国际经济学第二章课后作业
ch02国际经济学课后答案与习题（萨尔瓦多）
ch02国际经济学课后答案与习题（萨尔⽡多）*CHAPTER 2Chapter) (CoreCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGEOUTLINE2.1 Introduction2.2 Mercantilists’ Views on TradeCase Study 2-1 Mercantilism Is Alive and Well in the Twenty-First Century2.3 Trade Based on Absolute Advantage: Adam Smith2.4 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo2.5 Gains from Trade with Comparative Advantage2.6 Comparative Advantage with MoneyCase Study 2-2 The Petition of the Candlemakers2.7 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity CostsCase Study 2-3 Labor Productivities and Comparative Advantage2.8 Production Possibility Frontier with Constant Costs2.9 Opportunity Costs and Relative Commodity Prices2.10 Basis and Gains from Trade Under Constant CostsAppendix: Comparative Advantage with More than Two Commodities and NationsA2.1 Comparative Advantage with More than Two CommoditiesA2.2 Comparative Advantage with More than Two NationsKey TermstheoryofvalueLabortradeBasisfortheorytrade OpportunitycostGainsfromtrade Production possibility frontierofPatterncostopportunityConstantMercantilismcommodityRelativeprices advantageAbsolutespecializationCompleteLaissez-faireLaw of comparative advantage Small-country case-7-Lecture Guide1. This is a long and crucial core chapter and may require four classes to cover adequately. In thefirst lecture, I would present Sections 1-4 and assign review questions 1-3.2. In the second lecture of Chapter 2, I would concentrate on Sections 5-6 and carefully explain the law of comparative advantage using simple numerical examples, as in the text. Both sections are crucial. Section 5 explains the law of comparative advantage and Section 6 establishes the link between trade theory and international finance. I find that the numerical explanations before the graphical analysis really helps the student to truly understand the law. The simple lawyer-secretary example should also render the law more immediately relevant to the student. I would also assign Problems 4-7.3. In the third lecture, I would cover Sections 7-9 and assign Problems 8-10.4. In the fourth lecture, I would Section 10 and go over problems 4-10. The appendixes could bemade optional for the more enterprising students in the class.Answer to Review Questions and Problems1. The mercantilists believed that the way for a nation to become rich and powerful was toexport more than it imported. The resulting export surplus would then be settled by an inflow of gold and silver and the more gold and silver a nation had, the richer and more powerful it was. Thus, the government had to do all in its power to stimulate the nation’s exports and discourage and restrict imports. However, since all nations could not simultaneously have an export surplus and the amount of gold and silver was fixed at any particular point in time, one nation could gain only at the expense of other nations. The mercantilists thus preached economic nationalism, believing that national interests were basically in conflict.Adam Smith, on the other hand, believed that free trade would make all nations better off.All of this is relevant today because many of the arguments made in favor of restrictinginternational trade to protect domestic jobs are very similar to the mercantilists argumentsmade three or four centuries ago. That is why we can say that “mercantilism is alive and well in the twenty-first century”. Thus we have to be prepared to answer and demonstrate thatthese arguments are basically wrong.2. According to Adam Smith, the basis for trade was absolute advantage, or one country being more productive or efficient in the production of some commodities and other countriesbeing more productive in the production of other commodities.The gains from trade arise as each country specialized in the production