deixis
语用学之指示语
1
第二章 指示词语及其功能
• 什么叫指示词语 • 指示词语的指示用法 • 指示词语的类别 • 指示词语的功能 • 思考与分析
精选版课件ppt
2
一、什么叫指示词语
1、英语“deixis“的汉译
英语“deixis”一词来自希腊语，原意 为“指点（pointing）”或“标示 （indicating）”。
?泛珠三角?又叫?92?即珠江流域的广东广西福建江西海南湖南四川云南贵州9个省加上香港澳门两个特别行政区进行区域合作共谋经济发展?101?根据该语言环境很难推测因为它对应的是精确信息而非含糊指示78可见对于需要精确或准确信息时相关数字可能给读者带来一定的信息空缺造成理解障碍
第二章 指示词语及其功能
精选版课件ppt
精选版课件ppt
11
2、象征用法：
指在使用指示词语时仅需要知道言语 事件的基本的时间空间参数就可以理解的用 法。 （10）这所学校的环境真美。 （11）This city is beautiful.
只要知道(10)这句话是在武汉大学说 的，不论说话的具体地点在何处，“这所学 校”指的都是武汉大学。
精选版课件ppt
4
指示 词 语 包 括 ： 指 示 代 词 、 人 称 代词、物主代词、时态助词、某些情态 助动词和表示移动的动词、时间和地点 副词、某些称谓，以及在特定语境中表 示事物关系和人的社交关系的词语。
精选版课件ppt
5
3、指示系统的组织方式 在面对面的言语交际中，指示系统一般是以自 我（说话人）为中心组织起来的。 指示语的指示中心： ①中心人物一般是说话人； ②中心时间是说话人说话的时间； ③中心地点是说话人说话时所处的地点； ④语篇中心是一句话中说话人当时正说到的部分； ⑤社交中心是说话人相对于说话对象的社会地位。
指示语deixis
指示语deixis话语中跟语境相联系的表示指示信息的词语，就叫做指示语。
指示是语用研究中一个重要概念，涉及到一些词语，如代词、称谓、时间处所词语等。
这些词语的具体或确切的指称意义，必须结合具体的语境，才能准确理解。
指示语主要有：1、人称指示。
称指示是话语中关于人物人称的指示。
最典型的是人称代词，又分第一人称指示、第二人称指示、第三人称指示。
2、时间指示。
时间指示是话语中关于时间的指示。
时间是一个抽象的概念，人们只能人为地选定一些参照点。
在言语交际中，时间指示是以说话时刻作为参照点来计算和理解的。
3、空间指示。
空间指示是话语中关于处所、方位的指示。
空间指示主要有：表示方位和处所的名词、副词、指示代词，具有位移意义的动词如“来”“去”“走”“离开”“到达”等。
4、话语指示。
话语指示又称语段指示、上下文指示，是用来指明话语中部分与部分之间关系的。
由于言语交际是在一定的时间、空间中展开的，所以话语指示与时间指示、空间指示有密切关系，有些时间指示、空间指示同时也是话语指示。
5、社交指示。
社交指示是用来指明发话人和受话人之间，或发话人跟所谈及的人（第三方、之间的社会关系的词语。
DeixisFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaIn linguistics, deixis refers to the phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information. Words are deictic if their semantic meaning is fixed but their denotational meaning varies depending on time and/or place. Words or phrases that require contextual information to convey any meaning - for example, English pronouns - are deictic. Deixis is closely related to both indexicality and anaphora, as will be further explained below. Although this article deals primarily with deixis in spoken language, the concepts can apply to written language, gestures, and communication media as well. And even though this article is primarily concerned with English, deixis is believed to be a feature (to some degree) of all natural languages.[1]The term’s origin is Ancient Greek: δεῖξις ""display, demonstration, or reference"", the meaning "point of reference" in contemporary linguistics having been taken over from Chrysippus.[2Types of deixis[edit]Traditional categoriesPossibly the most common categories of contextual information referred to by deixis are those of person, place, and time - what Fillmore calls the “major grammaticalized types” of deixis.[3] [edit]PersonPerson deixis concerns itself with the grammatical persons involved in an utterance, (1) those directly involved (e.g. the speaker, the addressee), (2) those not directly involved (e.g. overhearers—those who hear the utterance but who are not being directly addressed), and (3) those mentioned in the utterance.[4] In English, the distinctions are generally indicated by pronouns. The following examples show how. (The person deictic terms are in italics [a signaling notation that will continue through this article].)I am going to the movies.Would you like to have dinner?They tried to hurt me, but he came to the rescue.GenderIn many languages, that only have male and female, referring to gender neutral subjects has different aspects. Objects , or things have their own gender too between male or female. When referring to a genderless object, it is often referred to as a male, though the object is genderless. In the English language, when referring to any character that has no gender, a self-aware entity, it is referred to a male, or as a "He", such as an "it" is inappropriate when calling the sentient object a thing. In many languages, they would address to people as in male, such as a group mixed with men and women is referred to as a male, such as Ils in French. An example would be :A man is responsible for his own