsinnuclearpowe rplants.SeungMinLeeJongHyunKimPoongHyunSeong《Annalsofnuclearenergy》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.2014Aug.[2]SelfRepresentationforSelfConfigurationandMonitoringinAgentBase dFlexibleAutomationSystems.Kaindl,H.Vallee,M.Arnautovic,E.《IEEEtransactionsonsystems,man,andcybernetics.PartA,Systemsandhumans 》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20131[3]SelfRepresentationforSelfConfigurationandMonitoringinAgentBase dFlexibleAutomationSystems.Kaindl,H.Vallee,M.Arnautovic,E.《IEEEtransactionsonsystems,man,andcybernetics,PartA.Systemsandhumans :ApublicationoftheIEEESystems,Man,andCyberneticsSociety》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20131[4]ImprovingtheDriverAutomationInteraction:AnApproachUsingAutomat ionUncertainty.JohannesBellerMatthiasHeesenMarkVollrath《Humanfactors:ThejournaloftheHumanFactorsSociety》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20136[5]ShoulditbeautomaticormanualTheoccupant'sperspectiveonthedesign ofdomesticcontrolsystems.SamiKarjalainen《Energyandbuildings》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.2013Oct.[6]EffectsofModesofCockpitAutomationonPilotPerformanceandWorkload inaNextGenerationFlightConceptofOperation. GukHoGilDavidKaberKarlKaufmannSangHwanKim 《HumanFactorsandErgonomicsinManufacturing&ServiceIndustries》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20125[7]AdaptiveAutomation,LevelofAutomation,AllocationAuthority,Super visoryControl,andAdaptiveControl:DistinctionsandModesofAdaptation. Sheridan,T.B.《IEEEtransactionsonsystems,man,andcybernetics,PartA.Systemsandhumans :ApublicationoftheIEEESystems,Man,andCyberneticsSociety》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20114[8]AdaptiveAutomation,LevelofAutomation,AllocationAuthority,Super visoryControl,andAdaptiveControl:DistinctionsandModesofAdaptation. Sheridan,T.B.《IEEEtransactionsonsystems,man,andcybernetics,PartA.Systemsandhumans:ApublicationoftheIEEESystems,Man,andCyberneticsSociety》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20114[9]Cognitiveautomationstrategyforreconfigurableandsustainableasse mblysystems.AsaFasthBerglundJohanStahre《AssemblyAutomation》,被EI收录EI.被SCI 收录SCI.20133[10]Molecularautomation:anewkindofsimulationappliedtoionicsolutio ns.Quesnel,D.J.Zhang,Y.《PhysicsandChemistryofLiquids》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20121/2四、自动化论文专著参考文献[1]自动化专业教育的指导性要求.郭晓华.田作华，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[2]基于自动化学科领域范畴的自动化专业卓越工程师课程体系构建.韩璞，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[3]压铸单元深度自动化方式浅谈.李哲.张国忠.杨锐，20142014重庆市铸造年会[4]自动化专业“产学研用”四位一体创新人才培养模式的研究与实践. 王海英.谢桂花.范宇红.许家忠.闫哲.殷玉恒，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[5]高校自动化专业学生就业现状分析及对策研究.孙立雄.洪洁.梁雪莲.李立鹏.许建.孙研.孙冬雪.刘伟，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[6]如何上好自动化专业概论课.王永忠，20112011年北京服装学院学科专业建设年教研论文报告会[7]自动化专业的二维课程体系结构.萧德云.田作华.吴晓蓓，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[8]河南理工大学自动化专业工程教育与实践探讨.王红旗.卜旭辉，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[9]运用多学科交叉模式培养创新型自动化专业人才.马建军.郑志强.郭鸿武，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[10]自动化专业应用型本科人才培养模式的构建.王淑红.李双科，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会。
自动化专业外文文献
自动化专业外文文献哎呀，说到自动化专业外文文献，这可真是个让人又爱又恨的领域！我还记得之前有一次，我们学校组织了一个关于自动化专业的学术交流活动。
在活动中，有一位来自国外的专家分享了他最新的研究成果，那份报告就是用外文写的。
当时我看着那密密麻麻的外文，心里那叫一个忐忑。
对于咱们学自动化专业的同学来说，外文文献简直就是通往前沿知识的重要桥梁。
可这桥有时候不太好走啊！那些专业词汇，就像一个个小怪兽，张牙舞爪地挡在我们面前。
比如说，在控制理论方面的外文文献中，经常会出现“PID controller”（比例积分微分控制器）这样的词汇。
要是不熟悉，还真容易被绕晕。
还有像“robotic manipulation”（机器人操作）、“sensor fusion”（传感器融合）等等，每一个词都好像在考验我们的词汇量和理解能力。
而且外文文献的表述方式和咱们平时习惯的也不太一样。
有时候一句话绕来绕去，得读好几遍才能明白它的意思。
就像有一篇关于自动化生产线优化的文献，其中有个句子描述了各种复杂的流程和参数关系，我读了半天，脑袋都快成浆糊了，最后还是在老师的帮助下才搞清楚。
不过呢，虽然外文文献读起来费劲，但一旦攻克了，收获也是巨大的。
通过阅读外文文献，我们能够了解到国外最新的研究动态和技术应用。
比如说，在智能交通系统方面，外文文献中介绍了很多先进的算法和模型，能够大大提高交通效率和安全性。
还有啊，读外文文献也能锻炼我们的英语能力。
以前我总觉得自己英语还不错，可一读这些文献，才发现还有很大的提升空间。
慢慢地，我的阅读速度变快了，理解能力也增强了。
总之，自动化专业的外文文献就像是一座神秘的宝库，虽然打开它的过程充满了挑战，但里面的宝藏绝对值得我们去努力探索！希望同学们都能鼓起勇气，勇敢地去面对这些外文文献，从中汲取知识的养分，让自己在自动化专业的道路上越走越远！回想当初在学术交流活动上面对那份外文报告的迷茫，再看看现在能够相对轻松地阅读和理解外文文献，这种成长的感觉真不错。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业汽车发动机毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：汽车发动机文献、资料英文题目：AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：机械设计制造及其自动化（车辆工程）班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14译文题目： Automobile engineAUTOMOTIVE ENGINE1 Engine Classification and Overall MechanicsThe automobile engines can be classified according to: (1) cycles, (2) cooling system, (3) fuel system, (4) ignition method, (5) valve arrangement, (6) cylinder arrangement, (7) engine speed.Engines used in automobiles are the internal combustion heat engines. Theburning of gasoline inside the engine produces high pressure in the engine combustion chamber. This high pressure force piston to move, the movement is carried by connecting rods to the engine crankshaft. The crankshaft is thus made to rotate: therotary motion is carried through the power train to the car wheels so that they rotateand the car moves.The engine requires four basic systems to run (Fig. 2-1). Diesel engines requirethree of these systems. They are fuel system, ignition system (except diesel), lubricating system and cooling system. However, three other related systems are also necessary. These are the exhaust system, the emission-control system, and the starting system. Each performs a basic job in making the engine run.Fig. 2-1 The engine construction2 Engine Operating PrinciplesFig. 2-2 Engine termsThe term “stroke” is used to describe the movement of the piston within the cylinder. The movement of the piston from its uppermost position (TDC, top dead center) to its lowest position (BDC, bottom dead center) is called a stroke. The operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. Most automobile engines operate on the four stroke cycle (Fig. 2-2).In four-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action. It performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order (Fig. 2-3).Intake stroke Compression stroke Power stroke Exhaust strokeFig. 2-3 Four-stroke-cycle gasoline engine1. The intake strokeThe intake stroke begins with the piston near the top of its travel. As the piston begins its descent, the exhaust valve closes fully, the intake valve opens and the volume of the combustion chamber begins to increase, creating a vacuum. As the piston descends, an air/fuel mixture is drawn from the carburetor into the cylinder through the intake manifold. The intake stroke ends with the intake valve close just after the piston has begun its upstroke.2. Compression strokeAs the piston is moved up by the crankshaft from BDC, the intake valve closes. The air/fuel mixture is trapped in the cylinder above the piston. Future piston travelcompresses the air/fuel mixture to approximately one-eighth of its original volume (approximately 8:1 compression ratio) when the piston has reached TDC. This completes the compression stroke.3. Power strokeAs the piston reaches TDC on the compression stroke, an electric spark is produced at the spark plug. The ignition system delivers a high-voltage surge of electricity to the spark plug to produce the spark. The spark ignites, or sets fire to, the air/fuel mixture. It now begins to burn very rapidly, and the cylinder pressure increases to as much as 3-5MPa or even more. This terrific push against the piston forces it downward, and a powerful impulse is transmitted through the connecting rod to the crankpin on the crankshaft. The crankshaft is rotated as the piston is pushed down by the pressure above it.4. Exhaust strokeAt the end of the power stroke the camshaft opens the exhaust valve, and the exhaust stroke begins. Remaining pressure in the cylinder, and upward movement of the piston, force the exhaust gases out of the cylinder. At the end of the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve closes and the intake valve opens, repeating the entire cycle of events over and over again.3 Engine Block and Cylinder Head3.1 Engine BlockThe engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets and oil galleries (Fig. 2-4). The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits in the block, except on overhead-cam engines. In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.Fig. 2-4 V6 engine blockSome engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.3.2 Cylinder SleevesCylinder sleeves are used in engine blocks to provide a hard wearing material for pistons and piston rings. The block can be made of one kind of iron that is light and easy to cast while the sleeves uses another that is better able to stand up wear and tear. There are two main types of sleeves: dry and wet (Fig. 2-5).Dry sleeve Wet sleeveFig. 