上海大学考博英语题型分析
上海大学攻读博士学位研究生入学考试

上海大学攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语考试大纲总分:100分考试时间:180分钟考试形式:闭卷一、考试目的本考试旨在全面衡量考生经过研究生阶段学习后的英语综合应用能力,为博士研究生选拔提供参考依据。
本考试对教材不作统一规定,凡符合评价目标的课程及教材均适合考生应考复习二、考试内容及题型分解1.试卷构成博士生英语入学考试由以下五部分构成:1)听力理解;2)词汇3)阅读理解;4)完型填空;5)英汉互译;6)写作。
各部分测试内容、题型和分值比例如下表:2.题型分解博士生英语入学考试各部分所考核的内容、题型和答题方式如下:1)听力理解(Listening Comprehension)听力理解部分测试考生获取口头信息的能力,包括理解主旨大意及有关细节、隐含意义,判断话语的交际功能,领会作者观点和态度等。
录音材料用标准的英式或美式英语朗读,语速约为每分钟120词。
全部录音材料只放一遍。
听力部分分值为15分,其中对话部分占8分,短文部分占7分。
对话部分为短对话(Short Conversations),形式为多项选择题,即考生需从四个备选项中选出一个最佳答案。
短对话有8段,每段为一轮对话和一个问题,每题后留有12秒的答题时间。
短文部分(Listening Passages)共有三篇短文,均为多项选择题,即考生需从四个备选项中选出一个最佳答案,每篇长度约为240-300词,朗读一遍,每篇后有2-3个问题,共7题,每题后留有12秒的答题时间。
2)词汇词汇部分主要测试考生运用词汇和短语的能力,共20题,每题为一个英语句子,句子中有一处空白,要求考生从所给的四个选择项中选出最恰当的词或词组,使该句成为逻辑合理、表达正确的句子。
3)阅读理解阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)部分测试考生通过阅读有相当难度的一般性题材文章和其他读物获取书面信息的能力,包括辨别和理解中心思想和重要细节及运用语言技能理解文章的能力等,阅读速度达到每分钟60-70词。
上海大学考博英语真题常见的一些副词及其用法

上海大学考博英语真题常见的一些副词及其用法副词可修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子。
例句:Andrew,my father s younger brother,will not be at the picnic,much to the family s disappointment.(1997年第3题)分析:该句是简单句,其中副词much修饰介词短语to the family s disappointment。
译文:我父亲的弟弟安德鲁不会参加野餐,这令全家人非常失望。
一、副词的分类1.时间副词,如now,yesterday,today,ago,then,lately,soon, shortly,immediately,finally,recently,before,tomorrow。
例句:Americans today don t place a very high value on intellect. (选自2004年Text4)分析:该句是简单句。
译文:现在美国人不重视智力。
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2.地点副词,如here,there,above,below,downstairs,upstairs, home,somewhere,everywhere,elsewhere,down,up,anywhere等。
例句:Here is an example,which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.(选自2002年Text1)分析:该句是复合句,两个which引导的定语从句分别修饰an example 和a story,前一个which引导的定语从句为非限制性定语从句,起补充说明作用。
考博英语单选及完型分析、词汇语法

★★
18-郑州大学 2011
[1]定语从句关系代词
★★
19-中国科学院 2013
无
20-中南大学 2013
[1]陈述句式;[2]名词性从句;[3]陈述句式;[4]倒装句式; [5]形容词/名词搭配
★★
核心语法统计
[1]动词相关:21 处;[2]从句相关:6 处;[3]代词相关:6 处; [4]句式/句序相关:15 处;[5]其他相关:9 处
13-武汉大学 2013 14-西安交通大学 2013 15-西北大学 2011
16-厦门大学 2013
语法点
语法核心度
[1、2]定语从句关系代词
★
[1]不可数名词修饰;[2]定冠词/不定冠词
★
无
无
无
[1]强调句;[2]动词不定式;[3]定语从句;[4]虚拟语气 If 倒 装;[5]非谓语动词/形容词;[6]倍数修饰表达;[7]陈述句式; [8、9]不定代词;[10]连词;[11]情态动词;[12]不定代词;[13] 定语从句关系代词
第一部分 全国考博英语真题题型数据统计分析
育明教育通过对全国 100 多所考博院校真题分析,选取了北京大学等共 20 所高校近三 年来的试卷,具有广泛的代表性,列表如下:
年份
2013 2012 2011
院校 北京大学、北京航空航天大学、华东师范大学、南京大学、山东大学、上海交通大学、 四川大学、武汉大学、西安交通大学、厦门大学、浙江大学、中国科学院、中南大学 北京师范大学、复旦大学、华中科技大学、吉林大学 重庆大学、西北大学、郑州大学
数量低于 5(次)的部分。
从上表可得出如下结论: (1)词义考察占据绝对比重,比重均值达 76.3%。育明教育认为,掌握词义,特别是 名词、动词、形容词等主要实词类别的词义,是实现单选、完型高正确率的重要保障。 (2)短语考察以“动.词.+.介.词.”“介.词.+.名.词.+.介.词.”形式为主。说明掌握介词短语,特 别是介词与动词、名词搭配的短语是提高单选、完型正确率的保障。 (3)词汇考察绝.大.部.分.以识.别.词.义.为主,极少涉及词形辨析、近义辨析等专业英语测 试中经常出现的题型。说明扩大词汇量,特别是熟练掌握积极词汇的常见义非常重要。 (4)绝大部分院校对语法、搭配考察较少,如有 10 个院校考察语法题量少于 5 题/卷, 8 个院校考察搭配题量少于 5 题/卷。从另一个侧面说明目前考察词义仍是重点,其要义是“看 得懂就能做得出”。
2010年上海交通大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2010年上海交通大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. Word Formation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1.A series of border incidents would______lead the two countries to war.A.inevitablyB.consistentlyC.uniformlyD.persistently正确答案:A解析:副词词义辨析。
inevitably“不可避免地”;consistently“一贯地,一致地”;uniformly“一律地,相同地”;persistently“持续地,坚持地”。
根据句意:一系列边界事件将“不可避免地”导致战争。
故答案为A。
2.When I took out my appointment book and busily______it, my client got the impression that I had a busy schedule.A.checked outB.thumbed throughC.held outD.put through正确答案:A解析:动词词组辨析。
根据句中的连词and判定,空格所填的动词词组与took out构成时间上顺序结构,也就是拿出my appointment book之后的动作应该是检查它。
选项中,checked out意为“检验”,符合句意。
故答案为A。
3.In the “New Horizon College English”course, students must take performance tests at monthly ______.A.gapsB.lengthC.intervalsD.distance正确答案:C解析:固定搭配。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-上海交通大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号:92

2022年考研考博-考博英语-上海交通大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题I can't possibly mark your homework; your handwriting is () .问题1选项A.illogicalB.illiterateC.illusiveD.illegible【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。
illogical 不合逻辑的;illiterate不识字的,文盲的;illusive错觉的,虚假的;illegible 难辨认的,字迹模糊的。
句意:我无法给你的作业打分,因为你的笔迹难以辨认。
选项D 符合句意。
2.单选题The color and smell of water in these rivers() itself how serious the pollution is but many people are still ignoring he fact.问题1选项A.illustratesB.demonstratesC.manifestsD.exemplifies 【答案】C【解析】近义词辨析题。
manifest oneself "显现, 显露";illustrate "说明, 阐明";demonstrate "举行示威游行(或集会);说明";exemplify"例示,举例证明"。
句意:这些河水的颜色和气味表明了污染的严重性,但是许多人仍然忽视了这个事实。
选项C更恰当。
3.单选题Watching news program at night has become an () part of the lives of most people in big cities.问题1选项A.automotiveB.instructiveC.unconventionalD.integral【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析题。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-上海交通大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号:70

