国际贸易实务英语课后练习答案
英文版国际贸易实务2-7答案
国际贸易实务(英文版) International Trade Practice周瑞琪王小欧徐月芳编著Chapter twoIV. Short questions1. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB?答：Seller.2. Who pays for unloading under CIF?答：Buyer.3. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?答：Similarities: a. Seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods passthe ship’s rail. b. Seller is responsible for export customs formalities while buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. c. Buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation. Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF require s the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer’s risk.4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?答：Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract termsseller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive the destination.5. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the firstcarrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. c. Seller must obtain insurance against buyer’s risk. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed ov er to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should you do?答：No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use,especially among the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8. What are the most commonly used trade terms?答：FOB,CFR & CIF.9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?答：Seller. According to Incoterms 2000, except EXW and DDP these two terms, allthe other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while buyer the import customs formalities.10. If a Chinese trader signs a FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing? 答：Importing. FOB should be used with a “named port of shipment”, if Hamburg isthe port of shipment, from the Chinese trader’s perspective, he is importing.V．Case Studies1. An FOB contract stipulated, "The shipment will be effected in March 2008. If thevessel fails to arrive at the port of shipment on time, the seller agrees to set aside the goods for additional 27 days, and the buyer will bear all costs of delay." it turned out that under the seller's repeated requests, the vessel named by the buyer finally arrived at the port of shipment on May 1. As a result, the seller refused to make the shipment.(1) Was the seller entitled to compensation for the warehouse rent, insurance andinterest due to the delay?(2) If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on April 25, should the buyerpay for the delay?(3) If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on May 1 with a better price,was he entitled to any compensation?析：a案例中提到“shipment will be effected in March 2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。
国际贸易实务英文版课后练习参考答案
练习参考答案Chapter 1流动性过剩excess liquidity自给自足self-sufficient经济资源economic resources直接投资direct investment国际收支balance of payments易货交易barter出口退税export tax rebate倾销dumping出口型经济增长export-driven economic growth东道国host country贸易差额balance of trade贸易顺差／贸易逆差favorable ／unfavorable balance of trade欧盟European Union国际收支顺差／国际收支逆差favorable ／unfavorable balance of payments有形贸易visible trade无形贸易invisible trade货物贸易trade in goods服务贸易trade in servicesⅢThe chart above shows the U.S.imports from China,U.S.exports to China and the trade balance.The U.S.has a negative trade balance with China,and it has been growing.During the period from 1997 to 2003,imports from China have grown 244％while exports to China have grown 221％，indicating that the trade deficit is increasing.There had already been a sizeable trade balance deficit with China in 1996,totalling ＄39.5 billion at the end of the year.Ⅳ1.Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.2.Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting and importing of tangible goods．3.Import goods are tangible goods brought in.4.International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.5.FDI is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company.6.Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its money with relative safety.Ⅴ1.International trade,is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and ／or services across national boundaries.It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.2.In today’s complex economic world,neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient.Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons.As to the economic reasons,no nation has all of the economic resouces （land,labor and capital）that it needs to develop its economy and culture,and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs.As for the preference reasons,international trade takes place because of innovation of style.Besides,every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they need to do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3.In measuring the effectiveness of global trade,nations carefully follow two key indicators,namely,balance of trade and balance of payments.4.FDI,the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment,means buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations.It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in aforeign company is made.The great significance of FDI for China might be that：FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure,national supporting industry,key projects,etc.Chapter 2关税壁垒tariff barriers非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers从量税specific duties配额quota保护性关税protective tariff市场失灵market failure幼稚产业infant industry许可证制度licensing system财政关税revenue tariff政府采购government procurement贸易保护主义trade protectionism从价税Ad valorem Duties最低限价floor price本地采购规则“buy local”rules增加内需raise domestic demandDomestic content 国内含量Red-tape barriers 进口环节壁垒Export susidies 出口补贴Binding quota 绑定配额Absolute quotas 绝对配额VER 自愿出口限制Tariff-rate quotas 关税配额Zero quota 零配额“Buy local”rules 本地采购原则Ⅱ1.Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。