2-5 Cylinder sleeve3.3 Cylinder HeadThe cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. In-line engine of light vehicles have just one cylinder head for all cylinders; larger in-line engines can have two or more. Just as with engine blocks, cylinder heads can be made of cast iron or aluminum alloy. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft, this part of valve gear being worked by the pushrods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement.3.4 GasketThe cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. Gaskets are also used to seal joins between the other parts, such as between the oil pan, manifolds, or water pump and the blocks.3.5 Oil PanThe oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and run down into the pan. Thus, there is a constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.4 Piston Assembly, piston rings , The piston pin ,Connecting Rods, Crankshafts And Flywheel4.1 PistonPiston rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly (Fig. 2-6).。
电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面.
1、外文原文A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t of the dig it al com pu te r an d th e in te gr at ed c i rc ui t arg ua bl y t h e tow m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1].Th es e tow type s of arch it ec tu re are foun d in sin g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. Som e empl oy the spli t prog ra m/da ta me mo ry of the H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fig.3-5A -1, oth ers fo ll ow the p h il os op hy , wi del y ada pt ed for gen er al -p ur po se com pu te rs and m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng no log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m and dat a me mo ry as in the Pr in ce to n arch ite c tu re , show n i n Fig.3-5A-2.In gen er al ter ms a sin gl e -chi p mic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y t he i nc or po ra ti on of a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a sin gl e d ev i ce , as sho wn inFi g3-5A -3.Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM.R OM is usua ll y for the pe rm an ent,n o n-vo la ti le stor a ge of an app lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs and m are inte nd e d for high -v ol um e ap pl ic at ions a n d he nc e t h e eco n om ic al man uf act u re of th e de vic e s re qu ir es t h at t he cont en t s o f t he prog ra m me m or y be co mm it t ed perm a ne ntly d u ri ng the man ufa c tu re of ch ip s .Cl ea rl y, thi s im pl ie s a r i go ro us app ro ach to ROM cod e deve l op me nt sin ce cha ng es can not b e mad e afte r manu f a c tu re .Th is dev e lo pm en t proc ess may invo lv e e m ul at io n us in g aso ph is ti ca te d de ve lo pm en t sy ste m wit h a h a rd wa re emu la tio n cap ab il it y as w el l as the use o f po we rf ul s o ft wa re too ls.So me man uf act u re rs pro vi de add it io na l RO M opt i on s by i n cl ud in g in their ra n ge dev ic es wit h (or int en de d fo r use wit h u s er pro gr am ma ble me mo ry. Th e sim p le st of th es e is usu al ly d e vi ce whi ch can op er at e in a micro p ro ce ssor mod e by usi ng som e o f the inp ut /outp u t li ne s as an ad dr es s an d da ta b us fora c ce ss in g ex te rna l mem or y. Thi s t y pe of de vi ce can beh av ef u nc ti on al ly as th e sing le chip mi cr oc om pu te r from whi ch it is d e ri ve d al be it wit h re st ri ct ed I/O and a mod if ied ex te rn al c i rc ui t. The use of thes e d ev ic es is com mo n eve n in prod uc ti on c i rc ui ts wher e t he vo lu me does no tj us ti f y t h e d ev el o pm en t c osts o f c us to m o n -ch i p R OM [2];t he re c a n s ti ll bea s ignif i ca nt saving i n I /O and o th er c h ip s com pa re d to a conv en ti on al mi c ro pr oc es sor b a se d ci rc ui t. Mor e ex ac t re pl ace m en t fo r RO M dev i ce s ca n be o b ta in ed in th e fo rm of va ri an ts w it h 'p ig gy -b ack 'E P RO M(Er as ab le pro gr am ma bl e ROM s oc ke ts or dev ic e s with EPROM i n st ea d o f RO M 。
自动化专业毕业论文外文文献翻译
目录Part 1 PID type fuzzy controller and parameters adaptive method (1)Part 2 Application of self adaptation fuzzy-PID control for main steam temperature control system in power station 错误!未定义书签。
Part 3 Neuro-fuzzy generalized predictive control of boiler steam temperature ....................................................................... (8)Part 4 为Part3译文：锅炉蒸汽温度模糊神经网络的广义预测控制14Part 1 PID type fuzzy controller and Parametersadaptive methodWu zhi QIAO，Masaharu MizumotoAbstract: The authors of this paper try to analyze the dynamic behavior of the product—sum crisp type fuzzy controller, revealing that this type of fuzzy controller behaves approximately like a PD controller that may yield steady-state error for the control system。
By relating to the conventional PID control theory, we propose a new fuzzy controller structure，namely PID type fuzzy controller which retains the characteristics similar to the conventional PID controller. In order to improve further the performance of the fuzzy controller, we work out a method to tune the parameters of the PID type fuzzy controller on line, producing a parameter adaptive fuzzy controller. Simulation experiments are made to demonstrate the fine performance of these novel fuzzy controller structures。
自动化专业外文文献
Development of Sensor New TechnologySensor is one kind component which can transform the physical quantity, chemistry quantity and the biomass into electrical signal. The output signal has the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, the pulse and so on, which can satisfy the signal transmission, processing, recording, and demonstration and control demands. So it is the automatic detection system and in the automatic control industry .If automatic Technology is used wider, t hen sensor is more important.Several key words of the sensor：1 Sensor ElementsAlthough there are exception ,most sensor consist of a sensing element and a conversion or control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or sensor. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemical sensor respectively.2 Sensor SensitivityThe relationship between the measured and the sensor output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the sensor sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the sensor sensitivity is usually known, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1.3 Characteristics of an Ideal SensorThe high sensor should exhibit the following characteristics.(a)high fidelity-the sensor output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of the measured; there should be minimum distortion.(b)There should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; the presence of the sensor should not alter the measured in any way.(c)Size. The sensor must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.(d)There should be a linear relationship between the measured and the sensor signal.(e)The sensor should have minimum sensitivity to external effects, pressure sensor,for example,are often subjected to external effects such vibration and temperature.