组合数学第五章习题答案

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Richard组合数学第5版-第5章课后习题答案(英文版)

Richard组合数学第5版-第5章课后习题答案(英文版)

Richard组合数学第5版-第5章课后习题答案(英⽂版)Math475Text:Brualdi,Introductory Combinatorics5th Ed. Prof:Paul TerwilligerSelected solutions for Chapter51.For an integer k and a real number n,we shown k=n?1k?1+n?1k.First assume k≤?1.Then each side equals0.Next assume k=0.Then each side equals 1.Next assume k≥1.RecallP(n,k)=n(n?1)(n?2)···(n?k+1).We haven k=P(n,k)k!=nP(n?1,k?1)k!.n?1 k?1=P(n?1,k?1)(k?1)!=kP(n?1,k?1)k!.n?1k(n?k)P(n?1,k?1)k!.The result follows.2.Pascal’s triangle begins111121133114641151010511615201561172135352171182856705628811936841261268436911104512021025221012045101···13.Let Z denote the set of integers.For nonnegative n∈Z de?ne F(n)=k∈Zn?kk.The sum is well de?ned since?nitely many summands are nonzero.We have F(0)=1and F(1)=1.We show F(n)=F(n?1)+F(n?2)for n≥2.Let n be /doc/6215673729.htmling Pascal’s formula and a change of variables k=h+1,F(n)=k∈Zn?kk=k∈Zn?k?1k?1=k∈Zn?k?1k+h∈Zn?h?2h=F(n?1)+F(n?2).Thus F(n)is the n th Fibonacci number.4.We have(x+y)5=x5+5x4y+10x3y2+10x2y3+5xy4+y5and(x+y)6=x6+6x5y+15x4y2+20x3y3+15x2y4+6xy5+y6.5.We have(2x?y)7=7k=07k27?k(?1)k x7?k y k.6.The coe?cient of x5y13is35(?2)13 185.The coe?cient of x8y9is0since8+9=18./doc/6215673729.htmling the binomial theorem,3n=(1+2)n=nk=0nSimilarly,for any real number r,(1+r)n=nk=0nkr k./doc/6215673729.htmling the binomial theorem,2n=(3?1)n=nk=0(?1)knk3n?k.29.We haven k =0(?1)k nk 10k =(?1)n n k =0(?1)n ?k n k 10k =(?1)n (10?1)n =(?1)n 9n .The sum is 9n for n even and ?9n for n odd.10.Given integers 1≤k ≤n we showk n k =n n ?1k ?1.Let S denote the set of ordered pairs (x,y )such that x is a k -subset of {1,2,...,n }and yis an element of x .We compute |S |in two ways.(i)To obtain an element (x,y )of S there are n k choices for x ,and for each x there are k choices for y .Therefore |S |=k n k .(ii)Toobtain an element (x,y )of S there are n choices for y ,and for each y there are n ?1k ?1 choices for x .Therefore |S |=n n ?1k ?1.The result follows.11.Given integers n ≥3and 1≤k ≤n .We shown k ? n ?3k = n ?1k ?1 + n ?2k ?1 + n ?3k ?1.Let S denote the set of k -subsets of {1,2,...,n }.Let S 1consist of the elements in S thatcontain 1.Let S 2consist of the elements in S that contain 2but not 1.Let S 3consist of the elements in S that contain 3but not 1or 2.Let S 4consist of the elements in S that do|S |= n k ,|S 1|= n ?1k ?1 ,|S 2|= n ?2k ?1 ,|S 3|= n ?3k ?1 ,|S 4|= n ?3k .The result follows.12.We evaluate the sumnk =0(?1)k nk 2.First assume that n =2m +1is odd.Then for 0≤k ≤m the k -summand and the (n ?k )-summand are opposite.Therefore the sum equals 0.Next assume that n =2m is even.Toevaluate the sum in this case we compute in two ways the the coe?cient of x n in (1?x 2)n .(i)By the binomial theorem this coe?cient is (?1)m 2m m .(ii)Observe (1?x 2)=(1+x )(1?x ).We have(1+x )n =n k =0n k x k,(1?x )n =n k =0nk (?1)k x k .3By these comments the coe?cient of x n in(1?x2)n isn k=0nn?k(?1)knk=nk=0(?1)knk2.2=(?1)m2mm.13.We show that the given sum is equal ton+3k .The above binomial coe?cient is in row n+3of Pascal’s /doc/6215673729.htmling Pascal’s formula, write the above binomial coe?cient as a sum of two binomial coe?ents in row n+2of Pascal’s triangle.Write each of these as a sum of two binomial coe?ents in row n+1of Pascal’s triangle.Write each of these as a sum of two binomial coe?ents in row n of Pascal’s triangle.The resulting sum isn k+3nk?1+3nk?2+nk?3.14.Given a real number r and integer k such that r=k.We showr k=rr?kr?1k.First assume that k≤?1.Then each side is0.Next assume that k=0.Then each side is 1.Next assume that k≥1.ObserverP(r?1,k?1)k!,andr?1k=P(r?1,k)k!