英文文献网站地址集锦

国外免费期刊全文数据库来源：

1.香港科技大学图书馆Dspace

包括香港科技大学的学术论文、学位论文、研究报告等内容，均可免费获取全文。

Openj-gate

提供4350种开放获取的期刊的数百万期刊全文文献。

加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏

加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏研究项目。eScholarshipRepository主要提供已出版的期刊论文、未出版的研究手稿、会议文献以及其他连接出版物上的文章1万多篇，均可免费阅读。

剑桥大学机构知识库

由Cambridge University Library和University Computing Service维护，提供剑桥大学相关的期刊、学术论文、学位论文等电子资源。

发展中国家联合期刊库

非营利的电子出版物服务机构，提供来自发展中国家（如巴西、古巴、印度、印尼、肯尼亚、南非、乌干达、津巴布韦等）的开放获取的多种期刊的全文。

美国密西根大学论文库

美国密西根大学论文库2万多篇期刊论文、技术报告、评论等文献全文。包含艺术学、生物学、社会科学、资源环境学等学科的相关论文，另还有博硕士论文。标识为OPEN的可以打开全文。

jfg

CERN Document Server

主要覆盖物理学（particle physics）及相关学科，提供360,000多篇全文文献，包括预印文献、期刊论文、图书、图片、学位论文等等。

ArXiv

ArXiv是属于Cornell University的非盈利教育机构，面向物理学、数学、非线性科学、计算机科学和定量生物学等学科提供16种免费电子期刊的访问。

NASA Technical Reports Server

主要是关于航空航天领域研究的科技报告和会议论文。

National Service Center for Environmental Publications

National Service Center for Environmental Publications提供的是美国环境保护总署(EPA)出版物。可以通过EPA出版号或题名检索EPA National Publications Catalog。

Energy Citations Database

提供美国能源部的科技信息摘要。学科范围：材料科学、环境科学、计算机、能源和物理。文献类型包括期刊论文、学位论文、研究报告和专利。

网上免费全文期刊FullText

提供7000多种学术期刊的免费全文获取。

Open J-Gate 开放获取期刊门户

提供基于开放获取的近4000 种期刊的免费检索和全文链接，包含学校、研究机构和行业期刊，其中超过1500 种学术期刊经过同行评议（Peer-Reviewed ）

PMC(PubMed Centeral)

美国NCBI（美国国家生物技术信息中心）建立的数字化生命科学期刊文献集，S现提供50余种生物医学期刊免费全文

DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)

免费的全文科技学术期刊。现有2752种期刊，其中830种可以全文搜索。目前有140307篇文章。

HighWire Press

斯坦福大学图书馆的分支机构——HighWire出版社，拥有最大的免费期刊数据库，可以在线提供916种免费期刊和1，149，216篇全文

University of Tennessee, Knoxville

田纳西大学的经济学杂志，包括2000年至2002年三年共12期的免费期刊。

The Electronic Library of Mathematics

欧洲数学会电子图书馆，提供了期刊、会议、论文集、专着、演讲、软件等资源。并提供期刊和电子版图书的全文浏览。非电子版图书提供前言、摘要、目录和书评等内容。特别地，在经典着作栏目内，目前可检索到哈密尔顿和黎曼的经典论文的全文。

美国“科学”网站收录内容以研究与开发报告为主，所有的信息均免费使用，也不必注册，但是通过这些站点链接的有些信息是限制使用或有条件使用的。

ERIC教育资源信息中心

美国教育部资助的网站系列和世界上最大的教育资源数据库，其中包括各种文档以及教育研究与实践方面的论文摘要，这些摘要超过了一百万篇，收录980多种教育及和教育相关的期刊文献的题录和文摘。部分资源可查找到全文

PLoS公共科学图书馆

PLOS是一家由众多诺贝尔奖得主和慈善机构支持的非赢利性学术组织，旨在推广世界各地的科学和医学领域的最新研究成果，使其成为一种公众资源，科学家、医生、病人和学生可以通过这样一个不受限制的平台来了解最新的科研动态。PLoS出版了8种生命科学与医学领域的期刊，可以免费获取全文。