2022年考研考博-考博英语-上海交通大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题It is very kind of you to offer, but any more pudding would simply be () .问题1选项A.exceptionalB.excessiveC.abundantD.ample【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。
exceptional"例外的;异常的"; excessive"过多的;极度的"; abundant"丰富的,多产的"; ample"丰富的,足够的"。
句意:你给的刚刚好, 再多一点布丁都显得太过分了。
选项B符合句意。
2.单选题The Foreign Ministry holds weekly press conferences to ()reporters ()the latest development in diplomacy.问题1选项A.confer... uponB.burden... withC.fill... in onD.adjust... to 【答案】C【解析】固定搭配辨析。
fill sB.in on为固定搭配, 意为"详细告诉某人"。
句意:外交部每周举行新闻发布会, 详细向记者介绍外交的最新发展。
选项C符合句意。
3.单选题Her written English was wonderful, and she had a( n) () vocabulary for a freshman.问题1选项A.credulousB.incredulousC.credibleD.incredible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。
credulous"轻信的,易受骗的"; incredulous"怀疑的,不轻信的"; credible"可信的,可靠的"; incredible"不可思议的,难以置信的"。
上海交大考博英语作文五段三部分写作方法及练习

上海交大考博英语作文五段三部分写作方法及练习五段三部分写作方法第一段:介绍现象,引入主题,陈述大意第一句群:现象描述、争论呈现、自问自答、引入概念开头陈述背景、描述现象、引入概念:nowadays、recently、in the past few years、with the development of、now people in growing numbers are coming to realize that、at present、according to开头强调:it goes without saying that、as is known to all、there is no denying the fact that、essential as sth is、开头引入概念:refers to、be defined as、means问题、主题、话题、难题、挑战:hottopicalissue、discussion、concentration、public concentration、the general public concentration、popular action、saying、idea、in hot dispute、under hotdebate、under hotdiscussionDraw public attentionThe discussion about … is becoming increasingly hot.The controversial action arouses hot discussion in society.Various people may have different choices.When asked about…、When it comes to…,people's opinions differ.Everything has two sides of effects on human life. A is no exception.引入争论:Some peoplesay、argue、maintain、think、feel、suggest、state、hold、believe、claim、deem、agree that 、assert、mention、Some other,however,point out、rebut、oppose、disprove、question、place suspicion on、cast doubt on、suspect、hold opposite view toward第二句群:as far as I am concerned、in my opinion、personally speaking、I think that、From my point of view、I share the opinion、My opinion is that…、ideais that…、position、standpoint is 第三句群:My reason is that …Only by doing so can one …for、since、because of、several kinds of、several、some、advices、tips、principles、suggestions、methods、Here are some advices.第二、三、四段:分别阐释各条理由组成:引入词,主题句+分开阐释(说理、引用、举例、对比、假设…)+转入下一段表顺序:My main reason is that、The second reason is that、The third reason isfirst、second、third、forth、fifth、sixth、to start、for the first、another、on top of that、thenThere is a third facto r that…Finally、lastly、last but not least、The former…, whereas the latter1)举例子:for example、for instance、take A for an example、a case in point is A、A is a case in point、such as A、B and C、2)因果法:因for、since、because、for the reason that、forthe fact that …、ascribe to、be attributed to、hanks to、because of、lies in、result from、due to、on account of、owing to、表结果:therefore、thus、consequently、as a result、so、hence、lead to、result in、as a result、consequence of、in consequence、in the effect、influence、impact of、end up with…3)引用:just as、as Sb. Confucius says that、as the proverb says4)对比:however、on the contrary、otherwise、compare with、in contrast、in comparison、compared to、5)假设:if、if not、6)表并列:whereas、while、at the same time、together with、meanwhile、、as well as、as well7)表递进:in addition、besides、on the other hand、moreover、with respect to、not only…but also、it's equally important to do、and vice versa、8)表让步:although、in spite of the fact that…、despite、9)表总结:in conclusion、in short、in summary、to sum up、时间:over the years、in the long run、nowadays、annually、during the 19th century、no longer、最后一段:重申主题,呼应主题,总结分论点,总结全文,呼应主题引导词:Finally、in short、in summary、in conclusion、consequently、to be short、in a world、conclusively、to sum up、With such a comprehensive set of effect、Taking all these into account,weAs is discussed above,as stated in the previous paragraph,It can be concluded from the discussion that…Only by doing so、From what has been discussed above,we may safely draw the conclusion that、It is high time we place great emphasize on、From what I have mentioned above we can see clearly that…句子构成主语:it、主题词主要句子结构:主语,定语从句(which/what/who…),主句主语,同位语从句,主句状语从句,主语+主句状语从句,主语+主句,定义从句/同位语从句句型一:it 开头句&强调句It is … that…It is known that…It’s the responsibility of the whole society to prevent …It’s necessary to doIt is generally believed、accepted、thought、hel d that…句型二:倒装句Only by doing so,Adj. /adv. as it is, 名词+从句Varying as it is in different societies、cultures and ages、social,medical experts find it closely related to health and vice versa.Omnipresent in our daily food, salt is part of what the body needs.句型三:there be/the+名词开头句动名词做主语、不定式做主语There should not be too much sugar in their diet.The best way to do … is …句型四:从句(一定要搞清句子结构,句子成分不缺失)状语从句:黏贴多个短句Worrying that their routine medication might affect the result of exam, they withhold the medication before the exam.伴随状语:With the development of …,With the change of …,Conclusively, as a new self-healthcare method, physical checkup…目的状语:In order to do/to do同位语从句:黏贴多个短句结构:分句A, doing+分句B.