国际贸易实务英语课后练习答案
Unit oneI. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:protectionism domestic marketinterference direct investmentrestriction be first voiced bydominate mercantilismconsume outflow of currencycurrency portfolio investmentII. Fill in the blanks with proper English terms:1) Merchandise exports2) Service exports and imports3) Merchandise imports4) International trade5) Direct investment (FDI)6) Portfolio investmentIII. Choose a suitable word for each of the blanks in the following paragraph:trade; liberalization; facilitate; competition; increasinglyV. (P10) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese:一个国家出现贸易盈余或贸易顺差，是指该国当前进口货物和服务的价值小于出口货物和服务的价值。
在重商主义时期，这一差值通过转移黄金弥补，但是在今天是通过持有贸易赤字国家的货币或以该国货币表示的投资来弥补。
实质上，盈余国家在给予赤字国家信贷。
如果此种信贷最终不能买回足够的货物和服务，所谓的贸易顺差结果实际上可能对盈余国家不利。
I.Give the Chinese equivalents for the following English terms:1) 绝对优势理论 2）比较优势理论 3）国际劳动分工 4）要素禀赋理论 5）土地密集型产品 6）劳动密集型产品 7）资本密集新产品 8）获得优势 9）天然优势 10）文化要素差异II. (p18-19) Translate the following sentences into Chinese according to the patterns:1.即使所有产品都具有绝对优势的国家，因其必须放弃产出效率低的产品转而生产产出效率高的产品，也会从贸易中获益。
国际贸易实务英文第二课后习题答案
III. Explain the following terms1. shipment contractShipment contract is a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens at the time or before the time of shipment.2. symbolic deliverySymbolic delivery is a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does not physically receive the goods. This kind of delivery is proved by the submission of transport document by the seller to the buyer.3. arrival contractArrival contract means a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens when the goods arrive at the destination.4. actual deliveryActual delivery refers to a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does physically receive the goods.IV. Short questions1. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB ?The seller.2. Who pays for unloading under CIF?The buyer.3. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?Similarities: a. The seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are loaded on board, b. The seller is responsible for export customs formalities while the buyer is responsible for import customs formalities, c. The buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination, d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation.Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer's risk.4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment.Under arrival contract terms the seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive at the destination.5. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The selleris not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation, c. The seller must obtain insurance against the buyer's risk.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for seaway or inland waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller.Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt?What should you do?No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially in the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8. What are the most commonly used trade terms?FOB, CFR & CIF.9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?The seller. According to Incoterms 2010, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while the buyer the import customs formalities.10. If a Chinese trader signs an FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing?Importing. FOB should be used with a "named port of shipment", if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader's perspective, he is importing.V. Case studies1. An FOB contract stipulated "The shipment will be effected in March 2011." When the goodswere ready on 10 March 201 l, the seller contacted the buyer for shipment details. The buyer faxed "Please send the goods to the port for loading on 21 March. The vessel will depart on22 March." The seller sent the goods to the port accordingly. However the nominated vesseldid not turn up and the goods had to be stored in the warehouse at the port. On the night of 21 March a fire happened in the warehouse area and part of the goods was damaged. When the vessel arrived two days later the seller and the buyer had an argument about the settlement of the loss. The seller required the buyer to bear the loss caused by the fire, but the buyer believed that the vessel arrived within the shipment period and the loss occurred before the seller delivered the goods therefore the seller should bear the loss. Please provide your solution.析：1)首先案例中提到货物发生了损失是由于货物存放在码头仓库期间发生火灾造成的。
(完整版)国际贸易实务(周瑞琪等)_课后答案详解