of the commodities in which it had an absolute advantage and importing those commodities in which the nation had an absolute disadvantage.Adam Smith believed in free trade and laissez-faire, or as little government interference with the economic system as possible. There were to be only a few exceptions to this policy of laissez-faire and free trade. One of these was the protection of industries important for national defense.3. Ricardo’s law of comparative advantage is superior to Smith’s theory of absolute advantage inthat it showed that even if a nation is less efficient than or has an absolute disadvantage in theproduction of all commodities with respect to the other nations, there is still a basis for beneficial trade for all nations.The gains from trade arise from the increased production of all commodities that arises wheneach country specializes in the production of and exports the commodities of its comparativeadvantage and imports the other commodities.A nation that is less efficient than others will be able to export the commodities of its compara-tive advantage by having its wages and other costs sufficiently lower than in other nations so asto make the commodities of its comparative advantage cheaper in terms of the same currencywith respect to the other nations.4. a. In case A, the United States has an absolute and a comparative advantage in wheat and theUnited Kingdom in cloth.In case B, the United States has an absolute advantage (so that the United Kingdom has anabsolute disadvantage) in both commodities.In case C, the United States has an absolute advantage in wheat but has neither an absoluteadvantage nor disadvantage in cloth.In case D, the United States has an absolute advantage over the United Kingdom in bothcommodities.b. In case A, the United States has a comparative advantage in wheat and the United Kingdomin cloth.In case B, the United States has a comparative advantage in wheat and the United Kingdomin cloth.In case C, the United States has a comparative advantage in wheat and the United Kingdomin cloth.In case D, the United States and the United Kingdom have a comparative advantage in neither commodities.5. a. The United States gains 1C.b. The United Kingdom gains 4C.c. 3C < 4W < 8C.d. The United States would gain 3C while the United Kingdom would gain 2C.6. a. The cost in terms of labor content of producing wheat is 1/4 in the United States and 1 in the United Kingdom, while the cost in terms of labor content of producing cloth is 1/3 in theUnited States and 1/2 in the United Kingdom.b. In the United States, Pw=$1.50 and Pc=$2.00.c. In the United Kingdom, Pw=￡1.00 and Pc=￡0.50.7. The United States has a comparative disadvantage in the production of textiles. Restrictingtextile imports would keep U.S. workers from eventually moving into industries in which the United States has a comparative advantage and in which wages are higher.8. Ricardo’s explanation of the law of comparative is unacceptable because it is based on the labor theory of value, which is not an acceptable theory of value.The explanation of the law of comparative advantage can be based on the opportunity costdoctrine, which is an acceptable theory of value.9. The production possibilities frontier reflects the opportunity costs of producing bothcommodities in the nation.The production possibilities frontier under constant costs is a (negatively sloped) straight line. The absolute slope of the production possibilities frontier reflects or gives the price of thecommodity plotted along the horizontal axis in relation to the commodity plotted along thevertical axis.10. a. See Figure 1.b. In the United States Pw/Pc=3/4, while in the United Kingdom, Pw/Pc=2.c. In the United States Pc/Pw=4/3, while in the United Kingdom Pc/Pw=1/2.d. See Figure 2.The autarky points are A and