华生及其行为主义心理学理论(Wahson and its theory of behaviorist psychology)

华生及其行为主义心理学理论（Wahson and its theory ofbehaviorist psychology）Wahson was a typical example of early behaviorism. He used observation, conditioning, oral reporting, quizzes, and other experimentsMethods, many theories about human feeling, emotion, thought and personality have been obtained, and the law of frequency and the proximate cause of learning have been put forwardLaw learning theory.I. the life and works of WahsonJohn Wason (John, B.Watson, 1878~1958) was born in 1878 in Greenville, South carolina. He grew upEducation begins at school. Wahson admitted that he was not a good student, a little lazy, disobedient, a good fight, and his grades were not goodOK, I can barely upgrade. Just enter the local vollman University was changed.In 1894 he entered vollman University, five years after he got master's degree. Later, he chose University of Chicago as the target of obtaining a doctor of PhilosophyStandard. But his enthusiasm for philosophy soon disappeared in his studies, and he could hardly understand the thoughts ofhis mentor, Dewey. However, in AngelUnder the influence, became interested in psychology, and neuroscience as the second branch. He was under the tutelage of Loeb learning biology and physiology.In 1903 he received a degree in philosophy and got married. He was a lecturer at University of Chicago until 1908. In the past few years, heStudy and work, and do a lot of animal behavior experiments, and show the preference for the behavior of the animals as subjects. Began to form his lineA belief in the direction of a doctrine.In 1908, when Wahson became an assistant professor at the University of Chicago, he was given the post of professor at the University of Hopki. Although WahsonHe was very attached to the University of Chicago, but because of the Hopki University, he was asked to direct the lab, giving him a better salary than the University of ChicagoSome of the best conditions for Wahson eventually came to Hopki university. He spent the most glorious years of his academic career here1920.For a long time, Wahson kept thinking about how to makepsychological research more objective. In 1908, in a handout, he made his first public inquiryThinking about questions. In 1912, at the invitation of the cartel, he made a series of lectures at the Columbia University and talked about the problem in his speech. In 1913 he published his article in psychology review entitled "psychology in the eyes of behaviorist"The birth of the psychology of righteousness marked the beginning of the behaviorist revolution. In 1914 he published his first systematic elaboration of behaviorismMonograph act: an introduction to comparative psychology. The publication of the article and the publication of its monographs have had a major impact on the American Psychological community, especiallyThe response to the vast number of young psychologists. Two years later, when Wahson was 38 years old, he was elected president of the American Psychological association. It also explains from a sideWahson's behaviorism was welcomed by the psychologists. In 1919 he published his second book, psychology, from a behaviorist point of viewStudy. This book is the most comprehensive and systematic exposition of his behaviorist views.In 1920, due to a sensational divorce case was forced Wahson resigned from the Hopki university post, he interrupted a academicExperience. In 1921, Wahson entered the business world. He advertised in a behaviorist way. He found the growth curve of new product sales andThere is striking similarity in the growth of animal or human learning curves". He also spent a lot of time popularizing behaviorism. He writes for many magazinesShao behaviorism, and even lectures in person, to teach behaviorist psychology. In 1925, his book "behaviorism" was published. This book is WahsonThe popular expression of behaviorism. In 1930, Wahson revised the book, his last professional work in psychology.In 1947, Wahson retired from the business world,Spent the last few years of his life on a farm in Connecticut. In 1957, the American Psychological Association taughtIn his part of the award, he praised his work as one of the most important determinants of the form and content of modern psychologyIt is the starting point of a persistent and fruitful research course." Wahson is happy to get such an official recognition. In 1958, Wahson wentHe died at the age of 80.Two, the research object of Wahson's behaviorism behaviorAs Wahson in the declaration of "behaviorism behaviorist psychology" in the eyes of a text, theory of behaviorism "declared at the outsetMarking is the prediction and control of behavior".What Wahson says is, first of all, an observable body reaction. The essence of this body reaction is the adaptation of human beings and animals to the external environment. Wahson acknowledges that the term "response" is borrowed from physiology into psychology. But psychology has expanded its usage. That is, psychologyLearn to combine a simple set of physiological responses into a complex set of reactions that combine simple musculoskeletal movements into a form of behavior. ChinaThe students divide the reactions into four categories:1. apparent habits include opening locks, playing tennis, playing the fiddle, building houses, talking to people, and interacting with people;2. implicit habitual responses include conditioned glands, silent speech (i.e., thinking), body orientation, orattitudes;3., the genetic response to penetrance includes all the observed instinctual and emotional responses, such as gripping, sneezing, blinking, etc.;4. implicit genetic responses, including physiological awareness, various changes in the endocrine system and circulatory system studied.Here, Wahson summarizes all the behavior of organisms, and divides these behavioral areas into innate genetic responses and acquired habitual responses.Wahson believes that this distinction is very