soulas opposed toEach person is responsible for his or her own soulcommon in many religious text referring to people of all genders using only the male gender. This can be understood in context, the male gender being used to signify male or female persons.PlacePlace deixis, also known as space deixis, concerns itself with the spatial locations relevant to an utterance. Similarly to person deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. The most salient English examples are the adverbs“here” and “there”and the demonstratives“this” and “that” - although those are far from being the only deictic words.[3]Some examples:I enjoy living in this city.Here is where we will place the statue.She was sitting over there.Unless otherwise specified, place deictic terms are generally understood to be relative to the location of the speaker, as inThe shop is across the street.where “across the street” is understood to mean “across the street from where I am right now.”[3] It is interesting to note that while “here” and “there” are often used to refer to locations near to and far from the speaker, respectively, “there” can also refer to the location of the addressee, if they are not in the same location as the speaker. So, whileHere is a good spot; it is too sunny over there.exemplifies the former usage,How is the weather there?is an example of the latter.[4]Languages usually show at least a two-way referential distinction in their deictic system: proximal, i.e. near or closer to the speaker, and distal, i.e. far from the speaker and/or closerto the addressee. English exemplifies this with such pairs as this and that, here and there, etc. In other languages, the distinction is three-way: proximal, i.e. near the speaker, medial, i.e. near the addressee, and distal, i.e. far from both. This is the case in a few Romance languages and in Korean, Japanese, Thai, Filipino and Turkish The archaic Englishforms yon and yonder (still preserved in some regional dialects) once represented a distal category which has now been subsumed by the formerly medial "there".[5]TimeTime, or temporal, deixis concerns itself with the various times involved in and referred to inan utterance. This includes time adverbs like "now", "then", "soon", and so forth, and also different tenses. A good example is the word tomorrow, which denotes the consecutive next day after every day. The "tomorrow" of a day last year was a different day than the "tomorrow" of a day next week. Time adverbs can be relative to the time when an utterance is made (what Fillmore calls the "encoding time", or ET) or when the utterance is heard (Fillmore’s "decoding time", or DT).[3] While these are frequently the same time, they can differ, as in the case of prerecorded broadcasts or correspondence. For example, if one were to writeIt is raining out now, but I hope when you read this it will be sunny.the ET and DT would be different, with the former deictic term concerning ET and the latterthe DT.Tenses are generally separated into absolute (deictic) and relative tenses. So, forexample, simple English past tense is absolute, such as inHe went.while the pluperfect is relative to some other deictically specified time, as inHe had gone.Other categoriesThough the traditional categories of deixis are perhaps the most obvious, there are other types of deixis that are similarly pervasive in language use. These categories of deixis were first discussed by Fillmore and Lyons.[4][edit]DiscourseDiscourse deixis, also referred to as text deixis, refers to the use of expressions within an utterance to refer to parts of the discourse that contains the utterance — including the utterance itself. For example, inThis is a great story.