A' in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively. The points of production with trade are B and B' in the United States and the UnitedKingdom, respectively.The points of consumption are E and E' in the United States and the United Kingdom,respectively. The gains from trade are shown by E > A for the U.S. and E' > A' for the U.K.Fig 1.1aU.K. Fig 1.1bFigure1Fig 1.2aFig 1.2bFigure2Multiple-Choice Questions1. The Mercantilists did not advocated:*a. free tradeb. stimulating the nation's exportsc. restricting the nations' importsd. the accumulation of gold by the nation2. According to Adam Smith, international trade was based on:*a. absolute advantageb. comparative advantagec. both absolute and comparative advantaged. neither absolute nor comparative advantage3. What proportion of international trade is based on absolute advantage?a. allb. most*c. somed. none4. The commodity in which the nation has the smallest absolute disadvantage is the commodityof its:a. absolute disadvantageb. absolute advantagec. comparative disadvantaged. comparative advantage5. If in a two-nation (A and B), two-commodity (X and Y) world, it is established that nationA has a comparative advantage in commodity X, then nationB must have:a. an absolute advantage in commodity Yb. an absolute disadvantage in commodity Yc. a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y*d. a comparative advantage in commodity Y6. If with one hour of labor time nation A can produce either 3X or 3Y while nation B canproduce either 1X or 3Y (and labor is the only input):a. nation A has a comparative disadvantage in commodity Xb. nation B has a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y*c. nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity Xd. nation A has a comparative advantage in neither commodity7. With reference to the statement in Question 6:a. Px/Py=1 in nation Ab. Px/Py=3 in nation Bc. Py/Px=1/3 in nation B*d. all of the above8. With reference to the statement in Question 6, if 3X is exchanged for 3Y:a. nation A gains 2X*b. nation B gains 6Yc. nation A gains 3Yd. nation B gains 3Y9. With reference to the statement of Question 6, the range of mutually beneficial trade between nation A and B is:a. 3Y < 3X < 5Yb. 5Y < 3X < 9Y*c. 3Y < 3X < 9Yd. 1Y < 3X < 3Y10. If domestically 3X=3Y in nation A, while 1X=1Y domestically in nation B:a. there will be no trade between the two nationsb. the relative price of X is the same in both nationsc. the relative price of Y is the same in both nations*d. all of the above11. Ricardo explained the law of comparative advantage on the basis of:*a. the labor theory of valueb. the opportunity cost theoryc. the law of diminishing returnsd. all of the above12. The Ricardian trade model has been empirically*a. verifiedb. rejectedc. not testedd. tested but the results were inconclusive13. The Ricardian model was tested empirically in terms of differences ina. relative labor productivities costs in various industries among nationsb. relative labor costs in various industries among nations*c. relative labor productivities and costs in various industries among nationsd. none of the above14. A difference in relative commodity prices between two nations can be based upon a difference in:a. factor endowmentsb. technologyc. tastes*d. all of the above15. In the trade between a small and a large nation:a. the large nation is likely to receive all of the gains from trade*b. the small nation is likely to receive all of the gains from tradec. the gains from trade are likely to be equally sharedd. we cannot say。
国际经济学-课后重点及课后答案
第2章现代贸易理论的基础2011年12月18日15:141,现代贸易理论主要关注贸易基础，贸易方向和贸易收益的决定因素.2,当前对世界贸易模式的解释是基于经济思想史的丰富遗产。
重商主义以及亚当斯密和李嘉图是现代贸易理论的先驱。
3，在重商主义学派看来，贵金属储备代表了一国的财富。
重商主义学派主张政府应该实行贸易管制，以限制进口和促进出口。
一国只有牺牲贸易伙伴的利益才能获得贸易收益，因为在给定时间点上，世界财富的存量是固定的，而且不能所有国家同时出现贸易顺差。
4，斯密对重商主义的贸易观点提出了挑战。