important, because behaviorism is to find the latter's learning process and way, in order to master the law of its formationThe purpose of predicting behavior and controlling behavior.Three, the research methods of Wahson behaviorism theoryThe following four research methods are employed:1, observation methodWahson recognized the important role of the observation method. He divided observation into two categories.One kind is the observation without help, that is, what is usually called natural observation. Wahson believes that thisobservation can also be used to understand the stimuli that cause reactionsAnd the nature of the reaction and action. However, due to the fact that many phenomena can not be adequately controlled, it can only be a relatively simple and convenient method.The other is the observation by means of instruments. Wahson believes that all scientific advances are related to improvements in experimental means and equipment. Therefore, psychologyIn order to study behavior and imitate natural science, it is necessary to design precise instruments to control subjects effectively and to study behavior more precisely. suchObservation is, in fact, the usual experimental method.2, conditioned reflexWahson thinks conditioned reflex is a very objective method. He divides conditioned reflex into two categories. One is to obtain conditioned secretory reflexesA method is used to obtain conditioned motion reflex. Not only does Wahson formally incorporate the conditioning method into psychological research, butMoreover, this method is applied to the systematic study of children's emotion.3 oral report methodWahson believes that in the normal people, there is a kind of animal does not exist, and even in the metamorphosis of people who are not perfect ability, that isThe ability to observe changes within the body and to make oral presentations of these changes. Moreover, people are more responsive to situationsOften using language rather than other sports. Sometimes, this is even the only observable response. This also determines the study of people not onlyIt is possible and necessary to adopt oral reporting. Wahson's oral reporting law reports only changes within its own body, notIt is the activity of mind and consciousness, and therefore not the usual introspection.4, test methodWahson believes that with the development of science, the difference between pure academic research and applied research is becoming smaller and smaller, and the test method is gradually appliedThe method becomes the method of research. He believes that one of the major problems with the existing test methods is that most of them are related to language behaviorThis makes it impossible for people with language disabilities to use this method. Therefore, he argued that the design and use of language do not necessarily require explicit external languageBehavioral test of performance.Four, the basic view of Wahson theoryThe basic points of view are as follows:1. about feelingFrom his behaviorist point of view, tried to avoid the use of traditional psychological nouns such as "feeling" and substituting "thorn" in his writings"Shock" and "reaction" and so on. He changed the various sensations to "visual response", "auditory response", "pain response", and also "visual reaction error"Substitution illusion. At the same time, Wahson says it can write a psychology without the terms "consciousness", "mental state" and "heart",It uses the terms "stimulus and response" and "habit formation".2. about the relationship between heredity and environmentIn the early days, Wahson did not deny the existence of instinct, but regarded instinct as a kind of system which was systematically displayed by many stimuliA combination of congenital reactions.Later, however, he advocated the abolition of the concept of instinct in psychology, and argued that the concept of instinct was no longer necessary in psychology. He said, "please."Give me a dozen healthy, no defect babies, and let me nurture in my special world, then I can assure you of the dozen babiesIn the middle of the world, I take one out and train him to be any kind of expert - whether his abilities, hobbies, trends, talents, professions, and...What race is like, I can train him to be a doctor, or a lawyer, or an artist, or a business leader, or...You can train him to be a beggar or a thief." This passage has been widely accepted as the classical expression of environmental determinism.3. about the concept of action flowWahson also proposed the concept of action stream to replace James's stream of consciousness. He made a diagram of all the actions of man's life from simple to complexIt is believed that the action of a person's life is a streamof action, beginning with the fertilized egg, and becoming more complicated with age. Some non learning actionsIt disappears in a very short time, while others retain longer. Wahson called the action flow chart an expression of his behaviorist viewBehaviorism is the act of understanding human behavior through these movements. Action flow provides the realistic background for behaviorism to observe human psychology.4. theories of emotionWahson believes that emotion is a genetic type of reaction that involves profound changes in the whole body mechanism, especially the depth of the visceral and glandular systemsChange of engraving. But he thinks instinct is different from emotion. If the stimulus arises, the adaptation is internal and confined to the body of the subjectSo, this is emotion; if stimulation causes the whole organism to adapt to all kinds of objects, then this is instinct.Wahson believes that people have three primitive or basic emotions, namely fear, anger, and love. The fact that Wahson used conditioned fear responses,It is believed that conditioning is the mechanism that complicates and develops emotions, and all kinds of complex emotions are passed on the basis of the above three kinds ofprimitive emotionsFormed by conditioning.For a detailed