“this” refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse, and inThat was an amazing day.that” refers to a prior portion of the discourse.Distinction must be made between discourse deixis and anaphora, which is when an expression makes reference to the same referent as a prior term, as inMatthew is an incredible athlete; he came in first in the race.Lyons points out that it is possible for an expression to be both deictic and anaphoric at the same time. In his exampleI was born in London and I have lived here/there all my life.“here” or “there” function anaphorically in their refe rence to London, and deictically in that the choice between “here” or “there” indicates whether the speaker is or is not currently in London.[1]The rule of thumb to distinguish the two phenomenon is as follows: when an expression refers to another linguistic expression or a piece of discourse, it is discourse deictic. When that expression refers to the same item as a prior linguistic expression, it is anaphoric.[4]Switch reference is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some languages, which indicates whether the argument of one clause is the same as the argument of the previous clause. In some languages, this is done through same subject markers and different subject markers. In the translated example "John punched Tom, and left-[samesubject marker]," it is John who left, and in "John punched Tom, and left-[different subject marker]," it is Tom who left.[citation needed][edit]SocialSocial deixis concerns the social information that is encoded within various expressions, such as relative social status and familiarity. Two major forms of it are the so-called T-V distinctions and honorifics.Usages of deixisIt is helpful to distinguish between two usages of deixis, gestural and symbolic, as well asnon-deictic usages of frequently deictic words. Gestural deixis refers, broadly, to deictic expressions whose understanding requires some sort of audio-visual information. A simple example is when an object is pointed at and referred to as “this” or “that”. However, the category can include other types of information than pointing, such as direction of gaze, tone of voice, and so on. Symbolic usage, by contrast, requires generally only basic spatio-temporal knowledge of the utterance.[4] So, for exampleI broke this finger.requires being able to see which finger is being held up, whereasI love this city.requires only knowledge of the current location. In a similar vein,I went to this city one time . . .is a non-deictic usage of "this", which does not reference anything specific.Rather, it is used as an indefinite article, much the way "a" could be used inits place.。
Deixis
Eg. We can illustrate the distinction by taking the word “there”. It has all three uses. Its gestural use can be seen in a sentence like,’ I want you to put it there’. You have to know where the speaker is pointing in order to know what place he is indicating. The symbolic use is exemplified in the telephoner’s utterance, “ Is Johny there?” This time we understand the word “there” as meaning “ in the place where you are.” An example of the anaphoric use of “ there” is a sentence like “ I drove the car to the parking lot and left it there.” In that case the word refers to a place which had been identified earlier in the discourse, namely the parking plot(C.Fillmore,1997).
There is the speaker of the utterance, the sender of the message,what grammarians call the “first person”; there is, secondly, the addressee of the message or utterance, the message’s intended recipient, what we usually refer to as the “second person”; there is a third category of person deixis which plays a role of the intended audience. Other individuals referred to in sentences can be identified negatively with respect to these categories as being, for example, somebody who is neither speaker nor addressee, or somebody who is neither speaker nor addressee nor audience(C.Fillmore,1997).