他认为通过自由贸易，投入要素的国际专业化分工能够增加世界的产出，这些产出可由各贸易国共同分享，所有国家能够同时享有贸易收益。
斯密认为每个国家都将发现专门生产本国具有绝对优势的商品是有利的。
5，李嘉图认为，即使一国同他国相比在两种商品的生产上处于绝对劣势地位，互利贸易也是可能的。
生产率低的国家应当专门生产并出口具有比较优势的商品。
6，现代贸易理论认为：如果在无贸易条件下，两个国家生产两种商品的比较成本（价格）不同，两国就都能从国际贸易中获利。
贸易收益来自于国际劳动分工及专业化带来的生产和消费水平的提高。
7，比较成本可以用生产可能性曲线解释。
这条曲线表明，假定所有资源都以最有效的方式得到利用，一个经济所能产生的两种产品的最大产量组合。
生产可能性曲线的斜率提供了一种测算边际转换率的方法，边际转换率是指每增加一单位的一种产品必须牺牲的另一种产品的数量。
8，在成本不变的情况下，生产可能性曲线是一条直线。
国内的相对价格只由本国的供给条件决定。
在成本不变的情况下可能发生一个国家完全专业生产一种商品的情况。
9，在现实世界中，各国往往处于成本递增的情况。
因此，生产可能性曲线凹向坐标原点。
每个国家的产品的相对价格由供给和需求因素共同决定。
在成本递增的情况下生产完全专业化就不太可能了。
10，当生产率的增长落后于国外竞争对手时，一国的制造商在一种特定产品的比较优势将随时间的推移而最终消失。
国际经济学课后习题答案
第二章古典国际贸易理论1.根据重商主义的观点，一国必须保持贸易顺差。
在两国模型中是否可能？为什么？思路：在两国模型中一国的贸易顺差等于另一国的贸易逆差，不可能出现两国都顺差的情况，重商主义贸易顺差的目标必有一国无法实现。
2.在分析中国加入世界贸易组织（WTO）的利弊时，有人说“为了能够打开出口市场，我们不得不降低关税，进口一些外国产品。
这是我们不得不付出的代价”；请分析评论这种说法。
思路：这种说法实际是“重商主义”，认为出口有利，进口受损，实际上降低关税多进口本国不具有比较优势的产品，把资源用在更加有效率的产品生产中去再出口，能大大提高一国的福利水平，对一国来说反而是好事。
3.在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。
画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。
从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A 国，B 国生产大米具有比较优势。
4.理论，决不是个强权理论，只要按照比较优势进行贸易，专业化生产，充分有效地利用资源，穷国也可以得到好处，这不仅可以从Sachs 和Warner 对78个发展中国家贸易与经济发展的关系研究中的得到证实，单从中国改革开放的实践就可以得到说明。
5. 下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。
假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。
（1） 计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。
（2） 哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？800 1200（3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。
国际经济学课后答案
国际经济学课后答案LTA (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等(2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系(3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业(4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治(5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景第二章比较优势理论1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。
重商主义者认为国家富强的方法是尽量使出口大于进口，而出超的结果是金银等贵重金属流入，而一个国家拥有越多的金银，就越富有越强大。
现在认为一个国家生产力即生产商品的能力越高则一国越富强2、亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础和贸易模式分别是什么？贸易所得是如何产生的？斯密倡导什么样的国际贸易基础？他认为政府在经济生活中的适当功能是什么？亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础是绝对优势；贸易模式为两国通过专门生产自己有绝对优势的产品并用其中一部分来交换器有绝对劣势的商品。
通过生产绝对优势商品并交换，资源可以被最有效的使用，而且两种商品的产出会有很大的增长，通过交换就会消费比以前更多的商品从而产生了贸易所得；斯密倡导自由贸易，主张自由放任也就是政府尽可能少干涉经济3、李嘉图的比较优势原理在哪点上比斯密的绝对优势理论有优势？贸易的比较优势所带来的收益是从哪里来的？一个在每种商品中均处于低效率的国家怎样向另一国出口商品？李嘉图的比较优势原理认为即使一国在两种商品的生产上较之另一国均处于劣势仍有可能有互利贸易，这比斯密的绝对优势理论有优势；一个国家可以专门生产、出口其绝对劣势相对较小的商品，同时进口其绝对劣势相对较大的商品，这样就会比以前享受更多的商品从而产生比较优势的收益；一个在每种商品中均处于低效率的国家可以向另一国出口其相对劣势最小的商品。
高等教育出版社 《国际经济学》第二版 课后答案
课后习题第一章绪论(一) 选择题1.国际经济学在研究资源配置时，是以（）作为基本的经济单位来划分的。
A. 企业B.个人C.政府D.国家2.国际经济学研究的对象是（）A国际商品流动B世界范围内的稀缺资源的最优配置C国际收支平衡D各国之间的经济活动和经济关系3.从国际间经济资源流动的难易度看，（）流动最容易A商品B资本C人员D技术答案提示：1.D 2. B D 3.C（二）问答题1．试述国际经济学和国内经济学的关系。
答案提示：（1）联系：国际经济学与国内经济学研究的经济活动是相似的，面临的主要问题也是相似的；（2）最主要的区别是国际经济的民族国家性。
第二章古典的国际贸易理论（一）选择题本国生产A、B、C、D四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为1、2、4、15，外国生产这四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为12、18、24、30，根据李嘉图模型，本国在哪种产品上拥有最大比较优势？在哪种产品上拥有最大比较劣势？（ ）（ａ）Ｄ、Ａ （ｂ）Ｃ、Ｂ （ｃ）Ａ、Ｄ （ｄ）Ｂ、Ｃ答案：Ｃ （二）问答题1．亚当·斯密对国际贸易理论的主要贡献有哪些？答案提示：亚当·斯密的主要贡献是：（1）抨击了重商主义；（2）提出了绝对优势之一概念；（3）强调国际分工是使国民财富增加的最重要手段。
2．绝对优势理论和比较优势理论的区别是什么？答案提示：（1）绝对优势理论强调，国与国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因；（2）比较优势理论强调，劳动生产率的相对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因。
（三）计算题1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入A国 B国X Y 621512表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A国 B国X Y 10455答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。
比较优势理论习题
《国际经济学》作业习题第二章比较优势理论一、名词解释1、重商主义2、比较优势原理3、完全专业化4、绝对优势5、劳动价值论6、贸易模式二、单项选择题（）1、亚当斯密的绝对优势理论认为______ A、所有产品均具有绝对优势的国家最终将获得全部黄金和白银B、具有绝对优势的国家将获得大量贸易余额C、如果两个国家分别出口本国劳动成本相对较低的产品，将同时从贸易中获益D、如果一国不用关税壁垒保护本国产业将丧失绝对优势（）2、李嘉图比较优势理论指出，______ A、贸易导致不完全专业化B、即使一个国家不具备绝对成本优势，也可以从出口绝对成本劣势相对较小的产品中获益C、与不具备绝对成本优势的国家相比，具有绝对成本优势的国家可以从贸易中获利更多D、只有具备比较优势的国家才能获得贸易余额（）3、根据比较成本说，一国从国际贸易中获益的条件是______。