(f)The natural frequency of the sensor should be well separated from the frequency and harmonics of the measurand.Sensors can be divided into the following categories：1 Electrical SensorElectrical sensor exhibit many of the ideal characteristics. In addition they offer high sensitivity as well as promoting the possible of remote indication or mesdurement. Electrical sensor can be divided into two distinct groups:(a)variable-control-parameter types,which include:(i)resistance(ii)capacitance(iii)inductance(iv)mutual-inductance typesThese sensor all rely on external excitation voltage for their operation.(b)self-generating types,which include(i)electromagnetic(ii)thermoelectric(iii)photoemissive(iv)piezo-electric typesThese all themselves produce an output voltage in response to the measurand input and their effects are reversible. For example, a piezo-electric sensor normally produces an output voltage in response to the deformation of a crystalline material; however, if an alternating voltage is applied across the material, the sensor exhibits the reversible effect by deforming or vibrating at the frequency of the alternating voltage.2 Resistance SensorResistance sensor may be divided into two groups, as follows:(i)Those which experience a large resistance change, measured by using potential-divider methods. Potentiometers are in this group.(ii)Those which experience a small resistance change, measured by bridge-circuit methods. Examples of this group include strain gauges and resistance thermometers.3 Capacitive SensorThe capacitance can thus made to vary by changing either the relative permittivity, the effective area, or the distance separating the plates. The characteristic curves indicate thatvariations of area and relative permittivity give a linear relationship only over a small range of spacings. Thus the sensitivity is high for small values of d.??Unlike the potentionmeter, the variable-distance capacitive sensor has an infinite resolution making it most suitable for measuring small increments of displacement or quantities which may be changed to producea displacement.4 Inductive SensorThe inductance can thus be made to vary by changing the reluctance of the inductive circuit. Measuring techniques used with capacitive and inductive sensor:(a)A.C. excited bridges using differential capacitors inductors.(b)A.C. potentiometer circuits for dynamic measurements.(c)D.C. circuits to give a voltage proportional to velocity for a capacitor.(d)Frequency-modulation methods, where the change of C or L varies the frequency of an oscillation circuit.Important features of capacitive and inductive sensor are as follows:(i)resolution infinite(ii)accuracy±0.1% of full scale is quoted(iii)displacement ranges 25*10-6 m to 10-3m(iv)rise time less than 50us possibleTypical measurands are displacement, pressure, vibration, sound, and liquid level.5 Linear Variable-differential Ttransformer6 Piezo-electric Sensor7 Electromagnetic Sensor8 Thermoelectric Sensor9 Photoelectric Cells10 Mechanical Sensor and Sensing ElementsIn information age, the information industry includes information gathering, transmission, process three parts, namely sensor technology, communication, computer technology. Because of ultra large scale integrated circuit’s rapid development after having been developed Modern computer technology and communication, not only requests sensor precision reliability, speed of response and gain information content request more and more high but also requests its cost to be inexpensive. The obvious traditional sensor is eliminated gradually because of the function, the characteristic, the volume, the cost and so on. As world develop many countries are speeding up to the sensor new technology’s research and thedevelopment, and all has obtained the enormous breakthrough. Now the sensor new technology development mainly has following several aspects:Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effect as the sensor principle therefore the researches which discovered the new phenomenon and the new effect are the sensor technological improving ways .it is important studies to developed new sensor’s the foundation. Japanese Sharp Corporation uses the superconductivity technology to develop successfully the high temperature superconductivity magnetic sensor and get the sensor technology significant breakthrough. Its sensitivity is so high and only inferior in the superconductivity quantum interference component. Its manufacture craft is far simpler than the superconductivity quantum interference component. May use in magnetism image formation technology. So it has the widespread promoted value.Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound when the electrode surface. It can cause the electrode potential change and use this phenomenon to be possible to generate the immunity sensor. The immunity sensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whether has this kind of ant original work inspection. Like may inspect somebody with the hepatitis virus immune body whether contracts the hepatitis, plays to is fast, the accurate role. The US UC sixth branch has developed this kind of sensor.The sensor material is the important foundation for sensor technology, because the materials science is progressive and the people may make each kind of new sensor For example making the temperature sensor with the high polymer thin film; The optical fiber can make the pressure, the current capacity, the temperature, the displacement and so on the many kinds of sensors; Making the pressure transmitter with the ceramics. The high polymer can become the proportion adsorption and the release hydrogen along with the environment relative humidity size. The high polymer electricity lies between the constant to be small, the hydrogen can enhance the polymer the coefficient of dialectical loss. Making the capacitor the high polymer dielectric medium, determines the electric capacity cape city the change, then obtains the relative humidity. Making the plasma using this principle to gather the legitimate polystyrene film temperature sensor below, it has the characteristic.Measured the wet scope is wide; The temperature range is wide, may reach -400 ℃ ~ +1,500 ℃; The speed of response is quick, is smaller than 1S; The size is small, may use in the small space measuring wet; The temperature coefficient issmall.The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does not have the intermediary fluid the dry type pressure transmitter. Uses the advanced ceramic technology, the heavy film electronic technology, its technical performance is stable, the year drifting quantity is smaller than 0.1%F.S, warm floats is smaller than ±0.15%/10K, anti- overloads strongly, may reach the measuring range several hundred times. The survey scope may from 0 to 60mpa.German E+H Corporation and the American Kahlo Corporation product is at the leading position.The optical fiber application is send the material significant breakthrough, its uses in most early the optical communication techniques. In the optical communication use discovered works as environmental condition change and so on the temperature, pres-sure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiber optic transmission light wave intensity, the phase, the frequency, change and so on the polarization condition, the survey light wave quantity change, may know causes these light wave physical quantity the and so on quantitative change temperature, pressure ,electric field, magnetic field size, uses these principles to be possible to develop the optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor and the traditional sensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivity high, the structure simple, the volume small, anti-corrosive, the electric insulation good, the path of rays may be curving, be