指称、指别、指谓
标题：【讨论】指称、指别、指谓作者：杨翠日期：2004-10-28 20:38在语义学中我们常遇到“指称”（reference)是这个概念，在语用学中遇到的则是“指别”(deixis)这个概念，姜望琪教授在《当代语言学》中简单地区别了这两个概念：指别是一种依赖语境的指称，或称“相对指称”。
两个概念间的区别是否就是这样简单呢？“指称”本身就不是一个意义单一的概念，《现代语言学词典》中就指出这个术语有语义学和语法分析的区别，那姜望琪教授的“指称”是哪一种意义上的呢。
“指谓词组”（denoting phrase)见于《语言哲学名著选辑》（涂纪亮）中罗素的一篇文章《论指谓》，“指谓”这个概念与指称、指别的区别在哪里？它们之间有关系吗？关于这几个概念请张版主谈谈，也请有兴趣的朋友发表高见。
作者：金奉民日期：2004-10-29 12:15我是这么理解的，不知是否正确。
1、指谓>指称>指示2、指谓：有其内涵义，不论现实世界有无所指。
如：“法国国王”和“美国总统”，“法国国王”在现实世界中不存在，即无指；“美国总统”在现实世界中存在，即有指。
但“法国国王”和“美国总统”同样都有指谓。
3、指称：有内涵义，也在现实世界有所指。
4、指示：有内涵义，也在现实世界有所指，但只能在具体语境中确定所指。
作者：张万禾日期：2004-10-29 15:16我看了《当代语用学》，上面谈到的指别都是非常极端的现象，比如代词本身没有指称，只有从语境中获得指称。
如果本身有指称，但在语境中获得了与原指称不同的指称，比如“红领巾”指代少先队员，这种现象就表明指别本身还是一种使意义发生变化的行为。
指别与指称不仅仅是不同的现象、不同的意义类型，而且存在指别对指称的作用。
[ 本帖由张万禾于 2004-10-29 15:58 最后编辑 ]作者：张万禾日期：2004-10-30 09:38先秦汉语中代词、指示代词兼类虚词的情况真不少，代词失去指称，变为介词、语气词等：1）“夫”、“伊”等代词如果出现在句首（这个位置一般属于主语）而没有所指代的对象那就是作语气词；“焉”出现在句尾作语气词。
deixis语言学定义
deixis语言学定义在语言学中，deixis是指用于指示特定人、物、地点、时间等的语言现象。
它是通过语言中的指示词或词组来实现的，例如代词、副词等。
deixis在日常交流中非常常见，它帮助我们在交流中理解和表达具体的参照点。
本文将介绍deixis的定义、分类以及在语言中的应用。
我们来介绍deixis的定义。
deixis是源于希腊语的一个词，意为“指示”。
在语言学中，deixis指的是通过上下文和特定的语言标记来指示特定的人、物、地点、时间等。
通过deixis，人们能够在交流中准确地理解和表达特定的参照点。
deixis可以根据指示的内容进行分类。
根据指示内容的不同，deixis可以分为人称deixis、空间deixis和时间deixis。
人称deixis是指用于指示与交流参与者相关的人物。
在人称deixis中，我们常用的代词如“我”、“你”、“他”等可以帮助我们指示特定的人。
空间deixis是指用于指示特定的地点或位置的语言现象。
例如，我们常用的副词如“这里”、“那里”等可以帮助我们指示特定的地点。
时间deixis是指用于指示特定的时间的语言现象。
例如，我们常用的时间状语词如“现在”、“昨天”、“明天”等可以帮助我们指示特定的时间。
除了以上分类，deixis还可以根据指示的方式进行划分。
根据指示方式的不同，deixis可以分为直接deixis和间接deixis。
直接deixis是指通过具体的语言标记来直接指示特定的参照点。
例如，代词“我”、“你”等直接指示特定的人。
间接deixis是指通过上下文信息来间接指示特定的参照点。
例如，当我们说“昨天我去了那里”，虽然没有明确指出“那里”的位置，但通过上下文信息，我们可以推断出“那里”是指昨天我们去过的地方。
在实际的交流中，deixis起着非常重要的作用。
通过deixis，我们可以使交流更加具体和准确。
然而，deixis也存在一些挑战，因为它的理解和表达都依赖于上下文和语境。
指示词“this、that”与“这、那”的差异
指示词“ｔｈｉｓ、ｔｈａｔ”与“这、那”的差异指示（deixis）是人类语言中带有普遍性的现象，英语中“this”和“that”的出现频率最多。
但根据分析研究，“this”和“that”并不一定能和“这”“那”互译。
标签：指示词这那指示（deixis）是人类语言中普遍性的现象，在任何一种语言中都存在，也是语用学研究的一个重要课题，因为它直接涉及到语言结构和语境之间的密切关系。
根据列文森（Levinson）的归纳，可分为人称指示、时间指示、地点指示、话语指示和社交指示五类。
在英语中，这些词项和语法范畴包括人称代词、指示代词、定冠词以及一些表示地点和时间的副词，在这些指示词中，“this”和“that”的出现频率最多。
但人们往往因文化的差异和思维方式的不同而对它们的理解和表达产生偏差，从而导致在跨文化交流或翻译中出现种种问题。
为此，本文将从语用视角在以下几个方面进行探讨。
一当“this”和“that”作为话语指示（指在说话或行文过程中选择恰当的词汇或语法手段来传达话语中某部分或某方面的指示信息）时，“这”不一定是“this”，例如，汉语中用于总结即回指时，把刚刚过去的当做”近”，而“这”（this）是近指，因此在说了一段话之后常说“这就是我的意见。