A、创造大量贸易顺差B、以较低的机会成本进口商品而不在国内生产C、本国比贸易伙伴国强大D、本国相对于贸易伙伴具备绝对效率优势4、在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价______。
A、在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之上《国际经济学》作业习题B、在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之下C、在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之间D、与贸易前的任何一个国家的国内比价相同5、如果一个大国和一个小国进行贸易，则______。
A、大国将从贸易中获得大部分利益上B、小国将从贸易中获得大部分利益C、贸易将仅使小国受益D、贸易将仅使大国受益三、多项选择题（）1、根据比较优势原理，当一国从自给自足转向对外贸易时，不会出现______ 。
A、出口产品价格相对于进口产品价格上升B、出口产品价格相对于进口产品价格下降C、生产可能性曲线外移D、黄金储备将增加（）2、以下说法不正确的是______ A、国际贸易的实证检验支持亚当斯密的绝对优势理论B、国际贸易的实证检验与李嘉图比较优势理论一致C、国际贸易的实证检验对李嘉图比较优势理论提供了部分支持，但证明其劳动价值论具有严重局限D、国际贸易的实证检验发现贸易模式并非像李嘉图预测的那样与相对劳动生产率密切相关四、判断题1、重商主义者认为一国应努力实现出口等于进口的平衡贸易2、在李嘉图的比较优势模型中，贸易导致完全专业化。
国际经济学第二章课后作业
一、判断题1．要素禀赋理论建立在比较优势理论基础之上。
2．根据赫克歇尔－俄林定理，一国应进口本国密集使用丰富要素生产的产品。
3．根据赫克歇尔－俄林定理，世界贸易的大部分应该发生在工业国家和初级产品生产国之间。
4．赫克歇尔－俄林定理说明国际贸易对要素价格具有反作用。
5．要素价格均等化定理研究的是要素价格对国际贸易的影响。
6．生产要素价格均等化在现实生活中是普遍存在的。
7．赫克歇尔－俄林－萨缪尔森定理说明国际贸易对一国收入分配的影响。
8．赫克歇尔－俄林－萨缪尔森定理论证了自由贸易将导致要素价格均等化的趋势。
9．根据斯托尔帕－萨缪尔森定理，某一产品相对价格上升，将导致生产该产品所密集使用的生产要素的实际价格或报酬下降。
10．根据要素禀赋理论，生产要素禀赋差别越大，发生贸易的机会越多，贸易量也越大。
11．里昂惕夫将石油、森林等自然资源划为资本密集型产品，而美国大量进口这些产品，因而人为地增加了美国进口产品的资本密集度。
12．里昂惕夫在验证工作中所定义的资本是指实物资本和人力资本。
二、问答题1．“世界上一些最贫穷的国家找不到什么产品来出口。
在这些国家里，没有一种资源是充裕的。
不用谈资本，也不用说土地，在一些又小又穷的国家，甚至连劳动也不充裕。
”分析：（1）可以运用国际经济学中的什么理论分析上面这段话？（2）是否赞同这一观点？为什么？2．美国劳工运动一直支持政府限制从不发达国家进口产品。
从工会利益角度看美国限制从不发达国家进口产品这一政策是否合理？为什么？从国家利益看这个政策是否合理？为什么？3. 根据下表，试判断：（1）哪个国家是资本相对丰富的；（2）哪个国家是劳动相对丰富的；。
国际经济学作业答案-第二章
Chapter 2 World Trade—An OverviewMultiple Choice Questions1. What percent of all world production of goods and services is exported to other countries?(a) 10%(b) 25%(c) 50%(d) 100%(e) None of the aboveAnswer: B2.What percent of all world imports of goods and services were exported?(a) 10%(b) 25%(c) 50%(d) 100%(e) None of the above.Answer: D3. What percent of all world consumption (private and public, including real investment) was imported?(a) 10%(b) 25%(c) 50%(d) 100%(e) None of the above.Answer: B4. The gravity model, that states that size matters,predicts that the weight of the traded good will________ related to its likelihood to be exported(a) be directly(b) be inversely(c) not be(d) All of the above(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E12 Krugman/Obstfeld •Seventh Edition5. The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact that(a) Trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade.(b) Trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods.(c) Trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products(d) Intra-European Union trade exceeds International Trade of the European Union.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: D6. The gravity model suggests that over time(a) trade between neighboring countries will increase(b) trade between all countries will increase(c) world trade will eventually be swallowed by a black hole.(d) trade between Earth and other planets will become important(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E7. The gravity model explains why(a) trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Sweden and Spain(b) countries with oil reserves tend to export oil.(c) capital rich countries export capital intensive products(d) intra-industry trade is relatively more important than other forms of trade between neighboringcountries.