分句A1, doing+分句B, 分句A2.Including/which includeCausing/which causeetc.定语从句:可用来展开描述…, which/when/what/who/where/why插入语:连词,起补充、断句等功能as health experts suggest,可能的图表或图画:As is shown in the table…It can be seen、shown、concluded、estimated from the table、graph、figures、statistics、By comparison with…,it…From the picture we can know that…As is depicted in the picture、as portrayed in the picture、describedIllustrate词汇一:动词认为、被认为、被视作:believe、be viewed as、be seemed as、be treated as、be deemed as表注意:pay attention to、take care of、watch out of、what calls for special attention is that…、表提高、表促进、表改进:improve、improve medical technique、promote、enhance、accelerate、表降低、减少:reduce、reduction、descend、fall、come down、decrease、decreasing、decrease the risk of、less and less、deteriorating、表增长、上升:rise、ascend、increase、increasing number of、more and more、影响:affect、have an affection /impact on、has an immeasurable effect on one's health、have a big influence on、表实施、应用:apply to、undertake、employ、implement、be employed、adopt、take up表替代、代替:replace、replace the role of、instead、instead of、substitute for、substitution、alternative、表提供:provide with、provide with sth. for …、offer、to meet the need of支持、保证:support、support their rapid body growth、guarantee sth.表根据、依赖:depends on、relay on、according to、表吸引:attract、to keep patient、表威胁、危害:threaten one's health、threaten the society、情态动词:may、might、should、ought to、seems、sounds、不能:fail to do、unable to do、cannot表避免:avoid sth.、keep from doing、表变化、多样:change、various、vary、vary according to…、a variety of、varied among…、表先兆、暗示:imply、indication、sign、foreboding、hint预防:prevent、preventive measure、取得进步:make great progress、advances、词汇二:形容词、副词表重要、必不可少的:be essential to…、critical、crucial、beindispensable to、significant、important、nothing is more important than…、what’s far more important is that…、equally important is…、ranks NO.1、表有用、有利的:dogood to、beneficial、be benefic to、have benefit to、helpful、useful、pay important role in、advantageous、advantage、disadvantages、take advantage of、表合适的、合理的、适当的、适度的:reasonable、proper、moderate、sensible、rational、a good control of、表不当的:improper、uncontrolled、unreasonable、irrational、有效的、有用的、起作用的:efficient、effectively、efficiently、表广泛、综合、全面、深远、复杂、极端的:comprehensive、profound、extensive、intricate、instructive、complex、complicated、extreme、表根本地、彻底的、巨大的:radically、all-round reform、tremendous充足的:sufficient、substantial、abundant、be abundant in、缺乏:lack of、lacking in our diet表大量的:a large number of、a large scale of、numerous、on a large scale、表主要的:prominent、prominently、dominate、dominating、primary、main、staple、major、表剧烈的、费力的、持续的:extensive、persistent、insistent、exhausted、vigorous、表客观的、准确的、具体的:objective、accurate、specific迅速的、快速的、直接地:immediate、directly、表神奇的、微妙的:magical、subtle effect明显的、潜在的:obvious、apparent、visible、potential、invisible表容易、表方便、舒服的:convenient、economical、easy、simple、comfortable 表不同、相反:different from表进一步:future、deeper表通常、经常:usually、on a regular basis、frequently表尤其、独有:especially good for、unique to、表是否:whether or not、不幸的是、幸运的是:unfortunately、fortunately表倍数:5 times as many as…、仁慈的、同情的:mercy、sympathy、kind、humane、词汇三:名词表数量、时间、频率:the number of、amount of、time、frequency of…、福利、福祉、生计:well-being、happiness、livelihood伦理、道德、尊严:ethic、moral、morality、dignity表误解、错误观念:misconception、misgiving、选择:an ideal option/choice组成、组分:element、ingredient表紧张、抑郁、焦虑、烦躁:a series of negative emotions、such as anxious、depression、depressed、tense、nerve、fear、bored、irritable、disappointed、表性格状况:weak will、defect in character、self-centered、缓解:alleviate、remove、relax、relief、relieve、人群:white-collar workers、blue-collar workers、mental/manual workers、people of different occupations、珍爱生命:cherish life、习惯于:be used to doing、be accustomed to、生活方式、生活节奏:lifestyle、unhealthy lifestyle、unsanitary lifestyle、living activities、habits、the pace of life 过劳、压力过大:overwork、excess stress、pressure意识:awareness、social awareness、the awareness of…、realize、精力充沛的:energetic、cheerful mood、active、concentrate、actively、表相关、关系:be related to、the relationship between A and B、the more the better. relationship between doctors and patients、好行为的功能:reduce stress、keep health、improve work efficiency、slow down aging、enhance memory、relax the body 表发现、追踪:detect、detection、find out参考、引用、专家建议according to、Experts、shows that、indicate、prove that…、find that…、reveal that…、reach the conclusion that…、give advices on…一边倒Should a work team or team leader listen to team members? Introduction:背景介绍+引出主题+陈述理由Body:1、can improve team performance2、bring different perspectives and ideas to the table3、make a sense of equalityConclusion:So my advice is+Nowadays, every work team facing many challenges in their work, and no one can solve all the problems alone. Some people insist that a brilliant team leader is required and should be given the power to take over the team. However, I think that a work team or a team leader should listens and considers ideas of all team members. Only when all the team members’ ideas be considered, can a team