词汇学考试整理
词汇学试题及答案
词汇学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学是研究语言中词汇的科学，它主要研究的是语言中的（）。
A. 词汇的构成B. 词汇的意义C. 词汇的运用D. 词汇的演变答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是词汇学的研究内容？（）A. 词义的演变B. 词义的分类C. 词义的辨析D. 语法规则答案：D3. 词汇学中，词素是指（）。
A. 构成词的基本单位B. 词的发音单位C. 词的书写单位D. 词的意义单位答案：A4. 在词汇学中，语义场是指（）。
A. 词义的分类B. 词义的演变C. 词义的辨析D. 一组词义相关的词答案：D5. 词汇学研究中，同义词是指（）。
A. 意义完全相同的词B. 意义相近的词C. 形式相同的词D. 用法相同的词答案：B6. 下列哪一项不是词汇学中词义的分类？（）A. 抽象意义B. 具体意义C. 语法意义D. 色彩意义答案：C7. 词汇学中，词义的演变通常包括（）。
A. 词义的扩大B. 词义的缩小C. 词义的转移D. 以上都是答案：D8. 词汇学中，词义的辨析主要研究的是（）。
A. 词与词之间的联系B. 词与词之间的差异C. 词与词之间的相似性D. 词与词之间的对立答案：B9. 在词汇学中，词义的模糊性是指（）。
A. 词义的不确定性B. 词义的明确性C. 词义的多重性D. 词义的单一性答案：A10. 词汇学中，词义的多义性是指（）。
A. 一个词有多种意义B. 一个词只有一种意义C. 一个词的意义是固定的D. 一个词的意义是单一的答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学中的词素是指构成词的________。
答案：基本单位2. 语义场是指一组________的词。
答案：词义相关3. 同义词是指意义________的词。
答案：相近4. 词义的演变包括词义的________、________和________。
答案：扩大、缩小、转移5. 词义的辨析主要研究的是词与词之间的________。
英语词汇学考试重点整理
英语词汇学考试重点整理Explain the following terms⼀1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning.It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences.– ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, andhave independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词andadverbs副词of a language.⼆1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian.2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms.2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in-3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of theword. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (butnot derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数,tense, and the comparative⽐较的or superlative 最⾼的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word.re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combiningtwo or more bases to form a compound word9) derivation 派⽣法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certainword-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name,a technical term, or a phrase.12) acronym⾸字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name ofan organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that theyare pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed bycombining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.14) clipping截短词/The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllablesfrom a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.15) back-formation逆⽣法/Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formationby which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longerform already present in the language.四meaning /is the thing or idea that it refers to or represents and which can be explained using other words. conventionality/most words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.motivation 理据/The connection between word symbol and its sense.grammatical meaning / Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.World-class: it describes the word’s lexical meaning and also gives what is traditionally known as thepart of speech of the word, which modern linguists.lexical meaning /Lexical meaning is dominant in content words, whereas grammatical meaning is dominant in function words, but in neither is grammatical meaning absent.denotative meaning指⽰意义/is sometimes called the conceptual meaning. It is the central factor in linguistic communication. One of the functions of words is to designate or describesomething, such as an object, a property, a process or a state of affairs. Users of alanguage cannot talk about their knowledge of a physical object or a naturalphenomenon, unless this knowledge is express in words which have the same meaningfor all speakers of a given community.connotative meaning内涵意义/ refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind；it is the supplementary value which is added to the purelydenotative meaning of a word.stylistic meaning 社会意义/ What a word conveys about the social circumstances of its use affective meaning/ It is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of thespeaker or writer.