=(r?k)P(r?1,k?1)k!.The result follows.15.For a variable x consider(1?x)n=nk=0nk(?1)k x k.4Take the derivative with respect to x and obtain n(1x)n1=nk=0nk(?1)k kx k?1.Now set x=1to get(?1)k k.The result follows.16.For a variable x consider(1+x)n=nk=0nkx k.Integrate with respect to x and obtain(1+x)n+1 n+1=nk=0nkx k+1k+1+Cfor a constant C.Set x=0to?nd C=1/(n+1).Thus (1+x)n+1?1n+1=nk=0nkx k+1k+1.Now set x=1to get2n+1?1 n+1=k+1.17.Routine.18.For a variable x consider(x?1)n=nk=0nk(?1)n?k x k.Integrate with respect to x and obtain(x?1)n+1 n+1=nk=0nk(?1)n?kx k+1k+1+Cfor a constant C.Set x=0to?nd C=(?1)n+1/(n+1).Thus (x?1)n+1?(?1)n+1n+1=nk=0nk(?1)n?kx k+1k+1Now set x =1to get(?1)n n +1=n k =0n k(?1)n ?k 1k +1.Therefore1n +1=n k =0 n k (?1)k 1k +1 .19.One readily checks2 m 2 + m 1=m (m ?1)+m =m 2.Therefore n k =1k 2=nk =0k 2=2nk =0 k 2 +n k =0k1=2 n +13 +n +12 =(n +1)n (2n +1)6.20.One readily checksm 3=6 m 3 +6 m 2 + m1.Thereforen k =1k3=n=6nk =0 k3+6n k =0 k2 +n k =0k1 =6 n +14 +6 n +13 +n +12 =(n +1)2n 24= n +12 2.621.Given a real number r and an integer k .We showrk=(?1)kr +k ?1k .First assume that k <0.Then each side is zero.Next assume that k ≥0.Observe r k =(r )(r 1)···(r k +1)k !=(?1)kr (r +1)···(r +k ?1)k !=(?1)kr +k ?1k.22.Given a real number r and integers k,m .We showr m m k = r k r ?km ?k.First assume that mObserver m m k =r (r ?1)···(r ?m +1)m !m !k !(m ?k )!=r (r ?1)···(r ?k +1)k !(r ?k )(r ?k ?1)···(r ?m +1)(m ?k )!= r k r ?k m ?k .23.(a) 2410.(b) 94 156.(c) 949363.(d)94156949363.24.The number of walks of length 45is equal to the number of words of length 45involving10x ’s,15y ’s,and 20z ’s.This number is45!10!×15!×20!.725.Given integers m 1,m 2,n ≥0.Shown k =0m 1k m 2n ?k = m 1+m 2n .Let A denote a set with cardinality m 1+m 2.Partition A into subsets A 1,A 2with cardinalitiesm 1and m 2respectively.Let S denote the set of n -subsets of A .We compute |S |in two ways.(i)By construction|S |= m 1+m 2n .(ii)For 0≤k ≤n let the set S k consist of the elements in S whose intersection with A 1has cardinality k .The sets {S k }n k =0partition S ,so |S |= nk =0|S k |.For 0≤k ≤n we now compute |S k |.To do this we construct an element x ∈S k via the following 2-stage procedure: stage to do #choices 1pick x ∩A 1 m 1k2The number |S k |is the product of the entries in the right-most column above,which comes to m 1k m 2n ?k .By these comments |S |=n k =0m 1k m 2n ?k .The result follows.26.For an integer n ≥1shown k =1 n k n k ?1 =12 2n +2n +1 ? 2n n .Using Problem 25,n k =1 n k nk ?1 =n k =0n k n k ?1 =n k =0n k nn +1?k =2n n +1 =12 2n n ?1 +12 2n n +1.8It remains to show12 2nn ?1 +12 2n n +1 =12 2n +2n +1 ? 2n n.This holds since2n n ?1 +2 2n n + 2n n +1 = 2n +1n +2n +1n +1= 2n +2n +1.27.Given an integer n ≥1.We shown (n +1)2n ?2=nk =1Let S denote the set of 3-tuples (s,x,y )such that s is a nonempty subset of {1,2,...,n }and x,y are elements (not necessarily distinct)in s .We compute |S |in two ways.(i)Call an element (s,x,y )of S degenerate whenever x =y .Partition S into subsets S +,S ?with S +(resp.S ?)consisting of the degenerate (resp.nondegenerate)elements of S .So |S |=|S +|+|S ?|.We compute |S +|.To obtain an element (s,x,x )of S +there are n choices for x ,and given x there are 2n ?1choices for s .Therefore |S +|=n 2n ?1.We compute |S ?|.To obtain an element (s,x,y )of S ?there are n choices for x,and given x there are n ?1choices for y ,and given x,y there are 2n ?2choices for s .Therefore |S ?|=n (n ?1)2n ?2.By these comments|S |=n 2n ?1+n (n ?1)2n ?2=n (n +1)2n ?2.