”而英语则认为已经过去的就是“远”，所以用“that”，即应说成“That was my idea.”如果在翻译成汉语时按照英语的思维和观察事物的习惯说成“那就是我的意见。
”会使中国人听起来很不地道。
当然这不是因为违反语法规则或用词不当引起的失误，而是因思维方式和习惯的不同或观察事物的角度、范围有差异而造成的语言表达和理解上的失误。
二“this”和“that”也可用于方位指示（指话语涉及的地点）。
方位指示信息来自话语中有关物体的方位或说话时说话人和听话人双方所处的位置。
我们通常认为靠近说话人的位置用“this”，离说话人远的位置用“that”。
但在某些交际语境中，这种空间距离上的差别显得不那么重要，“this”和“that”之间的这种差别就淡化了。
语用学 deixisppt课件
Deixis
指 示 语
1
1. What is Deixis?
1) Knowledge is power. 2) I am the British Prime Minister. 3) The President met the British Prime
2
1.2 Defining Deixis
A technical term from Greek, meaning “pointing” via language.
Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called a deictic expression, which is also called an indexical.
（1）你想在事业上取得成功，你就必须
下一番苦功夫。
（2）他那刻苦钻研的精神你不能不佩服
。
（3）这个人性格内向，不善表达，你问
他十句，他才答你一句。
13
Place deixis: The encoding of temporal points or
spans relative to the location of the speaker Proximal: here Distal: there
5
Deictic expressions include definite noun phrases, personal pronouns, demonstratives, adverbs, tenses, etc.
Person deixis
偏离中的常情-人称指示语在语用环境下的非常规用法摘要：指示语是语言学中的一种常见现象，是语言和语境之间关系最明显最直接的语言反映，指示语的偏离常规的用法反映了语用环境下指示语的转指或移指所能体现的语用效果.本文列举了5种特殊语境下的用法来说明人称指示词的这种特殊用法。
Abstract: Deixis is a popular linguistic phenomenon which reflects the relationship between the language and context. Personal deixis is particular in its normal use ,while in specific context , the rule for using them often is broken to realize the emotional function .关键词：语境语用人称指示语礼貌情感指示词是一种常见的语言现象，它反映了语言和语言系统中语境的关系，被认为是语言和语境之间关系最明显最直接的语言反映，是连结语义学和语用学的关节点。
指示词的使用表面上的简单掩盖了它真实的复杂性。
Deixis一词来自希腊语，意为指点(pointing)或标示(indicating)。
它唯一的两个子类是人称指示词和指示代词。
但是现在使用的指示词涵盖了更广的范围，包括指示副词和时态的语法范畴。
指示语(deixis)直接涉及语言结构和语境之间的关系。
语言中指示词语的指称和它们在构成语句时的含义,往往取决于话语的语境和说话人的信念和意图。
话语和语境之间的关系正是通过指示语而得以在语言结构上反映出来。
指示词大约有五类，但是传统上来讲只有三类：人称代词，像“you” “I” ; 时间指示词“now”“then”,空间指示词“here”“there”等等，其中人称指示词在人类的交往和语言中发挥着重要的作用。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Characteristics in use
The egocentricity of deixis Deictic expressions are anchored to specific points in the communicative event. the unmarked points, called the deictic center, are typically assumed to be as follows:
— symbolic usage
non-deictic usage — anaphoric usage
i.e. it is where term picks out as referent the same entity that some prior term in the discourse picked out.