五1) Polysemy⼀词多义/Polysemy refers to a lexical term which has a range of different meanings.2) Homonymy同形异义/Pairs or groups of words, which, though different in meaning, arepronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both六restriction of meaning词义的缩⼩/A word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable合适的to only one of the objects it had previously以前denoted表⽰. extension of meaning词义的扩⼤/- the opposite of restriction- the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed. degeneration of meaning词义的降格/the meaning of a word narrows toward an unfavorable meaning elevation of meaning词义的升格/- A word meaning takes a turn for the better in the course of time, and has either risen from a “snarl”word to a “purr”word, or from a slang term to a common word.七linguistic context 语⾔语境/In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.extra-linguistic context⾮语⾔语境/In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation. This iscalled extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context, which embraces包含the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.the actual speech situation and the entire cultural background⼋complete synonyms/ Complete synonyms are the words which are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.Scientific terms: delimited and neutral in affective情感的and stylistic meaning.relative synonyms /- the same denotative外延的meanings, but different connotative内涵的, affective and stylistic meanings contrary/gradable antonyms / They display a type of semantic contrast. They don’t represent an either/or relation but rather a more/less relation.cheap and expensive; fast and slow; sweet and sourcomplementary antonyms / They represent a type of binary semantic opposition. They are in an either/or relation of oppositeness. alive and dead; asleep and awake; shut and open converse antonyms /They are also called relational opposites. One expresses the converse meaning of the other. lend and borrow; buy and sell; husband and wife; parent and child; hyponym 下义词/Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.semantic field/The vocabulary of a language is not an unstructured collection of words. Instead, the vocabulary can be organized into a number of semantic fields.field of colours：pink, orange, scarlet, crimson, violet九Allusive words /words that are closely related to cultural history.Allusions : references参照to characters or events from history, legend, literature, religion.⼗idiom 习语/Idioms are usually metaphorical⽐喻性的rather than literal⽂字的.Structural criteria: phrase idioms; clause idioms; sentence idiomscollocation / Collocation is the way in which words are used together regularlyCollocation is often language-specific (e.g. “blue blood”）and not determined by universal semantic constrains (e.g. “green grass”).Answer the following questions⼀1) What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock of the English vocabulary?a. National characterb. Stability- sun, earth, rain, snow , on, of, can, will- arrow and bow ; telephone, computer, bus, car,radio, electricityc. Word-forming abilityheadache, headless不在意的；⽆头脑的；⽆领导者的, headline⼤标题；内容提要, headman⾸领, headmaster d. Ability to form collocations搭配hand over fist; hand in glove互相勾结、关系密切; to come hat in hand;2) How can we classify English vocabulary according to its origin, level of usage and notion ？⼆1) How do linguists divide the history of the English language for analysis? What are the characteristics of the English vocabulary as a result of its historical development?Three periods in the development of English language (vocabulary)1) Old English or Anglo-Saxon period (449-1100) 1 Much of the old English vocabulary was borrowed from Latin 如bargain, cheap, inch, pound; cup, dish, wall, wine, etc2- Old English was a highly inflected language. It has a complete system of declensions of words2) Middle English period ( 1100-1500 ) 1- French influence Norman Conquest in 1066 Law and government administration:、Military affairs: 、Religion: 、Art。
词汇学考试资料
