Scottish independence- It'll cost you 苏格兰独立代价不小

Scottish independence:It It''ll cost you蘇格蘭獨⽴代價不⼩（The Economist《經濟學⼈》[2012.04.14]）Scottish independence would come at a high price蘇格蘭可能會為獨⽴付出⾼昂代價IN1698the nobles and landowners of the Kingdom of Scotland tried to elevate their country to a world trading nation by colonize ing the isthmus of Panama.The Darien scheme failed and nearly bankrupted the country.Within a decade Scotland had signed an Act of Union with England to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Scots found it tough in the18th century to be a small nation in a globalising world.But nationalists are an optimistic bunch,and they would dearly like to have another go. 1698年,蘇格蘭王國的貴族與⼤地主試圖通過殖民統治巴拿⾺地峽把他們的國家提升為世界貿易強國。

達裏恩（Darien）計畫失敗了，⽽且幾乎讓該國破產。

此後不到10年，蘇格蘭與英格蘭簽署了聯合法案（Act of Union），創建了⼤不列顛聯合王國。

18世紀的蘇格蘭⼈就已經發現，在全球化世界中，⼀個⼩國是何等不易。

但民族主義者是⼀夥樂觀分⼦，他們很樂意再試⼀次。

In two years’time the people of Scotland will be asked whether they want to become an independent sovereign state.It is not often that a300-year-old union is broken,so the vote will have ramifications far beyond a land of5m people.Scottish independence could lead to a break-up of the United Kingdom.The Catalans,among other disaffectedEuropean groups,see Scottish independence as a harbinger of their own bid for nationhood.Other diverse nation-states watch,and worry.兩年後，蘇格蘭⼈民將被問及他們是否想讓蘇格蘭成為⼀個主權國家。

歷經300年的聯盟解體這種事很少發⽣，因此這次投票的後果及其影響遠遠超出⼀個有500萬⼈⼝的地區。

蘇格蘭獨⽴可能會導致聯合王國的⽡解。

加泰羅尼亞⼈（Catalans）和其他⼼懷不滿的歐洲民族將視蘇格蘭獨⽴為他們⾃⼰建⽴獨⽴國家的先聲。

其他多民族國家的⼈民也以憂慮的⽬光注視著這次公投。

Some of the arguments for and against Scottish independence are aimed at the heart. Alex Salmond’s pro-independence Scottish National Party(SNP)says Scotland has its own“society and nation”that could thrive with autonomy.It has also played on local resentment at being bossed around by posh Westminster politicians—so successfully that no politician with an English accent,let alone a plummy one,is likely to play a large part in the pro-union campaign.As for the unionists,they argue that Britain would be diminished on the world stage if Scotland were to go its own way. Petty resentments and centuries-ago battles notwithstanding,the nations have rubbed along pretty well over the years and have a glorious common history,they say.Why dissolve the marriage now?有⼀些⽀持或反對蘇格蘭獨⽴的論點打的是感情牌。

以亞曆克斯•薩爾蒙德（Alex Salmond）為⾸的蘇獨政黨蘇格蘭民族黨（SNP）認為，蘇格蘭⾃⼰的“社會與民族”可以通過⾃治⽽繁榮。

它也利⽤了蘇格蘭⼈民對⾃⼰被倫敦政府那些富貴政治家肆意指揮的不滿——這種利⽤如此成功，以⾄於任何講英格蘭⼝⾳英語的政治家都不⼤可能在⽀持聯合的活動中起重⼤作⽤，更不⽤說那些講英格蘭上流社會英語的⼈了。

⽽那些聯合主義者則認為，如果蘇格蘭獨⽴，英國在世界舞臺上的作⽤會減⼩。

他們說，儘管兩個民族間有些⼩恩怨，還有幾百年前的戰爭，但各民族多年來相處得還算不錯，⼤家有著共同的光輝歷史。

那為什麼現在要解除聯合呢？Every nation has its price每個民族都可以代價⽽沽The political and cultural issues around independence are hotly debated.Yet fittingly, in the birthplace of Adam Smith economic arguments seem to weigh heaviest.Opinion polls suggest that they will determine whether or not Scots go for independence.One poll found that just21%of Scots would favour independence if it would leave them £500($795)a year worse off,and only24%would vote to stay in the union even if they would be less well off sticking with Britain.Almost everyone else would vote for independence if it brought in roughly enough money to buy a new iPad,and against it if not.⼈們就獨⽴有關的政治與⽂化問題激烈辯論，但看來經濟⽅⾯的爭論最為重要，這在亞當•史密斯（Adam Smith）[注]的出⽣地的確很合適。

