Hydroelectric Power
上海高考英语卷
上海高考英语卷Shanghai College Entrance Examination - English SectionPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write the correct letter on your answer sheet.Passage 1(1) Greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, are known to trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. This effect is causing numerous problems, including the melting of polar ice caps, rising sea levels, and extreme weather conditions. In order to reduce carbon emissions, scientists have been focusing on developing renewable energy sources. Solar power, wind power, and hydroelectric power are considered promising alternatives to fossil fuels. These sustainable energy solutions can help minimize greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change.(2) Solar power, also known as solar energy, harnesses energy from the sun by using photovoltaic cells. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, which can be used to power homes and businesses. This clean and abundant energy source has gained popularity in recent years. Moreover, advancements in technology have made solar panels more affordable and efficient.(3) Wind power, on the other hand, utilizes the kinetic energy of the wind to generate electricity. Wind turbines are installed in locations with strong and consistent winds. As the blades rotate, they convert the wind's energy into electrical power. Although wind power has its limitations, such as being dependent on weather conditions, it has proven to be a viable option for generating renewable energy.(4) Hydroelectric power refers to the generation of electricity through the force of flowing or falling water. Dams are built to control the water flow and direct it to turbines, which generate electrical power. This energy source is highly sustainable and does not produce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the construction of large-scale hydroelectric projects can have significant ecological and social impacts.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The problems caused by greenhouse gases.B. The development of renewable energy sources.C. The limitations of solar power, wind power, and hydroelectric power.D. The construction of large-scale hydroelectric projects.2. According to the passage, which renewable energy source harnesses energy from the sun?A. Solar power.B. Wind power.C. Hydroelectric power.D. Fossil fuels.3. Why has solar power gained popularity in recent years?A. It is a clean and abundant energy source.B. Advancements in technology have made solar panels more affordable and efficient.C. It has proven to be a viable option for generating renewable energy.D. It does not produce greenhouse gas emissions.4. What is one limitation of wind power?A. It is dependent on weather conditions.B. It causes ecological and social impacts.C. It is not a clean energy source.D. It is not as affordable as solar power.5. What is mentioned as a disadvantage of large-scale hydroelectric projects?A. The generation of significant greenhouse gas emissions.B. The potential for disrupted water flow.C. The high cost of construction.D. The dependence on fossil fuels.Passage 2(1) In recent years, the popularity of online shopping has grown significantly. With just a few clicks, consumers can browse and purchase a wide range of products without leaving their homes. This convenience has led to a shift in consumer behavior and impacted traditional brick-and-mortar stores.(2) One clear advantage of online shopping is the accessibility ofproducts. Online retailers can stock a wider variety of items compared to physical stores, allowing customers to find exactly what they need. Furthermore, online shopping offers the convenience of shopping anytime and anywhere, eliminating the need to visit multiple stores or wait in long lines.(3) Additionally, online shopping often provides better price options. With countless online retailers competing for customers, prices tend to be lower compared to those in physical stores. Moreover, shoppers can easily compare prices and read customer reviews before making a purchase. This transparency saves both time and money.(4) However, there are some downsides to online shopping as well. One major concern is the security of personal information. Cybercrime is on the rise, and hackers can steal sensitive data if proper precautions are not taken. Furthermore, the inability to physically see and try on products before buying them can lead to disappointment if the item does not meet expectations.6. What is the main topic discussed in the passage?A. The growth of online shopping.B. The disadvantages of traditional stores.C. The security risks of online shopping.D. The convenience of online shopping.7. What is one clear advantage of online shopping?A. The ability to physically see and try on products.B. The possibility of finding exactly what is needed.C. The ability to visit multiple stores in person.D. The shorter waiting time compared to physical stores.8. Why are online prices often lower than those in physical stores?A. Online retailers have higher operating costs.B. Online retailers have fewer customers.C. Online retailers face less competition.D. Online retailers can easily compare prices.9. What is one concern related to online shopping mentioned in the passage?A. The inability to compare prices.B. The inconvenience of waiting in line.C. The potential disappointment due to unseen products.D. The higher cost compared to traditional shopping.10. What do hackers do when precautions are not taken during online shopping?A. They physically steal products from customers.B. They disrupt the delivery of online purchases.C. They steal customers' personal information.D. They pose as online retailers and charge higher prices. Passage 3(1) Media literacy is the ability to critically analyze and evaluate media messages. With the rapid expansion of media platforms, it is important for individuals to be media literate. By developing media literacy skills, people can better understand how media influences their thoughts, actions, and beliefs.(2) One aspect of media literacy is being able to recognize different types of media bias. Bias can be found in various forms, such as political, corporate, or cultural biases. Being aware of these biases allows individuals to be more discerning consumers of media and to separate fact from opinion.