写论文报告英语毕业论文开题报告文献综述范文参考
英文文献综述标准范文(精选4篇)
英文文献综述标准范文(精选4篇)
1.如何写英语毕业论文的文献综述
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。
（短篇论文不必列目录）
3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。
字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词：关键
词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容
有实质意义的词汇。
关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，
以供读者检索。
每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排
在“提要”的左下方。
英语论文开题报告范文（精选7篇）
英语论文开题报告范文（精选7篇）古人曾说，理论是实践的眼睛，为了总结一个阶段的工作或学习。
我们需要撰写报告，报告可以提升经济效益。
以下是的编辑收集整理的“英语论文开题报告范文”，欢迎大家与身边的朋友分享吧！英语论文开题报告范文【篇1】从语用角度分析香港粤语和英语混用现象论文开题报告从语用角度分析香港粤语和混用现象本科生毕业论文开题报告表论文名称中文从语用角度分析香港粤语和英语混用现象英文Analysis of the Mixing Phenomenon of Hongkong Cantonese and English from the Perspective of Pragmatics学生姓名欧焕仪英语专业年级2010级指导教师邹明洁职称单位毕业论文写作时间2014年2月日至2014 年5 月日一、The meaning of topic and related literature reviewThe positive effect of mixing use of Hongkong Cantonese and English. Cantonese is one of the most energetic languages in the world and there are nearly 120 million people speaking Cantonese. Apart from Mandrian, Cantonese is the languagein the Chinese language that have perfec writing system and successful development as functional language. It can be divided into Hongkong Cantonese and Cantonese of Guang style. However, with unique charm, Hongkong Cantonese plays an important role in the development of Cantonese. There was a long British colonial history of more than 150 years before the return of Hongkon, which have made great impact on Hongkong, no mattter at the aspect of economic, politics or culture. This has emerged into people's daily life and people are customed to the mixing use of Hongkon Cantonese and English. Under this kind of special circumstance, English, as a strongly inclusive language, was classifed as the offical language in Hongkong. On thecontrast, Cantonese can be regarded as a kind of weak language which is still necessary for the communication. During the daily communication, these two languages have intimate contact with each other, leading the frequently unconscious insertion of English into the dialogue which is very common nowadays. That is exactly the most obvious difference between Honkong Cantonese and Guang Cantonese.Purposed of research The ultimate goal of code-switching is to accomplish the conversation. This is thesis aims at analysing the mixing phenomenon of Hong Kong Cantonese and English from the perspective of pragmatic. We collect linguistic data from Hongkong song and movie etc. Honkong citzens usually create new Hongkong English vocabulary through transliteration and free translation.二、Main research problem, short-term target and difficultes you may encounterMain research problem：1. The reson and necessity of this mixing phenomenon of Hong Kong Cantonese and English2. The negative effect of confusing language use by mixing phenomenon3. Discussion of the difference and similarities on vocabulary and grammar of Hong Kong Cantonese and English4. Realization of the practicablity of this mixing phenomenon from the perspective of pragmatic5. Prediction of development direction of mixing use of Hong Kong Cantonese and EnglishShort-term Target:1. Basic knowledge of relevant pragmatic principle and theory2. The difference and similarities of Hong Kong Cantonese and English3. Sample analysis of mixing phenomenon of Hong Kong Cantonese and EnglishDifficult：1. One-sided analysis of