民調顯⽰，蘇格蘭⼈將出於經濟⽅⾯的考慮決定是否獨⽴。

⼀項民調發現，如果獨⽴使蘇格蘭⼈的年收⼊減少500英鎊（795美元），則只有21%的⼈⽀持獨⽴；⽽即使留在英國會讓他們的收⼊減少也要投票留下的⼈只占24%。

⾄於其他的⼈，如果獨⽴能差不多讓他們買⼀部新iPad，那幾乎每個⼈都⽀持獨⽴，反之則投票反對。

Opinions on the economics of independence are starkly divided.Nationalists argue that,mostly thanks to North Sea oil and gas,Scotland subsidises the union and would be better off alone.The more sneering sort of unionist argues the opposite,that Scotland is a parasitic subsidy junkie.獨⽴將對經濟有何影響，對此問題的回答分歧很⼤。

民族主義者認為，主要由於北海的⽯油與天然氣，蘇格蘭在財政上補貼了聯合王國，獨⽴會在經濟上有利。

對此持更為不屑⼀顧的聯合主義者觀點完全相反，認為蘇格蘭是⼀個⼀味追求補貼的寄⽣蟲。

Both are wrong,in the short term at least.Assuming it keeps the oil and gas extracted from under Scottish waters,an independent Scotland would currently gain roughly as much in taxes as it would lose in subsidy(see article).這兩種觀點⾄少在短期內都是錯誤的。

假設獨⽴後蘇格蘭仍可⽣產同樣多的⽯油與天然氣，這在稅收上的收益⼤致與它失去的現有聯合王國補貼相當（⾒另⽂）。

The future,however,looks much dicier.This is a stormy economic world,and an independent Scotland would be a small,vulnerable barque.It would depend on oil for some18%of its GDP,making it subject to shifts in global commodity prices.Though high oil and gas prices have pushed up tax revenues,if they drop production as well as receipts would plummet.The richest reserves have already been exploited,leaving inaccessible oil that becomes uneconomic when prices fall.North Sea production has been falling by about6%a year for the past decade.Eventually the oil will run out entirely.但將來的情況就不容易確定得多了。

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江苏省扬州中学2015届高三1月质量检测语文

江苏省扬州中学1月质量检测高三英语试卷2015.1本卷分为第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题），满分120分。

考试时间120分钟。

第I 卷（选择题,三部分,共75分）第一部分听力（共两节，每题1分，满分20分）第一节(共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. Where does the conversation most probably take place?A. In a park.B. In a zoo.C. In a pet store.2. What does the woman mean?A. Things here are very cheap.B. Things here are not cheap.C. She doesn’t know whether things here are cheap or not.3. Where are the two speakers going to plant the tree?A. By the front door.B. At the back of the garage.C. At the end of the garden.4. Where does the conversation take place?A. In a shop.B. In a hotel.C. In a restaurant.5. What do we learn from the conversation?A. The man went to New Zealand during Christmas.B. The man visited New Zealand during the summer holiday.C. The man’s parents live in New Zealand.第二节(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)听下面5段对话。

