现在分词的用法

现在分词的用法
现在分词（Present Participle）(又称-ing形式、现在进行式) ，是分词的一种，分词又分为现在分词和过去分词，它们都是非限定动词，即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语，但能充当其它的一些成分（定语，表语，补语和状语，但不能做主语和宾语），并且它们具有动词的性质。

一.构成形式
doing （特殊的略）现在分词表示主动的或进行的动作
二.时态与语态
一般式doing 一般被动式being done 完成式having done完成被动式having been done
所有否定式都是在－ing前面加not 包括独立主格形式
三.可作成分
定语状语补语表语
1.作定语
单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前，叫做前置定语。

分词短语作定语时放在名词后，称作后置定语。

被修饰的名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的关键。

e.g. a running boy =a boy who is running
the girl standing there =the girl who is standing there
注意：某些现在分词作定语时,已经从分词变为了形容词词性eg. an interesting story an exciting match 这些也可以属于现在分词作定语但是不能转化为相应的定语从句但是可以有三级变化（原级比较级最高级）和被某些副词如very修饰
2.作宾语补足语
只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补
1）感官动词：see,hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, find
2）使役动词：have, get, keep,make, leave
值得注意的是：要想用现在分词来作宾补只能是用于这些词后但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补）
eg.I saw him singing now.
Don't have the students studying all day.
注意：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系(即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者)
3.作表语
现在分词作表语的情况只适用于已经改变为形容词性质的现在分词，有三级变化可被副词修饰
e.g.The story is interesting. The match is exciting.
注意：表动作的现在分词不能作表语，只能和be动词构成谓语动词进行时态。

例如：A boy is running.这不是主系表而是主谓（其中助动词is与现在分词running和起来作谓语）
4.作状语
A.作时间，条件，原因，让步状语事要位于句首，且与后面用逗号隔开，能转换为一个相应的状语从句
B.作结果，伴随状语时要位于句尾，且与前面用逗号隔开，有时也可以不用
特别注意：分词作状语时的逻辑主语（即分词动作的发出者）一般要与句中主语保持一致．〔高考的常考点〕特别建议：状语从句是万能的而分词作状语具有局限性当分词不能表示的时候可以用从句来做
1）作时间状语
eg. Walking in the street, I saw him.= When/While I was walking in the street, I saw him.
分词前面可以加上when／while，以强调正在进行的动作
上句可以改写为：When/While walking in the street,I saw him.
2）作条件状语
e.g. Working hard,you will succeed. =If you work hard,you will succeed.
3）作原因状语
e.g. Being ill,she stayed at home. =Because she was ill,she stayed at home.
注意: being是常用来作原因状语的
4）作让步状语
e.g. Having failed many times,he didn't lose heart.=Although he had failed many times,he didn’t lose heart.
5）作结果状语
e.g. His friend died,leaving him a lot of money. =His friend died,so that he left him a lot of money.
6）作伴随状语
e.g. He stood there,singing loudly.可以理解为两个并列的动作=He stood there and sang loudly.
5.作独立成分
generally speaking一般来说Judging from/by 由……判断出
四、现在分词的两个基本特点
1. 在时间上表示动作正在进行：a developing country. 一个发展中的国家，boiling water 沸水，rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳。

（试比较：a developed country 一个发达国家，boiled water 白开水，risen sun 升起的太阳）
2. 在语态上表示主动：the speaking parrot 会说话的鹦鹉the dancing robot 跳舞的机器人（试比较：the spoken language 口语，the cooked chicken 蒸熟的鸡）
五、现在分词的用法特点
1. 现在分词作定语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。

可换成相应的定语从句。

例如：
①There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light. =…which followed the sudden burst of light
②He saw a flying bird and raised his bow. =…a bird which is flying…
③I was satisfied with the exciting speech.=…with the speech which was exciting
2. 现在分词作状语时，可作时间、条件、结果、原因和伴随状语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。

此时分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，因此要注意人称、时态和语态的一致性。

例如：
①The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here. (伴随)
②European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.（结果）
③Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful. （时间）
3. 现在分词作补足语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作，逻辑主语为宾语。

例如：
①Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.
②The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
4. 现在分词的独立主格结构作状语。

例如：
①With his lips still trembling, he couldn't say a word.
②“ Mama! ” he cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. “妈妈！”他突然哭着喊，泪水从他的脸上流下来。

（这里需要用现在分词的独立主格结构tears rolling down his cheeks 作状语。

）
③Weather permitting, we'll go to the Great wall. 如果天气允许的话，我们就去长城。

（这里需要用现在分词的独立主格结构Weather permitting 作状语。

）。