国际贸易实务(英文版) International Trade Practice周瑞琪王小欧徐月芳编著Chapter twoIV. Short questions1.Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB?答：Seller.2.Who pays for unloading under CIF?答：Buyer.pare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?答：Similarities: a. Sel ler’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail. b. Seller is responsible for export customs formalities while buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. c. Buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation. Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer’s risk.4.What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?答：Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms s eller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive the destination.5.What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the firstcarrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.6.What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. c. Seller must obtain insurance against buyer’s risk. Difference: a.CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.7.If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms withoutany doubt? What should you do?答：No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially among the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8.What are the most commonly used trade terms?答：FOB,CFR & CIF.9.Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOBcontract?答：Seller. According to Incoterms 2000, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while buyer the import customs formalities.10.If a Chinese trader signs a FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing? 答：Importing. FOB should be used with a “named port of shipment”, if Hamb urg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader’s perspective, he is importing.V．Case Studies1. An FOB contract stipulated, "The shipment will be effected in March 2008. If thevessel fails to arrive at the port of shipment on time, the seller agrees to set aside the goods for additional 27 days, and the buyer will bear all costs of delay." it turned out that under the seller's repeated requests, the vessel named by the buyer finally arrived at the port of shipment on May 1. As a result, the seller refused to make the shipment.(1)Was the seller entitled to compensation for the warehouse rent, insurance andinterest due to the delay?(2)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on April 25, should the buyerpay for the delay?(3)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on May 1 with a better price,was he entitled to any compensation?析：a案例中提到“shipment will be effected in March 2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。
国际贸易实务英文版课后练习参考答案 (2)
练习参考答案Chapter 1流动性过剩excess liquidity自给自足self-sufficient经济资源economic resources直接投资direct investment国际收支balance of payments易货交易barter6.Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its money withrelative safety.Ⅴ1.International trade,is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and ／or services across national boundaries.It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale ofboth visible and invisible goods.2.In today’s complex economic world,neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons.As to the economic reasons,no nation has all of the economic resouces （land,labor and capital）that it needs to develop its economy and culture,and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs.As for the preferencereasons,international trade takes place because of innovation of style.Besides,every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they needto do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3.In measuring the effectiveness of global trade,nations carefully follow two key indicators,namely,balanceof trade and balance of payments.4.FDI,the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment,means buying of permanentproperty and business in foreign nations.It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign company is made.The great significance of FDI for China might be that：FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure,national supporting industry,key projects,etc.“Buy local”rules 本地采购原则Ⅱ1.Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relativelyinefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。
国际贸易实务英文版第五版易露露课后答案
国际贸易实务英文版第五版易露露课后答案1、_____, Martin can reach the branch of that tall tree at the gate. [单选题] *A. As a short manB. Being shortC. As he is shortD. Short as he is(正确答案)2、Across the river（）. [单选题] *A. lies a new built bridgeB.lies a newly built bridge(正确答案)C. a new built bridge liesD.a newly built bridge lies3、—The weather in Shanghai is cool now, ______ it? —No, not exactly. （）[单选题] *A. doesn’tB. isC. isn’t(正确答案)D. does4、Which do you enjoy to spend your weekend, fishing or shopping? [单选题] *China'shigh-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past fewyears.A. are growing(正确答案)B. have grownC. will growD. had grown5、54．—________?—Yes, please. I'd like some beef. [单选题] *A．What do you wantB．May I try it onC．Can I help you(正确答案)D．What else do you want6、—_____ are the Olympic Games held? —Every four years [单选题] *A. How longB. How often(正确答案)C. How soonD. How far7、_______ your help, I can’t finish my job. [单选题] *A. withB. without(正确答案)C. inD. into8、He was?very tired，so he stopped?_____ a rest. [单选题] *A. to have(正确答案)B. havingC. haveD. had9、What’s the point of going to school when I can’t do anything there? [单选题] *A. 时间B. 意义(正确答案)C. 方向D. 目标10、—______?—He can do kung fu.