Hong Kong Cantonese and English2. Can not complete the analyse the principle and phenomenon3. Not sure about the development direction of Hongkong Cantonese and English三、Theoretical frame andMethod of ResearchTheoretical frame:1. The comparsion between vocabulary and grammar2. Cooperative principle of GriceMethod of Research：1. Questionaire survey2. Literature surveyWe systemeticaly study both the realistic and historical condition of mixing phenomenon of Hong Kong Cantonese and English by analysing any related data, with intergrated use of scientific method such as conversation survey and questionaire survey. By collecting and sorting out lots of data including Honkong movie and songs and articles, we can easilyget the knowledge about code-switching rule of Hong Kong Cantonese and English.四、Outline and writing scheduleOutline0. Introduction0.1 General ideas on mixing phenomenon of Hong Kong Cantonese and English ;0.2 Brief review of their mixing;0.3 Thesis structure.1. Research Review1.1 Previous research on Hongkong language policy1.2 Previous mixing phenomenon research base on pragmatic principle1.3 Previous research on pragmatic theory1.4 Achievements and deficiencies of mixing use of Hongkong Cantonese and English2. Theoretical Framework 2.1 Cooperative Principle 【Proposed by Grice】2.1.1 An Overview of cooperative Principle2.1.2 Relationship within the cooperative Principle2.2 Applicability of cooperative principle in analysing mixing phenomenon3. Case Analysis3.1 The application of cooperative principle in analysing mixing phenomenon3.1.1 Analysis of the difference between Hongkong cantonese and English3.1.2 Duscission of the intergration of these two language3.2 Take example of supporting the good side of mixing ues of HK cantonese and English3.3 Discussion4. Conclusion4.1 conclusion of the practical effect of mixing ues of HK cantonese and English 4.2 assumption of the positive development of these two languageOveral time will be 4 months（Start from February 2014.）Schedule：Draft setting before 13st March, 2014. Thesis revision before 17th April, 2014; Final thesis before 8th May 2014; Thesis defense preparation from 8th to 28th May, 2014.五、The early reference（≥10，including book and article）MU Xiu-rong, The Comparative Study of The Pragmatic Failure between Chinese and English on the Basis of Politeness Principle. School of Foreign Language in Lanzhou Jiaolong University, 2011.Zhao YaoDong,An Analysis of Pragmatic Failure in Interculture Communication.Hong Kong Baptist University. 2012.Liu Shao-zhong, Studies of Negative Pragmatic Transfer in Interlanguage Pragmatics, Foreign Languages College Guangxi Normal University, 2002李婷，从语音相近探英语中粤语译词的文化渗透现象，广西，外国语言文学研究，2011何源，语码转换及其交际功能，陕西，《时代报告（学术版）》2012年1月（上）供稿陈启霞，香港粤语与英语的混用现象及“两文三语” 的语言政策，云南，临沧师范高等专科学校学报，2011李楚成，香港粤语与英语的`语码转换，香港，外语教学与研究（外国语文双月刊）2003易勇，粤语英语混用对英语习得的影响及对策分析，广东，重庆三峡学院学报，2013——,新编语用学概要，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999.——,语用学讲稿，南京：南京师范大学出版社，2003.——, 对比语言学，许余龙，上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2001六、指导教师意见指导教师签名：年月日七、学院论文评审委员会意见盖章年月日英语论文开题报告范文【篇2】一、论文题目：classroom：interaction：and：oral：english：teaching二、研究现状：对于课堂互动与教学之间的关系，国内的研究主要集中在：(1)构建主义模式：它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式，司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的“”入手，探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。
英语毕业论文开题报告（范文5篇）