(ii)For 1≤k ≤n let S k denote the set of elements (s,x,y )in S such that |s |=k .Thesets {S k }nk =1give a partition of S ,so |S |= n k =1|S k |.For 1≤k ≤n we compute |S k |.To obtain an element (s,x,y )of S k there are n k choices for s ,and given s there are k 2ways to choose the pair x,y .Therefore |S k |=k 2 nk .By these comments|S |=n k =1k 2 n k .The result follows.28.Given an integer n ≥1.We shown k =1k n k 2=n 2n ?1n ?1 .Let S denote the set of ordered pairs (s,x )such that s is a subset of {±1,±2,...,±n }andx is a positive element of s .We compute |S |in two ways.(i)To obtain an element (s,x )of S There are n choices for x ,and given x there are 2n ?1n ?1 choices for s .Therefore|S |=n 2n ?1n ?1.9(ii)For1≤k≤n let S k denote the set of elements(s,x)in S such that s contains exactlyk positive elements.The sets{S k}nk=1partition S,so|S|=nk=1|S k|.For1≤k≤nwe compute|S k|.To obtain an element(s,x)of S k there are nkways to pick the positiveelements of s and nn?kways to pick the negative elements of s.Given s there are kways to pick x.Therefore|S k|=k nk2.By these comments |S|=nk=1knk2.The result follows.29.The given sum is equal tom2+m2+m3n .To see this,compute the coe?cient of x n in each side of(1+x)m1(1+x)m2(1+x)m3=(1+x)m1+m2+m3.In this computation use the binomial theorem.30,31,32.We refer to the proof of Theorem5.3.3in the text.Let A denote an antichain such that|A|=nn/2.For0≤k≤n letαk denote the number of elements in A that have size k.Sonk=0αk=|A|=nn/2.As shown in the proof of Theorem5.3.3,≤1,with equality if and only if each maximal chain contains an element of A.By the above commentsnk=0αknn/2nknk≤0,with equality if and only if each maximal chain contains an element of A.The above sum is nonpositive but each summand is nonnegative.Therefore each summand is zero and the sum is zero.Consequently(a)each maximal chain contains an element of A;(b)for0≤k≤n eitherαk is zero or its coe?cient is zero.We now consider two cases.10Case:n is even.We show that for0≤k≤n,αk=0if k=n/2.Observe that for0≤k≤n, if k=n/2then the coe?cient ofαk isnonzero,soαk=0.Case:n is odd.We show that for0≤k≤n,eitherαk=0if k=(n?1)/2orαk=0 if k=(n+1)/2.Observe that for0≤k≤n,if k=(n±1)/2then the coe?cient ofαk is nonzero,soαk=0.We now show thatαk=0for k=(n?1)/2or k=(n+1)/2. To do this,we assume thatαk=0for both k=(n±1)/2and get a contradiction.By assumption A contains an element x of size(n+1)/2and an element y of size(n?1)/2. De? ne s=|x∩y|.Choose x,y such that s is maximal.By construction0≤s≤(n?1)/2. Suppose s=(n?1)/2.Then y=x∩y?x,contradicting the fact that x,y are incomparable. So s≤(n?3)/2.Let y denote a subset of x that contains x∩y and has size(n?1)/2. Let x denote a subset of y ∪y that contains y and has size(n+1)/2.By construction |x ∩y|=s+1.Observe y is not in A since x,y are comparable.Also x is not in A by the maximality of s.By construction x covers y so they are together contained in a maximal chain.This chain does not contain an element of A,for a contradiction.33.De?ne a poset(X,≤)as follows.The set X consists of the subsets of{1,2,...,n}. For x,y∈X de?ne x≤y whenever x?y.Forn=3,4,5we display a symmetric chain decomposition of this poset.We use the inductive procedure from the text.For n=3,,1,12,1232,233,13.For n=4,,1,12,123,12344,14,1242,23,23424,For n=5,,1,12,123,1234,123455,15,125,12354,14,124,124545,1452,23,234,234525,23524,2453,13,134,134535,13534,345.1134.For 0≤k ≤ n/2 there are exactlyn kn k ?1symmetric chains of length n ?2k +1.35.Let S denote the set of 10jokes.Each night the talk show host picks a subset of S for his repertoire.It is required that these subsets form an antichain.By Corollary 5.3.2each antichain has size at most 105 ,which is equal to 252.Therefore the talk show host can continue for 252nights./doc/6215673729.htmlpute the coe?cient of x n in either side of(1+x )m 1(1+x )m 2=(1+x )m 1+m 2,In this computation use the binomial theorem.37.In the multinomial theorem (Theorem 5.4.1)set x i =1for 1≤i ≤t .38.