（）[单选题] *A. What does Eric likeB. Can Eric do kung fuC. What can Eric do(正确答案)D. Does Eric like kung fu11、Actually, we don't know whether this news comes from a reliable（）or not. [单选题] *A. source(正确答案)B. originC. basisD. base12、It _______ him ten minutes to solve the problem. [单选题] *A. spentB. took(正确答案)C. costD. paid13、The young man had decided to give up the chance of studying abroad, _____ surprised his parents a lot. [单选题] *A. whenB. whereC. which(正确答案)D. that14、Mom is making dinner. It _______ so nice! [单选题] *A. smells(正确答案)B. tastesC. feelsD. sounds15、69．Online shopping is easy, but ________ in the supermarket usually ________ a lot of time. [单选题] *A．shop; takesB．shopping; takeC．shop; takeD．shopping; takes(正确答案)16、The famous writer, _____ writings for China Daily I appreciate a lot , is invited to give a speech in our university. [单选题] *A. thatB. whose(正确答案)C. whomD. who17、Neither she nor her friends ______ been to Haikou. [单选题] *A. have(正确答案)B. hasC. hadD. having18、It’s raining heavily outside. Don’t leave _______ it stops. [单选题] *A. whileB. sinceC. until(正确答案)D. when19、It was _____ that the policy of reform and opening up came into being in China. [单选题] *A. in the 1970s(正确答案)B. in 1970sC. in the 1970s'D. in 1970's20、Boys and girls, please _______ your favorite book here and show it to us next class. [单选题] *A. bring(正确答案)B. sellC. buyD. take21、_____ to wait for hours,she brought along a book to read. [单选题] *A. ExpectedB. Expecting(正确答案)C. ExpectsD. To expect22、What do you think of the idea that _____ honest man who married and brought up a large family did more service than he who continued single and only talked of _____ population. [单选题] *A. a, /B. an, /C. a, theD. an, the(正确答案)23、_______ your help, I passed the English exam. [单选题] *A. ThanksB. Thanks to(正确答案)C. Thank youD. Thank to24、It’s very hot. Please _______ your coat. [单选题] *A. look afterB. take off(正确答案)C. take onD. put on25、74．In England people drive________. [单选题] *A．on the left(正确答案)B．in the leftC．on leftD．in left26、This kind of work _______ skills and speed. [单选题] *A. looks forB. waits forC. calls for(正确答案)D. cares for27、The weather forecast says that we’ll have occasional rain tomorrow. [单选题] *A. 偶尔的B. 不停的C. 少量的(正确答案)D. 不可预测的28、The car _______ after forty minutes driving, so he didn’t have the interview on time. [单选题] *A. broke down(正确答案)B. broke inC. broke outD. broke up29、33．Body language is even___________ and ___________ than any other language. [单选题] *A．stronger, loudB．strong, louderC．strong, loudD．stronger, louder (正确答案)30、Bob is young, _______ he knows a lot. [单选题] *A. becauseB. soC. but(正确答案)D. unless。
《国际贸易实务》practice of international trade 课后答案
Chapter 1 Introduction to International Trade1.10.21)-c. Tariff (关税) 2)-b. Mercantilism (重商主义)3)-a. Comparative advantage (比较优势) 4)-e. Quota (配额)5)-g. Incoterms (国际贸易术语解释通则)6)-d. UCP600(《跟单信用证统一惯例》国际商会第600号出版物)7)-f. Invisible trade (无形贸易) 8)-i. Dumping (倾销)9)-h. Opportunity cost (机会成本) 10)-j. CISG(联合国国际货物销售合同公约)1.10.3 1) B 2) C 3) C 4) B 5) A 6) A 7) B 8) D 9) D 10) D1.10.4 1) F 2) T 3) T 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F 9) T 10) F1.10.5Analysis on Case 1:The US specializes in wheat production while the UK specializes in cloth production. If the US exchanges 6W for 6C, per each hour she gains 2C more than she would have produced internally. 6W, which is equivalent to six man-hours in the UK to produce 12C (6 hours X 2 y/m-h = 12C). By exchanging 6C for 6W from the US, the UK gains 6C (12 – 6). The US will accept more than 4C per man-hour and the UK will be willing to give less than 12C for 6W. This is based on their internal conditions before trade.4C < 6W < 12CThe US will gain 2C in exchange for 6W. The UK will gain 6C as the result of exchanging 6C for 6W.Analysis on Case 2:Car industries are mature industries that faced sharp declines in employment in the industrial countries during the past three decades like United States. Sometimes called “orderly marketing arrangements,”these voluntary export restraints have allowed the United States to make use of them to save at least the appearance of continued support for the principle of free trade. Also it can save about 20,000 jobs but raised the price of steel in the United States by 20 to 30 percent. Therefore, it may result in bitter deputes between the United States, Japan, the European Union, and other nations.Chapter 2 Business Negotiation and Conclusion of the Contract2.7.21) Business negotiation, the trade terms2) enquiry, offer, counter-offer, acceptance and conclusion of a sales contract3) An offer, offeror, offeree4) a seller, a buyer, selling offer5) non-firm offers/offers without engagement6) clear, complete, final7) rejection, counter-offer8) an acceptance, the offeror9) the sales contract, the sales confirmation, The former/ The sales contract10) an offer, an acceptance, a required condition2.7.3 1) F 2) F 3) F 4) T 5 ) F 6) T 7) F 8) T 9) F 10) T2.7.4Analysis on Case 1:Both China and the United States are treaty powers of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). In this case, both parties did not exclude the application of CISG and were consequently bound by the relevant clauses of CISG. According to CISG Article 19.2, “A reply to an offer which·1·purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects orally to the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that effect. If he does not so object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained i n the