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A8. According to the gravity model, a characteristic that tends to affect the probability of trade existingbetween any two countries is(a) their cultural affinity(b) the average weight/value of their traded goods(c) their colonial—historical ties(d) the distance between them(e) the number of varieties produced on the average by their industries.Answer: D9. The one single trade partner country of the U.S. is(a) United Kingdom(b) Canada(c) Mexico(d) Japan(e) IsraelAnswer: BChapter 2 World Trade—An Overview 13 10. In general which of the following tend to promote the probability of trade volumes between twocountries(a) Linguistic and/or cultural affinity(b) Historical ties(c) Sizes of economies(d) Mutual membership in preferential trade agreements(e) All of the aboveAnswer: E11. Since World War II (the early 1950s), the proportion of most countries’ production being used insome other country(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: B12. Since World War II, the likelihood that foreign markets would gain importance in the averageexporters’ as a source of profits(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: B13. Since World War II, the likelihood that any single item in the typical consumption basket of aconsumer in the U.S. originated outside of the U.S.(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: B14. Since World War II, the likelihood that the job a new college graduate will be directly or indirectlyaffected by world trade(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: B14 Krugman/Obstfeld •Seventh Edition15. Since World War II, the relative importance of raw materials, including oil, in total world trade(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: C16. In the current Post-Industrial economy, international trade in services (including banking andfinancial services)(a) dominates world trade(b) does not exist(c) is relatively small(d) is relatively stagnant(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C17. In the pre-World War I period, the U.S. exported primarily(a) manufactured goods(b) services(c) primary products including agricultural(d) technology intensive products(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C18. In the pre-World War I period, the United Kingdom exported primarily(a) manufactured goods(b) services(c) primary products including agricultural(d) technology intensive products(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A19. In the pre-World War I period, the United Kingdom imported primarily(a) manufactured goods(b) services(c) primary products including agricultural(d) technology intensive products(e) None of the aboveAnswer: CChapter 2 World Trade—An Overview 1520. In the present, most of the exports from China are in(a) manufactured goods(b) services(c) primary products including agricultural(d) technology intensive products(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A21. Which of the following does not explain the extent of trade between Ireland and the U.S.?(a) Historical ties(b) Cultural Linguistic ties(c) Gravity model(d) Multinational Corporations(e) None of the aboveAnswer: CEssay Questions1. When comparing the composition of world trade in the early 20th Century to the early 21st Century,we find major compositional changes. These include a relative decline in agricultural and primary-products (including raw materials). How would you explain this in terms of broad historicaldevelopments during this period?Answer: The typical composition of world production during this period experienced major changes. Focusing on today’s Industrialized Countries (primarily members of the O ECD),the industrial-employment composition was focused primarily on agriculture. Most valuewas in land. The predominant single consumption category was food. Since then, theeconomies shifted from the agricultural to the manufacturing sectors (continuing trendsbegun over a century earlier in the industrial revolution). Incomes rose, and consumptionshifted in favor of (increasingly affordable) manufactures. Both income and priceelasticities were greater in manufactures than in agricultural products. At the same timethere was a steady tendency for synthetic (manufactured) inputs to replace