makes the best performance, deals with all their problems in the best way, and develops a sense of equality.First, a work team or a team leader should listen to all the team members because it will improve the performance of the team. If a team leader or supervisor takes all the perspectives and ideas into consider when he or she making decision, the team members would be more cooperative and the team would get more power. On the contrary, if a team leader or supervisor does not listen to the members, the team members will get dissatisfaction and contempt to the team. It will certainly hurt team morale and result in poor team performance. Take Liu Bang the first empire of the Chinese Han Dynasty for an instance, when the Chu-Han War first occur, his army was really weaker than his revival, but he eventually defeated his strong enemy and established the empire. All this contributed to the loyalty of the team members which result from that he was really glade to listen and consider all the perspectives and ideas of the team members.Second, listening and considering all members’ ideas can help a team find the best way to deal with their problems. As Confucius said, there must be a man who can help me even in a small team, no one leader can solve all problems, and when he has difference in one problem his colleagues may have experiences in that area. So if a work team or team leader was ready to look for ideas from the team members when they counter challenges in their way, they would be more likely to find the best way to deal with their differences.Finally, taking suggestions of all team members, no matter how silly or ill-informedthe suggestions may be, will develop a sense of equality in the team. If the work team or team leader listens to the members, the staffs will that they have a friend in management, and feel equal among them. The sense of equality can really shorten thedivision between leader and team staffs.In conclusion, a work team or a team leader really need to listen and consider all team members’ ideas, because it will improve the team performance, help them find the best way to deals with all their problems, and develops a sense of equality.Should professor spend more time doing research or educating students? Introduction: a balance between doing research and educating students is necessary. Body:1、doing research +if not2、educating students3、balance 教学相长也Conclusion:It’s a big problem for all university managers to schedule professors’ work. Some people think university professors should spend more time doing research whereas others argue that they should spend more time educating students. As far as I am concerned, a balance between doing research and educating students is necessary for all university professors. Only by doing so can a university acquires both academic reputation and students’ satisfaction.To begin with, university professors should be given enough time to do their research in order to improve the unive rsity’s academic reputation. We all know that doing scientific research will cost professors much time, hence, if a professor wants to acquire academic success he should be given enough time to concentrate himself totally on his research. On the contrary, if all the professors in a university have no time to do their research the academic power of the university would stay at low level. No students want to study in a university academic reputation.Second, it’s necessary for all university professors to ke epthemselves available to their students during teaching semester, only by so can students get necessary conduct.A student will really get dissatisfied if a professor is unavailable every time the student visits him. In fact, I have haired one of my friends complain his professor several times for he is so busy doing his research to conduct my friend’s paper.In addition, doing research and teaching students can really benefit each other a lot. As Confucius says that teaching benefits teachers as well as students. Because teaching is the best way to pass on a professor’ academic knowledge and experience to the students. On the other hand, the students’ ideas-no matter how immature they are-will certainly inspire a professor when he or she do his or her academic research.In a word, university managers should do their best to keep a balance when they schedule professors’ work of doing research and educating students. Only by doing so can a university acquires b oth academic reputation and the students’ satisfaction.Technology and science adviceIntroduction: 背景介绍+主题句+倒装句(文章大意)Body:1、未来难预测,曾经大言不惭的预言2、许多问题等待科技进不来解决(疾病)3、该实行的措施Conclusion: in a word, only by doing can weThe technology and science have got tremendous improvement and highly improved people’s life in recent years. Therefore, some people argue that the most significant improvements have already been made although there will be some new technology and science advance. Personally