acceptance.” So, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects orally to the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that effect. Also, CISG Article 19.3 has the following provision: “Additional or different terms relating, among other things, to the price, payment, quality and quantity of the goods, place and time of deliver y, extent of one party’s liability to the other or the settlement of disputes are considered to alter the terms of the offer materially.”So, additional terms relating to package are not considered to alter the terms of the offer materially. Therefore, the reply of the American company had constituted an acceptance and the contract was valid. Should the American company refused to fulfill the contract, the export company could lodge a claim in the light of CISG.Analysis on Case 2:In this case the contract between the two parties is not formed because the reply of Company A on July 17 constituted a counter-offer which made the offer on July 16 invalid. Company A should not accept the offer July 16. Instead the company should accept the counter-offer July 17. In addition, when Company A made an acceptance, such words as “confirmation” should not be used.Chapter 3 Quality and Quantity of Goods3.8.2a. Sale by actual quality 凭实物买卖—4)b. counter sample对等样品—5)c. sale by description凭文字说明买卖—7)d. More or less clause溢短装条款—6)e. F.A.Q.良好平均品质—3)f. SI国际单位制(International System of Units)—2)g. Quality tolerance品质机动幅度—10)h. Conditioned weight 公量—8)i. Computed tare 约定皮重—1)j. The Metric System 公制—9)3.8.3 1) C 2) A 3) C 4) A 5) D 6) C 7) A 8) D9) B 10) A 11) C 12) A 13) D 14) C 15) B3.8.4 1) F 2) T 3) T 4) T 5) F 6) F 7) T 8) T9) F 10) F 11) F 12) F 13) T 14) F 15) F3.8.5Analysis on Case 1:According to UCP500, Article 37, the description of goods in the commercial invoices must correspond with the description in the Credit. What the seller did is inconsistent with the stipulation of UCP. The buyer is entitled to reject the payment and the goods on the ground that the goods delivered are not what the contract and L/C require. If the market changes or the price falls down, the buyer may take this excuse for rejecting the goods or claiming compensation from the seller, thought the goods delivered are better than those stipulated in the contract.Analysis on Case 2:·2·According to UCP500, Article 39, unless a Credit stipulates that the quantity of the goods specified must not be exceeded or reduced, a tolerance of 5% more or 5% less will be permissible, always provided that the amount of the drawings does not exceed the amount of the Credit. This tolerance does not apply when the Credit stipulates the quantity in terms of a stated number of packing units or individual items. It can be seen that the quantity of fans is calculated by number. The seller is not allowed to under-deliver 40 fans. Instead, he must deliver the full quantity stipulated in the L/C. So the bank was reasonable to reject the negotiation.Chapter 4 Packing and Marking4.9.2 1) B 2) D 3) C 4) D 5) A 6) B 7) C 8) D 9) B 10) C4.9.3 1) T 2) F 3) T 4) F 5) T 6) T 7) F 8) F 9) T 10) F4.9.41重心点- 1 / 2禁用叉车– 9 / 3由此吊起-3 /4温度极限– 2 / 5由此夹起– 8 / 6此面禁用手推车– 6 /7禁用手钩– 4 / 8怕热– 10 9堆码重量极限– 7 /10禁止滚翻– 5 / 11易燃气体– 14 / 12 有机过氧化物– 18/13氧化剂– 13 / 14遇湿易燃物品– 16 / 15感染性物品– 17 /16爆炸品– 19 / 17腐蚀品– 11 / 18不燃气体– 20 /19有毒气体– 12 / 20二级放射性物品- 154.9.5Analysis on Case 1:In view of the situation in this case, the Chinese importer could not make a claim for the total loss. While receiving the goods, the importer had already taken possession of the goods. Besides, with the awareness of the leakage and the knowledge about the danger of the inflammability of the goods, the importer should have taken reasonable precautions to prevent the expansion of the damage. Under such circumstances, it was the importer’s responsibility to protect the g oods and prevent the damage from expanding. Since the goods’self-ignition had resulted from the importer’s failure to fulfill such responsibility, the exporter should not be responsible for the expansion of the damage. As per CISG Article 86 (1), “If the buyer has received the goods and intends to exercise any right under the contract or this Convention to reject them, he must take such steps to preserve them as are reasonable in the circumstances. He is entitled to retain them until he has been reimbursed his reasonable expenses by the seller.”So, the importer was only entitled to claim the compensation for the damage caused by the slight leakage induced by the deficiency of the few packages, rather than claim the compensation for the damage expanded owing to the importer’s failure to take precautions. Therefore, the French exporter was justified in rejecting the claim made by the Chinese importer for the total loss.Analysis on Case 2:According to CISG Article 35. (1), “The seller must deliver goods whi ch are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract.” In this case, the seller did not follow the packing clause stipulated in the contract, thus breaking the contract. The seller should tender to the buyer his apologies for this discrepant packing on his own initiative so as to gain the buyer’s forgiveness.Chapter 5 International Trade Terms5.10.2 a. 5 / b. 1/ c. 6 / d. 8 / e. 9 / f. 13 / g. 2/ h. 7 / i. 12 /j. 3 / k. 10 / l. 4 / m. 11·3·5.10.4 1) B 2) D 3) C 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) C 8) A 9) C10) C 