Journal of Statistical Software

由美国统计协会出版的《统计软件杂志》，提供1996年至今20卷的内容。可以免费获取全文。

Social Science Research Network

社会科学（经济类）研究论文数据库，部分提供全文。

Max Planck Society

德国马普学会，该学会创办了3种开放存取杂志：

（1）Living Reviews in Relativity ISSN 1433-8351

（2）Living Reviews in Solar Physics ISSN 1614-4961

（3）Living Reviews in European Governance ISSN: 1813-856X

Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library（NCSTRL）

网络计算机参考图书馆，由文安德鲁梅隆基金会、联合信息网络、数字图书馆联盟、美国国家科学基金会等支持，英特网上开放式的计算机科学研究报告和论文库。提供高级检索和简单检索，原文格式需根据要求，下载相应的阅读器软件。

世界银行报告

汇集了27000篇银行报告

斯坦福大学医学电子图书馆

用户名：Chilton

密码：library

美国专利数据库：

;

是由美国专利商标局制作的美国专利数据库网上检索系统。包括1976年1月1日以来的所有全文数据，以及

1790年以来的图像扫描数据，还提供近期的有关专利申请的检索。系统提供简单检索、高级检索、专利号

检索等多种检索方式，并可浏览全文。

加拿大专利数据库：

;

由加拿大专利局提供，收录了近75年来的130多万件加拿大专利，包括专利全文文本和图形。

欧洲专利数据库：

;

这是由欧洲专利局建立的专利文献数据库，提供免费专利检索服务，可用于检索欧洲专利局收集的世界各

国专利信息和由WIPO出版的PCT专利。

Find Articles

是最着名的免费数据库之一。包含有大量已出版的文章，超过300种

上的杂志、期刊，时间可回溯至1998年。主题有商业、保健、社会、娱乐、体育等等。

个网站提供免费查询及全文。它的检索技术来自LookSmart, 资料来自Gale出版集团。

High Wire Press：;

世界上最大的免费的科学文献全文数据库网站之一,提供免费检索的期刊为181种，主要包括物理、生

物、医学和社会学领域的核心期刊，其中有71种可以得到全文，提供的免费的论文全文已达11万篇以上。

是一家以收藏经典参考书、科学小说为主的网站，据称，网站目前的图书收藏

量已达二十多万页，其中包括四千七百六十五首诗词、三十七部散文和十五部小说，其余的都是工具书和

参考书，其中包括哥伦比亚大百科全书和辛普森当代词典。到目前为止，Bart 网站的全部图书

都是可以免费获得的

PubMed：

;

美国国家医学图书馆(NLM)所属的国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)开发的因特网生物医学信息检索系统，覆

盖了全世界70多个国家4300多种主要生物医学期刊的摘要和部分全文。

WoPEc 经济期刊论文库:

;

提供各种最新经济类期刊，按期刊刊名字母顺序排列，可检索获得自1993年以来的期刊论文题录文摘信息

，有的还可以下载全文（全文采用.pdf格式）。

美国《科学》杂志全文检索：

;

美国科学院院报（ｐｎａｓ）：

;

National Academy Press

美国国家科学院、国家工程院、医学协会等机构报告

NCSTRL

计算机科学研究报告和论文

Project Gutenberg Electronic Public Library

电子图书，2002前提供10000种全文电子图书

Thomas Legislative Information on the Internet ?

美国国会图书馆提供的美国国会报告和历史文献?

UNESCO

联合国教科文组织提供的文档

United States Geological Survey

美国地质考察报告

World Development Sources (World Bank)

世界银行报告

Delphion

世界各国专利，可看到前十三页全文

国外科技图书免费阅读

主要学科：物理、数学、非线性科学、计算机科学等。文件格式以PostScript为主，如没有相应的阅读软

件，可以选择生成PDF文件格式。

CogPrints

主要学科：心理学、神经科学、行为科学、语言学、人工智能、哲学

GPO Access

美国政府文献

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR)

世界最大的社会科学文献网站

National Academy Press

美国国家科学院、国家工程院、医学协会等机构报告

NCSTRL

计算机科学研究报告和论文

美国数学学会(AMS)的三种免费期刊

Bulletin

Electronic Research Announcements

Notices of the American Mathematical Society

Physics Today

美国物理学会(American Institute of Physics)提供的免费杂志?

Science Magazine ?

Scientific American ?

ACM Digital Library ?

... mp;CFTOKEN= ?