advantageous for the realization telemeter and so on. Optical fiber sensor Japan is in the advanced level. Like Idec Izumi Corporation and Sun x Corporation. The optical fiber send receiver and the integrated path of rays technology unify, accelerates the optical fiber sensor technology development. Will integrate the path of ray’s component to replace the original optics part and the passive light component; enable the optical fiber sensor to have the high band width, the low signal processing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low.In semiconductor technology processing method oxygenation, the photo etc hang, the proliferation, the deposition, the plane electron craft, various guides corrosion and steams plates, the sputtering thin film and so on, these have all introduced to the sensor manufacture. Thus has produced each kind of new sensor, like makes the silicon micro sensor using the semiconductor technology, makes the fast response using the thin film craft the gas to be sensitive, the wet sensitive sensor, the use sputtering thin film craft system pressure transmitter and so on..The Japanese horizontal river company uses various guides’ corrosion technologyto carry on the high accuracy three dimensional processing; the system helps the silicon resonance type pressure transmitter. The core partially presses two resonant Liang by the feeling which above the silicon diaphragm and the silicon diaphragm manufactures to form, two resonant Liang's frequency difference correspondence different pressure, measures the pressure with the frequency difference method, may eliminate the error which factor and so on ambient temperature brings. When ambient temperature change, two resonant Liang frequencies and the amplitude variation are same, after two frequency differences, its same change quantity can counterbalance mutually. It’s survey most h igh accuracy may reach 0.01%FS.American Silicon Microstructure Inc.(SMI) the company develops a series of low ends, linear in 0.1% to 0.In 65% scope silicon micro pressure transmitter, the lowest full measuring range is 0.15psi (1KPa), it makes take the silicon as the material, has the unique three dimensional structure, the light slight machine-finishing, makes the wheat stone bridge many times with the etching on the silicon diaphragm, when above silicon chip stress, it has the distortion, the resistance produces presses the anti- effect but to lose the bridge balance, the output and the pressure becomes the proportion the electrical signal.Such silicon micro sensor is the front technology which now the sensor develops, Its essential feature is the sensitive unit volume is a micron magnitude, Is the traditional sensor several dozens, several 1%. In aspect and so on industry control, aerospace domain, biomedicine has the vital role, like on the airplane the use may reduce the airplane weight, reduces the energy. Another characteristic is can be sensitive is small surveyed, may make the blood pressure pressure transmitter.The Chinese aviation main corporation Beijing observation and control technical research institute, the development CYJ series splashes thanks the membrane pressure transmitter is uses the ion sputtering craft to process the metal strain gauge, it has over come the nonmetallic strain gauge easily the temperature influence insufficiency, has the high stability, is suitable in each kind of situation, is measured the medium scope widely, but also overcame the tradition lowly to glue the precision which the type brought, sluggish big, shortcoming and so on slow change, had the precision high, the re-liability is high, the volume small characteristic, widely used in domain and so on aviation, petroleum, chemical industry, medical service.Integrates the sensor the superiority is the traditional sensor is unable to achieve, it is a simple sensor not merely, it in at the same time the auxiliary circuit part andsend the part will integrate on together the chip, will cause it to have the calibration, to compensate, from the diagnosis and the network correspondence function, it might reduce the cost, the gain in yield, this kind of blood pressure senso r which American LUCAS, NOVASENSOR Corporation will develop, each week will be able to produce 10,000.The intellectualized sensor is one kind of belt microprocessor sensor, is achievement which the microcomputer and the sensor unifies, it has at the same time the examination, the judgment and the information processing function, compares with the traditional sensor has very many characteristics:Has the judgment and the information processing function, can carry on the revision, the error to the observed value compensates, thus enhancement measuring accuracy; May realize the multi-sensor multi parameters survey; Has from the diagnosis and from the calibration function, enhances the reliability; The survey data may deposit and withdraw, easy to operate; Has the data communication interface, can and the microcomputer direct communication.The sensor, the signal adjustment electric circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit integration forms ultra large-scale integrated on a chip the senior intelligence sensor. American HONY WELL Corporation ST-3000 intelligence sensor, the chip size only then has 3×4×2mm3, uses the semiconductor craft, makes CPU, EPROM, the static pressure, the differential pressure, the temperature on the identical chip and so on three kind of sensitive units.The intellectualized sensor research and the development, US is at the leading position. American Space Agency when development spaceship called this kind of sensor for the clever sensor (Smart Sensor), on the spaceship this kind of senso r is extremely important. Our country in this aspect research and development also very backward mainly is because our country semiconductor integrated circuit technological level is limited.The sensor’s development is changing day after day since especia lly the 80's humanities have entered into the high industrialization the information age, sensor techno-logy to renewal, higher technological development. US, Japan and so on developed country sensor technological development quickest, our country because the foundation is weak, the sensor technology compares with these developed countries has the big disparity. Therefore, we should enlarge to the sensor engineering research, the development investment, causes our country sensortechnology and the foreign disparity reduces, promotes our country instrument measuring appliance industry and from the technical development.——From《Sensor Technology Handbook》,Jon Wilson,Newnes传感器新技术的发展传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件。
电气工程及其自动化专业 外文文献 英文文献 外文翻译 plc方面