英语毕业论文开题报告（范文5篇）本站小编为你整理了多篇相关的《英语毕业论文开题报告(范文5篇)》，但愿对你工作学习有帮助，当然你在本站还可以找到更多《英语毕业论文开题报告(范文5篇)》。
第一篇：英语毕业论文开题报告一、选题的背景与意义：（一）课题研究来源在考研过程中遇到类型相关的题目，本人很感兴趣，于是确定选择该题。
（二）课题研究的目的本文通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义，来叙述《呼啸山庄》中文明与自然的冲突。
（三）课题研究的意义艾米莉・勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期著名小说家和作家，是著名的勃朗特姐妹之一，也是三姐妹中最具天赋的一个。
她一生只写了一部小说《呼啸山庄》，但是这部伟大的作品却使她扬名于世。
通过《呼啸山庄》，艾米莉・勃朗特以维多利亚时代为背景，通过写两个截然不同的家族，三代人之间的爱恨情仇，充分表现了维多利亚时期文明和自然之间的冲突以及怎样反映了艾米莉・勃朗特对自然的偏爱。
小说中自然和文明冲突不断，艾米莉・勃朗特在小说中多次运用对比和象征来表现此冲突，例如，呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的冲突，凯瑟琳两种不同的`爱情观的冲突。
这种冲突正是基于艾米莉・勃朗特对自然异于常人的热爱和当时现代文明盛行的背景。
英国文学史上著名的三姐妹从小生活在荒原上，自然在她们心中是神圣之物，这点很像新英格兰超验主义的观点。
并且英国浪漫主义时期沃兹沃斯和柯律利治等著名诗人影响，自然，情感和哥特式元素在艾米莉・勃朗特的作品中都发挥着举足轻重的作用。
而且，艾米莉・勃朗特生活在物欲横流的维多利亚时代，当时的人们以自然之情为基础的生活受到现代文明的激烈冲击。
作为维多利亚时代批判现实主义的代表人物，艾米莉・勃朗特看到了现代文明带来的种种罪恶，内心更加执着于对自然的喜爱。
因此，要想真正读懂这部伟大的著作，就必须要了解小说中艾米莉・勃朗特对自然和文明的观点。
只有了解艾米莉・勃朗特对自然和文明的态度，才能真正明白在这爱恨情仇下有着更深刻的寓意-人类生活应该顺应自然和本性。
英文文献综述标准范文
英文文献综述标准范文下面是店铺为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述标准范文”的资料，供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文How to Write a Literature Review ?I. The definition of Literature Review文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。
通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its ComponentsA. The PurposesOn the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focusedresearch question.B. Its ComponentsThere are six parts in a complete Literature Review.标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references)III. Classification of Source MaterialsHow can we locate the materials relevant to our topics betterand faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.A: Background sources:Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries andencyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will informmost of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. T o use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excit e, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literaturereviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.6. Criticism of the work in the area.B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.C. Some tips for writing the review:1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the mostrelated references last.3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.4. Start writing your review early.VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项主要部分细节提示：引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。
全英文开题报告范文
全英文开题报告范文英语论文开题报告是英语专业毕业生完成毕业论文中最重要的一环。
为大家整理的全英文开题报告范文，希望大家喜欢。
一、选题依据及意义(不少于300字).English,especiallyEnglishreadingandwriting,hasbeeaneffectiv emeanstogetaccesstoallkindsofinformationandanindispensablem eansofinternationalmunication.Asamatteroffact,Englishwritin garevitaltoourindividualdevelopmentbecauseithasbeenappliedm oreandmoreinbothourEnglishstudyandfuturework.However,accordingtomypersonalwritingexperienceandteachingpr acticeexperienceinBobaiMiddleschool,Ifoundthatthestudents'E FLwritingabilityisnotsoencouragingandsatisfactoryinseniorhi ghschoolsthoughtheyhavelearnedEnglishforseveralyearsinprima ryandmiddleschool.NotafewofthemdoverypoorinapplyingEnglisht oexpresstheirideas,thoughts,feelings,etc.inEFLwriting.Someo fthemevencannotproduceasinglecorrectsentenceintheirposition s.Thosestudentsmayactuallyhavesomethingtowrite,buttheyjustc annotexpressitcorrectlyandappropriatelyinEnglish.Ononehand, theydonotgraspsufficientactivevocabulariestoexpressthemselv