节能技术论文

建筑行业节能技术的发展现状及未来发展趋势学院：能源与动力工程学院专业：新能源科学与工程姓名：邓湘波学号：201449060119 课程：节能技术指导老师：刘智敏时间：2016.10

建筑行业节能技术的发展现状及未来发展趋势摘要中国是当今世界上最大的发展中国家，也是世界上第二位能源生产国和消费国。中国作为世界上发展最快的发展中国家，经济社会发展取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就，而这背后是因为有能源供应持续增长提供支撑。而能源供应持续增长意味着付出了巨大的资源和环境被破坏的代价，节能减排是解决问题的灵丹妙药。它是贯彻落实科学发展观、构建社会主义和谐社会的重要举措，也是推进经济结构调整、转变发方式、实现经济和社会可持续发展的必要要求，而建筑节能是我国节能工作中一个非常重要的方面。关键词：绿色建筑;建筑节能技术；节能减排。引言众所周知，能源是发展国民经济、改善人民生活的重要物质基础。能源的紧张，将严重阻碍人们未来的正常生活、社会进步和经济的可持续发展，人类的现代文明将付诸东流。为了避免这种情况的发生，人们都在想尽办法发展节能技术，作为人们基本日常生活“吃穿住用行”的一部分，客观形势要求建筑领域的节能技术也要迅速发展。所以无论是国际还是国内，建筑节能科技都得到了巨大发展，高层建筑的拔地而起为人们的工作、生活提供了诸多便利，照明、空调、采暖技术的进步则进一步提升了居住环境的舒适度。20世纪70年代发达国家提出了绿色建筑理念,在全球可持续发展的大环境下得到进一步的发展。中国现有建筑总面积400多亿平方米,预计到2020年还将新增建筑面积约300亿平方米。绿色建筑的发展,对我国而言具有特别重要的意义。作为二十一世纪中国的一名新能源科学与工程专业的大学生，自己在这里谈谈建筑节能技术的发展现状及未来发展趋势。 1.建筑节能概念建筑节能，在发达国家最初为减少建筑中能量的散失，普遍称为“提高建筑中的能源利用率”，在保证提高建筑舒适性的条件下，合理使用能源，不断提高能源利用效率。建筑节能是指在保证建筑使用功能和室内热环境质量的前提下，降低其使用过程中能源消耗的活动，现在普遍称为“提高建筑中的能源利用率”，在保证提高建筑舒适性的条件下，合理使用能源，不断提高能源利用效率。其内涵包括在建筑物的规划、设计、建造和使用过程中，执行建筑节能标准和施工验收规程，合理设计建筑结构，采用低能耗建筑材料，提高采暖、制冷、照明、通风、给排水和通风系统的运行效率，加以不降低居住质量和舒适度为基础，合理利用可再生资源，降低能源消耗。 2.建筑节能技术的发展现状

论文外文文献翻译3000字左右

南京航空航天大学金城学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系部经济系专业国际经济与贸易学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月

Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.

毕业论文(英文翻译)排版格式

英文翻译说明 1. 英文翻译文章输成word，5号新罗马（New Times Roman）字体，1.5倍行间距，将来方便打印和一起装订；英文中的图表要重新画，禁止截图。 2. 整篇论文1.5倍行间距，打印时，用B5纸，版面上空2.5cm，下空2cm，左空2.5cm，右空2cm（左装订）。 3. 论文翻译后的摘要用五号宋体，正文小四号宋体、英文和数字用新罗马（New Times Roman）12、参考文献的内容用五号字体。图和表头用五号字体加粗并居中，图和表中的内容用五号字体。论文翻译的作者用五号字体加粗。论文大标题………小三号黑体、加黑、居中第二层次的题序和标题………小四号黑体、加黑、居中第三层次的题序和标题………小四号宋体、加黑、居中正文……………………………小四号宋体、英文用新罗马12 页码……………………………小五号居中，页码两边不加修饰符 4. 论文中参考文献严格按照下述排版。专著格式：序号.编著者.书名[M].出版地: 出版社, 年代, 起止页码期刊论文格式：序号.作者.论文名称[J]. 期刊名称, 年度, 卷(期): 起止页码学位论文格式：序号.作者.学位论文名称[D]. 发表地: 学位授予单位, 年度例子: (1).胡千庭, 邹银辉, 文光才等. 瓦斯含量法预测突出危险新技术[J]. 煤炭学报, 2007.32(3): 276-280. (2). 胡千庭. 煤与瓦斯突出的力学作用机理及应用研究[D]. 北京: 中国矿业大学(北京), 2007. (3). 程伟. 煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测及防治技术[M]. 徐州: 中国矿业大学出版社, 2003.