11) D 12) C 13 B 14) D 15) D5.10.5 1) F 2) T 3) T 4) F 5) F 6) T 7) F 8) T 9) T 10 ) T5.10.6Analysis on Case 1:Under CFR term, all the risks duties and expenses after goods’ passing ship’s rail are norma lly borne by the buyer. It is provided that the seller must also give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered in order to allow the buyer to take measures which are normally necessary to enable him to take the goods. Under this term, the seller must give the shipping notice in a timely manner so as to allow sufficient time for the buyer to effect insurance of the goods. In this case, it was the seller’s failure to send the “sufficient notice” that led to his loss of both goods and money. On the other hand, if the seller had informed the buyer immediately after shipping the goods, the buyer would have insured the goods in time at the local insurance company. In that case, the insurance company would have assumed its liability for compen sation even if the accident had happened prior to the buyer’s effecting insurance while both the buyer and the insurance company were ignorant of the accident. Thus it can be seen how important it is to send the shipping advice to the buyer in time under CFR terms. That is why shipping advice is often referred to as “insurance notice” in trade practices.When CFR terms or FOB terms are used in combination with payment by collection, the seller may cover the goods against “seller’s interest risk” before expo rting the goods to counteract the buyer’s failure to effect insurance or the buyer’s refusal to retire the documents. Had the seller in this case covered the shipment against the said risk, the loss would have been somewhat mitigated.Analysis on Case 2:In international trade, it is of great importance to determine the nature of the contract. Generally speaking, the trade terms you use determine the nature of the contract, as trade terms themselves stipulate the risks, liabilities and costs of the buyer and seller.Although the contract of this case was concluded on CIF basis, it was not a genuine CIF contract. The two special clauses in the contract not only contradicted the nature of CIF term, but also disagreed with the practices of international justice and arbitration.Under Incoterms 2000, CIF means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. But the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. Under this term, the buyer must make payment against documents rather than against the arrival of the goods at the port of destination, provided that the seller has fulfilled his delivery obligations and presented the required documents. However, this contract not only set a limit to the date of arrival, but ·4·also stipulated that the buyer was entitled to cancel the contract or return the payment that had already been made. Evidently, the restrictive date of arrival served not as the date of payment, but as a condition of payment. Therefore, legally the contract was not a genuine CIF contract as it made physical delivery a condition of payment.Chapter 6 International Cargo Transport6.7.2 1) D 2) C 3) D 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) A 10) B6.7.3 1) T 2) T 3) F 4) F 5 ) T 6) T 7) F 8) T 9) T 10) F6.7.4cargo / manifest / bills of lading / consignments / documents / insurance policy / commercial invoice /Customs and ExciseClearing and forwarding / transportation / loading and unloading / dock servicesshipping marks / stenciled / identifying / unloaded / inspected / cleared / destination6.7.5Analysis on Case 1:Company B should compensate Company C, because the consignee only relies on the B/L to protect his right in transportation.Once the bill of lading is transferred to a third party, the carrier cannot use the discrepancy in content on the B/L and the actual condition as an excuse to defend a third party B/L holder. If the carrier issues a clean B/L, the carrier is responsible for delivering the described goods to the consignee.In this case, Company B should compensate Company C before making claims against Company A for payment. Analysis on Case 2:The issuing bank was justified in doing so because the B/L should be issued by Cosco instead of the agent according to the credit. In this case, however, there was no Cosco (or its branch) in Shantou and Shantou Cosco Container Transportation Co. was its only agent of Cosco in Shantou, thus the B/L clause amended as “B/L can be issued by Cosco or its agent”.Chapter 7 Cargo Transport Insurance7.8.2 1) B 2) A 3) A 4) D 5) D 6) B 7) C 8) D 9) A 10) A7.8.3 1) T 2) T 3) T 4) T 5) F 6) T 7) T 8) F 9) F 10) T7.8.4 1) 共同海损2) 单独海损3) 保险单4) 平安险5) 偷窃、提货不着险6) 仓至仓条款7)保险费8) 近因原则9) 中国保险条款10) 水渍险7.8.5Analysis on Case 1:(1) and (3) belong to particular average, whereas (2), (4) and(5) belong to general average, because the losses of (1) and (3) were caused by the fire directly and the losses and expenses of (2), (4) and(5) were caused intentionally for the safety of the ship and the consignments.Analysis on Case 2:If the goods are exported on CIF basis, the insurance company should undertake to compensate for the loss, because the coverage scope of F.P.A. includes partial or total loss consequent from falling of entire package or packages into sea during loading. However, if the goods are exported on FOB or CFR basis, the buyer should effect insurance. Before the goods pass alongside