speaking,this argument is ridiculous. One can never predict what will happen in the future, and there are still many problems threating peoples’ life which we cannot solve now. So only by ma king every effort to develop our technology and science can we have a better life.To begin with, one can never predict precisely what will happen in the future. In my opinion, there will be more significant advance in technology and science. So it is very important to stay hungry, stay foolish. I would like to say that someone said the same words during the industry revolution that there would be no significant technology and science advance in the future. Considering the tremendous technology and science advance after industry revolution, the argument sounds really ridiculous.Also, there are many problems that threatening our life and our society. For example, numerous people are dying from all kinds of disease which we have no solution to cure. Taking cancer for instance, scientists all over the word have done tremendous quantity of researches on it, but by now, we human still have no effective method to cure it. New technology and science advance is badly in need to save the peoples’ life.So rather than being satisfied with the present skills, we’d better do our most to enhance the improvement of our technology and science. We should keep modest facing future. Children should be encouraged to read more technological or scientific books, and more young people should be encouraged to devote themselves to technological or scientific work. In addition, the government should grant more money in technological or scientific researches.In a word, there will be more significant advance in technology and science, and we should do our best to acquire it.Only by doing so can we have a better life.。
上海大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析

上海大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs,which used to be considered safe from foreign competition.Telecoms charges have tumbled,allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the developed world.This has made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable.Morgan Stanley's Mr.Roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the"global labor arbitrage"is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs.It is no longer just basic data processing and call centers that are being outsourced to low-wage countries,but also software programming, medical diagnostics,engineering design,law,accounting,finance and business consulting.These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world,exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competition.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.The standard retort to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much.So far fewer than lm Americanservice-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring.Forrester Research forecasts that by2015a total of3.4m jobs in services will have moved abroad,but that is tiny compared with the30m jobs destroyed and created in America every year.The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored,whenin reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and education improves in emerging economies.Alan Blinder,an economist at Princeton University,believes that most economists are underestimating the disruptive effects ofoff-shoring,and that in future two to three times as many service jobs will be susceptible to off-shoring as in manufacturing.This would imply that at least30%of all jobs might be at risk.In practice the number of jobs off-shored to China or India is likely to remain fairly modest.Even so,the mere threat that they could be shifted will depress wages:Moreover,says Mr.Blinder,education offers no protection. Highly skilled accountants,radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers,janitors and crane operators remain safe from off-shoring.This may help to explain why the real median wage of American graduates hat fallen by6%since2000,a bigger decline than in average wages.In the1980s and early1990s,the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid,high-skilled workers widened significantly.But since then,according to a study by David Autor, Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney,in America,Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group.Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India.It is the easily standardized skilled jobs in the middle,such as accounting,that are now being squeezed hardest.A study by Bradford Jensen and Lori Kletzer,at the Institute for International Economics in Washington D. C.,confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.26.To off-shore services that were once non-tradable results from___________.[A]the blue-collar job market[B]the geographic location of the Underdeveloped world[C]the fierce competition among skilled workers[D]the dive of telecoms fee27.Which of the following statements is the typical reply concerning off-shoring?