词汇学考试资料《英语词汇学教程》重点练习题参考答案P22练习一：写出下列定义所表示的名称1. morpheme2. root3. free form4. bound morpheme5. affix6. prefix7. suffix8. inflectional affix9. derivation10. compounding练习二：写出下列各组单词中共同的粘着词根，并指出其词源及语义：1. acou- (Greek) 听2. aer- (Greek) 空气3. ag-, ac- (Latin) 做4. agr- (Latin) 土地5. alt- (Latin) 高6. am-, amor- (Latin) 爱7. ample- (Latin) 充足8. ann- (Latin) 年9. anthrop- (Greek) 人类10. aqu- (Latin) 水11. arch- (Greek) 首要12. astr- (Greek) 星13. atmo- (Greek) 气体14. aud- (Latin) 听15. auto- (Greek) 自己16. bar- (Greek) 压力17. bathy- (Greek) 深海的18. biblio- (Greek) 书籍19. bio- (Greek) 生命20. bre- (L) 简短P49练习一：以所列的单词为第一个成分，根据定义写出复合名词：A. 1. greenbelt 2. greengrocer 3. greenhorn 4, greenroomB. 1. handbad 2. handbook 3. handbrake 4. handrailC. 1. aftercare 2. aftereffect 3. aftertaste 4. afterthoughtD. 1. sleeping bag 2. sleeping car 3. sleeping pill 4. sleeping partnerE. 1. running mate 2. running hand 3. running head 4. running boardF. 1. washbasin 2. washboard 3. washerwoman 4. washclothG. 1. sunburn 2. sunburst 3. sunset 4. sunshineH. 1. breakdown 2. break-in 3. breakthrough 4. breakupI. 1. outbreak 2. outcry 3. outlay 4. outletP52练习三：找出下列句子中的复合形容词：1. farfetched2. newborn3. heart-beat4. built-in5. clothes-washing6. dust-laden7. oncoming8. fair-minded, good-hearted9. self-evident10. grown-upP35练习五：填入适当的后缀形式。
词汇学试题及答案
词汇学试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. 下列哪个词属于多义词？A. 桌子B. 苹果C. 跑D. 书2. 词汇的最小单位是：A. 词B. 语素C. 词组D. 句子3. 词汇的同义关系指的是：A. 词与词之间意义相同或相近B. 词与词之间意义相反C. 词与词之间意义无关D. 词与词之间意义有联系但不相同4. “绿色”一词在“绿色食品”中属于：A. 颜色词B. 形容词C. 抽象名词D. 专有名词5. “网络”一词在现代汉语中属于：A. 古汉语词汇B. 外来词C. 新词D. 专业术语6. 下列哪个词属于反义词？A. 快-慢B. 男-女C. 长-短D. 老-少7. 词汇的构成方式不包括：A. 合成B. 派生C. 借用D. 音译8. “美丽”一词的词性是：A. 名词B. 动词C. 形容词D. 副词9. “电脑”一词的构词方式是：A. 合成B. 派生C. 借用D. 音译10. 下列哪个词属于外来词？A. 电视B. 电话C. 网络D. 汽车二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. 词汇学是研究语言中________的学科。
12. 词义的演变通常包括词义的________、________和________。
13. 词义的________是指词义在特定语境下临时改变的现象。
14. 词汇的________是指词义的扩大，能够涵盖更多的事物或现象。
15. 词汇的________是指词义的缩小，只能指特定的事物或现象。
三、简答题（每题5分，共10分）16. 简述词汇的构成方式有哪些？17. 简述词义演变的类型。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）18. 论述词汇学在语言教学中的重要性。
19. 论述词汇的同义关系和反义关系在语言表达中的作用。
五、案例分析题（共40分）20. 请分析“手机”一词的词义演变过程，并讨论其对现代汉语词汇发展的影响。
（20分）21. 以“环保”为例，分析词汇的派生构成方式及其在现代社会中的应用。
2023年自考00832英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学意在调查和研究英语单词和单词旳等价物旳形态构造,其语义构造、关系、历史发展、形成和使用方法。
2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词旳定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小旳自由形式，拥有固定旳声音和意义以及句法作用。
2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一旳四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary （5）printing、standardization、dictionary—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than itis today. 古代英语中旳口语比今天更忠实旳代表书面语—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。
英语词汇学知识点整理
英语词汇学知识点整理词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1⼀、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最⼩的⾃由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）⼆、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.⼀般来说，词汇指的是⼀种语⾔⾥所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语⾔的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发⾳和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. ⼆者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发⾳和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.⾃然语⾔的书写形式是⼝语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发⾳与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来⾃罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发⾳改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发⾳不断变化，书写标准化。
词汇学语言考试题及答案
词汇学语言考试题及答案1. 词汇学是研究语言中词汇的哪一方面？A. 语音B. 语法C. 词汇D. 语义答案：C2. 词汇学中，词根是指什么？A. 词的最小意义单位B. 词的发音单位C. 词的书写单位D. 词的语法单位答案：A3. 词汇学研究中，词缀的作用是什么？A. 改变词义B. 改变词性C. 改变词形D. 以上都是答案：D4. 以下哪个词不是复合词？A. 黑板B. 电脑C. 老师D. 飞机答案：C5. 词汇学中，同义词是指什么？A. 意义完全相同的词B. 意义相近的词C. 意义相反的词D. 形式相同的词答案：B6. 词汇学中，反义词是指什么？A. 意义完全相同的词B. 意义相近的词C. 意义相反的词D. 形式相同的词答案：C7. 词汇学研究中，词义的演变叫做什么？A. 词义变化B. 词义发展C. 词义演变D. 词义扩展答案：C8. 词汇学中，词义的缩小指的是什么？A. 词义变得更加具体B. 词义变得更加抽象C. 词义变得更加广泛D. 词义保持不变答案：A9. 词汇学研究中，词义的扩大指的是什么？A. 词义变得更加具体B. 词义变得更加抽象C. 词义变得更加广泛D. 词义保持不变答案：C10. 词汇学中，词义的转移指的是什么？A. 词义变得更加具体B. 词义变得更加抽象C. 词义从一个领域转移到另一个领域D. 词义保持不变答案：C。
词汇学期末考试题及答案
词汇学期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学研究的核心对象是（）。
A. 语音B. 语法C. 词汇D. 语义答案：C2. 词义的最小单位是（）。
A. 语素B. 词C. 短语D. 句子答案：A3. 以下哪个词属于多义词？（）A. 桌子B. 苹果C. 跑D. 笔答案：C4. 词义的演变通常不包括（）。
A. 词义扩大B. 词义缩小C. 词义转移D. 词义创新答案：D5. 以下哪个词属于外来词？（）A. 沙发B. 电脑C. 汽车D. 火车答案：A6. 词义的引申通常是基于（）。
A. 词的本义B. 词的引申义C. 词的转用义D. 词的比喻义答案：A7. 以下哪个词属于同义词？（）A. 快速和迅速B. 桌子和椅子C. 红色和蓝色D. 学习和平息答案：A8. 以下哪个词属于反义词？（）A. 高和矮B. 桌子和椅子C. 红色和蓝色D. 学习和平息答案：A9. 以下哪个词属于成语？（）A. 马到成功B. 桌子C. 红色D. 学习答案：A10. 以下哪个词属于专业术语？（）A. 电脑B. 桌子C. 红色D. 学习答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学是研究语言中的词汇及其变化规律的学科。
2. 词义的演变包括词义扩大、词义缩小和词义转移。
3. 多义词是指一个词具有两个或两个以上相关或不相关的意义。
4. 外来词是指从其他语言借用过来的词。
5. 词义的引申通常是基于词的本义。
6. 同义词是指意义相同或相近的词。
7. 反义词是指意义相反或相对的词。
8. 成语是指由四个或四个以上汉字组成的固定短语，具有特定的意义和用法。