(3) In addition, media literacy involves understanding the techniques used in media production. By learning about camera angles, editing, and sound effects, individuals can better analyze how media messages are constructed. This knowledge empowers them to question and challenge the information presented to them.(4) Another important aspect of media literacy is understanding the role of media in shaping societal norms and values. Media has the power to influence public opinion and perpetuate stereotypes. By being media literate, individuals can resist media messages that promote harmful beliefs or behaviours.11. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The expansion of media platforms.B. The importance of media literacy.C. The different forms of media bias.D. The power of media to shape societal norms.12. What is one aspect of media literacy mentioned in the passage?A. The ability to create media content.B. The recognition of different types of media bias.C. The ability to analyze mathematical data.D. The understanding of artistic techniques.13. How can media literacy help individuals become more discerning consumers of media?A. It helps them understand the techniques used in media production.B. It allows them to recognize different types of media bias.C. It empowers them to question and challenge media messages.D. It helps them separate fact from opinion.14. What is the role of media literacy in resisting harmful beliefs or behaviours?A. It shapes societal norms and values.B. It perpetuates stereotypes in media messages.C. It allows individuals to analyze media production techniques.D. It helps individuals resist media messages that promote harmful ideas.15. What does the passage emphasize about media literacy?A. Its influence on public opinion.B. Its ability to analyze public behaviour.C. Its understanding of societal norms.D. Its critical evaluation of media messages.Passage 4(1) In recent years, the concept of sustainable living has gained traction. Sustainable living refers to a lifestyle that reduces an individual's carbon footprint and minimizes negative impacts on the environment.(2) One way to practice sustainable living is by reducing energyconsumption. This can be achieved by using energy-efficient appliances, turning off lights when not in use, and utilizing natural lighting whenever possible. By conserving energy, individuals can minimize greenhouse gas emissions and lower utility bills.(3) Another important aspect of sustainable living is recycling. Recycling involves turning used materials into new products instead of disposing of them in landfills. This helps conserve natural resources, reduce pollution, and prevent the unnecessary destruction of ecosystems. Reusing and repurposing items can also contribute to sustainable living.(4) Additionally, sustainable living promotes the use of renewable energy sources. Solar power, wind power, and hydroelectric power are viable options for reducing dependence on fossil fuels. By harnessing the power of nature, individuals can contribute to a cleaner and greener future.16. What is sustainable living?A. A lifestyle that minimizes negative impacts on the environment.B. A concept that reduces an individual's carbon footprint.C. A practice that relies on renewable energy sources.D. A way to lower utility bills.17. How can individuals reduce energy consumption?A. By disposing of materials in landfills.B. By using energy-efficient appliances.C. By turning on lights when not in use.D. By utilizing artificial lighting.18. What is one benefit of recycling mentioned in the passage?A. The conservation of natural resources.B. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions.C. The destruction of ecosystems.D. The prevention of pollution.19. What is one way to contribute to sustainable living besides recycling?A. Reducing energy consumption.B. Conserving natural resources.C. Lowering utility bills.D. Increasing dependence on fossil fuels.20. What is the overall message of the passage?A. Sustainable living is necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.B. Recycling is the most important aspect of sustainable living.C. Renewable energy sources are the key to a cleaner future.D. Sustainable living benefits both individuals and the environment.Part II: Vocabulary and Grammar (40 points)Directions:Complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the word given in parentheses. Write the word on your answer sheet.21. The invention of the internet has greatly __________ communication in the world. (facilitate)22. It is important for students to develop good __________ skills to succeed in their studies. (communicate)23. The government plans to __________ regulations to reduce plastic waste. (impose)24. The teacher's explanation was so __________ that everyone understood the topic. (clear)25. She is known for her __________ attitude and always finds a way to stay positive. (optimistic)26. The economic crisis has had a __________ impact on small businesses. (devastate)27. The company's new marketing strategy was a __________ success, increasing sales by 20%. (remark)28. I enjoy reading fiction because it allows me to escape__________ and immerse myself in different worlds. (real)29. The researchers conducted a __________ study to examine the effects of the drug. (comprehensive)30. The students' behavior during the school trip was __________ and they represented their school well. (exemplary)Part III: Writing (20 points)Directions:Write an essay on the following topic. Write about 120-150 words. Topic: The Importance of Learning a Second Language注意：不要写作文的标题。
Hydroelectric Power
Pumped storage: Reusing water for peak electricity demand
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Advantages
High efficiency
More…
Low power costs
Adv
Safety
Suitability for industrial applications
under 5 kW. It is useful in small, remote communiti es
Calculating available power
P = phrgk
P is Power in watts,
p is the density of water (~1000 kg/m3), h is height in meters, r is flow rate in cubic meters per second, g is acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s2, k is a coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1.