[A]Service-sector has sustained a great loss.[B]White-collar workers will not have a narrow escape.[C]Most economists underestimated the effects of off-shoring.[D]Outsourcing abroad has no significant impact.28.According to the text,Forrester Research Prediction might be different if___________.[A]outsourcing abroad is large enough to matter much[B]the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise[C]more comprehensive factors are taken into account[D]education improvement in emerging economies plays a role29.The narrative of the text in the last three paragraphs concentrates on___________.[A]the standard retort to the arguments[B]off-shoring and the resulting income[C]the future off-shoring[D]the counter-measures at hand30.Which of the following could be the best title for the text?[A]Business consulting.[B]Blue-collar jobs.[C]Non-tradable services.[D]White-collar blues.Text3The mythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs and values of that culture.By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories to create an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural world and teach lessons to younger generations,a society exposes those ideas and concepts held most important.Just as important as the final lesson to be gathered from the stories,however,are the characters and the roles they play in conveying that message.Perhaps the epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values can be found in Aesop's Fables,told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire.Aesop,a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative and descriptive tales,almostexclusively used animals to fill the roles in his short stories. Humans,when at all present,almost always played the part of bumbling fools struggling to learn the lesson being presented.This choice of characterization allows us to see that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans,implying that deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by,rather than steanning from,human beings.Aesop's fables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance,reflecting the importance of those traits in early Greek society.The folly of humans was used to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level of understanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity.For example,one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapes on a very high vine.After failing at several attempts,the fox gives up,making up its mind that the grapes were probably sour anyway.The fable's lesson,that we often play down that which we can't achieve so as to make ourselves feel better,teaches the reader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of the human psyche.The mythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of their respective cultures just as Aesop's fables did.The stories of Roman gods,Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations those lessons considered most important to their community,and today they offer a powerful lookingglass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environment in which those culture existed.31.The author appears to view fables as______.[A]the most interesting and valuable form of mythology[B]entertaining yet serious subjects of study[C]a remnant tool of past civilizations,but not often used in the modern age[D]the primary method by which ancient values and ideas were transmitted between generations32.The way that fables were used in the past is most similar to today's______.[A]fairy tales that entertain children at home[B]stories in children's school textbooks that reinforce the lesson[C]science documentaries that explain how nature works[D]movies that depict animals as having human characteristics33.The main purpose of paragraph3is to______.[A]examine how one of Aesop's fables sheds light on certain facets of Greek belief[B]dissect one of Aesop's fables in order to study the elements that make up Greek mythology[C]learn from the lesson presented in one of Aesop's most well-known fables[D]illustrate a fable typical of Aesop's style,so as to examinehow one goes about studying the meaning behind it34.The author names the Roman,Aztec and European cultures in order to______.[A]identify other cultures in which fables were the primary method by which to pass on traditions and values[B]explicitly name the various types of characters in those culture's fables[C]stress that mythology was used by cultures other than the Greeks to convey societal morals[D]establish them,in addition to the Greeks,as the societies most notable for their mythology35.The main point of this text is______.