1、外文原文（复印件）A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le-ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui ta r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tu ry[1].Th es e to w typ e s of a rc hi te ctu r e ar e fo un d i n s in gl e-ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he sp l it p ro gr am/d ata me mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re, sh ow n i n -5A, ot he rs fo ll ow th e ph i lo so ph y, w i de ly a da pt ed fo r g en er al-p ur pos e c om pu te rs an d m i cr op ro ce ss or s, o f m a ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n b e tw ee n p ro gr am a n d da t a m em ory a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re,sh ow n in-5A.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e-chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y the i nc or po ra tio n of al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e dev i ce, as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A-3.-5A-1 A Harvard type-5A. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).R OM i s u su al ly f or th e p er ma ne nt, n o n-vo la ti le s tor a ge o f an a pp lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs an d mi cr oc on tr ol le r s a re in t en de d fo r h ig h-v ol ume a p pl ic at io ns a nd h en ce t he e co nom i ca l ma nu fa ct ure of t he d ev ic es r e qu ir es t ha t the co nt en ts o f the pr og ra m me mo ry b e co mm it te dp e rm an en tl y d ur in g th e m an uf ac tu re o f c hi ps . Cl ear l y, th is im pl ie sa ri g or ou s a pp roa c h t o R OM co de d e ve lo pm en t s in ce c ha ng es ca nn otb e m ad e af te r man u fa ct ur e .T hi s d e ve lo pm en t pr oce s s ma y in vo lv e e m ul at io n us in g a s op hi st ic at ed deve lo pm en t sy st em w i th a ha rd wa re e m ul at io n ca pa bil i ty a s we ll a s th e u se of po we rf ul so ft wa re t oo ls.So me m an uf act u re rs p ro vi de ad d it io na l RO M opt i on s byi n cl ud in g i n th ei r ra ng e de vi ce s wi th (or i nt en de d fo r us e wi th) u s er pr og ra mm ab le m em or y. Th e s im p le st of th es e i s us ua ll y d ev ice w h ic h ca n op er ate in a m ic ro pr oce s so r mo de b y usi n g so me o f th e i n pu t/ou tp ut li ne s as a n ad dr es s an d da ta b us f or acc e ss in g e xt er na l m e mo ry. T hi s t ype o f d ev ic e c an b e ha ve fu nc ti on al l y a s t he si ng le c h ip mi cr oc om pu te r fr om wh ic h i t i s de ri ve d a lb eit w it h r es tr ic ted I/O an d a mo di fie d e xt er na l ci rcu i t. T he u se o f t h es e RO Ml es sd e vi ce s is c om mo n e ve n in p ro du ct io n c ir cu it s wh er e t he v ol um e do es n o t ju st if y th e d e ve lo pm en t co sts of c us to m on-ch i p RO M[2];t he re c a n st il l b e a si g ni fi ca nt s a vi ng in I/O a nd ot he r c hi ps co mp ar ed t o a c on ve nt io nal mi cr op ro ce ss or b as ed c ir cu it. M o re e xa ctr e pl ac em en t fo r RO M d ev ic es c an b e o bt ai ne d in t he f o rm o f va ri an ts w i th 'pi gg y-ba ck'EP RO M(Er as ab le p ro gr am ma bl e ROM)s oc ke ts o rd e vi ce s w it h EP ROM i ns te ad o f R OM 。
自动化专业 单片机相关 外文文献 英文文献 外文翻译中英对照
本科生毕业论文(外文翻译) 译文名称：MCS -51 系列单片机的功能和结构专业：自动化班次：学员：指导教员：评阅人：完成时间：2022 年11 月30 日Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer is a name ofa piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to alot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers .An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. ( 5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. ( 6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source . ( 7) One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. ( 8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carryon 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operation to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loopback ACC with another one. In addition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside . The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help remembering that agreeing with A expresses in the order. The controller includes the procedure counter , the order is depositted, the order decipher, the oscillator and timing circuit, etc. The procedure counter is made up of counter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address counter of the procedure in fact, the content is the next IA that will carried out in PC. The content which changes it can change the direction that the procedure carries out . Shake the circuit in 8051 one-chip computers, only need outer quartz crystal and frequency to finely tune the electric capacity, its frequency range is its 12MHZ of 1.2MHZ. This pulse signal, as 8051 basic beats of working, namely the minimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harmony under the control of the basic beat, just like an orchestra according to the beat play that is commanded.There are ROM (procedure memory , can only read ) and RAM in 8051 slices (data memory, can is it can write ) two to read, they have each independent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memory of computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begin from 0000H, used for preserving the procedure and form constant. Data 8051- 8751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false 00FH, use for middle result to deposit operation, the data are stored temporarily and the data are buffered etc.. In RAM of this 128B, there is unit of 32 byteses that can be appointed as the job register, this and generalmicroprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAM and job register rank one formation the same to arrange the location. It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in addition. General computer for first address space, ROM and RAM can arrangein different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addressesof ROM and RAM, with distributing different address space in a formation. While visiting the memory, corresponding and only an address Memory unit, can ROM, it can be RAM too, and by visiting the order similarly. This kind of memory structure is called the structure of Princeton. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memory space and data memory space on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memory space outside data memory and one in procedure memory space and one outside one, the structure forms of this kind of procedure device and data memory separated form data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the angle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kinds: (1) In the slice, arrange blocks of FFFFH , 0000H of location , in unison outside the slice (use 16 addresses). (2) The data memory address space outside one of 64KB, the address is arranged from 0000H 64KB FFFFH (with 16 addresses ) too to the location. (3) Data memory address space of 256B (use 8 addresses). Three above-mentioned memory space addresses overlap, for distinguishing and designing the order symbol of different data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM order spend MOVC , visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice.8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register ), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same.Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharingThe circuit of 8051 one-chip computers and four I/O ports is very ingenious in design. Familiar with I/O port logical circuit, not only help to use ports correctly and rationally, and will inspire to designing the peripheral logical circuit of one-chip computer to some extent. Load ability and interface of port have certain requirement, because output grade, P0 of mouth and P1 end output, P3 of mouth grade different at structure, so, the load ability and interface of its door demand to have nothing in common with each other. P0 mouth is different from other mouths, its output grade draws the resistance supremly. When using it as the mouth in common use to use, output grade is it leak circuit to turn on, is it is it urge NMOS draw the resistance on taking to be outer with it while inputting toEvery one with P0 mouth can drive 8 Model LS TTL load to export. P1 mouth is an accurate two-way mouth too, used as I/O in common use. Different from P0 mouth output of circuit its, draw load resistance link with power on inside have. In fact, the resistance is that two effects are in charge of FET and together: One FET is in charge of load, its resistance is regular. Another one can is it lead to work with close at two state, make its President resistance value change approximate 0 or group value heavy two situation very. When it is 0 that the resistance is approximate , can draw the pin to the high level fast ; When resistance value is very large, P1 mouth, in order to hinder the introduction state high. Output as P1 mouth high electricity at ordinary times, can is it draw electric current load to offer outwards, draw the resistance on needn't answer and thenning. Here when the port is used as