understanding of conditioned fear responses, click on the "Albert Albert (Little) experiment" - conditioned emotional response test5. about the theory of thinkingWahson thinks that thinking is also a feeling, movement, behavior. He said that there are two kinds of language habits, one is explicit language habits, and this is the wordLanguage;One is implicit language habits, and this is thinking. Two habits are equivalent in nature, so words are loud thinking,Thought is a silent conversation. Here, he also put forward an important idea, that implicit language habits are explicit language habitsEvolved. At first, the children talked to themselves alone, and later, in the request of adults and society, they became quietWords eventually turn into only the lips. Wahson noticed the connection between speech and thought.Wahson also explains the creative role of thinking. "For all the creative creations of the mind," he said, "we get them,"he saidAs a result of the reaction of playing with words. People change the reactions of words, and finally get a new reaction model, which is different kinds of thinkingProduct.Wahson believes that in addition to the language of human thinking, there are non linguistic forms of thinking. He said that the deaf mute was speakingInstead of vocabulary, their speech and thought are carried out by the same physical responses. Even normal people do not always use itVocabulary for thought. When a person is thinking, he not only has latent language activity, but also has latent limbsPhysical activity and latent visceral activity. And when the latter two activities take advantage, there is no language formed thinking.6. about the theory of personalityWahson believes that personality refers to the existing and potential total assets (Assets) and existing and potential liabilities in response(Liabilities). Wahson refers to the assets:First, the various habits that have been made up, socialized, socialized, adjusted, instinctive, socialized, and temperedVarious emotions, and the various combinations and relationships among these things;Second, plasticity (the ability to form new habits and change old habits) and retention (the speed at which established habits restore their function) is highDegree coefficient. That is, the individual's ability to adapt to the current or future external environment.Debt is the potential factor that does not function in the current environment and prevents it from adapting to the changed environment.Furthermore, Wahson points out that personality is the sum total of all actions, and is the final product of all kinds of customary systems. Personality can change. Because it's ringThe influence of the environment, so the way to change your personality is to change the environment in which people live.Five, Wahson's learning theory - the law of learning1, frequency dependent (frequency) lawWahson believes that, in the case of other conditions equal, the more practice a certain behavior, the habit formation faster. Therefore, the number of exercisesPlay an important role in the formation of habit. In the process of forming habits, the effective actions are maintained and the invalid actions disappearBecause effective actions occur more often than any of these invalid actions, it is because each practice always ends up with effective actionThe.For example, in a very simple "T" type test situation, an organism can only make two possible responses: correct responseR+ to represent) and an error response (expressed in R-). For the sake of simplicity, we assume that the initial strength of R+ and R- is similar. Pass through a systemAfter column attempts, what happens is that R- gradually decreases, while R+ increases gradually. Wahson believes that the reason for such a result is becauseR- only happens in half of the attempt, and R+ happens in every attempt. R+ is stronger than R- because R+ occurs more frequently than R-Double. Wahson uses the number of reactions as the basis for the retention or elimination of reactions.2, the law of proximate cause (recency)Wahson believes that when the reaction occurs frequently, the most recent response, the earlier response, is more likely to be enhanced because there is one in every practiceEffective response is always the last reaction, so this reaction must be more likely to occur in the next exercise. As a result, he left the reaction successfulFar and near as the principle of explaining some reactions to be retained and some reactions being eliminated. In his view, the habit of reaction must be the most successful timeRecent reactions.Six, comments(I) progressive significance of behaviorist psychology;1. the birth and development of behaviorist psychology promote the scientific progress of psychology. Prior to behaviorist psychology, despite experimentsThe method has been applied to the study of psychological problems. However, the requirements and implementation of the comprehensive, objective and natural science of psychology are stillStarting from behaviorist psychology. Wahson argued for an objective approach to studying the observable behavior of humans and animals. This emphasizes in generalThe objectivity of the research object and the objectivity of the research methods. This view is, for psychology, extreme, but it is trueThe bottom clearance of traditional consciousness and psychology of subjectivity, tedious, mystery and conventionality, still play a positive role. That's okFor psychology, the study of psychology has stepped into the category of natural science. Therefore, some scholars call it "the behaviorist revolution", soThe evaluation is not excessive.2. behavioral psychology promotes the study of learning theory. Because Wahson advocates behaviorist psychology to predict, control, and shape organic matterThe behavior of the body, and the change and shaping of behavior, are achieved through the process of learning. Therefore, behaviorist psychology attaches great importance to the learning processResearch 。