(x 1+x 2+x 3)4is equal tox 41+x 42+x 43+4(x 31x 2+x 31x 3+x 1x 32+x 32x 3+x 1x 33+x 2x 33)+6(x 21x 22+x 21x 23+x 22x 23)+12(x 21x 2x 3+x 1x 22x 3+x 1x 2x 23).39.The coe?cient is10!3!×1!×4!×0!×2!which comes to 12600.40.The coe?cient is9!3!×3!×1!×2!41.One routinely obtains the multinomial theorem (Theorem 5.4.1)with t =3.42.Given an integer t ≥2and positive integers n 1,n 2,...,n t .De?ne n = ti =1n i .We shownn 1n 2···n t=t k =1n ?1n 1···n k ?1n k ?1n k +1···n t.Consider the multiset{n 1·x 1,n 2·x 2,...,n t ·x t }.Let P denote the set of permutations of this multiset.We compute |P |in two ways.(i)We saw earlier that |P |=n !n 1!×n 2!×···×n t != n n 1n 2···n t.12(ii)For1≤k≤t let P k denote the set of elements in P that have?rst coordinate x k.Thesets{P k}tk=1partition P,so|P|=tk=1|P k|.For1≤k≤t we compute|P k|.Observe that|P k|is the number of permutations of the multiset{n1·x1,...,n k?1·x k?1,(n k?1)·x k,n k+1·x k+1,...,n t·x t}. Therefore|P k|=n?1n1···n k?1n k?1n k+1···n t.By these comments|P|=tn1···n k?1n k?1n k+1···n t.The result follows.43.Given an integer n≥1.Show by induction on n that1 (1?z)n =∞k=0n+k?1kz k,|z|<1.The base case n=1is assumed to hold.We show that the above identity holds with n replaced by n+1,provided that it holds for n.Thus we show1(1?z)n+1=∞=0n+z ,|z|<1.Observe1(1?z)n+1=1(1?z)n11?z=∞k=0n+k?1kz k∞h=0z h=0c zwherec =n?1+n1+n+12+···+n+ ?1=n+.The result follows.1344.(Problem statement contains typo)The given sum is equal to (?3)n .Observe (?3)n =(?1?1?1)n=n 1+n 2+n 3=nnn 1n 2n 3(?1)n 1+n 2+n 3=n 1+n 2+n 3=nnn 1+n 2+n 3=nnn 1n 2n 3(?1)n 2.45.(Problem statement contains typo)The given sum is equal to (?4)n .Observe (?4)n =(?1?1?1?1)n=n 1+n 2+n 3+n 4=nnn 1n 2n 3n 4(?1)n 1+n 2+n 3+n 4=n 1+n 2+n 3+n 4=nnn 1n 2n 3n 4(?1)n 1?n 2+n 3?n 4.Also0=(1?1+1?1)n= n 1+n 2+n 3+n 4=nnn 1n 2n 3n 4(?1)n 2+n 4.46.Observe√30=5=5∞ k =01/2k z k.For n =0,1,2,...the n th approximation to √30isa n =5n k =0 1/2k 5?k.We have14n a n051 5.52 5.4753 5.47754 5.47718755 5.477231256 5.4772246887 5.4772257198 5.4772255519 5.477225579 47.Observe101/3=21081/3=2(1+z)1/3z=1/4,=2∞k=01/3kz k.For n=0,1,2,...the n th approximation to101/3isnk=01/3k4?k.We haven a n021 2.1666666672 2.1527777783 2.1547067904 2.1543852885 2.1544442306 2.1544327697 2.1544350898 2.1544346059 2.15443470848.We show that a poset with mn+1elements has a chain of size m+1or an antichain of size n+1.Our strategy is to assume the result is false,and get a contradiction.By assumption each chain has size at most m and each antichain has size at most n.Let r denote the size of the longest chain.So r≤m.By Theorem5.6.1the elements of the posetcan be partitioned into r antichains{A i}ri=1.We have|A i|≤n for1≤i≤r.Thereforemn+1=ri=1|A i|≤rn≤mn, 15for a contradiction.Therefore,the poset has a chain of size m+1or an antichain of size n+1.49.We are given a sequence of mn+1real numbers,denoted{a i}mni=0.Let X denote the setof ordered pairs{(i,a i)|0≤i≤mn}.Observe|X|=mn+1.De?ne a partial order≤on X as follows:for distinct x=(i,a i)and y=(j,a j)in X,declare xof{a i}mni=0,and the antichains correspond to the(strictly)decreasing subsequences of{a i}mni=0sequence{a i}mni=0has a(weakly)increasing subsequence of size m+1or a(strictly)decreasingsubsequence of size n+1.50.(i)Here is a chain of size four:1,2,4,8.Here is a partition of X into four antichains:8,124,6,9,102,3,5,7,111Therefore four is both the largest size of a chain,and the smallest number of antichains that partition X. (ii)Here is an antichain of size six:7,8,9,10,11,12.Here is a partition of X into six chains:1,2,4,83,6,1295,10711Therefore six is both the largest size of an antichain,and the smallest number of chains that partition X.51.There exists a chain x116。