英美文化与国家概况课后答案

英美文化与国家概况课后答案英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores….2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ?2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again. Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century.3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain.3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation.4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?4.Yes, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use.5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspendedfor the duration of the war.6. What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?6. Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.7. Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have different solutions to the political problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes.7. Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".8. Has the author offered a solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?8. The problem lay in the "commitment to peaceful methods" aspect of the possible talks. Province-wide elections are planned under a complex formula to ensure a wide range of representation on the body which will carry out these talks, in an attempt to give them legitimacy. Without the participation of Sinn Fein and the IRA it is hard to see them succeeding. Northern Ireland is poised on the brink—a new peaceful future, or a return to the violence that has claimed 3150 lives so far.9. What is the oldest institution of government?9. The oldest institution of government is the Monarchy (rule by the king).10. What is the name of the charter of liberty and political rights granted by King John in 1215?10. It was a gang of feudal barons and the Church which opposed some of King John's (1199—1216) policies. This opposition was so powerful that the king finally granted them a charter of liberty and political rights, still known by its medieval Latin name of Magna Carta. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britain's key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.11. Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature? Who is the most important figure in Elizabethan Drama? What are some of his major works?11. Shakespeare is the most important figure at that time. He excels in each kind. The tragedies include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Among the comedies are The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, and The Tempest. His history plays, based on English history, include Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V. Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra are tragedies on classical themes.12. What do we call the group of important Parliamentarians?12. The House of Commons.13. Which party forms the government and who becomes Prime Minister?13. The party that wins most votes in general election and the leader of this winning party would become Prime Minister.16. Who can stand for election as an MP?16. Anyone who is eligible vote to can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds (a quite easily obtainable amount in the UK) which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.17. What are the three major parties? Which party is the party that spent most time in power?17. There are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to about 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so. The Conservative Party spent most time in power19. When was the British economy dominant in the world?19. By the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world's manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton.20. By what time was the UK overtaken by other countries, such as the US and Germany? 20. But even by 1900 this was no longer the case, the UK having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany; and certainly from 1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline.21. Which country does it refer to as "the Jewel in the Crown"? When did it gain its independence?21. India, popularly known as "The Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947.22. What are some of the positive and negative effects of non-white immigrants on British society according to the author?22. This has a number of consequences for British society, mainly positive, though with some indirect negative effects. On the positive side such immigrant groups bring their culture with them, which increases the variety and interest within British culture: for example, the UK, which used to have a bad reputation for food, now has a cuisine as varied as any, with Indian and Chinese restaurants in every community, as well as many other varieties in bigger cities. This variety in restaurant food has resulted in more experimentation at home, so that shops now carry a much wider variety of goods to supply the demand, and there are many TV programmes and books devoted to all kinds of different cooking. The negative side of things lies largely in the attitude of some of their white neighbours.23. What is the general situation of racial relations in the UK?23. While there is a growing ethnic minority middle-class, and many individual success stories, by most measures the immigrant population is worse-off economically speaking than the white population as a whole. Individuals from ethnic minorities are more likely to be unemployed; and they are under-represented in politics too, though there are now a number of black and Asian MPs. But there are also a number of small political parties in the UK with overtly racist policies.24. Why is Geoffrey Chaucer, who wrote in Middle English, still read and studied today? 24. With the Norman Conquest in 1066 Britain entered the Middle Ages (1066—1485), and the language of the royal court became French. So literature of that period was written in French or Latin. But one work from these times often studied today by middle school and college students is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1343—1400). He was the first court poet to write inEnglish.25. When was the term "parliament" first used officially?25. The word "parliament" comes from the verb "to parley", that is, to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money. 26. The author says that "the media are central to British leisure culture", why does the author say so?26. On an average day, 90 per cent of Britons over the age of 15 read a national or local paper. And in the evening, most Britons settle down to watch some television: 96 percent of the population watch TV at least once a week, making it Britain's most popular leisure activity. The third most popular pastime, after watching telly and reading newspapers, is listening to the radio, an activity in which 73 per cent of the population engages in on a weekly basis. It is obvious, then, that the media are central to British leisure culture.27. What are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture? In what way is it different from the United States?27. British newspaper culture is unusual in the extent to which class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read. In other developed countries like Japan and the United States, newspaper reading is a mainly middle-class habit, but in Britain the "lower classes" are also regular readers.28. Is the British press free from the government control and censorship? What is the relationship between the British press and politics or business?28. While officially speaking the British press is "free" from government control and censorship and can print what it likes, there are limits to what will appear in the daily paper.29. How does the BBC operate? How is it different from American broadcasting systems? 