the ship at the loading port, the seller still has not transferred the risk of loss to the buyer, and the buyer still has no insurable interest. Therefore, the insurance company shall not be responsible for the·5··6·compensation. Instead, the seller should be responsible for the loss of the goods.Chapter 8 International Payments8.7.2 1)延付信用证— b 2)红条款信用证 — d3)光票信用证— a 4)不可撤销信用证 — c5)保兑信用证— e 6) 即期汇票 — f7)付款交单 — g 8) 赊账 — i9)预付现金 — j 10)保函 — h8.7.3 1) B 2) A 3) C 4) A 5) A 6) A 7) B 8) B 9) D10) B 11) B 12) C 13) A 14) B 15) B8.7.4 1) F 2) F 3) T 4) T 5) T 6) F 7) F 8) F 9) F 10) T11) F 12) T 13) F 14) T 15) T8.7.5Analysis on Case 1:D/P and D/A are two types of collection. The latter bears more risk than the former for the exporter. Under D/A, once the importer obtains transport documents, he can take delivery of the goods. If the importer fails to make payment at maturity, the exporter will lose both the goods and the payment. In this case, the exporter should have realized the risk of changing D/P into D/A. According to UCR522, Article 11, once the principal (the exporter) has given clear instructions, banks assume no responsibility for any consequence thus incurred. All is to be borne by the principal himself.The lessons drawn from this case are:1) Collection is based on commercial credit. That is to say, the bank does not assume primary liability to make payment, and whether the principal can obtain the payment depends on the importer ’s credibility. Therefore, only when doing business with an importer of good reputation can the exporter choose payment by D/A.2) Under collection, the transport documents should not be made out to order of the importer, but should be made out to order and blank endorsed to avoid the importer's picking up the goods directly and to facilitate the bank's negotiation of the transport documents.3) D/P is always a better choice than D/A. For substantial deals, a combination of D/P and D/A is recommended. Payment by collection should be avoided by all means in substantial export transactions.Analysis on Case 2:It is stipulated in UCPS00 Article 37 that “The description of the goods in the commercial invoice must correspond with the description in the Credit. In all other documents, the goods may be described in general terms not inconsistent with the description of the goods in the Credit.”Therefore, the name and description of the goods in the commercial invoice must fully comply with that in the credit, or the issuing bank will be offered a reason to refuse to pay.This case clearly shows that the banks involved in credit operations do not examine the actual conditions of the goods. Although the exporter had shipped thegoods better than those provided in the credit, the bank still followed the principleof “dealing with documents and not with the goods” and “seeing that documents appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of thecredit”. No wonder the issuing bank refused to make payment.Chapter 9 Inspection, Claims, Force Majeure and Arbitration9.7.2 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) F 6) F 7) T 8) F 9) F 10) F9.7.3Procedures of Arbitration9.7.4 1) B 2) A 3) A 4) C 5) A 6) A 7) C 8) C 9) D 10) B9.7.5Analysis on Case 1:Company A cannot be exempted from delivery obligation and cancel the contract because of force majeure.Force majeure events and consequences are uncontrollable, unpredictable, unavoidable and insurmountable.Although flood can be a force majeure event, the flood in one wheat production place cannot cause Company A’s inability to provide the wheat, and he can buy wheat elsewhere. Company A can overcome the bad influence of flood, so the flood here is not a force majeure event and it cannot lead to Company A’s exemption of delivery obligation. Analysis on Case 2:Even though Company Y should be responsible for the non-operation, Company Y’s refusal is reasonable. The crux is the period for claim. The period for claim refers to the effective period in which the claimant can make a claim against the party in breach. Claims beyond the agreed effective period can be refused by the party in breach. Therefore, the claim period should be reasonably fixed. Generally, a period that is too long may put the seller under heavy responsibility and a period that is too short may make it impossible for the buyer to file a claim. In addition, a detailed stipulation in respect of the starting date for making a claim should also be included in the clause. In this case, the claim was made beyond the agreed effective period. So Company Y’s refusal is reasonable.Chapter 10 The Performance of the Contract10.6.21) The bank and the seller2) the original advising bank3) the mate’s receipt4) the beneficiary5) the shipping advice6) China Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau7) CCPIT, the exporter, China Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau8) the carrier9) 30 November 200710) accept all; refuse all10.6.3 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) F 5)T 6) T 7) F 8) T 9) F 10) F10.6.4Analysis on Case 1:The bank is right. According to UCP, without the confirmation from the issuing bank, the confirmation bank (if available), and the beneficiary, an irrevocable L/C should neither be withdrawn nor amended. The requirement from the beneficiary was accepted only by the importer without the agreement from the issuing bank. Therefore, the bank has the right to refuse the negotiation of payment.Analysis on Case 2:According to the trade term FOB, the importer is responsible for booking space for the shipment. In case the importer fails to do so, he should advise the exporter about the fact and negotiate with the exporter to amend the L/C to postpone the shipment date, or ask the exporter to help to arrange shipping while footing the bill for the costs in such proceedings.·7·。