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3
4
5
Prospect
The Three Gorges(三峡） or Yangtze Gorges It spans from the western— upriver cities of Fengjie and Yichang in Chongqing Municipality eastward— downstream to Hubei province. The Yangtze River (Chang Jiang)—Three Gorges region has a total length of approximately 200 kilometers (120 mi). The Three Gorges occupy approximately 120 kilometers (75 mi) within this region.
高三环保行动英语阅读理解30题
高三环保行动英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Environmental issues have become one of the most pressing concerns in the world today. Climate change is a major threat, with rising temperatures leading to melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events. Pollution is also a significant problem, affecting the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the land we live on.Air pollution is caused by a variety of factors, including industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and burning of fossil fuels. This can lead to respiratory problems, heart disease, and even cancer. Water pollution comes from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and sewage. It can contaminate drinking water sources and harm aquatic life. Land pollution is caused by improper disposal of waste, such as plastic, and can damage soil quality and wildlife habitats.In addition to these problems, deforestation is also a major issue. Trees play a crucial role in absorbing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. When forests are cut down, it releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.We must take action to address these environmental problems. This can include reducing our carbon footprint by using renewable energysources, reducing waste, and protecting natural habitats. We can also support policies and initiatives that aim to combat climate change and pollution.1. What is one of the major threats caused by climate change?A. Decreasing temperatures.B. Stable sea levels.C. Melting ice caps.D. Less extreme weather events.答案：C。
九年级未来能源英语阅读理解20题
九年级未来能源英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>Solar energy is one of the most promising sources of renewable energy. It is clean, abundant, and sustainable. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, which can be used to power homes, businesses, and even entire cities.The advantages of solar energy are numerous. Firstly, it is environmentally friendly. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy does not produce any greenhouse gases or air pollution. Secondly, it is cost-effective in the long run. Although the initial cost of installing solar panels can be high, the savings on electricity bills over time can be significant. Thirdly, solar energy is reliable. As long as there is sunlight, solar panels can generate electricity.Solar energy has many applications. It can be used to power homes and businesses, providing a clean and sustainable source of electricity. It can also be used in remote areas where there is no access to the grid. In addition, solar energy can be used to power electric vehicles, reducing our dependence on fossil fuels.The future of solar energy looks bright. As technology continues to improve, solar panels will become more efficient and cheaper. This willmake solar energy more accessible to everyone. In the coming years, we can expect to see more solar farms and rooftop solar installations, as well as increased use of solar energy in transportation and other sectors.1. What is one of the advantages of solar energy?A. It is expensive in the long run.B. It produces greenhouse gases.C. It is environmentally friendly.D. It is unreliable.答案：C。
水力发电英语作文
Harnessing the Power of Water: The Promise and Challenges of Hydroelectric EnergyIn the quest for renewable and sustainable energy sources, hydroelectric power has emerged as a reliable and environmentally friendly option. Tapping the natural flow of water to generate electricity has a long history, and it continues to play a crucial role in meeting global energy demands. However, while hydroelectric energy offers numerous advantages, it also poses some significant challenges that need to be addressed.The primary advantage of hydroelectric power is its abundance. Rivers, dams, and reservoirs provide a constant supply of water, which can be harnessed to generate electricity. This makes hydroelectric power a highly dependable source of energy, unlike solar or wind power, which can be affected by weather conditions. Additionally, hydroelectric power plants have relatively low operating costs compared to fossil fuel-based plants, as they do not require expensive fuels or regular maintenance.Another significant benefit of hydroelectric power is its environmental friendliness. Unlike fossil fuels, whichemit harmful greenhouse gases, hydroelectric power does not produce any emissions. This makes it a crucial component in the fight against climate change and global warming. Furthermore, hydroelectric projects can also provide flood control, irrigation, and water supply benefits, thus contributing to overall community well-being.However, despite these advantages, hydroelectric power is not without its challenges. One of the most