29. The British Broadcasting Corporation - more familiarly known as the BBC or even "the Beeb" - is Britain's main public service broadcaster The BBC is funded by licence fees and viewers must buy a license each year for their TV set.31. What is Modernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples? 31. Modernism in literature can be seen as a reaction against the nineteenth century forms discussed above, which can be thought of as assuming understanding between writer and reader, resulting in the simple communication of an agreed version of the "world". This approach to writing is known as "Realism." Instead, Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, therefore, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action….32. What is Postmodernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?32. Postmodernists can be thought of as abandoning that search. Meaning does not exist outside of the human head, likewise it does not exist inside a book, waiting to be discovered, instead it is made in the process of reading a book, or of making sense of the world….33. How has the Christian church influenced British sports? Please pick up some examples from the text.33. Tennis was invented in Britain and it owes its origins, literally, to the Church. Church recordsindicate that by the mid-fifteenth century, people were making a game of bouncing a ball off the side of their local churches or cathedrals, first using the hand, and later a racquet. This was called "tenys". Such antics sometimes offended the clergy who complained that the dignity and tranquility of the church was shattered by such games, but they also illustrate how central the church was to community life.34. What is the origin of football?34. There are legends that suggest that games like football and rugby actually derived from the "sport" of ancient warriors celebrating victory by kicking around the decapitated head of an enemy. There is a similar grisly tale told about origins of bowling: it is said that in ancient times, Scottish warriors rolled the skulls of their enemies along the grass for sport.35. How is the violence of "football hooligans" related to the British history of football?35. Today, violence is still associated with football. "Football hooligans", supporters of rival teams, sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town, breaking windows and beating each other up. Some football fans paint their faces and sing or chant football songs and it is not too difficult to imagine their warrior-ancestors.36. Why is cricket very English? Why does the author believe that cricket was associated with a set of English moral values?36. As generations of public school boys grew up to become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colonies, cricket became associated with a set of moral values, in particular the idea of "fair play" which characterised British government. Sir Ian Bancroft, a high level civil servant in the 1980s, remembered that when he began his career in Whitehall, one day his government minister was so angry that he threw the telephone at him. Sir Ian said he knew exactly how to respond: "having played cricket I was able to catch it and hand it back to him politely."37. Christmas is the biggest and best-loved British holiday? How do the British celebrate this holiday?37. Yes. Nowadays, Christmas is celebrated by most Britons by exchanging gifts and Christmas cards, preparing holiday foods, and decorating homes and workplaces with coloured lights, Christmas trees and ornaments.38. How do the British celebrate the Queen's Birthday? What is the origin of this holiday? 38. One of Britain's most impressive and colourful festivals happens on the second Saturday in June when the Queen's Birthday is officially celebrated by "trooping the colour" around Buckingham Palace in London.39. Bonfire Night is one truly English holiday. How and why do the English celebrate this holiday?39. The English do not celebrate their famous writers or battles or patron saints, although they have all these things. However, one truly English holiday is Bonfire Night—sometimes called Guy Fawkes Night—celebrated in the early autumn.40. How do the Protestants and Catholics celebrate their own holidays in Northern Ireland? What traditions are behind their celebrations?40. Another festival which comes from the 17th century battles between Catholics and Protestants is the Protestant celebration of their victory at the Battle of the Boyne (12 July) in 1690. Northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland, St Patrick, on March 17 each year.41. How is Hogmanay celebrated in Scotland? What other festivals are celebrated inScotland?41. While most British people welcome the coming of the New Year with parties, in Scotland, New Year's Eve called Hogmanay (31 December)—is the major winter celebration, and overshadows Christmas (called Yule in Scotland) which is a very quiet affair. How Hogmanay is celebrated varies throughout Scotland, but one widely practised custom is "first footing". There is a superstitious belief that the first person to cross the threshold of a household in the New Year can bring luck and prosperity: the appearance of a young, preferably dark haired and handsome man, is considered particularly lucky. First footers often bring a bottle of spirits, alcohol, a lump of coal or a peat as a gift and are given a "dram of whisky" as their reward.42. Which are the two most important and famous universities in Britain?42. Cambridge University and Oxford University.43. What is the goal of education in the U.K.?43. The goal of British education is to socialize children.44. Is the British education system run by the state or the private sector?44. The British education system run by the state.45. Where do British universities receive their funds besides students tuition?45. In the UK, the amount of funding each university receives is based on its size, the number of students it teaches, and the research it conducts. So far, the UK has only one privately funded university, the University of Buckingham.46. Why does the author say that "the way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society"?46. For individual members of any society the home they live in is of great importance in their lives. The way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society—its standard of living, its social and familial structure, the distribution of wealth in a society—both in terms of geography and social hierarchy—and even something about that society's values and dreams.47. What are the four main types of home in Britain? How do they reflect the cost and status of homes? What are some of the major types of home in China?47. There are, broadly speaking, four main types of home. The first kind are "flats" (or apartments), of varying size, often in modern multi-storey purpose-built buildings, though sometimes made by sub-dividing big old houses. Flats are often publicly owned. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row; the fourth one is “detached.”48. How are people in the UK divided into different classes?48. The British people are divided into classes economically, culturally, educationally and etc.49. Is the class system similar with the United States?49. What is distinctive about the British class-system, and which marks it as different from the American or Chinese social structure, is that it has also retained a hereditary aristocracy.50. What and how did the British empire end? How did the British react to this reality?50. Two world wars had seriously influenced its empire position. The end of the great British empire was surprisingly rapid. In 1946, Jordan, in the Middle East, was granted independence. The following year, India and Pakistan followed suit. In 1948, Burma and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) were granted independence and left the Commonwealth as well, refusing to recognise the Britishmonarch as the head of their new states. Throughout the next few decades, the process of decolonisation continued as other territories and possessions received their independence or were returned to their rightful rulers.51. What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policy?51. The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.52. How is Britain's foreign policy made? Does the government's foreign policy represent the desires of British citizens?52. The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain's foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government's decisions.53. Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remains controversial in Britain?53. The decision to join the EEC was very controversial; and today, Britain's participation in the European Union, as it is now called, remains controversial. At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear what the European Union(EU) is and what it will become. The UK has always been very interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.However, the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty (that is, its control over national decision-making) to a European government.54. Why does the author think that Britain has the "special relationship" with the United States? Does this relationship still exist?54. Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with the United States. This was quite natural, as the two were closely allied during World War II, and continued to work together closely in the post war years because they shared many of the same worries about the Soviet Union. Even today, in many respects British and American policy-makers agree generally on, for example, how the global economy should be managed, how a warlike state should be dealt with, issues about arms control and so on.55. What are some of the general characteristics of Australia in terms of land, people and culture?55. Australia is the world's smallest continent and largest island, a relatively young nation established in an ancient land. Its development represents a triumph over remoteness and a harsh landscap e…56. Discuss the climate in Australia. What are some of the major differences between Australia and China in terms of the climate?56. Australia is the driest inhabited continent and its rainfall varies extremely geographically and seasonally. Mean annual rainfall is 465mm. Rainfall varies from less than 150mm over the centre of the continent to more than 2m in parts of the tropics and western Tasmania. The average annual surface runoff, about 440km3, represents 12 per cent of total rainfall. Evaporation accounts for most of the rest.57. What are the six states of Australia? What are some of the major similarities or differences in terms of population, early settlement and economy in the six states?57. Australia has six states: New South Wales (NSW), Victoria, Queensland, South Australia (SA), Western Australia (WA) and Tasmania. It also has three internal territories-the Northern Territory (NT), the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Jervis Bay Territory-and seven external territories.58. Can you point out some main differences between the Australian government system and the British government system?58. Broadly, the Australian federation has a three-tier system of government: the Australian Parliament (the legislature) and Government, responsible for all matters of national interest; six state governments and their legislatures, complementing the activities of the national government (plus the Australian Capital territory and the Northern Territory, which are similar to the states and largely self-governing); and about 900 local government bodies at the city, town, municipal and shire level.59. Discuss the Australian education system. What are some of the features in the system that are specifically Australian?59. Each state and territory of Australia has its own primary and secondary education system. Standards, however, are high and reasonably uniform. Within each state and territory system there are two main types of school-government and nongovernment schools. In government schools, attended by about two thirds of children, tuition is free. About three-quarters of the non-government schools are Catholic. Most non-government schools charge fees.60. What are some of the distinct features of New Zealand's geography? Find out similarities and differences in terms of geography between New Zealand and Australia.60. Situated in the southwest Pacific Ocean, New Zealand is a large, long group of islands, 1600 kilometres from north to south. There are two main landmasses, the North Island and the South Island, separated by Cook Strait. The third largest island, Stewart Island, is south of the South Island, and there are many smaller islands, including uninhabited isolated islands hundreds of kilometres offshore. Its nearest large neighbour-Australia—is almost 2 000 km away.61. What are some of the similarities between New Zealand and Britain in the government system?61. New Zealand's constitution is made up of parliamentary statutes (laws), judicial rulings (court decisions) and administrative practices. New Zealand has no written constitution. The Constitution Act 1986 defines the relationship between the legislative (Parliament), executive (Government departments and agencies) and judicial (the courts) roles of government.New Zealand is an independent state, governed by a democratically elected parliament. The Head of State is the British monarch Queen Elizabeth II in her capacity as Queen of New Zealand, represented by a Governor-General. The Governor-General's agreement is required for an Act of Parliament to become law.62. How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?62. With the fast development of commerce and trade, the bourgeoisie became increasingly powerful in politics as well as in economy. They wanted to share power with feudal lords and in some countries such as England they wanted to have more power from the king so that they could have free development. The English Revolution was the result of this growth of capitalism.63. What was the unique American phenomenon ? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?。