es.Ontheotherhand,theylacksenseofsentencestructureandpositionstructuretodeveloptheirposition.Thelastbutnotleast,theydon'tknowhowtoapplythematerialstheyhavereadtoimprovetheirwrit ingabilitythoughtheyhavereadalot.Therefore,it'snecessaryandurgenttofindaneffectiveandpractic alapproachtosolvethepoorperformanceinthestudents'EFLwriting andimprovetheirwritingability.Manyscholarshaveprovedthatthe reisastrongrelationshipbetweenreadingandwriting.Fromreading towritingcaneffectivelyenlargethestudents'amountofvocabular y,cultivatetheirsenseofsentencestructureandpositionstructur e,enrichtheirwritingmaterialsandpromotetheirabilityinusingw ordsandsentences.Therefore,fromreadingtowritingapproachishi ghlyadvocatedinimprovingEFLwritinginseniorhighschools.二、研究目标与主要内容(含论文(设计)提纲，不少于500字).1.研究目标：AccordingtotheNewCurriculumStandardsforseniorhighschools,li stening,speaking,readingandwritingarefourbasicskillsandrequ irementsforthestudents.However,thestudents'EFLwritingabilit yinseniorhighschoolsisnotsopleasantandencouraging.Thepreval entEFLwritingapproaches(theproductapproachandtheprocessappr oach)inseniorhighschoolsdonotdomuchgoodtoimprovestudents'writingability.Thisstudyaimstoparethesetwoapproacheswithfromr eadingtowritingapproachandshowtheadvantagesofapplyingfromre adingtowritingapproachinseniorhighschools.Fromreadingtowritingapproachadvocatesthatwritingshouldbeint egratedwithreadingsothatthestudentscanenlargetheirvocabular yinreading,learnhowtouselanguageappropriately,howtoapplythe irbackgroundknowledge,howtoarrangethesentences,howtanizethe position,howtoachievecoherenceandunityandhowtoactivatetheir mindwhenwriting.Inthisway,thestudentscanimprovetheirwriting abilityeffectivelyandefficiently.Therefore,thethesistriesto analyzethepresentreadingandwritingsituationinseniorhighscho ols,expoundthenatureofreadingandwriting,discussthenecessity andfeasibilityofreadingtowritingapproach,showtheapplication ofreadingtowritingapproachinEFLwritingpracticeandprovetheef fectivenessandpracticalityofreadingandwritingapproach.2.主要内容(提纲)：1.Introduction2.ThepresentsituationofEnglishwritinginseniorhighschools3.Thenatureofreadingandwriting3.1Thenatureofreading3.2Thenatureofwriting4.Therelationshipbetweenreadingandwriting4.1Readingpavesthewayforwriting4.2Writingpromotesreading5.Thenecessityandfeasibilityofreading-to-writing5.1Thenecessityofreading-to-writing5.2Thefeasibilityofreading-to-writing6.Theadvantagesofapplyingreading-to-writingapproach 6.1Thedefinitionofreading-to-writingapproach6.2Aparisonofreading-to-writingapproachwithproductapproacha ndprocessapproach7.Theapplicationofreading-to-writingapproach7.1Theprinciplesofapplyingreading-to-writingapproach 7.1.1Payingequalattentiontoreadingandwriting7.1.2Payingequalattentiontointensivereadingandextensiveread ing7.2Theselectionofgoodreadingmaterials7.3Waysofadaptingreading-to-writingapproach7.3.1Pre-writingreading7.3.2Writingfromreading7.3.3Post-writingreadingandrewriting不想长大三、研究方法和手段。
英文文献综述万能模板范文