introduction, must write into 1 to the corresponding latch first too, make FET end. Relatively about 20,000 ohmsbecause of the load resistance in scene and because 40,000 ohms, will not exert an influence on the data that are input. The structure of P2 some mouth is similar to P0 mouth, there are MUX switches. Is it similar to mouth partly to urge, but mouth large a conversion controls some than P1. P3 mouth one multi-functionalthese, make her besides accurate two-way function with P1 mouth just, can alsodetermines to be to output data of latch to output second signal of function. Act as W =At 1 o'clock, output Q end signal; Act as Q =At 1 o'clock, can output W line signal . At the time of programming, it is that the first function is still the second function but needn't have software that set up P3 mouth in advance . It hardware not inside is the automatic to have two function outputted when CPU carries on SFR and seeks the location (the location or the byte ) to visit to P3 mouth /at not lasting lining, there are inside hardware latch Qs =1.The operation principle of P3 mouth is similar to P1 mouth.Output grade , P3 of mouth , P1 of P1 , connect with inside have load resistance of drawing , every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As while inputting the mouth, any TTL or NMOS circuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a normal way . Because draw resistance on output grade of them have, can open a way collector too or drain-source resistance is it urge to open a way, do not need to have the resistance of drawing outerly . Mouths are all accurate two-way mouths too. When the conduct is input, must write the corresponding port latch with 1 first . As to 80C51 one-chip computer, port can only offer milliampere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of transistor to regard as, should contact a resistance among the port and transistor base , in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1~P3 Being restored to the throne is the operation of initializing of an one-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PC into 0000H initially , make theone-chip computer begin to hold the conduct procedure from unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally,as because procedure operate it make mistakes or operate there aren't mistake, in order to extricate oneself from a predicament , need to be pressed and restored to the throne the key restarting too. It is an input end which is restored to the throne the signal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne signal high level effective , should sustain 24 shake cycle (namely 2 machine cycles ) the above its effective times. If 6 of frequency of utilization brilliant to shake, restore to the throne signal duration should exceed 4 delicate to finish restoring to the throne and operating. Produce the logic picture of circuit which is restored to the throne the signal:Restore to the throne the circuit and include two parts outside in the chip entirely. Outside that circuit produce to restore to the throne signal (RST ) hand over to Schmitt's trigger, restore to the throne circuit sample to output , Schmitt of trigger constantly in each S5P2 , machine of cycle in having one more , then just got and restored to the throne and operated the necessary signal insidly. Restore to the throne resistance of circuit generally, electric capacity parameter suitable for 6 brilliant to shake, can is it restore to the throne signal high level duration greater than 2 machine cycles to guarantee. Being restored to the throne in the circuit is simple, its function is very important. Pieces of one-chip computer system could normal running,should first check it can restore to the throne not succeeding. Checking and can pop one's head and monitor the pin with the oscillograph tentatively, push and is restored to the throne the key, the wave form that observes and has enough range is exported (instantaneous), can also through is it restore to the throne circuit group holding value carry on the experiment to change.MCS -51 系列单片机的功能和结构MCS - 51 系列单片机具有一个单芯片电脑的结构和功能，它是英特尔公司生产的系列产品的名称。
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1外文原文A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le-ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui ta r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tu ry[1].Th es e to w typ e s of a rc hi te ctu r e ar e fo un d i n s in gl e-ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he sp l it p ro gr am/d ata me mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re, sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A-1, o th ers fo ll ow t hep h il os op hy, wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al-p ur po se co m pu te rs a ndm i cr op ro ce ss o r s, of ma ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n be tw ee n p ro gr am a n d da ta m em or y a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re,sh ow n inF i g.3-5A-2.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e-chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y the i nc or po ra tio n of al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce, as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A-3.Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).R OM i s u su al ly f or th e p er ma ne nt,n o n-vo la ti le s tor a ge o f an a pp lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs an d mi cr oc on tr ol le r s a re in t en de d fo r h ig h-v ol ume a p pl ic at i o ns a nd h en ce t he e co nom i ca l ma nu fa ct ure of t he d ev ic es r e qu ir es t ha t the co nt en ts o f the pr og ra m me mo ry b e co mm it te dp e rm an en tl y d ur in g th e m an uf ac tu re o f c hi ps . Cl ear l y, th is im pl ie sa ri g or ou s a pp roa c h t o R OM co de d e ve lo pm en t s in ce c ha ng es ca nn otb e m a d e af te r man u fa ct ur e .T hi s d e ve lo pm en t pr oce s s ma y in vo lv e e m ul at io n us in g a s op hi st ic at ed deve lo pm en t sy st em w i th a ha rd wa re e m ul at io n ca pa bil i ty a s we ll a s th e u se of po we rf ul so ft wa re t oo ls.So me m an uf act u re rs p ro vi de ad d it io na l RO M opt i on s byi n cl ud in g i n th ei r ra ng e de vi ce s wi th (or i nt en de d fo r us e wi th) u s er pr og ra mm ab le m em or y. Th e s im p le st of th es e i s us ua ll y d ev ice w h ic h ca n op er ate in a m ic ro pr oce s so r mo de b y usi n g so me o f th e i n pu t/ou tp ut li ne s as a n ad dr es s an d da ta b us f or acc e ss in g e xt er na l m e mo ry. T hi s t ype o f d ev ic e c an b e ha ve fu nc ti on al l y a s t he si ng le c h ip mi cr oc om pu te r fr om wh ic h i t i s de ri ve d a lb eit w it h r es tr ic ted I/O an d a mo di fie d e xt er na l ci rcu i t. T he u se o f t h es e RO Ml es sd e vi ce s is c om mo n e ve n in p ro du ct io n c ir cu it s wh er e t he v ol um e do es n o t ju st if y th e d e ve lo pm en t co sts of c us to m on-ch i p RO M[2];t he rec a n st il l b e a si g ni fi ca nt s a vi ng in I/O a nd ot he r c hi ps co mp ar ed t o a c on ve nt io nal mi cr op ro ce ss or b as ed c ir cu it. M o re e xa ctr e pl ac em en t fo r RO M d ev ic es c an b e o bt ai ne d in t he f o rm o f va ri an ts w i th 'pi gg y-ba ck'EP RO M(Er as ab le p ro gr am ma bl e ROM)s oc ke ts o rd e vi ce s w it h EP ROM i ns te ad o f R OM 。