化工英文文献翻译

Heavy Oil Development Technology of Liaohe Oilfield Han Yun (Scientific Research Information Department Exploration&Development Research Institute，Liaohe Oilfield Company) Liaohe Oilfield，the largest heavy oil production base in China，features in various reservoir types，deep burial，and wide range of crude oil viscosity．For many years，a series of technologies have been developed for different oil products and reservoir types of the oilfield，of which water flooding，foam slug drive，steam stimulation，steam drive,and SAGD are the main technologies. After continuous improvement，they have been further developed and played an important role in the development of heavy oil in the oilfield． Liaohe Oilfield is abundant in heavy oil resources，46％of the total proved reserves of Liaohe Oilfield Company. Horizontally the resources concentrates in the West Depression and the southern plunging belt of the Central Uplift in Liaohe Rift. Vertically,it is mainly distributed in Paleocene Shahejie Formation(ES). The distinctive geological feature of Liaohe 0ilfield is manifested in three aspects：first，the heavy oil reservoirs are deeply buried and 80％of them are buried more than 900m deep；second，the heavy oil viscosity ranges widely．For most of the reservoirs．the dead oil viscosity ranges in 100～100000mPa·s with the maximum 650000mPa·s.Third the reservoir types are various with complicated oil—water relationship，most of the reservoirs are edge water and bosom water reservoirs and there are also edge water reservoirs，top water reservoirs and bosom water reservoirs．For more than 20 years of development，Liaohe Oilfield has developed series of heavy oil development technologies for different oil products and different types of reservoirs，such as water flooding, foam slug drive,steam stimulation steam drive and SAGD．The most difficult issues have been overcome in the development of the super

java毕业论文外文文献翻译

Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.

本科毕业论文内部控制外文文献翻译完整版中英对照

A Clear Look at Internal Controls: Theory and Concepts Hammed Arad (Philae) Department of accounting, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran Barak Jamshedy-Navid Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University, Kerman-shah, Iran Abstract: internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error. Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization. It comprises the plans, methods, and procedures used to meet missions, goals, and objectives and, in doing so, support performance-based management. Internal Control which is equal with management control helps managers achieve desired results through effective stewardship of resources. Internal controls should reduce the risks associated with undetected errors or irregularities, but designing and establishing effective internal controls is not a simple task and cannot be accomplished through a short set of quick fixes. In this paper the concepts of internal controls and different aspects of internal controls are discussed. Keywords: Internal Control, management controls, Control Environment, Control Activities, Monitoring 1. Introduction The necessity of control in new variable business environment is not latent for any person and management as a response factor for stockholders and another should implement a great control over his/her organization. Control is the activity of managing or exerting control over something. he emergence and development of systematic thoughts in recent decade required a new attention to business resource and control over this wealth. One of the hot topic a bout controls over business resource is analyzing the cost-benefit of each control. Internal Controls serve as the first line of defense in safeguarding assets and preventing and detecting errors and fraud. We can say Internal control is a whole system of controls financial and otherwise, established by the management for the smooth running of business; it includes internal cheek, internal audit and other forms of controls. COSO describe Internal Control as follow. Internal controls are the methods employed to help ensure the achievement of an objective. In accounting and organizational theory, Internal control is defined as a process effected by an organization's structure, work and authority flows, people and management information systems, designed to help the organization accomplish specific goals or objectives. It is a means by which an organization's resources are directed, monitored, and measured. It plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the organization's resources, both physical (e.g., machinery and property) and intangible (e.g., reputation or intellectual property such as trademarks). At the organizational level, internal control objectives relate to the reliability of financial reporting, timely feedback on the achievement of operational or strategic goals, and compliance with laws and regulations. At the specific transaction level, internal control refers to the actions taken to achieve a specific objective (e.g., how to ensure the organization's payments to third parties are for valid services rendered.) Internal control