9. 专业术语是指在特定领域内使用的具有特定意义的词。
10. 词汇的创新是指根据语言发展的需要，创造出新的词汇。
三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. 简述词汇学的研究内容。
词汇学主要研究语言中的词汇及其变化规律，包括词的构成、词义的演变、词的分类、词的用法等方面。
2. 简述词义演变的类型。
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词汇学整理一、选择题25 题25分1.从规约走向描述的里程碑词典是：OED (P.237)2.同义词的特征？（P.125）Synonymous word group a common denotative component brings the words together.3.习语的特征？(P.190)Idioms are usually semantically opaque and are characterized by structural invariability.4.古代英语Archaic words are words no longer in common use, however they are retained for special purpose, they are sometimes employed in poetry, business letters, legal documents, religious speeches, and prose, (marked arch. Or aic. ) whereas obsolete words just refer to the words completely out of current use . marked obs. (olete.) or dated in a dictionary.5.语境的分类(P.152-P155)Linguistic (or verbal )contexts or extra-linguistic （or nonverbal）can determine the meanings of words, esp. those of polysemous words.1.Linguistic (or verbal )contexts:Lexical context,Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word.(see the examples of "make " on p.153 )Grammatical context,In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.(see the examples of "take " in various settings on p.153 )However, it is not sufficient to indicate all the individual meanings of a given word.(see the examples concerning the different meanings of the same pattern "get+n." on p.154 )Verbal contextThe verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passag , or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting, as stated at the beginning of the chapter.2.Extra-linguistic/context of situation:1)The actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speech event) occurs.(see the example of "operation" on p.155)2) The entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event has to be set (see the example of "peasant" and "farmer" on p.156)6.?两个单词有相同的部分，根据什么来猜意义？Componential analysis and semantic features7.理据？(P.94-95)Motivation can be classified into three types:1) Phonetic motivation;Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.2) Morphological motivation;We say that the word is morphologically motivated, for a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.If we know the meaning of the affix and the base, then we can immediately the meaning of this word.3) Semantic motivation.Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factorsThe figurative usage can provide semantic motivation; the figurative meaning can be readily understood by those who know the literal meaning.8.研究多义的两个方法They are : 1) diachronic ; 历时角度2) synchronic.共时角度(P.110)1) diachronicThe study of the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word, or the study of how the semantic structure of a word has developed from a primary meaning to the present polysemic state, i.e. with derived meaning springing from the original meaning. This way of study is called diachronic approaches.(primary meaning and the present polysemic meaning )Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and secondary meaning.9. 习语的文体特征？(P.206)Stylistic featureMost idioms are stylistically neutral, but quite a number of them belong to informal spoken English.A few idioms suggest a dignified and elevated tone, and are used on formal occasions, e.g.Some idioms phrases are slangy.Stylistic feature of idioms, however, are constantly shifting, and what is slang today may informal tomorrow.10. 词义变化的内部要素（原因）？Linguistic cause: (P172-175)Change of meaning is frequently brought about by two tendencies in a linguistic system; towards ellipsis and toward analogy.Ellipsis as a cause of semantic change often occurs in habitual collection, such as adjective +noun, or attributive noun + noun, in which the noun is deleted and only the first element (the attributive) is left, but retaining the sense of the whole phrase.The analogical tendency is also constantly at work. New meanings developed in one part of speech are passed on to other parts of speech from the same lexical base.11. 词素的分类？(P.28)12. 修辞? 明喻 Simile ： It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特 性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other 明喻（simile ）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体(tenor)和喻体(vehicle)之间的相似关系， 两者都在对比中出现。