[A]Aesop's fables provide a valuable glimpse into early Greek thought and beliefs[B]the most efficient and reliable way to study the values system of an ancient culture is through study of its mythology[C]without a thorough examination of a society's fables and other mythology,a cultural study on that society would be only partial[D]through the study of a culture's mythological tradition,one can discern some of the underlying beliefs that shaped those stories Text4Much has been written about poverty but none of the accounts seem to get at the root of the problem.It must be noted that the debilitating effects of poverty are not only the result of lack ofmoney but are also the result of powerlessness.The poor are subject to their social situation instead of being able to affect it through action,that is,through behavior that flows from an individual's decisions and plans.In other words,when social scientists have reported on the psychological consequences of poverty,it seems reasonable to believe that they have described the psychological consequences of powerlessness.The solution to poverty most frequently suggested is to help the poor secure more money without otherwise changing the present power relationships.This appears to implement the idea of equality while avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power.But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness,not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor,and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a large supply of goods and services,the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely,unless accompanied by other measures,to be ineffective in a wealthy society.In order to reduce poverty—related psychological and social problems in the United States,the major community will have to change its relationship to neighborhoods of poverty in such fashion that families in the neighborhoods have a greater interest in the broader society and can more successfully participate in the decision-making process of the surrounding community.Social action to help the poor should have the following characteristics:the poor should seethemselves as the source of the action;the action should effect in major ways the preconceptions of institutions and persons who define the poor;the action should demand much in effect or skill;the action should be successful and the successful self-originated important action should increase the feeling of potential worth and individual power of individuals who are poor.The only initial resource which a community should provide to neighborhoods of poverty should be on a temporary basis and should consist of organizers who will enable the neighborhoods quickly to create powerful,independent,democratic organizations of the poor. Through such organizations,the poor will then negotiate with the outsiders for resources and opportunities without having to submit to concurrent control from outside.36.By“powerless”(sentence2,Para1),the author most probably means that the poor__________.[A]have no right to make individual decisions and plans[B]can not exercise control over other groups of people[C]are not in a condition to change their present situation[D]are too weak to resist any social situation imposed on them37.The author expresses his opinion in the first paragraph that _________.[A]the hopeless condition of the poor is caused by their powerlessness rather than lack of money[B]great efforts should be made to help poor to secure more moneywithout changing present power relationships[C]it is no use raising the incomes of the poor while not improve their state of powerlessness[D]in helping the poor attention should be paid to avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power38.According to the author,the primary role of the major community in helping the neighborhoods of poverty is_______.[A]to provide long-term assistance from outside[B]to offer necessary opportunities of securing more money[C]to carry out more social programs in the neighborhoods[D]to lend experienced advice in the formation of democratic self-help organizations39.What does the word“concurrent”(Para.3)most probably mean?[A]Following.[B]Subsequent.[C]Previous.[D]Simultaneous.40.The main purpose of the author in writing the passage is _______.[A]to criticize the present methods employed to help the poor[B]to analyze the social and psychological aspects of poverty[C]to propose a way in which the poor can be more effectively helped[D]to describe the attitude of the community towards the poor中国考博辅导首选学校本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
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2015上海大学考博英语历年真题一、招考介绍从整体上看,由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大,对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高,特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生,一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力,另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、上海大学考博英语题型Part1:听力,15题15分(8个短对话,2-3篇短文)Part2:词汇,20题10分Part3:完型填空,20题10分Part4:阅读理解,五篇25题25分Part5:翻译,英译汉10分,汉译英10分Part6:作文,20分三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网,亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售,也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后,就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系,询问是否有招生名额,能否报考,这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早,学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定,报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额;太晚的话,怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下,导师对一个学生很中意的话,后来联系的学生,导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话,联系导师的过程中,如果读研期间的导师有关系,可以尽量利用。