建筑节能设计论文

建筑节能设计论文住宅建筑整体的节能设计探析摘要：目前，我国正处于城镇化、工业化的重要发展阶段，其中建筑能量的消耗是我国能源消耗的重要部分之一，大约占据总能耗的46.7%（住宅能耗又占较大比例）。所以关于住宅建筑，可从其建筑的设计、节能设计、规划设计及能源利用等角度进行分析。在现在的节能建筑中，充分、合理的利用新能源，从科学角度出发，符合现代科技的可持续发展，现代人们的住宅建筑的绿色理念。倡导绿色环保、低碳、节能是目前全世界，乃至中国最重要的急需解决的问题。关键词：住宅建筑；建筑节能；建筑整体设计；节能设计现代科技，讲究创新；现代建筑，讲究文化。在历史发展迅速的今天，现代建筑在融合历史文化的同时，也需要对各自不同的地域、不同的文化背景、不同的经济状况作出分析，符合自己的，才是最好的。不能一味的移植、模仿其他的文化建筑，那是一种对文化的不尊重，对自己国家的不尊重。现在的文化影响对我们当代人影响极大，受社会环境的影响，居民生活水平的提高，人们的审美观也有了新的方向。现在的建筑发展有一种追求华丽、追求高贵的趋势。庞大、华丽才能彰显自己的身份，自己的经济地位，是现代建筑的明显标志。在建筑规划的设计过程中没有把节能放在首位。2010年上海世博主导绿色世博，倡导国民绿

色环保，低碳节能，我们应该把这些应用到实践之中，而不是拿出来做宣传，放在嘴上说说而已的。实践才最重要！住宅，是我们生活中不可缺少的，居住环境的舒适与节能是同步的，我们在讲求环境舒适的时候，必须把环保节能放在身边，适应国家的国情，加快城市的生态建设，为国家的发展尽自己的微薄之力。一、住宅建筑的规划设计随着科技的发展，现在的住宅设计也都要求从科技角度出发，把信息技术应用到建筑规划设计当中，引领节能技术趋于本土化。建筑规划是住宅建筑的第一步，也是关键一步。规划设计要考虑地势因素、道路的分布、交通状况、阳光的照射长短、风向及风速、气候等等方面考虑，另外，建筑的朝向也是考虑因素之一，能否对周围的建筑及事物造成影响，能否受周围风速的影响。由于南北方的气候差异，致使南北方的节能规划也会有些差异。北方天气寒冷，日照时间短，重点在于保温措施，而南方气候炎热、潮湿，重点在于避暑、遮阳。从而使建筑周围的各项指标（比如：空气的温度和湿度、周围气流的速度和周围环境的声音、光线和热量）符合人们的健康要求，同时满足国家的节能要求，合理规划社区住宅，确保建筑物之间保持一定的距离，保证建筑物之间有良好的采光条件。

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

毕业论文英文文献翻译之中文翻译

译文学院：土建学院专业：土木工程学号：064&&&&&&&姓名：&&&&&& 指导教师： &&&&&&教授

江苏科技大学 2010年 03 月 28 日均布荷载作用下挡土墙上的土压力 G. I. Shvetsov UDC 624.131.531.2 在前一篇文章中，我们确定了在只考虑填土自重的试验条件下，作用在挡土墙上的压力。这篇文章是第一篇文章的延续，致力于探索填土在外界均布荷载作用下，在挡土墙上产生的荷载问题，当在使用到先前得到的岩土平衡微分方程时，我们仅仅只改变边界条件，因为在这种情况下我们使用了与初始解决方案相同的原理。我们只提取那些与附加土压力有关的新成果，以及仅定义那些第一次出现的新符号。在设计中，我们通常把作用在挡土墙上的土压力看作是呈三角形分布的，应力也被假设为是沿着墙体均匀连续分布的，但是实验结果并没有证实这一理论，试验表明表面

的附加应力随墙的高度变化并不均匀，而是从回填土顶部的最大值开始一直减小到其底部的最小值。因而，在M.C.瓦尔跟实验图的纵坐标的最大值超出理论计算值近两倍，最小值达到理论计算值的0.65倍，因为土压力的增加主要是在墙的上部，由此所得出的作用点比计算所得出的要高很多。 F.M.shikhiev 的理论里包含了关于挡土墙均布荷载作用下的二维应力折减问题，但是，附加应力的分布对挡土墙受超荷载作用的效果问题的影响，并没有经过合适的理论研究。虽然，不同研究人员所做的无数次试验已经确定，侧壁的扭曲效应更大，随着表面的粗糙程度而变大，随挡土墙的宽度和高度之比。在这篇文章里，我们将尽可能的填补这方面的空白。在边界条件0q 0,y x ==的基础上，我们可以确定试验中作用在有侧向限制的填土上没有超荷的垂直应力。如果一个外附加应力作用在楔块表面上的强度为x σ，则在这种情况下，我们可以从已知条件得出，当y=0时，x q = x σ，既可以得出方程 ()()1 1 1/2/k x x w w h y h A q f m h A λσξ+-=+ （1）其中，荷载分配的不均匀系数A 1和土的深度有关： ()() 111/1/k k A y h y h -= --- （2）方程一是通用的，因为对于任意一种荷载分布x σ它都可以计算出任意土层中某一点的应力，因此便足以表明应力在X 轴方向的分布规律。当0=x σ时，方程便简化成相应的没有附加应力的形式，并且，当0=w f 而且0>x σ时，它反映了在考虑了附加应力条件时的二维问题，即： 11k x x h y q A h γσ?? =+- ??? （3）满布在滑动楔上的均布荷载对我们已经知道的设计系数k ，n,和ξw 的值并没有影响，所以，计算作用在挡土墙上的正应力，切应力和总应力的表达式如下：