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Unit oneI. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:protectionism domestic marketinterference direct investmentrestriction be first voiced bydominate mercantilismconsume outflow of currencycurrency portfolio investmentII. Fill in the blanks with proper English terms:1) Merchandise exports2) Service exports and imports3) Merchandise imports4) International trade5) Direct investment (FDI)6) Portfolio investmentIII. Choose a suitable word for each of the blanks in the following paragraph: trade; liberalization; facilitate; competition; increasinglyV. (P10) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese:一个国家出现贸易盈余或贸易顺差，是指该国当前进口货物和服务的价值小于出口货物和服务的价值。
在重商主义时期，这一差值通过转移黄金弥补，但是在今天是通过持有贸易赤字国家的货币或以该国货币表示的投资来弥补。
实质上，盈余国家在给予赤字国家信贷。
如果此种信贷最终不能买回足够的货物和服务，所谓的贸易顺差结果实际上可能对盈余国家不利。
I.Give the Chinese equivalents for the following English terms:1) 绝对优势理论2）比较优势理论3）国际劳动分工4）要素禀赋理论5）土地密集型产品6）劳动密集型产品7）资本密集新产品8）获得优势9）天然优势10）文化要素差异II. (p18-19) Translate the following sentences into Chinese according to the patterns:1.即使所有产品都具有绝对优势的国家，因其必须放弃产出效率低的产品转而生产产出效率高的产品，也会从贸易中获益。
2.尽管美国产茶与产麦均有绝对优势，可它只在麦子生产上具有相对优势，因其产麦的优势较其产茶的优势更大。
3.要素禀赋理论认为，较丰富的生产要素比相对稀缺的要素更加廉价。
4.为了做好国际贸易，公司经理除需要掌握业务经营知识，还需要掌握基本的社会科学知识。
Unit TwoI. (p27) Find out the whole forms of the following short forms:MTO Multilateral TradingGSP Generalized System of PreferenceUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentWTO World Trade OrganizationMFN Most Favored NationLDC less developed countriesGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeEC European CommunityII．Fill in the blanks with proper words:1) policies; discourage 2) government 3) 117; 36%; 24% 4) negotiations; to; trade5) free; would accept/permitI. (p35-36) Identify in the text the English equivalents for the following:prohibitive tariff value added taxregulatory tariff ad valorem tariffprotective tariff dutiable priceretaliatory tariff retail pricecountervailing tariff wholesale pricepunitive tax licenseSpecial Drawing Right clandestinerevenue tariff non-tariff barriersgovernment procurement coordinationinfant industry customs valuationII. (p36) Translate the following into Chinese:大多数国家目前就估价的程序达成了一致。
海关官员首先必须采用发票金额。
若没有发票金额或其真实性可疑的情况下，必须以同类商品价值为基础估价。
若找不到同类商品，就必须以基本同时期进海关的相似产品为基础进行估价。
III. Complete the following sentences:1.the customs; import/export goods2.Tariff or duty; under3.dumping; levying anti-dumping tariff4.duty; value5.increasing; imported; gainIV. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions:of; on; with; from; with; for; to; at; by; atI.(p44) Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:foreign currency retention tariff exemptionpreferential condition monitorexport credit certificatedirect consignment Generalized System of Preferencetariff union preference-giving countryeconomic union preference-receiving countrycommon market signatory nationprinciple of the place of origin tariff regionfree trade zone regional economic integrationinternational financial market National Commercial Inspection Bureau and itssubordinatesII.(p44-45) Translate the following into Chinese:进出口数量限制最常见的形式是配额（制度）。
从进口角度讲，配额频频使用的目的是为了限制某一特定年份所允许进口产品的数量。
这一数量常常反映出国内生产厂商在特定年份拥有国内市场中一定份额的保障（额度）。
很多年来，美国进口糖配额使美国（国内）糖业生产厂商占据了近一半国内市场。
III.(P45) Find a suitable term to fill in each of the following blanks:1)Economic Union2) A free trade zone3)the average tax refunding4) total tariff exemption5) Form A6) GSP7) encourage export production8) justifiableUnit ThreeI.(p51) Give the Chinese equivalents for the following English terms:1)固有/内在属性2)光泽、款式、结构3)适销性4)社会属性5)适用性6)耐用性7)卫生8)以消毒/杀菌II.Translate the following, paying attention to the underlined terms:1)Not only should we take into consideration the intrinsic quality and outer form or shape,but also individual consumer tastes.2)To strengthen the competitiveness of China’s export commodities, we must improve theirquality.3)日本质量管理方法称为“全面质量管理”(TQM)，是日本公司为达到质量要求所遵循的程序。
4)竞争力战略应优先考虑以下四方面：效率/成本、可靠性、质量和灵活性。
5)在日本，质量是指“产品上乘，顾客不会想到转向其它卖家”。
III.Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions:to; in; in; of; by; on; in; withoutI.(p55) Give the Chinese equivalents and explain them in simple English:1)检验销售2)代表性样品3)参考样品4)复样5)产权6)技术资源7)对等样品8)商检II.(P60) Translate the following into Chinese:规格修改修订维修/保养保质期/质保期精选水产品补充仲裁示意图/ 图纸消费安装相关部门奢侈食品跨国公司III.Put the following into English:quality first quality reliable productscustomer first quality inspection systemquality indicator superior qualitycorrespond with samples not the same as the sampleintangible assets famous brand productsstrong and pliable booklet/manualIV.Find a proper word for each blank:select; location; largest; northern; conscious; terms; attract; fast; afford; earningsI. (p64) Give the Chinese equivalents to the following English terms:1) 允许误差2）质量公差3）可变范围4）灵活性5）鸭绒含量II. Translate the following sentences into Chinese according to the hints:1)某些部件是定制的，需要买卖双方的工程技术人员多次谈判才能确立正确的规格。