agriculturalbased raw materials and industrial inputs. Hence, trade and of course international tradeconformed to overall changes in patterns of world production and consumption.2. In the past half century, the developing countries have experienced major compositional shifts fromexports of primary products (including agricultural and raw materials) to exports of manufactures.How might you explain this in terms of broad historical developments during this period?16 Krugman/Obstfeld •Seventh EditionAnswer: Any discussion of the export experience of the developing countries must first clarify the problem of definitional inclusion. In particular, the exports of the (non-OECD) developingcountries, has become increasingly dominated by the experience of a relatively smallnumber of countries in South-East Asia, termed the New Industrialized Countries (NICs).Since they experienced both very rapid increases in their exports, and very rapid increasesin the manufactured component of their exports, their experience alone may explain thebulk of the observed phenomenon. Many would exclude the NICs from the developingcountry category so as to be able to focus the discussion on a more representative sampleof (the over 100) developing countries. More recently, a second wave of East Asiancountries, notably including China have replicated the experience of the NICs, and thisagain muddies the water for one interested in focusing on the export experience of thegrowing heterogenous category, developing countries.Chapter 2 World Trade—An Overview 17 Another explanation of the growing dependence on manufactured exports on the part ofthe developing countries, follows the answer to question 1 above. Since the consumer( including industrial consumer) markets in OECD countries were rapidly shifting awayfrom primary products, these markets were rapidly disappearing.In addition, in the world markets for primary products was generally limited by low priceand especially income elasticities; agricultural sectors tended to be highly and rigidlyprotected in potential OECD markets; and escalating effective tariff structures leviedsystematically large levels of protection against the primary exports of the developingcountries; success in world exports had to be pursued outside of the traditional primaryexports of these countries.3. The Neoclassical Heckscher-Ohlin model assumes that all producers of any industrial product hasknowledge of, and may avail itself of the same production technology available to producers in any other country. Many have flagged this identical technology assumption as an unrealistic assumption.During the past half century, the relative importance of the Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in world trade has steadily increased. How w ould this trend affect the realism of the “identicaltechnology” assumption?Answer: Noting that MNC plants tend to use more labor intensive production processes in countries where labor tends to be relatively cheap (both in “low” tech , e.g. Nike, and“high tech,” e.g. Motorola), one may argue that MNCs use different technologies indeveloping countries. However, this is a gross misunderstanding of the identicaltechnology assumption . It is axiomatically obvious that if the same MNC is producingsomething in both labor abundant and labor scarce using different processes, itnevertheless has knowledge (intimate knowledge in the case of proprietary patentedprocesses) of available technology. The fact that the MNC may choose not to apply thesame degree of capital intensity in environments with greatly different relative factorprices in no way lessens the fact that the Heckscher-Ohlin identical technologyassumption is strengthened due to the growing relative strength of MNCs in developingcountries. An additional fact that strengthens this argument is