How to realize deitic projection?
1. 说话人把指示中心从"自我"转移到他人身上 说话人把指示中心从"自我"转移到他人身上: addressee-centered, or non-addressed participant-centered, or home- based
adverbs, and some grammatical categories such a the ways in which languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech event; and the ways in which the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterance. ---- Levinson: Pragmatics, 1983
Lyons (1977,637) describe DEIXIS as: the location and identification of persons, objects, processes and activities being talked about or referred to, in relation to the spatiotemporal context created and sustained by the act of utterance and the participation in it.
Lyons called this phenomenon empathetic deixis (移情指示现象)(P677)
For example: 1. First person pronouns may be used to refer to the second and third persons
Grammatical and lexical features which relate utterances to the spatiotemporal coordinates of the act of utterance The linguistic means used in this function are known as deictics, indexicals ( or indexical / deictic expressions). ----- J. Lyons: Semantics,1977 Examples : pronouns, demonstratives, time and place
I am not here now. (Some one knocks at the door) I'm coming. I came over several times to your place, but you were out.
2. 在叙述文中,指示中心从话语生产者 作者本人 在叙述文中,指示中心从话语生产者(作者本人 作者本人) 转移到故事中的某个角色身上或者转移到隐藏在 幕后虚构的叙述者身上. 幕后虚构的叙述者身上.
— non-anaphoric usage
Deictic Projection
What is deictic projection?
When it is not a face-to-face conversation, when the speaker and the addressee are not in the same place at the time of speaking, thenthe the egocentricity may be violated. It means that sometimes deictic expressions are used in ways that shift the deictic center to other participants in narratives. Lyons called this deictic projection. Fillmore called it shifts in point of view.
e.g. John came in and he sang a song.
i.e. context-free expressions which in general refer to people.
e.g. You can never predict what would happen next.
(ⅲ) ⅲ
(ⅳ) ⅳ
the discourse center the point which the speaker is currently at in the production of his utterance. the social center the speaker's social status and rank, to which the status or rank of addressees or referents is relative.
Condition for empathetic deixis: 移情是指示语映射现象这一非常规选择所 产生的最基本的语用效果. 移情的产生需有两个必要的条件: 一是意识到或了解自己的感受, 二是将自己与别人等同起来 (王初明,P112)
context and deictic projection:
token-reflexive words indexical signs egocentric particulars deixis Reichenbach Peirce Russell Levinson
and others such as index, indicator, pronoun, shifter,etc.
(Doctor to Patient) How are we feeling today? (Mum to Dad) We're in a bad mood today. (the kid)
2. space deixis : come / go; here / there; this / that
发话人常常通过选择不同的移动动词come, go及指示代词this, that 等,自觉,不自觉地违反指示语的自我中心特性,来缩短或拉开自己和 受话者之间的心理距离或感情距离,以示友好或冷漠. 从礼貌的角度讲,在交谈中发话者选择表示近指的come,this,here 比选择表示远指的go,that,there显得友好和亲切.
(ⅴ) ⅴ
deictic and non-deictic distinction
Deictic: gestural / symbolic
Non-deictic: anaphoric /non-anaphoric
deictic usage — gestural usage
i.e. with reference to an audiovisual-tacile and a physical,monitoring of the speech event e.g. This one is genuine, but this one is fake.
deictic center
(ⅰ) ⅰ (ⅱ) ⅱ
the central person
the speaker
the central time the time at which speaker produces the utterance. the central place the speaker's location at utterance time or CT.
DEIXIS
Definition definition, characteristics in use, deictic and non-deictic distinction Deictic Projection Pre-emptiveness
Definition
Deixis: (from Greek) anchoring, pointing Various termiology