如果没有,也没关系,凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的,这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系,都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种:(1)、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统,说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通,看看具体的进展,避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
(2)、名额有限,可以报考,但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意,认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答,最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己,考的好就可以上。
(3)、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关,欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认,这是最好的情况,你可以放心的去考,一般不会出问题的。
但不排除偶然,像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题,可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。
总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事,关系只是占一部分,自己努力了就行,不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。
初次联系好导师后,一定要注意跟导师保持联系。
每半个月或者一个月向导师汇报一下学习情况或者复习情况,交流一下科研方向,这很有必要。
一方面让导师觉得你很想去跟他深造,另一方面显得你虔诚好学。
五、听力答题技巧1、卷子发下来后快速的浏览一遍,包括题干和答案。
这样会大大提高你对听力的理解---知道它是讲什么内容,大概是怎么回事。
联系我们扣扣:四一六九二五五五九。
电话:四零零六六八六九七八。
扣扣群:一零五六一九八二零。
2、没听懂的题目,就放弃它,千万不要在听下道题的时候还在想上道题。
这样会引起头脑的混乱。
3、相信第一感觉,听力部分不是非常确凿的感觉的话不要改动开始的答案。
人的大脑有时候会混淆的。
因此很多情况下不是你选错了,而是改错了。
因此轻易别选,但是选了之后轻易别改。
(1)提炼选项中的重要信息考生务必先看选项。
当录音人开始宣读Directions时,考生应充分利用这段时间速读选项,预测考点,从而做到心中有数。
通过先看选项,可以明确题目多方面的信息。
(2)掌握节奏合理安排时间可能没有哪种考试对时间安排的要求比听力考试还要苛刻。
“录音不等人”,所以很多考生答题时都很紧张。
其实,听力考试每分钟阅读的字数和停顿时间有严格限制:约每分钟140词,每个问题后有约15秒停顿。
拍子已经固定,我们要做的是跟上节奏,过分的紧张只会造成混乱,直接影响发挥。
答题时,考生切勿在某一题上花费过多的时间(一般少于10秒/题),剩余的时间用于阅读下一题的选项和大胆猜测考点。
一旦没有听懂就根据已经掌握的信息迅速猜一个答案,马上进入下一题的节奏。
千万不可拖泥带水,否则破坏了节奏,可能造成随后的简单题目失分。
答案选定后可放松一口气,然后尽可能多看下一题乃至两题的选项。
(3)听力是一种Paraphrase考试Paraphrase就是运用同类词语的替换或句型的变换解释句或段的意义。
听力考试多数时候是一种paraphrase考试,它往往考的不是考生是否听见,而是考考生是否听懂。
把命题中的对话和段落原封不动地照搬到答案里,等着考生把它挑出来,在考博听力考试中这种题型几乎找不到。
绝大多数题目,要求考生把听到的原文进行变换和归纳,对应到选项中。
如此一来,我们不光得竖起耳朵听,还得开动脑筋想。
这就造成有的考生听懂了原文的每个字,却选不出答案。
要避免这种情况,请注意正确答案的固定特征:(4)听懂语调和重音英语和汉语一样,说话人通过各种各样的语调和重音的变化表达不同的意思。
考博听力中,专业的录音人更是力求表演得真实,他们绝不会用平淡的语调表示自己的惊讶,也绝不会把重音放在无关紧要的词上。
重读的每一处都具有提示作用。
因而,从录音人的表现中就能推测出人物的心理活动、观点和态度。
重音和语调是最为重要的线索。
辨认录音人语调中的信息在听力考试中比听懂单个词更重要。
(5)针对题型逐个演练不管是对话还是文段,听力考试的提问可分主题题型、细节题型、推断题型和语言点题型四大类。
我们可以在平时的练习中有意识的总结做题的方法和技巧。
六、阅读理解的解题技巧其实考博阅读的技巧是有针对性的,看整篇文章就是为了弄清文章的框架,具体的问题我们可以不管,但文章的层次必须弄清楚。
只有弄清了文章的层次,具体的问题才好归类,结合课后问题才能快速定位问题答案。
另外我发现考博的题目基本都围绕在文章的各层次主干上,细枝末节上基本没有涉题,于是就会发现,原文几百字的文章,真正需要了解的只有主干的几十字而已,其余的东西都可省。
当我们划去冗余,就会发现几十字的文章骨架基本覆盖所有的问题。
可见,对于考博阅读,若要高效正确的征服,必须学会快速分析文章的主干。
这就是基于逻辑的阅读,上升到理论层面的阅读模式。
下面进行具体分析:(1)主旨在英语阅读中要弄清楚层次,个人以为要弄清文章主旨,段落中心以及段落内部的次中心,这些在一些文章主旨题和一些细节题上很受用。
常规的文章主旨都会有其固定的出现地点:首段末尾处、第二段的开头和最后一段。
当然也有非常规的情况,这就需要靠自己的能力去寻找。
找主旨需要慢慢训练,常规的、非常规的文章都能通过真题并结合后面的专家解析,这样能力就能够很快地提升。
(2)常规文章行文逻辑本文中一直的强调要重视文章逻辑,那么,一般的都有哪些逻辑呢?通过一般归纳总结,大致可以得到四个逻辑框架。
这些框架特别有助于理解文章的总体内容,阅读过程按框架有重点地跳读,辨明逻辑主线,在把握文章重点、段落中心和段内次中心基础上,会有很好的效果。
也许,在做考博阅读之初,很多平日里有扎实功底的同学也会出现全军覆没的局面,出现这种情况,并不一定是英语词汇有巨大的缺知,而可能是逻辑上出现混乱。
现在将框架简单介绍如下:框架1:提出问题——分析问题——解决问题框架2:叙述现象——分析现象——结论框架3:提出观点——支持or反驳该观点——重申观点框架4:两种东西对比——分项对比——总体对照在阅读中要有意识的将文章归类分析,弄清逻辑,以上列出的是主干,还需进一步分析到枝叶,这样才能达到层次清晰的程度。
到段落级别,文章中心也容易辨出,多数文章中心在首末,少数会出现在段中。
于是在理解阅读文章的时候,在定位完毕后尽量将重点阅读范围扩大多句,观察所在句子在段落中的地位和在全文的地位。
一般情况,较接近的段中心和段落次中心往往就是正确答案,当然在最终填写答案的时候还是细细分析更为可靠。
(3)暗含答案的重点位置所谓文章重点就是阅读文章时得特别关注的地方,也是我们在浏览文章时眼界的着力点。
在考博阅读中,出题点一般都是文章中较为重要的地方,常见的有段落的中心和次中心;对于非中心,考博文章一般不会考察。
这是博士研究生入学考试的选拔性和阅读科技论文实用性所决定的。
上述的逻辑对于宏观题基本可以一网打尽,但对于微观题,我们必须通过重点位置的提示来解决。
下面通过一些分析和重点位置的介绍来理解把握文章的细节:1)所有文章的中心与段落中心和次中心。
2)转折和因果。
在阅读中,最好把含有转折和因果的词句标出来,因为转折和因果都意味着作者的观点和态度,相对一般句子更有强调性。
例如:because,for,but,however……3)表示观点的句子、观点的词可能多处出现,当然并不是所有观点的句子和词汇都是重点,但值得一读。
阅读文章中对这些词语的敏感是件令人兴奋的事情,所以平时应做好积累。
例如:agree,acknowledge,assert,see,insist,according to,find,think,believe,show,point out,content,acclaim,say等4)特殊标点符号,有的表示具体说明、有表解释、有表反义等等,均有或强或弱的强调意味,主要的特殊标点符号有:——、()、“”等。
5)情态动词。
should,must都能表达作者感情的因素,能从侧面反映作者对于某事物的观点,理应重点阅读。
6)特殊句型。
例如副词提前加逗号这种形式Variety,……,Significantly,……副词在句中起着很大作用,能反映态度,能表程度,这种特殊句型更有强调的成分,值得多阅读分析。
7)有指代的比较级、最高级和such/so等。
上面列举的一些重点特征很多,无异就是一些相对突出强调的词语。
阅读文章的时候,仅靠这些重点基本上可以做出大部分的阅读题。
阅读时快速画出重点,仅阅读含有重点特征的句子,对文章进行“减肥”,以提高阅读效率。
(4)选项特点1)正确答案的特点a、与原文句子同义词替换。
b、相对原文语法变化,如原文中的被动变为主动。
C、正面反面,即原文句子的否定形式,答案变成肯定的正面叙述;原文是肯定形式,从正面叙述,答案变成否定形式从反面叙述。
d、AB角度,原文从A角度叙述某事,而答案从B角度叙述同一件事情,本质不变。
e、具体抽象,即原文具体事例,答案变为抽象概括,或反之。
2)干扰选项的特点a、照抄原文,个别词语不同。
b、一半信息符合原文,一半信息不符。
c、将原文某些信息张冠李戴。
d、与原文叙述的内容相反。
e、与原文中没有出现观点新信息。
f、含有绝对化的词语,如only,always,never,all,everything,anything,everywhere,everybody,nobody。
g、逻辑错误,因果颠倒等。
最后,育明考博提醒:要做好考博英语阅读必须在扎实的英语词汇和语法的基础上,从不同角度对文章进行分解和思考。