英国是如何形成的英文作文

英国是如何形成的英文作文The Formation of the United KingdomThe United Kingdom, or the UK, is a unitary sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is composed of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK has a rich and complex history, with its formation being the result of a series of political and cultural events that spanned centuries.The origins of the UK can be traced back to the 10th century, when the Kingdom of England emerged as a distinct political entity. The English kingdom was forged through the unification of several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, including Wessex, Mercia, and Northumbria. This process was driven by the efforts of key figures such as King Alfred the Great and King Athelstan, who worked to consolidate their power and establish a centralized system of governance.Alongside the development of the English kingdom, the neighboring regions of Scotland and Wales also began to take shape as distinct political and cultural entities. The Kingdom of Scotland emerged in the 9th century, with the unification of the Picts and Gaels under the rule of King Kenneth MacAlpin. Meanwhile, the principality of Walesremained a collection of independent Welsh kingdoms, each with its own distinct language, customs, and traditions.The first major step towards the formation of the UK came in the16th century, when the Acts of Union were passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. These acts, signed in 1707, formally united the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into a single political entity known as the Kingdom of Great Britain. This union was driven by a variety of factors, including economic considerations, the desire for greater political stability, and the need to present a united front against common enemies.The unification of England and Scotland was not without its challenges, however. The cultural and linguistic differences between the two countries, as well as the longstanding tensions and rivalries, meant that the process of integration was often contentious and fraught with conflict. Over time, however, these differences began to be reconciled, and a shared sense of British identity began to emerge.The next major development in the formation of the UK came in the early 19th century, with the inclusion of the Kingdom of Ireland. In 1800, the Acts of Union were once again invoked, this time to merge the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into a single political entity known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. This union was driven by a variety of factors, includingthe desire to strengthen the UK's position on the global stage and to address the ongoing political instability in Ireland.The inclusion of Ireland, however, was not without its own set of challenges. The Irish people had a long history of resistance to British rule, and the integration of Ireland into the UK was often marked by violence and unrest. This ultimately led to the partition of Ireland in 1921, with the southern portion becoming an independent republic, while the northern portion remained part of the UK as Northern Ireland.Despite these challenges, the formation of the UK has had a profound impact on the history and development of the region. The unification of the various kingdoms and principalities under a single political entity has allowed for the creation of a powerful and influential global force, with the UK playing a key role in shaping the course of world events throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.The UK's influence can be seen in a variety of areas, from its role in the colonization and expansion of the British Empire, to its contributions to the arts, sciences, and technological innovation. The country has also played a significant role in the development of democratic governance, with the UK's parliamentary system serving as a model for many other countries around the world.At the same time, the formation of the UK has also been marked by ongoing tensions and challenges. The cultural and linguistic diversity of the UK's constituent nations has led to ongoing debates about the nature of British identity and the balance of power within the union. These issues have been particularly prominent in recent years, with the 2014 Scottish independence referendum and the UK's decision to leave the European Union (Brexit) both serving as flashpoints for these debates.Despite these challenges, however, the UK remains a powerful and influential global force, with a rich and complex history that continues to shape the course of events both within its borders and around the world. As the country navigates the challenges of the21st century, it will be interesting to see how the UK's unique history and identity continue to evolve and adapt to the changing demands of the modern world.。

英国的政治英文作文

英国的政治英文作文英文：As a citizen of the United Kingdom, I am deeply interested in the political landscape of my country. The UK has a parliamentary system of government, which means that we elect Members of Parliament (MPs) to represent us in the House of Commons. The party with the most MPs forms the government, and the leader of that party becomes the Prime Minister.Recently, there has been a lot of political turmoil in the UK, particularly surrounding Brexit. The UK voted to leave the European Union in 2016, but negotiations have been ongoing ever since. There have been several Prime Ministers since the Brexit vote, and each one has struggled to come up with a plan that satisfies everyone.One of the biggest issues in UK politics right now is the question of Scottish independence. Scotland held areferendum on independence in 2014, which was narrowly defeated. However, since then, the Scottish National Party (SNP) has gained a lot of support, and there is growing pressure for another referendum. This is a complex issue, as it raises questions about national identity, economic stability, and the future of the UK as a whole.Another issue that has been in the news recently is the scandal surrounding Dominic Cummings, an advisor to the Prime Minister. Cummings was accused of breaking lockdown rules during the COVID-19 pandemic, and there were callsfor him to resign. However, he refused to do so, and the Prime Minister stood by him. This has led to accusations of cronyism and a lack of accountability in government.Overall, the political situation in the UK is complex and ever-changing. There are many different opinions and viewpoints, and it can be difficult to keep up with all the latest developments.中文：作为英国公民，我对我国的政治局势非常感兴趣。

Scottish independence referendum, 2014

Background Social evaluation Influence
Process
Result
The independence referendum question, which voters answered with "Yes" or "No", was "Should Scotland be an independent country?" The "No" side won, with 55.3% voting against independence.
Background
Social evaluation Process
Influence
Result
5 Social evaluation
Analysts believe that no matter how is the result of the Scottish independence referendum, to be in this position that the fissure between local governments and the United Kingdom in Scotland has reached a fairly deep degree, this gap has the profound historical and realistic reasons, not at the moment, can easily make up overnight. To eliminate the centrifugal force, the United Kingdom has a long way to go.

英国历史1

They left no written records and the only relic giving evidence of their existence were stone monuments, the biggest of which was Stonehenge （史前巨石群）.
0Early history（史前—43A.D.）
6. House of York 约克王朝1461~1485
7. House of Tudors(都铎王朝) 1485~1603
Religious reformation
8. The House of Stuart斯图亚特王朝 1603~1714
British Bourgeois Revolution
They were dark-haired and nomadic Stone Age (石器时代)hunters, who raised themselves from savagery（原始状态，野蛮人） onto the first step of the civilized life, taming（驯养） dogs, pigs, adopting the use of bronze and beginning farming.
Unit Two History—Lesson 3 A Brief History of the UK
Pushing into Scotland, The Romans built a gigantic wall, Hadrian's Wall, to control the frontier. The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.