石油和天然气勘探中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) OIL UNDER ICE DETECTION: WHAT IS THE STATE-OF-THE-ART? Abstract. Since the exploration for oil and gas in the Canadian and US arctic commenced in the early 1970s, a need has been identified to develop technology to detect oil under ice. Both electromagnetic and acoustic sensors have been tried, but a practical field instrument has not been identified. Most proposed systems require that the equipment be operated from the ice surface in order to get adequate coupling and, for some systems, the snow must be removed from the ice. For many ice

situations, surface access is difficult and poses a severe safety issue. Two recent spills in Alberta used “high technology” ice augers to detect the presence of oil under the ice. Some potential new techniques are discussed and the basic principles of their operation described. Keywords: arctic, oil spill response, oil in ice, detection 1. Introduction The detection of oil under continuous ice cover has presented one of the most difficult challenges to the oil-spill technological community for the past two decades and there is still no operationally proven system available. Dickins (2000) under the sponsorship of the US Minerals Management Service conducted an excellent review of the status of oil-under-ice detection and this paper complements this review with a more detailed analysis of some systems. Dickins identified many false start concepts, which will not be discussed in this paper. In order to determine the design of a suitable oil-under-ice detector, the various situations under which oil may be found under a continuous ice sheet need to be considered. The oil must come from a sub-surface release since any surface release would either be on the ice surface or in a lead or other opening in the ice. Potential sources of sub-surface oil are a leak in a pipeline, the leakage from a submerged tank or vessel or a natural seep. Oil when trapped under ice does not spread rapidly or cover a large area due to natural

毕业论文5000字英文文献翻译

英文翻译英语原文： . Introducing Classes The only remaining feature we need to understand before solving our bookstore problem is how to write a data structure to represent our transaction data. In C++ we define our own data structure by defining a class. The class mechanism is one of the most important features in C++. In fact, a primary focus of the design of C++ is to make it possible to define class types that behave as naturally as the built-in types themselves. The library types that we've seen already, such as istream and ostream, are all defined as classesthat is,they are not strictly speaking part of the language. Complete understanding of the class mechanism requires mastering a lot of information. Fortunately, it is possible to use a class that someone else has written without knowing how to define a class ourselves. In this section, we'll describe a simple class that we canuse in solving our bookstore problem. We'll implement this class in the subsequent chapters as we learn more about types,expressions, statements, and functionsall of which are used in defining classes. To use a class we need to know three things: What is its name? Where is it defined? What operations does it support? For our bookstore problem, we'll assume that the class is named Sales_item and that it is defined in a header named Sales_item.h. The Sales_item Class The purpose of the Sales_item class is to store an ISBN and keep track of the number of copies sold, the revenue, and average sales price for that book. How these data are stored or computed is not our concern. To use a class, we need not know anything about how it is implemented. Instead, what we need to know is what operations the class provides. As we've seen, when we use library facilities such as IO, we must include the associated headers. Similarly, for our own classes, we must make the definitions associated with the class available to the compiler. We do so in much the same way. Typically, we put the class definition into a file. Any program that wants to use our class must include that file. Conventionally, class types are stored in a file with a name that, like the name of a program source file, has two parts: a file name and a file suffix. Usually the file name is the same as the class defined in the header. The suffix usually is .h, but some programmers use .H, .hpp, or .hxx. Compilers usually aren't picky about header file names, but IDEs sometimes are. We'll assume that our class is defined in a file named Sales_item.h. Operations on Sales_item Objects