组合数学 课后答案 PDF 版

组合数学 课后答案 PDF 版
4.1 证明所有的循环群是 ABEL 群 证明:
循环群也是群,所以群的定义不用再证,只需证明对于任意a, b G, G是循环群,有a * b b * a成立,因为循环群中的元素可写成a=xm 形式 所以等式左边xm × x n x m n , 等式右边x n xm=x m n, a b b a,即所有 的循环群都是ABEL群。
因为 H 是 G 的子群, 所以在 H 中的一个 (b m ) r 一定在 G 中对应一个 a m 使得
(b m ) r a m ,
所以有 b rm a m ,则 rm 一定是 m 的倍数,所以则 H 的阶必除尽 G 的阶。 4.9 G 是有限群,x 是 G 的元素,则 x 的阶必除尽 G 的阶。
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图N! C N!
如图: N 个人围成一个圆桌的所有排列如上图所示。一共 N!个。
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旋转 360/i,i={n,n-1,n-2,……1}; 得到 n 种置换 当且仅当 i=1 的置换(即顺时针旋转 360/1 度:P1=(c1)(c2)……(cn!);) 时有 1 阶循环存在 (因为只要圆桌转动,所有圆排列中元素的绝对位置都发生了 变化,所以不可能有 1 阶循环存在) 。 不同的等价类个数就是不同的圆排列个数,根据 Burnside 引理,
4.18 若以给两个 r 色球,量个 b 色的球,用它装在正六面体的顶点,试问有多 少种不同的方案。 解:单位元素(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) ,格式为(1)8. 绕中轴旋转 90。的置换非别为(1234) (5678) , (4321) (8765) 2 格式为(4) ,同格式的共轭类有 6 个。

北师大版高中数学选择性必修第一册课后习题 第五章 §3 第1课时 组合(一)

北师大版高中数学选择性必修第一册课后习题 第五章 §3 第1课时 组合(一)