抵抗天赋的诱惑(中英文)

抵抗天赋的诱惑(记贝索斯在普林斯顿大学2010年学士毕业典礼上的演讲) 我一直相信每一个人都有自己的天赋，每一个人的存在都代表着宇宙空间中的一种唯一，然而令我经常都在深思的是，既然我们都是这样的独特，又为何偏偏要去模仿和畸变成拥有同类“基因”的人呢？为什么我们中的很多人都不愿意去追逐属于自己的理想，或者不能为此奋斗一生呢，抑或者一生都是在自欺欺人的辩解？在Randy的The Last Lecture中我深深的感受到了一个人追逐自己最初理想的意义会变得如此的伟大，充满的是一种人生最大的和最根本的价值。

一直在想这样的一个问题，当社会尚且艰难，生活尚且苦难的日子里都有如此多人在追逐属于自己梦想的时候；在一个生活舒适，物质条件优越的年代我们竟然不知所措的迷失掉自己的方向，找不到自己前行的路。

这是多么可悲和可笑的一种境况！我们，有了更高的天赋，有了更好的环境，却因为有更多的选择而抹杀了我们自己的梦...这确实让人觉得不可思议！我相信每个人都有自己最初的梦想，在这样的一个年代，在这样一个至少没有饥寒交迫的时代，我坚信追逐自己理想的人会获得生命尽头最高贵的礼物和人生最大的价值！记：在一个可以实现最初梦想的时代选择不可以的沉默必将是这个时代最损失的损失，也必将是生活在这个时代的人最遗憾的遗憾...附：抵抗天赋的诱惑（贝索斯在普林斯顿大学2010年学士毕业典礼上的演讲）中文译稿：在我还是一个孩子的时候，我的夏天总是在德州祖父母的农场中度过。