significant issues is the displacement of people and communities due to the construction of dams and reservoirs. This can lead to social and environmental conflicts, as people are forced to relocate and their livelihoods are disrupted. Additionally, dams can have negative impacts on river ecosystems, blocking fish migrations and altering water temperatures and flow patterns.Moreover, hydroelectric power plants requiresignificant upfront investments for construction and infrastructure development. This can be a barrier to entry for many countries and regions, particularly those with limited financial resources. Additionally, the long-term operation and maintenance of hydroelectric plants can becostly, and their efficiency can be affected by factorssuch as siltation and wear and tear.Despite these challenges, hydroelectric power remains a viable and important option for meeting global energy needs. To ensure its sustainable development and utilization, itis crucial to adopt responsible planning and management practices. This includes consulting with local communities, minimizing environmental impacts, and investing in research and development to improve plant efficiency and reduce operating costs.In conclusion, hydroelectric power offers a promising path towards a clean and sustainable energy future. By harnessing the power of water, we can generate reliable and emission-free electricity while also contributing to flood control, irrigation, and water supply. However, to fully realize the potential of hydroelectric power, it isessential to address the challenges it poses and ensure responsible and sustainable development.**利用水力发电：水力发电的承诺与挑战**在寻求可再生和可持续能源的过程中，水力发电已成为可靠且环保的选择。
水力发电的原理及分类
水力发电水力发电(hydroelectric power) 是指利用河流、湖泊等位于高处具有位能的水流至低处，将其中所含的位能转换成水轮机的动能，然后再以水轮机为原动力，推动发电机产生电能。
利用水力(具有水头)推动水力机械(水轮机)转动，将水能转变为机械能，如果在水轮机上接上发电机，随着水轮机转动便可发出电来，这时机械能又转变为电能。
因此，水力发电在某种意义上讲是水的位能转变成机械能，再转变成电能的过程。
科学家们依据水位落差的天然条件，有效地利用流体力学工程及机械物理等，使发电量达到最高，供人们使用既经济又无污染的电力。
水力发电的整个流程如下：1 水力发电特点水力发电主要有以下几个特点：(1) 发电成本低。
水力发电是利用河流所携带的水能，不需要再消耗其他的动力资源。
而且上一级水电站使用过的水流仍可为下一级水电站所利用，梯级电站的发即是这个道理。
另外，水电站的设备也比较简单，其检修、维护费用也较同容量的火电厂低很多。
如果把消耗的燃料费用计算在内，火电厂的年运行费用约为同容量水电站的10至15倍。
因此，水力发电的成本较低，可以提供较经济的电能。
(2) 高效而灵活。
水力发电主要动力设备的水轮发电机组，不仅效率较高而且启动、操作比较灵活。
它可以在几分钟内从静止状态迅速启动投入运行；在几秒钟内完成增减负荷的任务，适应电力负荷变化的需要，而且不会造成能源损失。
因此，利用水电承担电力系统的调峰、调频、负荷备用和事故备用等任务，可以提高整个系统的经济效益。
(3) 工程效益的综合性。
水电工程是一项复杂的综合性工程，具有防洪、灌概、航运、给水以及旅游等多种功能。
水电站建设后，可能会出现泥沙齡积、良田、森林和文化古迹等被掩没，鱼类生活和繁衍被打乱等各种不利现象。
库区周围地下水位的大幅度提高会对周边的果树、作物的生长产生不良影响，建设大型水电站还可能影响流域的气候，导致干旱或洪错，甚至诱发地震、泥石流、滑坡等地质灾害。
华北水利水电学院英语简介
The North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power (NCWU) is located in the north part of Zhengzhou, Henan, China--the central part of the mainland and by the Yellow River, which is called the mother-river of the Chinese nation. Also, it is very near to several historical sites, such as: Luo Yang city, Kaifeng city and Shao Lin Temple, etc. It was founded in Beijing in 1951 and was originally named the Beijing institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power. Between 1969 and 1989, it moved first to Yuecheng Reservoir in Cixian County and then to Handan City in Hebei Province and was renamed as the North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power. In 1990 it moved to Zhengzhou City, the capital of Henan Province. The total area of the campus is 37.3 hectares with buildings with floor area of 230,000square meters. There are over 12,000 full time students, both postgraduates and undergraduates, and more than 800 employees, include in one academician, 300 Senior Engineers and professors, and more than 300 instructors. Over 150 teachers have master’s or doctor’s degrees. The institute is one of the first batches of universities granted the right by the State Council to award bachelor’s degrees and master’s degrees. It is the training base for water project construction supervision engineers for the Ministry of Water Resources, and one of the training centers for construction supervision engineers for the Ministry of Construction. It is the only university in Henan Provinc e with an independent right to enroll candidates to undertake master’s degrees. The hydraulic structure engineering and construction materials course has been awarded the right by Henan Province to award special professorships. The North China institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power enrolls candidates from throughout China. It has the following departments: Water Conservancy Engineering; Geotechnical Engineering; Civil Engineering; Mechanical Engineering; Power Engineering Department; Environment Engineering; Information Engineering; Economics and Management; Foreign Language; Social Science; Physical Education; and an Adult Education Center, covering 35 specialties for full-time undergraduates (including 4-year programs and 3-year programs) and 25 for adult trainees. The specialties cover 9 branches of learning such as engineering, agriculture, economics, management and natural science. There are 13 branches, such specialties as water conservancy and hydroelectric power engineering, hydraulic structure engineering, hydraulics and river dynamics, geological engineering, hydrology and water resources, and