第五章计数原理§3组合问题第1课时组合(一)课后篇巩固提升合格考达标练1.下列问题中,组合问题的个数是( )①从全班50人中选出5人组成班委会;②从全班50人中选出5人分别担任班长、副班长、团支部书记、学习委员、生活委员;③从1,2,3,…,9中任取两个数求积;④从1,2,3,…,9中任取两个数求差或商.A.1B.2C.3D.4,从50人中选出5人组成班委会,不考虑顺序,是组合问题;②为排列问题;对于③,从1,2,3,…,9中任取两个数求积是组合问题;因为乘法满足交换律,而减法和除法不满足,故④为排列问题.2.有6名男医生、5名女医生,从中选出2名男医生、1名女医生组成一个医疗小组,则不同的选法共有( ) A.60种 B.70种 C.75种 D.150种,选2名男医生、1名女医生的方法有C 62C 51=75(种). 3.C 30+C 41+C 52+C 63+…+C 的值为( )A.C 3B.C 3C.C 4D.C 430+C 41+C 52+C 63+…+C =C 44+C 43+C 53+…+C 3=C 4.4.若集合M={的元素共有 ( )A.1个B.3个C.6个D.7个C 70=C 77=1,C 71=C 76=7,C 72=C 75=7×62!=21,C 73=C 74=7×6×53×2=35>21,∴x=0,1,2,5,6,7.5.从2位女生,4位男生中选3人参加科技比赛,且至少有1位女生入选,则不同的选法共有 种(用数字填写答案).方法一)可分两种情况:第一种情况,只有1位女生入选,不同的选法有C 21C 42=12(种);第二种情况,有2位女生入选,不同的选法有C 22C 41=4(种).根据分类加法计数原理知,至少有1位女生入选的不同的选法有16种.(方法二)从6人中任选3人,不同的选法有C 63=20(种),从6人中任选3人都是男生,不同的选法有C 43=4(种),所以至少有1位女生入选的不同的选法有20-4=16(种).6.以下四个式子:①C n m =A n m m !;②A n m =n A n -1m -1;③C n m ÷C nm+1=m+1n -m;④C n+1m+1=n+1m+1C n m.其中正确的个数是 .;②式中A n m =n(n-1)(n-2)…(n -m+1),A n -1m -1=(n-1)(n-2)…(n -m+1), 所以A n m =n A n -1m -1,故②式成立; 对于③式,C nm ÷C nm+1=C n m C nm+1=A n m ·(m+1)!m !·A nm+1=m+1n -m,故③式成立;对于④式,C n+1m+1=A n+1m+1(m+1)!=(n+1)·A n m (m+1)m !=n+1m+1C n m,故④式成立.7.从2,3,5,7四个数中任取两个不同的数相乘,有m个不同的积;任取两个不同的数相除,有n个不同的商,则mn=.m=C42,n=A42,∴mn =12.8.如图,有A,B,C,D四个区域,用五种不同的颜色给它们涂色,要求共边的两区域颜色互异,每个区域只涂一种颜色,共有多少种不同的涂色方法?1步,涂A区域有C51种方法;第2步,涂B区域有C41种方法;第3步,涂C区域和D区域;若C区域涂与A区域相同的颜色,则D区域有4种涂法;若C区域涂A、B剩余3种颜色之一,即有C31种涂法,则D区域有C31种涂法.故共有C51·C41·(4+C31·C31)=260种不同的涂色方法.9.在一次数学竞赛中,某学校有12人通过了初试,学校要从中选出5人去参加市级培训,在下列条件下,有多少种不同的选法?(1)任意选5人;(2)甲、乙、丙三人必须参加;(3)甲、乙、丙三人不能参加;(4)甲、乙、丙三人只能有1人参加.从中任取5人是组合问题,共有C125=792种不同的选法.(2)甲、乙、丙三人必须参加,则只需从另外9人中选2人,是组合问题,共有C92=36种不同的选法.(3)甲、乙、丙三人不能参加,则只需从另外的9人中选5人,共有C95=126种不同的选法.(4)甲、乙、丙三人只能有1人参加,可分为两步:先从甲、乙、丙中选1人,有C31=3种选法,再从另外9人中选4人,有C94种选法,共有C31C94=378种不同的选法.等级考提升练10.用0,1,…,9十个数字组成的三位数中,有重复数字的三位数的个数为( )A.243B.252C.261D.2799×10×10=900.没有重复数字的三位数有C91A92=648,所以有重复数字的三位数的个数为900-648=252.11.若A n3=12C n2,则n等于( )A.8B.5或6C.3或4D.4A n3=n(n-1)(n-2),C n2=12n(n-1),所以n(n-1)(n-2)=12×12n(n-1).又n∈N+,且n≥3,所以n=8.12.(山东济宁期末)某校开设10门课供学生选修,其中A,B,C三门由于上课时间相同,至多选一门,学校规定每位学生选修三门,则每位学生不同的选修方案种数是( )A.120B.98C.63D.35,分2种情况讨论:①从A,B,C三门中选出1门,其余7门中选出2门,选法有C31C72=63(种);②从除A,B,C三门之外的7门中选出3门,选法有C73=35(种).故不同的选法种数为63+35=98.13.(多选题)若C17x=C172x-1,则正整数x的值是( )A.1B.4C.6D.8C 17x =C 172x -1,∴x=2x-1或x+2x-1=17, 解得x=1或x=6, 经检验都满足题意. 故选AC.14.(多选题)在100件产品中,有98件合格品,2件不合格品,从这100件产品中任意抽出3件,则( )A.抽出的3件中恰好有1件是不合格品的抽法有C 21C 982种B.抽出的3件中恰好有1件是不合格品的抽法有C 21C 982+C 22C 981种C.抽出的3件中至少有1件是不合格品的抽法有C 21C 982+C 22C 981种D.抽出的3件中至少有1件是不合格品的抽法有C 1003−C 983种,依次分析选项:对于A,抽出的3件中恰好有1件是不合格品,即2件合格品,1件不合格品,有C 21C 982种抽取方法,A 正确,B 错误;对于C,抽出的3件中至少有1件是不合格品,即2件合格品,1件不合格品或1件合格品,2件不合格品,有C 21C 982+C 22C 981种抽取方法,C 正确;对于D,用间接法分析,抽出的3件中没有不合格品的抽取方法有C 983种,则抽出的3件中至少有1件是不合格品的抽法有C 1003−C 983种,D 正确.故选ACD.15.某餐厅供应饭菜,每位顾客可以在餐厅提供的菜肴中任选2荤2素共4种不同的品种.现在餐厅准备了5种不同的荤菜,若要保证每位顾客有200种以上不同的选择,则餐厅至少还需准备不同的素菜品种 种(结果用数值表示).x 种不同的素菜.由题意,得C 52·C x 2≥200, 从而有C x 2≥20,即x(x-1)≥40.又x ∈N +,所以x 的最小值为7.16.已知集合A={1,2,3,4,5},则至少含一个偶数的集合A 的子集个数为 .方法一)当子集中含有1个偶数时,共有C 21(C 30+C 31+C 32+C 33)=16(个);当子集中含有2个偶数时,共有C 30+C 31+C 32+C 33=8(个);满足题意的集合A的子集个数为16+8=24(个).(方法二)集合A的子集共有C50+C51+C52+C53+C54+C55=32(个),不符合题意的子集有空集、分别只含有1,2,3个奇数的子集,有C50+C31+ C32+C33=8(个),故符合题意的子集个数为32-8=24(个).17.已知10件不同产品中有4件是次品,现对它们一一进行测试,直至找出所有4件次品为止.(1)若恰在第5次测试,才测试到第一件次品,第十次测试才找到最后一件次品,则这样的不同测试方法数是多少?(2)若恰在第5次测试后,就找出了所有4件次品,则这样的不同测试方法数是多少?先排前4次测试,只能取正品,有A64种不同的测试方法,再从4件次品中选2件排在第5和第10的位置上测试,有A42种测法,再排余下4件的测试位置,有A44种测法.所以共有不同测试方法A64·A42·A44=103680(种).(2)第5次测试恰为最后一件次品,另3件在前4次中出现,从而前4次有一件正品出现.所以共有不同测试方法C41·(C61·C33)A44=576(种).新情境创新练18.某次足球比赛中,共有32支球队参加,它们先平均分成8个小组进行循环赛,决出16强(每队均与本组其他队赛一场,各组第一、二名晋级16强),这16支球队按确定的程序进行淘汰赛,最后决出冠、亚军,此外还要决出第三名、第四名,请问这次足球赛总共进行多少场比赛?:(1)小组循环赛:每组有C42=6(场),8个小组共有48场;(2)八分之一淘汰赛:8个小组的第一、二名组成16强,根据赛制规则,每两个队比赛一场,可以决出8强,共有8场;(3)四分之一淘汰赛:根据赛制规则,8强中每两个队比赛一次,可以决出4强,共有4场;(4)半决赛:根据赛制规则,4强每两个队比赛一场,可以决出2强,共有2场;(5)决赛:2强比赛1场确定冠、亚军,4强中的另两支队比赛1场决出第三、四名,共有2场.综上,由分类加法计数原理知,共有48+8+4+2+2=64场比赛.。