我帮忙修理风车，为牛接种疫苗，也做其它家务。

每天下午，我们都会看肥皂剧，尤其是《我们的岁月》。

我的祖父母参加了一个房车俱乐部，那是一群驾驶Airstream拖挂型房车的人们，他们结伴遍游美国和加拿大。

每隔几个夏天，我也会加入他们。

我们把房车挂在祖父的小汽车后面，然后加入300余名Airstream探险者们组成的浩荡队伍。

我爱我的祖父母，我崇敬他们，也真心期盼这些旅程。

那是一次我大概十岁时的旅行，我照例坐在后座的长椅上，祖父开着车，祖母坐在他旁边，吸着烟。

全国高三高中英语专题试卷带答案解析

全国高三高中英语专题试卷班级:___________ 姓名：___________ 分数：___________一、单项选择1. The dictionary is ______: many words have been added to the language since it was published.A．out of control B．out of dateC．out of sight D．out of reach2.The study suggests that the cultures we grow up _______influence the basic processes by which we see world around us.A．on B．inC．at D．about3. I have always enjoyed all the events you organized and I hope to attend in the coming yearsA．little more B．no moreC．much more D．many more4. Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 ℃____ the average.A．below B．onC．at D．above5.Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes animals both on land and sea?A．about B．toC．with D．over6.These comments came specific questions often asked by local newsmen.A．in memory of B．in response toC．in touch with D．in possession of7.Most people work because it’s unavoidable. , there are some people who actually enjoy work.A．As a result B．In additionC．By contrast D．In conclusion8.The little pupil took his grandma the arm and walked her across the street.A．on B．byC．in D．at9.The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but _________contained any useful suggestions.A．all B．noneC．either D．Neither10.Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is tolive_________nature.A．in view of B．in need ofC．in touch with D．in harmony with11.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around _______ Thomas Edison.A．thanks to B．regardless ofC．aside from D．but for12. This meeting room is a non-smoking area. I would like to warn you _____ that if you smoked here you would be fined.A．in advance B．in detailC．in total D．in general13.I think Mrs. Stark could be _______ between 50 and 60 years of age.A．anywhere B．anybodyC．anyhow D．anything14.Susan made______ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.A．that B．thisC．it D．her15. ---When shall Icall, in the morning or afternoon?----___. I’ll be in all day.A．Any B．NoneC．Neither D．Either16. In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in,knives and forks.A．another B．othersC．both D．all17.I’d appreciate ________ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.A．it B．youC．one D．this18.An average of just 18.75cm of rain fell last year, making ______ the driest year since Californiabecame a state in 1850.A．each B．itC．this D．one19.She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went _______ the road.A．on B．alongC．from D．off20._______ the school, the village has a clinic, which was also built with government support.A．In reply to B．In addition toC．In charge of D．In place of21.Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence.___; it could just put you in debt.A． In other words B．All in allC． As a result D．On the other hand22.Our club is open to everyone____age, sex or educational background.A．due to B．except forC．along with D．regardless of23.Check carrots，potatoes, onions and any other vegetables_____ and immediatelyuse or throw away anywhich show signs of rotting.A．in demand B．in storeC．on loan D．on sale24.The Scottish girl ________ blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest.A．by B．of C．in D．with25.People won’t pay attention to you when they still have a lot of ideas of their own crying _______ expression. A．from B．overC．with D．for26.There’s no reason to be disappointed. ______, this could be rather amusing.A．Above all B．As a resultC．In addition D．As a matter of fact27.Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years, she lost ______ of her enthusiasm for life. A．some B．neitherC．none D．All28.It's an either－or situation—we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can't do ________. A．others B．eitherC．another D．both29.At our factory there are a few machines similar to________ described in this magazine.A．them B．theseC．those D．ones30.The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than ________ on the small ones.A．one B．thisC．that D．it31.________ can be good at something for 40 years if he doesn't love it.A．Anybody B．EverybodyC．Nobody D．Somebody32.To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and then ________ of her colleagues.A．that B．oneC．ones D．those33.It will be a big help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner. ______, I’ll set the table.A．As a result B．On the wholeC．In the meanwhile D．As a matter of fact34.The manager wants to see changes in the company, and I am sure he will.A．in particular B．in turnC．in charge D．in time35.It was a real race ________ time to get the project done. Luckily, we made it.A．over B．byC．for D．against36.A serious study of physics is impossible ________ some knowledge of mathematics.A．against B．beforeC．beyond D．without37.I am always delighted whenI receive an e－mail from you ________．the party on July 1sh.I shall be pleased to attend”．A．On account of B．In response toC．In view of D．With regard to38.An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered ________ a long lost antique Greek vase.A．at random B．by chanceC．in turn D．on occasion39.I have an appointment ________ Dr. Smith, but I need to change it.A．to B．offC．with D．from40.Mrs. Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess, as her children are always ________ whenever she tries to. A．in the way B．on watchC．in sight D．on the line全国高三高中英语专题试卷答案及解析一、单项选择1. The dictionary is ______: many words have been added to the language since it was published.A．out of control B．out of dateC．out of sight D．out of reach【答案】B【解析】句意：这本字典过时了：自从它被出版，很多单词被增加到这个语言中。

苏格兰简介英文介绍

苏格兰简介英文介绍Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, located on the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a maritime border with England to the southeast, and is surrounded by council areas in England such as Northumberland, Cumbria, Dumfries and Galloway, and Borders. To the north, it is bounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Norwegian Sea; to the west, by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea; and to the east, by the North Sea.Scotland has a rich history dating back to the pre-Roman era, with notable periods such as the王国of Scotland (Kingdom of Scotland), which existed as an independent state until 1707 when it entered into the Treaty of Union with England to create the United Kingdom. Despite this union, Scotland has retained many aspects of its distinct culture, legal system (which includes the concept of "not proven"), and education system.The Scottish Parliament, based in Edinburgh, was established in 1999 after a referendum led to the restoration of the devolved parliament. It has legislative power over various matters including education, health, and justice, whileother areas remain under the remit of the UK Parliament in Westminster.Geographic features of Scotland include its mountainous terrain, notably the Grampian Mountains, heather moorlands, and extensive coastlines with deep lochs (lakes) and rivers. Ben Nevis is the highest peak in Scotland and the UK. The country also boasts a range of wildlife, including the iconic Highland cow, red deer, golden eagle, and a variety of fish species in its waters.Culturally, Scotland is known for its contributions to literature, with famous writers like Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott. It is also famous for its traditional music and instruments such as the bagpipes, as well as for tartan, a pattern that is closely associated with Scottish dress. Annual events like the Highland Games celebrate Scottish culture with athletic contests, music, and dancing.Economically, Scotland has a diverse economy that includes sectors such as oil and gas, tourism, whisky production, agriculture, and manufacturing. The capital city, Edinburgh, along with Glasgow, are important economic and cultural centers.Scotland has also played significant roles in varioushistorical events and movements, including the Scottish Enlightenment, a philosophical and intellectual movement in the 18th century that transformed much of Scottish society and had a profound effect on the world. Additionally, there have been ongoing discussions regarding Scottish independence, highlighted by the 2014 referendum in which a majority voted to remain part of the UK, though support for independence continues to be a significant political presence.。

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