【红宝书】考研英语--考前模拟试题(第三套)

b a o s h u .c o m（红宝书 网上附赠）2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题（第三套）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Gap, J.C. Penney, and other U.S. retailers have long benefited from low costs in China to hold 1 prices in their American stores. A cotton 2 may help change that equation.China's farms produce about 26 percent of the world's cotton, yet that's not 3 to satisfy the needs of the Chinese companies that make shirts, pants, dresses, and more for U.S. store chains. Cotton futures in China have surged more than 70 percent this year 4 the global economy 5 from recession and consumers worldwide started spending more on clothes. Production in China, the world's biggest user of cotton, is forecast to lag behind demand for 6 12th year, cutting the country's 7 to the smallest level since 1995, according to the U.S. Agriculture Dept. The 8 gives local makers of cotton fabrics a lot of leverage in negotiating prices with 9 manufacturers. “It's a little 10 to deal with cotton suppliers now,” says Vicky Wu, a sales manager at Suzhou Unitedtex Enterprise, a closely held clothes maker 11 in Jiangsu province that counts Gap and Penney's 12 its clients.Chinese suppliers to the big U.S. retailers have to figure out 13 they can pass on their increased costs. Unitedtex, which sells $24 million worth of shirts and jackets annually to Gap, plans to 14 prices by 5 percent to 30 percent for products available in April, Wu says. Shandong Zaozhuang Tianlong Knitting, which makes Polo Ralph Lauren T-shirts and track suits for Le Coq Sportif Holding, has raised prices as 15 as 70 percent from a year earlier. “If cotton keeps rising like this, we will need to 16 prices by 30 percent by Chinese New Year or we lose money,” says sales manager Fred Hu.“American consumers better get used to rising prices on the shelves of Wal-Mart and other retailers,” says Jessica Lo, Shanghai-based managing director at China Market Research Group. “China's manufacturers are getting 17 not only by rising cotton costs but also soaring realestate and labor costs.” John Ermatinger, Gap's Asia president, 18 to say whether Gap will raise prices. “We are going to be 19 of our competition, he says. That's how we'll ultimately 20 our prices.”b a o s h u .c o m 1. [A] up [B] down [C] on [D] off2. [A] management [B]shortage [C] requirement [D] technology3. [A] large [B]empty [C] enough [D] expensive4. [A] if [B]until [C] as [D] but5. [A] happened [B] emerged [C] bent [D] enriched6. [A] the[B] a [C] one [D] this 7. [A] stockpile [B]goods [C] things [D] matter 8. [A] remains [B]difficulties [C] sufficient [D]shortfall 9. [A] silk[B] coat [C] cloth [D] apparel 10.[A] terrifying [B]exciting [C] disappointing [D] thrilling 11.[A]connected[B]closed [C] based [D] worried 12.[A] among [B]between [C] with [D] without 13.[A] what[B] that [C] which [D] if 14.[A] cut[B] raise [C] add [D] deduce 15.[A] much[B] more [C] little [D] few 16.[A] lift[B] decrease [C] ignore [D] quit 17.[A] lived [B]earned [C] made [D] squeezed 18.[A] denies[B] enjoys [C] prefers [D] declines 19.[A] afraid [B]ashamed [C] fond [D]mindful 20.[A] draw[B] establish [C] drive[D] abolishb a o s h u .c o m Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Over the next few decades global electricity consumption is expected to double. At the same time, many power plants in rich countries, built back in the 1960s and 1970s, are nearing the end of their projected lifespans. Meanwhile, concern is swelling both about global warming, and about the Western world’s increasing dependence on a shrinking number of hostile or unstable countries for imports of oil and gas. The solution to this conundrum, in the eyes of many governments, is nuclear power.Around the world, 31 reactors are under construction and many more are in the planning stages. There are good reasons for this enthusiasm. Nuclear reactors emit almost none of the greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. They are fuelled by uranium, which is relatively abundant and is available from many sources, including reassuringly stable places such as Canada and Australia.But there are also good reasons for skepticism. Nuclear plants are expensive: each can cost several billion dollars to build. Worse, in the past, ill -conceived designs, safety scares and the regulatory delays they gave rise to made nuclear plants even more costly than their hefty price tags suggest. Vendors of new nuclear plants, such as Areva, General Electric (GE), Hitachi and Westinghouse, argue that things are different now. The latest designs incorporate suggestions from utilities and operators with decades of experience, and should, their creators say, make new plants safer and easier to operate. They believe the simpler new reactors, with their longer lifespans and reduced maintenance costs, will also improve the economics of the industry. The latest generation of reactors, which evolved from models constructed in the 1970s and 1980s, include important improvements over prior designs. Westinghouse’s new AP1000, for example, has “passive safety ”systems that can prevent a meltdown during an emergency without operator intervention.In the end, the deployment of new nuclear reactors will depend on many factors, including successful waste and proliferation management, improved economics, and perhaps most important, convincing the public that nuclear reactors can be operated safely. Despite these obstacles, there is an undeniable mood of optimism in the industry. Whether that will be enough to spark the deployment of the hundreds of reactors that will be needed to help mitigate the effects of global warming remains to be seen, cautions Richard Lester, a professor of nuclear science and engineering at MIT. Were there to be another disaster like Chernobyl, or a successful terrorist attack on a nuclear plant, all bets would be off. But for now most people in the industry agree that nuclear power’s prospects look brighter than they have in a long time.b a o s h u .c o m 21．Which of the following is not mentioned as a major reason for nuclear dawn?［A ］ Climate change.［B ］ Insecurity in the supply of fossil fuels.［C ］ Lack of power plants in the Western world.［D ］ Safer nuclear power technology.22．Unlike fossil fuels , ..［A ］ uranium is cheaper to obtain［B ］ uranium comes from stable countries［C ］ nuclear power is less costly but cleaner［D ］ nuclear power needs less sophisticated technology23．We learn from Paragraph 3 that .［A ］ innovation in technology helps to bring about the nuclear dawn［B ］ General Electric has the latest design of nuclear reactors［C ］ the latest reactors do not need human intervention for its operation［D ］ the development of nuclear power improves economic operation24．Westinghouse’s new AP1000 is mentioned to show .［A ］ what remedies vendors have added to the old models of reactors［B ］ what has been done by vendors to make nuclear plants safer［C ］ how unnecessary maintenance staff is in the newly designed systems［D ］ why it is necessary to keep a sceptical attitude to new reactors25．We can conclude that the biggest obstacle to the popularity of nuclear power is .［A ］ cost ［B ］ technology［C ］ maintenance ［D ］ safetyText 2The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communications network consisting of millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees swarming around a hive. The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective and self -limiting.At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and non -self. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or non -self molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the invaders. Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body 's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self -tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a non -selfb a o s h u .c o m molecule, the system has the ability to remember the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecule, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies passed during lactation, this so -called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must learn from experience with the many millions of distinctive non -self molecules in the sea of microbes in which we live, learning necessitates producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each non -self invader.Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response is called an antigen. Tissues or cells from another individual (except an identical twin, whose cells carry identical self -markers) act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, non -antigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitomes, which stick out from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitomes on their surface, some may even carry several hundred. Some epitomes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as non -self and execute a misdirected immune attack. The result can be so -called autoimmune disease. The painful side effects of these diseases are caused by a person 's immune system actually attacking itself.26. We know from the text that the immune syste m＿＿＿.［A ］ is no less complicated than the nervous system［B ］ far exceeds the human brain in intricacy［C ］ is enclosed by numerous sensitive cells［D ］ results in an effective communications network27. The principal task of the immune system is to ＿＿＿.［A ］ recognize and eliminate all foreign molecules that enter the body［B ］ remove all the substances that invade the body organisms［C ］ defend the body from the attacks of different viruses and bacteria［D ］ identify and specify all non -self molecules it encounters28. The remembering power of a person 's immune system is ＿＿＿.［A ］ mostly descended from his/her ancestors［B ］ partially passed down from his/her mother［C ］ mainly acquired through fighting against foreign cells［D ］ basically generated by its communications network29. A tissue transplanted from father to daughter would be less acceptable than thattransplanted between twins because ＿＿＿.［A ］ the ages of the twins ' tissues are exactly alike［B ］ the twins ' tissues have with them the same self -markers［C ］ the father and daughter are different in sex［D ］ the twins ' immune systems possess identical memoryb a o s h u .c o m 30.The main idea of the text may be generalized as ＿＿＿.