Th es e d ev ic es ar e na tu ra ll y mo ree x pe ns iv e th an eq u iv al en t RO M dev i ce, bu t do p rov i de c om pl et ec i rc ui t eq ui va len t s. E PR OM b as ed d ev ic es a re a lso ex t r em el ya t tr ac ti ve f or lo w-v ol um e ap pl ica t io ns w he re t hey pr ov id e th ea d va nt ag es o f a s i ng le-c hi p de vic e, in t er ms o f o n-c hi p I/O,e t c. ,wi th t he co n ve ni en ce of fle x ib le u se r pr ogr a mm ab il it y.Random access memory (RAM).RA M i s fo r th e st ora g e of w or ki ngv a ri ab le s an d d at a u se d d ur in g p ro g ra m ex ec ut io n. T he si ze of t hi s m e mo ry va ri es wit h de vi ce ty pe bu t it ha s t he sam e ch ar ac te ri st ic w i dt h (4,8,16 bit s e tc.) a s th e p r oc es so r ,S pe cia l f un ct io nr e gi st er s, s uc h a s s ta ck p oi nt er o r ti me r re gi ste r a re o ft enl o gi ca ll y in co rpo r at ed i nt o th e R A M ar ea. It i s a l so c om mo n inH a ra rd ty pe m ic ro c om pu te rs to t re a t t he R AM a re a as a c ol le ct ion o f r eg is te r; it is un ne ce ss ar y t o m a ke d is ti nc ti on b et we en RA M a nd p r oc es so r re gi ste r a s i s d on e i n th e c as e o f a mi cr op r oc es so r s y st em s i nc e R AM an d r eg i st er s a re no t u s ua ll y p hy si ca ll y se pa ra te d i n a m i cr oc om pu te r .Central processing unit (CPU).T h e C PU is mu ch l i ke th at ofa n y mi cr op ro ce sso r. Ma ny a pp li cat i on s of m ic ro com p ut er s an dm i cr oc on tr ol le rs in vo lv e t he ha ndl i ng of bi na ry-c od e d d ec im al (B CD) d a ta (f or nu me ric a l d is pl ay s, for e xa mp le) ,he nce i t i s c om mo n tof i nd t ha t th e CP U i s we ll a da pt ed t o h an dl ing th is t y pe o f da ta .I ti s a ls o co mm on to fi nd g oo d fa cil i ti es f or t es tin g, se tt in g an d r e se tt in g i nd iv id u al bi ts of me mo r y o r I/O si nc e m a ny c o nt ro ll er a p pl ic at io ns i nvo l ve t he tu rn in g o n a nd of f o f si ng l e ou tp ut li ne s o r t he re ad in g t he si ng le li ne. T he s e li ne s a re re ad i ly i nt er fa ced t o t wo-s ta te d evi c es s uc h as s wit c he s, t he rm os tat s, so li d-st at e r e la ys, va lv es, m o to r, e tc.Parallel input/output.Pa ra ll el in pu t a nd ou tp ut s c he me s v ar ys o me wh at i n di ffe r en t mi cr oc om put e r; i n mo st a me c ha ni sm i sp r ov id ed t o a t l ea s t al lo w s om e f le x ib il it y of ch oo s in g wh ic h p ins a r e o ut pu t s a nd w h ic h a re i np ut s. T hi s ma y ap pl y t o al l or s om e of t h e p or ts. S om e I/O l in es ar e s ui t ab le fo r d ir ect i nt er fa ci ng to, f o r ex am pl e, f luo r es ce nt d is pl ays, o r ca n pr ov ide su ff ic ie ntc u rr en t t o m ak e in t er fa ci ng ot he r c o mp on en ts st ra ig h tf or wa rd. S om ed e vi ce s al lo w an I/O po rt t o be con f ig ur ed a s a s yst e m bu s to a ll o w o f f-ch ip m em or y a n d I/O ex pa ns ion. T hi s fa ci li ty i s po te nt ia ll yu s ef ul a s a p ro du c t ra ng e d ev el op s, si nc e s uc ce ss i ve e nh an ce me nts m a y b ec om e to o big f or o n-ch ip m emo r y a nd i t is u nde s ir ab le no t tob u il d on t he e xis t in g so ft wa re ba s e.Serial input/output .S er ia l c omm u ni ca ti on w it h t e rm in ald e vi ce s is c om mon me an s of p ro vid i ng a l in k us ing a sm al l nu mb ero f l in es. Th is so r t of c om mu ni cat i on c an a ls o be e xp lo it ed f ori n te rf ac in g sp eci a l fu nc ti on c hip s o r li nk in g sev e ra lm i cr oc om pu te rs to g et he r .B ot h t he co mm on as yn ch ro n ou s sy nc hr on ous c o mm un ic at io n sch e me s re qu ir e pro t oc ol s th at p rov i de f ra mi ng(s ta rt a nd s to p) i n fo rm at io n .T his ca n be i mp le me nt e d as a h ar dw ar e f a ci li ty o r U(S)A R T(Un iv er sa l(syn c hr on ou s) a sy nch r on ou sr e ce iv er/t ra ns mit t er) re li ev in g t h e pr oc es s o r (an d t hea p pl ic at io ns pr og r am me r) of t hi s l o w-le ve l, ti me-c o ns um in g, de ta il. t i s me re ly n ec es s ar y t o se le ct ed ab au d-ra te a nd p os si bl y ot her o p ti on s (n um be r of st op b it s, p ar it y, et c.) an d lo ad (o r re ad f ro m) t h e se ri al tr an sm i tt er (or re ce iv e r) b uf fe r. Se ri a li za ti on o f the d a ta i n th e ap pro p ri at e fo rm at is th en h an dl ed by th e ha rd wa rec i rc ui t.Timing/counter facilities. M any ap pl ic at io n of s in gl e-ch ipm i cr oc om pu te rs re q ui re a cc ur at e e v al ua ti on o f ela p se d re alt i me .Th is c an b e d et er mi ne d by c ar e fu l as s e ss me nt o f t he e xe cu ti on t i me o f ea ch b ran c h in a p ro gr am b ut t hi s ra pi dly be co me si n ef fi ci en t fo r a l l bu t s im pl es t p ro gr am s .Th e pr e fe rr ed a pp ro ach i s to us e t im er c i rc ui t t ha t c an in de pe nd en tl y co u nt pr ec is e t imei n cr em en ts a nd ge n er at e an i nt err u pt a ft e r a p res e t ti me h ase l ap se d .Th is t yp e of t im er i s us u al ly ar ra ng ed t o be r el oa da bl e w i th t he r eq ui red co un t .T he t ime r t he n de cr em ent s t hi s va lu ep r od uc in g a n i nte r ru pt or se tt ing a fl ag wh en the c ou nt er re ac hesz e ro. B et te r t ime r s t he n h av e t he a bi li ty t o au to m at ic al ly re lo ad t h e in it ia l co unt va lu e. T hi s rel i ev es t he p ro gra m me r of t her e sp on si bi li ty of re lo ad in g t he co u nt er a nd as se ssi n g el ap se d t im eb e fo re th e t im er re st ar te d ,wh ich o th er wi se wo und b e n ec es sa ry ifc o nt in uo us p re cis e ly t im ed i nt err u pt s we re r eq uir e d (a s in ac l oc k ,f or e xa mpl e).So me ti me s ass o ci at ed w it h time r is a n ev en t c o un te r. W it h thi sf ac il it y th ere is u su al ly a sp e ci al i np utp i n ,t ha t ca n dri v e th e co un te r d i re ct ly.Timing components. Th e cl oc k ci rc u it ry o f m o st mic r oc om pu te rsr e qu ir es o nl y s im p le t im in g c om po n en ts. If ma xi mu m p er fo rm an ce is r e qu ir ed,a c ry sta l m us t be u se d t o e ns ur e th e max i mu m cl oc kf r eq ue nc y i s a ppr o ac he d b ut no t ex c ee de d. Ma ny clo c k c ir cu it s a lsow o rk wi th a r es is t or an d c ap ac ito r as l o w-co st ti m in g c om po ne nts o r ca n b e d ri ve n fr om an ex te rn al s ou rc e. Th is la t te r a rr an ge me nt i s u se fu l is e xte r na l sy nc hr on iza t io n of t he m icr o co mp ut er i sr e qu ir ed.WORDS AND TERMSculmination n.顶点spilt adj.分离的volatile n. 易变的commit v.保证albeit conj.虽然custom adj.定制的variant adj.不同的piggy-back adj.背负式的socket n. 插座B:PLC[1]P L Cs (p ro gr am ma bl e lo gi ca l c on tro l le r) fa ce ev er m o re co mp le x c h al le ng es t he se d a ys . W he re o nc e t he y qu ie tl y re pl a ce d re la ys a nd g a ve an o cc as io na l re po rt t o a co r po ra te ma in fr am e, t he y ar e no w g r ou pe d in to c el ls, g iv en n ew j ob a n d ne w la ng ua ge s, an d ar e fo rc ed t o co mp et e ag ai ns t a gr ow in g ar ra y of c on tr ol p ro d uc ts. F or t his y e ar's a nn ua l PL C t ec hn ol og y up da te ,w e qu er ie d PL C m ak er s on t he se t o pi cs a nd m or e .Programming languagesH i gh er l ev el P LC p ro gr am mi ng l ang u ag es h av e be en a ro un d fo r s o me ti me ,b ut l at e ly th ei r p op ul ar i ty ha s m us hr oo mi n g. "A s R ay mo nd L e ve il le, vi ce pr e si de nt & g en era l m an ag er, Si eme n s En er gy&A ut om at io n .in c;P ro gr am ma bl e c on t ro ls ar e b ei ng u s ed fo r m or e and m o re so ph is ti ca te d o p er at io ns, la n gu ag es ot he r th a n l ad de r l og ic b e co me m or e p ra ct i ca l, e ff ic ie nt, an d po w er fu l. F o r ex am pl e, it's v e ry d if fi cu lt to wr it e a tr ig ono m et ri c fu nc ti on u si ng l ad de rl o gi c ."La ng ua ges ga in in g ac ce pta n ce i nc lu de B ool e an, co nt ro ls y st em f lo wc ha rti n g, a nd su ch fu nc t io n ch ar t l an gua g es a s G ra ph ce t a n d it s va ri at ion .A nd t he re's in c re as in g in te res t i n la ng ua ge s l i ke C a nd B AS IC.PLCs in process controlT h us fa r, PL Cs ha v e n ot be en us ed e xt en si ve ly for c on ti nu ous p r oc es s co nt ro l .W il l th is c on tin u e? "Th e fe el ing th at I'v eg o tt en," s ay s Ken Ja nn ot ta, ma nge r, pr od uc t pl ann i ng, se ri es O ne a n d Se ri es S ix pr o du ct ,at G E Fan u c No rt h Am er ica ,'is t ha t PL Cs w i ll b e u