最新组合数学习题答案(1-4章全)

最新组合数学习题答案(1-4章全)

第1章 排列与组合1.1 从{1,2,…,50}中找一双数{a,b},使其满足:()5;() 5.a ab b a b -=-≤[解] (a) 5=-b a将上式分解,得到55a b a b -=+⎧⎨-=-⎩a =b –5,a=1,2,…,45时,b =6,7,…,50。

满足a=b-5的点共50-5=45个点. a = b+5,a=5,6,…,50时,b =0,1,2,…,45。

满足a=b+5的点共45个点. 所以,共计2×45=90个点. (b) 5≤-b a(610)511(454)1651141531+⨯+⨯-=⨯+⨯=个点。

1.2 5个女生,7个男生进行排列,(a) 若女生在一起有多少种不同的排列? (b) 女生两两不相邻有多少种不同的排列?(c) 两男生A 和B 之间正好有3个女生的排列是多少?[解] (a) 女生在一起当作一个人,先排列,然后将女生重新排列。

(7+1)!×5!=8!×5!=40320×120=4838400(b) 先将男生排列有7!种方案,共有8个空隙,将5个女生插入,故需从8个空中选5个空隙,有58C 种选择。

将女生插入,有5!种方案。

故按乘法原理,有:7!×58C ×5!=33868800(种)方案。

(c) 先从5个女生中选3个女生放入A ,B 之间,有35C 种方案,在让3个女生排列,有3!种排列,将这5个人看作一个人,再与其余7个人一块排列,有(7+1)! = 8!由于A ,B 可交换,如图**A***B** 或 **B***A**故按乘法原理,有:2×35C ×3!×8!=4838400(种)1.3 m 个男生,n 个女生,排成一行,其中m ,n 都是正整数,若(a) 男生不相邻(m ≤n+1); (b) n 个女生形成一个整体; (c) 男生A 和女生B 排在一起; 分别讨论有多少种方案.[解] (a) 先将n 个女生排列,有n!种方法,共有n+1个空隙,选出m 个空隙,共有mn C 1+种方法,再插入男生,有m!种方法,按乘法原理,有:n!×mn C 1+×m!=n!×)!1(!)!1(m n m n -++×m!=)!1()!1(!m n n n -++种方案。

Richard组合数学第5版-第5章课后习题答案(英文版)

Richard组合数学第5版-第5章课后习题答案(英文版)

evaluate the sum in this case we compute in two ways the the coefficient of xn in (1−x2)n. (i)
By the binomial theorem this coefficient is (−1)m
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.
(ii) Observe (1 − x2) = (1 + x)(1 − x).
5
Now set x = 1 to get Therefore
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19. One readily checks
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4 i=1
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组合数学(哈工大 第五章)

组合数学(哈工大 第五章)