［A ］ the success of the immune system in distinguishing foreign substances［B ］ the normal and abnormal activities of the immune system in the body［C ］ the unfavorable effects of the immune system on organ transplantation［D ］ the essential duties of the immune system in guarding the bodyText 3Many freshmen arrive on campus depressed and anxious and feel worse as the year progresses. At the same time, colleges must also negotiate the legal and emotional pitfalls of caring for their charges, not children but not yet fully adults. “This is an age group that’s tricky,” says DeWitt Crosby, a psychologist at Davidson College in North Carolina.“They are adults by law, but they’re still dealing with making decisions on their own.”The number of freshmen reporting less than average emotional health has been steadily rising since 1985.The American College Health Association reports that 76 percent of students felt “overwhelmed ”while 22 percent were sometimes so depressed they couldn’t function. “I see more and more students with long -standing eating disorders, students with a number of bouts of depression, students with a major trauma in their history, and students with substantial personality problems that interfere with functioning,” says Crosby.College therapists cite several reasons for the apparent deterioration in student mental health. Not only has this generation grown up in the much -maligned era of the disintegrating American family, it is also more used to therapy and so more likely to seek help. As competition to get into college gets tougher, students burn out before they even get there. And kids with severe psychological problems, who in the past wouldn’t even have made it to college, now take drugs that help them succeed.Colleges first created counseling centers for students who needed career and academic advice. The ballooning caseloads mean there isn’t the time or the staff to offer long -term therapy to any but the most troubled.“You can’t load up with the first 100 students and see them regularly without having openings for new people,”says Gallagher. Instead, colleges focus on getting students over immediate crises. Nearly half of the schools that Gallagher surveys limits the number of client sessions, with the limits ranging from about four to 12. One Yale student suffering from anxiety during his sophomore year rarely saw the same counselor twice. “It felt like the person I was talking to wasn’t really there,”he says. Some schools have tried filling the gap by getting more involved in students’ lives. MIT is putting together support teams of physicians, other health -care professionals, and experienced counselors to spend time in the dorms, socializing with the students and keeping an eye on them.So where do parents fit in all this? In many case, they don’t. Federal privacy laws reinforce the separation by forbidding the release of educational records to anyone by the student. So despite those large tuition checks, parents other don’t get a full picture of what their children’s lives are really like.b a o s h u .c o m 31. The “pitfall” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means .［A ］an unexpected difficulty［B ］an unforeseen result［C ］a strong argument［D ］a controversial issue32. Which of the following is mentioned as a problem concerning students’ emotional health? ［A ］Suicide.［B ］Sleeplessness.［C ］A mental scar.［D ］A stomach disorder.33. Many college students are in poor mental health partially because . ［A ］they were born with some serious personality defects［B ］they can not stand up to various kinds of examinations［C ］they are more likely to turn to their parents for help［D ］their parents’ marriage tends to end up with divorce34. By giving the example of a Yale student (Paragraph 4), the author suggests that .［A ］the experts in counseling centers are too busy to show up［B ］There is a lack of experts who can give students good treatment［C ］some experts in counseling centers lack professional dedication［D ］Yale lags behind in providing timely treatment for its students35. Students’ parents don’t give their children a hand because .［A ］they’re uncertain how serious the children’s illness is［B ］they’re not allowed to peep at their children’s diaries［C ］they’re unable to know the children’s academic performance［D ］they’re allowed to pay for most of the children’s tuitionText 4Drunk drivers cause hundreds of traffic accidents each year, many of which end in fatalities. In recent years, two organizations have been formed to combat this deadly menace. MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) was formed to stop drunk driving kids and teens, support the victims of and prevent underage drinking. SADD (Students Against Destructive Decisions) was created to provide students with the best prevention and tools to deal with underage drinking ，drug use, impaired driving and other destructive decisions. The two organizations take different approaches to drunk driving