se d i n t he pr oc es s i nd us try bu t n ot ne ce ss ar i ly f or pr oc es s c o nt ro l."S e ve ra l ve nd or s -o bv io us ly b et t in g t ha t th e op pos i te w il lh a pp en-ha ve i ntr o du ce d PL Cs o pti m iz ed f or p ro ces sa p pl ic at io n .R ich Ry an, ma ng er, c o mm er ci al m ar ket i ng,A l le n-br ad le y Pro g ra mm ab le C on tro l s Di v., c it es PL C s's in cr ea si ng u s e s uc h i nd us tri e s a s f oo d ,ch em i ca ls ,a nd pe tro l eu m. Ry a n fe els t h er e a re tw o t yp e s o f a pp li ca tio n s i n w hi ch th ey're ap pr op ri at e. "o ne," h e sa ys," i s wh er e th e s iz e o f th e pr oc ess co nt ro l sy st em t h at's b ei ng a uto m at ed d oe sn't ju s ti fy D CS[d is tri b ut ed c on tr ols y st em].Wi th t he s ta rt in g pr ic e t a gs o f ch os e pro d uc ts b ei ngr e la ti ve ly h ig h, a p ro gr a mm ab le c o nt ro ll er m ak es s en se f o r sm al l, l o w lo op c ou nt ap p li ca ti on .Th e s e co nd i s wh er e y o u ha ve t oi n te gr at e th e loo p c lo se ly w it h t h e se qu en ti al lo g ic al .Ba tc hc o nt ro ll er s ar e p r im e ex am pl e ,wh e re t he se qu en ce and ma i nt ai ning t he p ro ce ss va ria b le ar e i nt er twi n ed so cl os el y t h at th e b en ef its o f h a vi ng a p ro gr a mm ab le co nt ro ll e r t o d o t he seq u en ti al lo gi cal o u tw ei gh s so me of th e di sa dv an tag e s of n ot h av ing a di st ri bu te d c o nt ro l sy st em."B i ll B ar ko vi tz, p r es id en t of T ric o ne x,p re di ct s t h at "al lf u tu re c on tr ol ler s t ha t co me o ut i n th e pr oc es s c o nt ro l sy st emb u si ne ss w il l emb r ac e a lo t o f mo r e PL C te ch no log y a nd a lo t mo re P L C fu nc ti on al ity th an t he y ev er d id b ef or e ."Communications and MAPC o mm un ic at io ns ar e v it al to a n ind i vi d u al a ut om ati o n ce ll an d t o be a ut om at ed f a ct or y a s a wh ol e. W e've h ea rd a l ot a bo ut M AP in t h e la st f ew y ear s ,an d a lo t of c om pa ni es h av e j u mp ed o n th eb a nd wa go n.[2]M any, ho we ve r, w er e d is ap po in te d w h en af u ll y-de fi ne d and co mp le te d MA P s p ec if ic at io n did n't a pp ea ri m me di at el y .S ays La rr y K om ar ek: "R ig ht n ow, M AP is st il l a mo vi ng t a rg et f or t he ma n uf ac tu re rs, a s p ec if ic at io n tha t i s no tf i na l .P re se nt ly, fo r ex a mp le. pe o pl e ar e i nt ro du c ing pr od uc ts to m e et t he M AP2.1st a nd ar d .Y et2.1-b a se d pr od uc ts wi l l be o bs ol et e wh en t he n ew s tan d ar d fo r MA P3.0i s in tr od uc ed."B e ca us e of th is, m an y P LC ve nd ors ar e h ol di ng off on fu ll MA P i m pl em en ta ti on s. O mr on, fo r ex amp l e, h as a n on goi n gM A P-co mp at ib il ity pr og ra m;[3]b ut F ra nk Ne wb ur n, vi c e pr es id en t o f O m ro n's I nd us tr ia l D i vi si on ,r epo r ts th at be ca use o f th e l a ck of a fi rm d ef in it ion,O mr on's P LC s d o n't ye t ta lk to MA P.S i nc e it's un li ke l y th at an in di vi d ua l PL C w ou ld ta l k to br oad M A P an yw ay, ma ker s a re c on ce nt rat i ng o n pr op ri eta r y ne tw or ks.A c co rd in g t o S al P r ov an za no, u se rs f ea r t ha t i f t he y do ge t o n b oa rd a n d ve nd or s w it hd r aw f ro m M AP, th e y'll b e t he one s l ef t h ol di ng a c o mm un ic at io ns st r uc tu re t ha t's n o t su pp or te d.Universal I/OW h il e th er e ar e c o nc er ns a bo ut th e l ac k of c om pat i bl ec o mm un ic at io ns be t we en PL Cs fr omd i ff er en t v en do rs, the c on ne ct io n a t t he o th er e nd-t he I/O-i s ev en m or e fr ag me nt ed .Wi th r ar ee x ce pt io ns, I/O i s s ti ll pr op ri et a ry .Ye t t he re ar e t ho se wh of eel t h at I/O wi ll ev en t ua ll y be co me mo r e un iv er sa l .GE Fa nu c i s h op ing t o d o t ha t w ith its Ge ni us sm ar t I/O li ne.T he in de pe n de nt I/O ma ke rs a r e pu ll in g in th e s am e di re ct ion.M a ny sa y t ha t I/O is su ch a h ig h-va l ue it em th at PLC m ak er s w il l a l wa ys w an t to k ee p i t pr op ri et ar y .As K en J an no tt a, sa ys: "T he I/O i s g oi ng t o be a d is pr op or ti on ate am ou nt o f th e h a rd wa re s al e.C e rt ai nl y e ac h P LC v en do r i s g oi ng to tr y t o p ro te ct t ha t. "F or th at r e as on, h e sa ys, P L C m ak er s wo n't b e gi n s el li ng u niv e rs al I/O sy st em f r om o th er v en do r. "i f we s ta rt s el l in g th at k in d of pr od uc t, "sa ys j a nn ot ta, "w ha t d o w e ma nu fa ct ure?"W i th m or e i nt el lig e nt I/O ap pe ar ing, S al Pr ov an za no f ee ls th is w i ll le ad to mo re di ff er en ti at io n am on g I/O fr om di f fe re nt ma ke rs. "W he re th e I/O be c om es ex tr em el y i n te ll ig en t a nd b e co me s p ar t of t h e sy st em, "h e sa y s, "it r ea ll y is ha rd t o de fi ne w h ic h i s t he I/O a n d w hi ch i s C PU. It re a ll y C PU, if y ou w il l, is e qu a ll y i nt eg ra ted i n to t he s ys te m a s t he I/O."Connecting PLC I/O to PCsW h il e di ff er en t PL C s pr ob ab ly wi ll c on ti nu e t o u se p r op ri et ar y I/O, se ve ra l ve nd o rs ma ke i t p os si b le to c on ne ct5 t h ei r I/O t o I BM P C-c om pa ti bl e eq ui pm en t. A ll e-b ra de le y, C ou ld, an d C in ci nn at i M i la cr on a lr ea dy h av e, a nd r um or h as i t th at G E i s p la nn in gs o me th in g al on g t h es e sa me l in es .[4]B il l Ke te lhu t, ma na ge o fp r od uc t pl an ni ng a t G E Fa nu c No rt h A me ri ca ,se es t hi s s or t of t hi ng a s a lt er na ti ve to un iv er sa l I/O."I t hi nk t he t ren d ,in st ea d oft o wa rd u ni ve rs al I/O, wi ll b e mul t ip le h os t in ter f ac e ," h es a ys .Jo di e Gl ore,d ir ec to r of ma r ki ng, Sq ua re D A ut om at io nP r od uc ts, V ie ws i t as a no th er i nd i ca ti on th at P LC s ar e, a nd h ave b e en f or s om e tim e, in du st ri al co m pu te rs.PLCs VS PCsI f t he I BM 7552, t he A ct io n In str u me nt s BC22,a nd o th erc o mp ut er s a re app e ar in g o n t he fa c to ry fl oo r, won't t hi s m ea n n ew c o mp et it io n f or P L Cs? R ic h R ya n: "T he re ar e s om e co n tr ol fu nc ti on s t h at a re be tt er j o bs f or co mp ut er s. Pr og ra mm ab le c on tr ol le rs ha ve b e en fo rc ed to fi t in to th ose a pp l ic at io ns. "Ye t, t he ma jo ri ty of v e nd or s we su rv eye d d on't li ke th e"P C in va si on"w ill po se a p ro bl em f o r th em .Mo st sa i d th at P LC s and PC s ar e en ou gh a pa rt i na r ch it ec tu re t hat th ey w il l us ua ll y d o th e co nt ro l. Th ey d on't f ee l t h at PC s wi ll t ake j ob s fr om P LC s j u st be ca us e PL C I/O m od ul esc an n o w be co nn ec ted t o P Cs; t he y b el i ev e th is si mp ly me an s t ha t P LCs a n d PC s wi ll b e a b le t o sh ar e the sa me d at a."T he re a re i nh ere n t ar ch it ec tu ral di ff er en ce s bet w ee n ag e ne ra l pu rp os e c o mp ut er," s ay s R i ch R ya n, "an d a pr og ra mm ab lec o nt ro ll er .Th ere ar e ha r dw ar e co n st ru ct s bu il t i n to a lm os t e ve rym a nu fa ct ur e's pro g ra mm ab le c on tro l le r to da y th at c us to mi ze t heh a rd wa re t o ru n l a dd er l og ic a nd t o so lv e ma ch ine co de. "O nef u nd am en ta l d if fe r en ce he c it es is c al le d st at e of t h e m ac hi ne.Ry an: "W he n y ou s hu t t he m ac hi ne o ff, o r in te rr up t th e c yc l e, or y ou ju mp t o a no th er sp ot i n t he c y cl e, p rog ra mm ab le c on tro l le rs i nh er en tly r e me mb er t he st at e o f t he ma ch ine: w ha t t he ti mer s w er e, wh at thec o un te rs we re ,wh a t t he st at es of a ll th e l at ch es w er e .Co mp ut ersd o n't in he re nt ly d o th at."WORDS AND TERMSbet v.确信optimized n.优化程序corporate adj.共同的mushroom v.迅速发展trigonometric function 三角函数vendor n.厂商tag n.标签smart adj.智能型的compatible adj.兼容的1、外文资料翻译译文单片机基础单片机是电脑和集成电路发展的巅峰，有据可查的是他们也是20世纪最有意义的两大发明。