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任世军 (哈尔滨工业大学)
组合数学 递推关系
December 22, 2014
2 / 46
递推关系
. Definition . 设{an } 为一序列, 把该序列中an 和它前面几个ai (0 ≤ i ≤ n) 关联起来的 方程称做一个递推关系(递归关系)。 .
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Example
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任世军 (哈尔滨ember 22, 2014
4 / 46
递推关系
. . 在一个平面上有一个圆和n 条直线, 这些直线中的每一条在圆内都同其他 的直线相交。如果没有多于三条的直线相交于一点, 试问这些直线将圆分 成多少个不同区域? . 解: 设这n 条直线将圆分成的区域数为an , 如果有n − 1 条直线将圆分 成an−1 个区域, 那么再加入第n 条直线与在圆内的其他n − 1 条直线相 交。显然, 这条直线在圆内被分成n 条线段, 而每条线段又将第n 条直线 在圆内经过的区域分成两个区域。这样, 加入第n 条直线后, 圆内就增加 了n 个区域。 而对于n = 0, 显然有a0 = 1, 于是对于每个整数 n, 可以建立 如下带初值的递推关系 a0 = 1, a1 = 2, an = an−1 + n
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组合数学 习题

组合数学  习题

r r −2 cn − c − r +1 ( n − 4 ) − ( r − 2 ) +1
4
20. 任一正整数 n 可唯一地表成如下形式:
n =

i≥ 1
a i ⋅ i! ,
其中 0 ≤ a i ≤ i ,
i ≥ 1
证: (1)存在性
(对 n 用归纳法)
当 n=1 时,1=1· 1!命题成立。假设对 n=k 时,命题成立,即
结论成立
由归纳法知,结论成立。 (2)唯一性(反证法) 设 n = ∑ ai ⋅ p i = ∑ bi ⋅ p i , 0 ≤ a i , bi ≤ p − 1, i ≥ 0
i≥ 0 i≥ 0

∃i , 使得 a i ≠ bi ,则
i i
{i ai ≠ bi } 令 j = min i ≥0
i i≥ 相当于从 1,,2,…,n 取 r 个作不相邻组合。 于是,从 1,2,…,n-r+1 这 n- r+1 个中任取 r 个作不允许重复组合,总 可以从 1,,2,…,n 这 n 个中取 r 个作不相邻组合与之对应。 因此,在 1~n 这 n 个不同元素中取出 r 个作不相邻的组合与 在 1~n- r+1 这 n- r+1 个不同元素中取出 r 个进行不允许重复的组合 之间一一对应,故有结论。 『注』若将 1 和 n 看成是两个相邻的数,结果又如何?
k=
∑a
i= 1
t
i
⋅ i!,
其中 0 ≤ a i ≤ i,
i = 1, 2 , L t ,
则 n=k+1 时,有
k +1 =
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i =1
t
i
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t i =1

组合数学课后答案

组合数学课后答案

作业习题答案习题二2.1证明:在一个至少有2人的小组中,总存在两个人,他们在组内所认识的人数相同。

证明:假设没有人谁都不认识:那么每个人认识的人数都为[1,n-1],由鸽巢原理知,n个人认识的人数有n-1种,那么至少有2个人认识的人数相同。

假设有1人谁都不认识:那么其他n-1人认识的人数都为[1,n-2],由鸽巢原理知,n-1个人认识的人数有n-2种,那么至少有2个人认识的人数相同。

2.3证明:平面上任取5个坐标为整数的点,则其中至少有两个点,由它们所连线段的中点的坐标也是整数。

证明:方法一:有5个坐标,每个坐标只有4种可能的情况:(奇数,偶数);(奇数,奇数);(偶数,偶数);(偶数,奇数)。

由鸽巢原理知,至少有2个坐标的情况相同。

又要想使中点的坐标也是整数,则其两点连线的坐标之和为偶数。

因为奇数+奇数= 偶数;偶数+偶数=偶数。

因此只需找以上2个情况相同的点。

而已证明:存在至少2个坐标的情况相同。

证明成立。

方法二:对于平面上的任意整数坐标的点而言,其坐标值对2取模后的可能取值只有4种情况,即:(0,0) ,(0,1) ,(1,0), (1,1),根据鸽巢原理5个点中必有2个点的坐标对2取模后是相同类型的,那么这两点的连线中点也必为整数。

2.4一次选秀活动,每个人表演后可能得到的结果分别为“通过”、“淘汰”和“待定”,至少有多少人参加才能保证必有100个人得到相同的结果?证明:根据推论2.2.1,若将3*(100-1)+1=298个人得到3种结果,必有100人得到相同结果。

2.9将一个矩形分成(m+1)行112mm+⎛⎫+⎪⎝⎭列的网格每个格子涂1种颜色,有m种颜色可以选择,证明:无论怎么涂色,其中必有一个由格子构成的矩形的4个角上的格子被涂上同一种颜色。

证明:(1)对每一列而言,有(m+1)行,m种颜色,有鸽巢原理,则必有两个单元格颜色相同。

(2)每列中两个单元格的不同位置组合有12m+⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭种,这样一列中两个同色单元格的位置组合共有12mm+⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭种情况(3)现在有112m m +⎛⎫+⎪⎝⎭列,根据鸽巢原理,必有两列相同。

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