and each is succeeding in its own way.MADD was founded in 1980 by Cindy Lightner, following the death of her 13 year oldb a o s h u .c o m daughter who was killed by a drunk driver out of bail for a hit and run accident only two days earlier. Lightner and other mothers who had lost children to drunk drivers formed MADD in an effort to stop the more than 30,000 alcohol related driving deaths each year. They worked ，not only to educate the public about the dangers of drunk driving, but to change societal attitudes about drinking and driving. MADD expanded its campaign from “Don 't Drive Drunk ” to “Don 't Drink and Drive.” To accomplish this, it has recommended higher beverage taxes, lower drunk driving arrest thresholds, and roadblocks designed to frighten people out of social drinking. It has also created Victim Impact Panels, where people convicted of driving while intoxicated hear the stories of parents, relatives and friends of victims of drunk driving accidents. Twenty -six years after the founding of MADD ，alcohol related driving deaths in the United States have been reduced to about 17,000 annually.SADD was founded by Robert Anastas of Wayland High School in Massachusetts as Students Against Driving Drunk in 1981. SADD emerged as a response to more than 6,000 young people being killed in alcohol related accidents each year. SADD 's approach to the problem was to develop educational programs in school chapters ranging from middle schools to colleges. In 1997, SADD expanded its mission to include underage drinking, substance abuse, impaired driving, violence, and suicide. SADD 's programs are keyed to the needs of individual school locations. These include peer -led classes, forums, workshops, conferences and rallies, and other awareness raising activities. Over its first decade, SADD has worked with many federal and state agencies, nonprofit groups and foundations to get its message across. By 1990，due in part to the work of SADD, the number of young people killed in alcohol related accidents fell to 2,000 per year.Both MADD and SADD have been influential in reducing the number of alcohol related deaths in the United States. Each has taken a different approach to the problem of drunk driving and come up with viable solution.36. Which of the following statements is true of the text?［A ］ Traffic accidents would be eliminated without drunk driving.［B ］ Both MADD and SADD are dedicated to curbing drunk driving.［C ］ MADD was formed much earlier and did much more than SADD.［D ］ MADD takes a more effective approach to drunk driving than SADD.37. According to the author ，Cindy Lightner ＿＿＿.［A ］ was a victim of an alcohol related traffic accident［B ］ founded MADD in memory of her lost daughter［C ］ lost her daughter in a hit and run accident［D ］ was determined to reduce drunk driving38. According to the text, MADD ＿＿＿.［A ］ urges drunk drivers to hear bitter stories［B ］ tries its best to frighten people out of drinking［C ］ has considerably reduced alcohol related driving deaths［D ］ manages to change public 's attitude toward drunk drivingb a o s h u .c o m 39. As a result of SADD 's effort, ＿＿＿.［A ］ its mission includes much more than ever before［B ］ fewer young people have been killed by drunk driving［C ］ it responds to alcohol related accidents more promptly［D ］ more educational programs have been developed in schools40. Which of the following is the best title for this text?［A ］ Two Influential Organizations［B ］ The Menace of Drunk Driving［C ］ The Fight against Drunk Driving［D ］ How to Reduce Traffic AccidentsPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about world’s first DNA computers. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41—45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] The ability of DNA to store information[B] Examples for the future use of DNA computers[C] The advantage of DNA computers[D] The research of DNA computers is at the beginning stage[E] The working principle of the microscopic computers[F] The evaluation made by the researching team on DNA computersIsraeli scientists have built a DNA computer so tiny that a trillion of them could fit in a test tube and perform a billion operations per second with 99.8 percent accuracy.41.It is the first programmable autonomous computing machine in which the input, output, software and hardware are all made of biomolecules. Instead of using figures and formulas to solve a problem, the microscopic computer’s input, output and software are made up of DNA molecules—which store and process encoded information in living organisms.42.Scientists see such DNA computers as future competitors to their more conventional cousins because miniaturization is reaching its limits and DNA has the potential to be much faster thanb a o s h u .c o m conventional computers. “We have built a nanoscale computer made of biomolecules that it so small you cannot run them one at a time. When a trillion computers run together they are capable of performing a billion operations.” said Ehud Shapiro, Professor of the Weizmann Institute in Israel.43.Although too simple to have any immediate applications it could form the basis of a DNA computer in the future that could potentially operate within human cells and cat as a monitoring device to detect potentially disease-causing changes and synthesize drugs to fix them. The model could also form the basis of computers that could be used to screen DNA libraries in parallel without sequencing each molecule, which could speed up the acquisition of knowledge about DNA.44.DNA can hold more information in a cubic centimeter than a trillion CDS. The double helix molecule that contains human genes stores date on four chemical bases—known by the letters A, T,C and G—giving it massive memory capability that scientists are only just beginning to tap into.