英文文献综述万能模板范文英文回答：Introduction.A literature review is a comprehensive survey of the existing research on a particular topic. It provides a critical analysis of the literature, identifying the key themes, gaps, and areas for future research. A well-written literature review can help readers quickly and easily understand the current state of knowledge on a topic.Steps to Writing a Literature Review.1. Define your topic. The first step is to define the scope of your literature review. This includes identifying the key concepts, variables, and research questions that you will be addressing.2. Search for relevant literature. Once you havedefined your topic, you need to search for relevant literature. This can be done through a variety of sources, including academic databases, Google Scholar, and library catalogs.3. Evaluate the literature. Once you have found a bodyof literature, you need to evaluate it to determine its relevance, quality, and credibility. This involves reading the abstracts and full text of the articles and assessing their strengths and weaknesses.4. Organize your review. Once you have evaluated the literature, you need to organize it into a logical structure. This may involve grouping the articles by theme, methodology, or research question.5. Write your review. The final step is to write your literature review. This should include a clear introduction, a body that discusses the key findings of the literature, and a conclusion that summarizes your findings andidentifies areas for future research.Tips for Writing a Literature Review.Be comprehensive. Include all of the relevant literature on your topic, even if it is not supportive of your hypothesis.Be critical. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the literature, and identify any gaps in the research.Be clear and concise. Write in a clear and concise style, and avoid using jargon or technical language.Proofread carefully. Make sure to proofread your literature review carefully before submitting it.中文回答：文献综述的撰写步骤。
英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文
英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文（一）1、毕业论文题目论文题目用中英文撰写,汉语在前,英语在后。
目的是限定毕业论文的大致范围和方向,即论题。
应力求简明扼要,引人注目。
一般不超过15—20字。
必要时可使用副标题。
2、本选题的研究目的以中学英语教学法方向为例,则须说明要解决英语教与学,理论与实践等方面的哪些问题,这些问题应是在教学实践中比较突出又难以解决的问题;或是前人从未解决的,并且能填补某一领域的空白的问题。
3、本选题在国内外同行业中的研究现状国内外学者对该选题曾作过哪些方面的相关研究,本课题在国内外研究中处于何等地位?是属于未开拓的领域,还是在前人已经研究过的基础上作深层次的研究?国内外有哪些论文、论著涉及到本选题的内容?4、研究本选题的动机及意义提出本选题的根据是什么?为什么提出这个选题?本选题的研究有什么意义?从理论的角度看,本选题有哪些方面的突破,其价值取向是什么?本选题与相关领域之间的关系如何?对英语教学会起什么作用?从实践的角度看,本选题是否有助于英语教师和学生把握教与学的动向,使人们在英语教与学的过程中少走弯路,是否有利于提高英语教学质量?5、本选题研究的主要观点、内容、重点和难点本选题研究有哪几个重要观点,其特点是什么?研究的重点在哪几个方面?研究的难点在何处?怎样从理论与实践出发,对英语教学进行更深入的理论探讨?如何结合英语教学实际对改进英语教学作对策思考?本选题有哪几个新观点?是否填补了国内外同行业研究中的空白?6、本选题的撰写框架框架可用提纲形式表述,一般构成如下：引言：提出问题、摆明观点。
论点：分析问题与阐明自己的观点。
大致包括：问题的原因及危害性;解决问题的重要性和必要性;从理论上来论证问题的解决方法,并联系教学实际阐述解决问题的策略与做法。
另外,利用实际数据作为论据,证明方法的有效性。
结论：通过对问题的分析论证,其结果如何?对人们在英语教与学中有何指导意义?有哪些方面需要继续研究的?它还有什么不足之处?参考书目：参考书目一般是英文参考书在前,中文参考书在后,以字母拼音顺序排列。
英文文献综述怎么写范文(汇总3篇)
拆解论文结构，是一个很好的理解论文，学习论文写作，同时提高逻辑思维和表达的方法。
方法其实很简单，但凡事不能一蹴而就。
但相信勤加练习以后，你一定会觉得看论文、写论文都不再那么那么痛苦。
最后再来复习一遍步骤吧：step 1：找到自己喜欢的文献综述。
step 2：提炼框架。
提取出文献综述中的结构性语句，得到该篇文献综述的框架。
step3：填答案。
根据得到的框架来有目的地查阅文献，提取相关信息，填上答案。
得到初稿。
step4：多选几篇。
重复之前的方法，对其反复拆解、组装，最终得到完全属于自己的litera ture review。
英文文献综述怎么写范文第2篇当我们已经提炼出一篇文献综述的框架，去填每个空的答案就比较容易了。
但因为论文最注重的就是理论支撑。
我们不能随便百度到答案就填上去。
我们在文献综述中引用的一切，都需要在原文中找到依据。
但去看原文实在太累了。
所以建议的方法是：先在知乎、Quora、学术论坛或者相关好懂的文献综述，看看他们是如何引用这篇paper，评价这篇paper的。
看完之后你的心里就已经有底了。
那么我们需要做的也很简单：1. 翻到相关部分2. 关键词定位 (快速找到答案）3. 同义词替换 (降重)文献综述是一种通过对已有文献进行梳理、分析和评价的方法，以形成系统性的综合性文献报告，探讨某个问题的现状、发展趋势以及未来研究方向的方法。
那么如何写优秀的文献综述呢？下面从几个角度为大家介绍。
1.明确研究目的和问题在写文献综述之前，先要明确自己的研究目的和问题，这有助于你在文献中寻找和汇总符合研究方向的文献资料，也能避免收集到不必要的资料浪费时间。
2.合理筛选文献来源3.分类整理文献资料在文献综述的写作过程中，需要将搜集到的文献进行分类整理，例如按照时间、地区、专业领域、研究角度等进行整合，方便后续的分析和总结。
4.分析比较文献中不同观点和研究方法通过对文献的比较和分析，可以了解研究领域发展的趋势、发现未解决的问题和矛盾，并提出自己的新的解决方法，这就需要作家具有较强的综合分析能力。