that, as compared to theearly 1950s, a growing proportion of MNCs are themselves based in developing countries,such as China and Brazil.4. One of the major political developments of the past several decades is the growing size andeconomic/monetary integration of the European Union. What effect do you think this will have on international trade between countries?Answer: The growing economic integration between the various countries of Europe, both the old and existing members of the European Union (EU) and the new countries joining it(including perhaps soon, Turkey), means that the barriers to trade are steadily falling in aregion that has traditionally dominated world trade. The common monetary unit should initself go far to promote inter-country trade within the growing EU (judging by thepositive historical effect of a single currency in the U.S.). The standardization oftransportation (including railroad gauges, highway signs etc.) and product codes will alsopromote expansion of intra-EU trade. The decline in the probability of political conflictassociated with this comprehensive economic union, plus conscious attempts to cooperatein fiscal and monetary policy stances again point to growing international trade, allowingthese countries to increasingly enjoy the fruits of potential positive scale economies, andmore traditional classical and neo-classical gains from trade. The scale economies willalso tend to increase trade between the EU and other countries.18 Krugman/Obstfeld •Seventh Edition5. The Services sector has been steadily rising in relative importance in GDP of the United States, aswell as elsewhere around the world. Since “services” have been identified as “non-tradables” (e.g. it is difficult to export haircuts), it may be argued that this trend will likely slow the rapid growth in international trade. Discuss.Answer: This argument stands on questionable logical foundations. The past half century has seena steady growth in the absolute and relative importance of international trade. This trendhas been reversed only by global conflicts, i.e. the two World Wars. This trend hasremained steady and robust despite major compositional shifts (e.g. from primary tomanufacturing), and location shifts (e.g., the sudden rise of NICs as significant group ofexporters). The trend will probably continue into the reasonable future, fueled by bothsuper-regional preferential trade regions and a growing impact of the multilateral forces,represented institutionally by the World Trade Organization (WTO)—as illustrated by therecent abolishment of the epitome cartelized trade, the world trade in textiles. Driven bytechnology—especially in the areas of communication and transportation—a reversal ofthe growing trade trend is not likely in t he near future. In any case, many “services” are infact quite tradable. Examples would be financial services, long-distance teaching, “help-desk” outsourcing, consulting and management services and others. In fact, when a touristgets a haircut, we s ee that even haircuts become a “tradable” service.。
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一、判断题
1．要素禀赋理论建立在比较优势理论基础之上。
2．根据赫克歇尔－俄林定理，一国应进口本国密集使用丰富要素生产的产品。
3．根据赫克歇尔－俄林定理，世界贸易的大部分应该发生在工业国家和初级产品生产国之间。
4．赫克歇尔－俄林定理说明国际贸易对要素价格具有反作用。
5．要素价格均等化定理研究的是要素价格对国际贸易的影响。
6．生产要素价格均等化在现实生活中是普遍存在的。
7．赫克歇尔－俄林－萨缪尔森定理说明国际贸易对一国收入分配的影响。
8．赫克歇尔－俄林－萨缪尔森定理论证了自由贸易将导致要素价格均等化的趋势。
9．根据斯托尔帕－萨缪尔森定理，某一产品相对价格上升，将导致生产该产品所密集使用的生产要素的实际价格或报酬下降。
10．根据要素禀赋理论，生产要素禀赋差别越大，发生贸易的机会越多，贸易量也越大。
11．里昂惕夫将石油、森林等自然资源划为资本密集型产品，而美国大量进口这些产品，因而人为地增加了美国进口产品的资本密集度。
12．里昂惕夫在验证工作中所定义的资本是指实物资本和人力资本。
二、问答题
1．“世界上一些最贫穷的国家找不到什么产品来出口。
在这些国家里，没有一种资源是充裕的。
不用谈资本，也不用说土地，在一些又小又穷的国家，甚至连劳动也不充裕。
”
分析：（1）可以运用国际经济学中的什么理论分析上面这段话？
（2）是否赞同这一观点？为什么？
2．美国劳工运动一直支持政府限制从不发达国家进口产品。
从工会利益角度看美国限制从不发达国家进口产品这一政策是否合理？为什么？从国家利益看这个政策是否合理？为什么？
3. 根据下表，试判断：
（1）哪个国家是资本相对丰富的；
（2）哪个国家是劳动相对丰富的；。