agricultural irrigation and drainage engineering have the right to award master’s degrees. Water conservancy and hydroelectric power engineering, hydraulic structure, hydraulics and river dynamics are the key courses for the ministry or provincial level. The NCWU hydraulic structure laboratory and construction materials laboratory are the key laboratories of the Ministry of Water Resources and Henan Province. In addition, NCWU cooperates with other universities to cultivate students for Ph.D. The associated and attached units include: the Survey and Designing Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power; the Scientific Research Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power; the Project Construction Supervision Center; the audio-visual education center; the network center and other laboratories. It has a swimming pool; stadium and auditorium; attached factory; infirmary and hotel. It edits and publishes Journal of North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power (both natural science edition and social science edition) distributed both at home and abroad and the campus newspaper.武汉大学Wuhan university环境与市政工程Environmental and Municipal Engineering给水方向Water Supply污水方向Sewerage管网方向water supply network给水管网water supply network相关专业relevant speciality课程设计curriculum project毕业实习graduation field work生产实习productive practice脱氮除磷nitrogen and phosphorus removal生物处理biological treatment物理处理physical treatment化学处理chemical treatment排水drainage华北水利水电学院North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power 环境与市政工程Environmental and Municipal Engineering给水排水专业Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering市政工程Municipal Engineering环境工程Environmental Engineering。
HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION
专利名称：HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION 发明人：BACKLUND, Anders申请号：SE2007050339申请日：20070521公开号：WO07/139486P1公开日：20071206专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：According to a first aspect the present invention refers to a hydroelectric power station, comprising a first turbine (2) connected to a first generator (4), which first turbine (2) is located at a position in a water throughput duct (3) present in the hydroelectric power station (1), and which is arranged to be exposed to vertically flowing water. The inventive hydroelectric power station is characterized in that it also comprises a second turbine (6) connected to a second generator (7), which second turbine (6) is located at a position upstream said first turbine (2) adjacent the inlet of the water throughput duct (3), and which is arranged to be exposed to horizontally flowing water. According to a second aspect the invention refers to a method for extracting electricity by means of a hydroelectric power station (1) of above mentioned type.申请人：BACKLUND, Anders地址：Holmen S-840 90 Ytterhogdal SE国籍：SE代理机构：DR LUDWIG BRANN PATENTBYRÅ AB更多信息请下载全文后查看。
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Hydroelectric Power
I think the renewable souce of energy that China should pursue as a priority is hydroelectric power.
The hydroelectric power is that flowing water has energy that can be captured and turned into electricity. The most common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. Most of this hydroelectricity comes from large dams.
The benefits of the hydroelectric power are:1) Hydro is a flexible source of electricity since plants can be ramped up and down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands; 2) The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination of the cost of fuel. The cost of operating a hydroelectric plant is nearly immune to increases in the cost of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal, and no imports are needed; 3) Since hydroelectric dams do not burn fossil fuels, they do not directly produce carbon dioxide. While some carbon dioxide is produced during manufacture and construction of the project, this is a tiny fraction of the operating emissions of equivalent
fossil-fuel electricity generation; 4) Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide facilities for water sports, and become tourist attractions themselves. But the problems of the hydroelectric power are: 1) Large reservoirs required for the operation of hydroelectric power stations result in submersion of extensive areas upstream of the dams, destroying biologically rich and productive lowland and riverine valley forests, marshland and grasslands;2) Lower positive impacts are found
in the tropical regions, as it has been noted that the reservoirs of power plants in tropical regions may produce substantial amounts of methane; 3) Another disadvantage of hydroelectric dams is the need to relocate the people living where the reservoirs are planned.
I think the hydroelectric power would be the best option for China. The World Energy Council estimates that it would be technically possible to triple the electricity produced by hydropower with current technology. The potential for developing hydroelectric power is best in mountainous regions and large river valleys. And China has the biggest river in Asia, Yangtze River. And we also has other river, such as Yellow river, Pearl River, etc.。