“The living cell contains incredible molecular machines that manipulate information-encoding molecules such as DNA and RNA in ways that are fundamentally very similar to computation.” said Shapiro, the head of the research team that developed to DNA computer. “Since we don’t know how to effectively modify these machines of create new ones just yet, the trick is to find naturally existing machines that, when combined, can be steered to actually compute,” he added.45.Writing in the science journal Nature, Shapiro and his team describe their DNA computer the automaton which can answer certain yes or no questions. Data in represented by pairs of molecules on a strand of DNA and two naturally occurring enzymes act as the hardware to read, copy and manipulate the code. When it is all mixed together in the test tube, the software and hardware operate on the input molecule to create the output.DNA computing is a very young branch of science that started less than a decade ago, when Leonard Adleman of the University of Southern California pioneered the field by using DNA in a test tube to solve a mathematical problem.Scientists around the globe are now trying to marry computer technology and biology by using nature’s own design to process information.b a os hu .c omPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)（46）With regard to property market prices, concerns about market bubbles need to be separated from concerns about the affordability of housing ownership for low -and middle -income people. When prices on China 's real estate market are rising rapidly, as now, concerns about possible overheating of the market and bubbles are combined with concerns that lower -and middle -income people cannot afford to buy an apartment in or close to the center of large cities. As a result, the government sometimes takes measures to influence the general market price. Actually these two types of concerns require very different policy responses.（47）In addition to an appropriate macroeconomic stance, ensuring financial and macroeconomic stability calls for improving the functioning of markets and reducing distortions. First, the functioning of the housing market can be improved, including by improving the quality and consistency of data on prices and vacancies.（48）As a result of poor data on the real estate sector, there is a lack of clarity about affordability —the ratio between housing prices and household income —the often -used indicator of the potential for negative price corrections. The real estate market would benefit from more representative data on property prices and how they compare to incomes of different groups. Second, the land transfer and sale process can be improved.（49）A key objective should be to reduce the incentives of local governments for high prices of real estate and land, including by reducing their reliance on land sales for their revenue, by introducing a stable form of local revenue such as a property tax or adjusting the tax sharing arrangements between the central and local governments. Third, it is important to monitor and regulate the financial market aspect of housing finance —including the development of instruments such as mortgage backed loans and the refinancing market.On the other hand, concerns about the affordability of houses for lower -and middle -income people should be dealt with by a predictable, rule -based government support framework. （50）In a market economy, objectives such as improving the access of people to housing or making housing more affordable are a responsibility of the government and need to be furthered through specific government support, not via measures or intervention with respect to the overall market. The government support could be based on subsidies or public housing, but should be in the form of a long -term framework. It would need to be led and probably also backed by the Central Government.b a os hu .c omSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Ten days ago you bought the phone, and now it is out of work. You want to write a letter togive after sales department, complaint problems, and ask them to give a solution. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay of 160　200 words, in which you should ：1) Describe the pictures briefly. 2) Interpret its meaning. 3) Give your comment.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)人和钉子一样，失去了方向就开始弯曲。