2004北京服装学院考研真题
北京服装学院服装设计研究生初试真题要点
北京服装学院服装设计研究生初试真题2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：中外服装史（设计艺术学专业）注意事项：1.答题纸上写清本人的考生编号。
2.答案必须写在答题纸上，写清题号。
在试题纸或草稿纸上答题无效。
3.答题必须使用蓝、黑钢笔或圆珠笔。
4.试题、答题纸和草稿纸在考试结束后统一收回中国服装史部分1、简述周代服装的基本特点。
（10）2、简述宋代重要的学术派别对该时期服饰的影响。
（15）3、谈谈丝绸的发展简史及其对世界的影响。
（15）4、清代服饰特点及审美评价。
（15）5、以中国服装史的事例阐述服装与政治的关系。
（20）外国服装史部分1、简述拜占庭时期的服装特征。
（10）2、简述古希腊与法国革命后古典主义女装的服饰特点。
（15）3、十七世纪荷兰风的服装特点及其形成的历史背景。
（15）4、简述现代男装的形成、发展历程及原由。
（15）5、简述20世纪20年代、60、70年代最具影响的服装风格及与同时期艺术流派的联系。
（20）2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：中外服装史（设计艺术学专业）注意事项：1.答题纸上写清本人的考生编号。
2.答案必须写在答题纸上，写清题号。
在试题纸或草稿纸上答题无效。
3.答题必须使用蓝、黑钢笔或圆珠笔。
4.试题、答题纸和草稿纸在考试结束后统一收回。
答题需用的用具：如答题需要图示时，可用、蓝黑钢笔或圆珠笔简单表现即可。
中国服装史部分1、“上古穴居而野外，衣毛而冒衣，未有制度，后世圣人，易人以丝麻……..始作五色成以服，见鸟兽有冠角髯胡之制，遂作冠缨以为首饰。
”的文辞出自哪本书？有何启示？（10）2、试谈汉代服饰纹样的审美特征。
（15）3、概述传统男性头的变化发展历程，并图示说明。
（15）4、试比较中国历史上元代与清代服饰的异同？（15）5、中山装在中国经历过几个发展时期？分别有何特点？（20）外国服装史部分1、简述古代希腊服饰的审美特征。
（10）2、概述文艺复兴时期欧洲服装的基本特点。
2004年考研英语一真题及答案
2004年考研英语一真题及答案Section IListening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For questions 1-5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Geography of BelgiumThree main regions coastal plaincentral plateauhighlands 1Highest altitude of the coastal plain _______m 2Climate near the sea HumidMild 3Particularly rainy months of the years AprilNovember 4Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13℃high _______℃ 5Part BDirections:For Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with Mr. Saffo from the Institute for the Future. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)What is Saffo according to himself?The Institute for the Future provides services to private companies and ________.The Institute believes that to think systematically about the long-range future is________.To succeed in anything, one should be flexible, curious and________.What does Saffo consider to be essential to the work of a team?678910Part CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. After listening, you will have time tocheck your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about naming newborns. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.11.What do we often do with the things we love?[A] Ask for their names.[B] Name babies after them.[C] Put down their names.[D] Choose names for them.12.The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is often overlooked if ________.[A] the family tree is fairly limited[B] the family tie is strong enough[C] the name is commonly used[D] nobody in the family complains13.Several months after a baby’s birth, its name will ________.[A] show the beauty of its own[B] develop more associations[C] lose the original meaning[D] help form the baby’s personalityQuestions 14-16 are based on the biography of Bobby Moore, an English soccer player. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14.How many matches did Moore play during his professional career?[A] 90[B] 108[C] 180[D] 66815.In 1964, Bobby Moore was made ________.[A] England’s footballer of the year[B] a soccer coach in West Germany[C] a medalist for his sportsmanship[D] a number of the Order of the British Empire16.After Moore retired from playing, the first thing he did was ________.[A] editing Sunday Sport[B] working for Capital Radio[C] managing professional soccer teams[D] developing a sports marketing companyQuestions 17-20 are based on the following talk on the city of Belfast. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17.Belfast has long been famous for its ________.[A] oil refinery[B] linen textiles[C] food products[D] deepwater port18.Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export?[A] Soap[B] Grain[C] Steel[D] Tobacco19.When was Belfast founded?[A] In 1177[B] In 1315[C] In the 16th century[D] In the 17th century20.What happened in Belfast in the late 18th century?[A] French refugees arrived.[B] The harbor was destroyed.[C] Shipbuilding began to flourish.[D] The city was taken by the English.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Section II: Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __25__ as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commitcrimes. The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __28__ to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also __33__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __34__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __37__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing22.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because23.[A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation24.[A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response25.[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding27.[A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with28.[A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject29.[A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect30.[A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount31.[A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length32.[A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence33.[A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced34.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously35.[A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as36.[A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage37.[A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible38.[A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability39.[A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity40.[A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposingSection III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D] Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent.〞 It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,〞 says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.〞 says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept -- what you thinkyou want to do -- then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,〞 says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.〞 Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,〞 says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs -- those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them -- and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,〞says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,〞 he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.41.How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.42.Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling.[B] Limited number of visits.[C] Lower efficiency.[D] Fewer successful matches.43.The expression “tip service〞 (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.[A] advisory[B] compensation[C] interaction[D] reminder44.Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits.[C] To reserve space for more messages.[D] To increase the rate of success.45.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo? Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father)had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.46.What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.[B] A type of conspicuous bias.[C] A type of personal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrimination.47.What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.48.The 4th paragraph suggests that ________.[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight49.What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ〞 (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?[A] They are getting impatient.[B] They are noisily dozing off.[C] They are feeling humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.50.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,〞 she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.〞 So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.〞 she says.Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From cardealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,〞 says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,〞 says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.51.By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet〞 (Lines 1-2, Paragraph 1), the author means ________.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation52.How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic.[B] Confused.[C] Carefree.[D] Panicked.53.When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range〞 (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about ________.[A] gold market[B] real estate[C] stock exchange[D] venture investment54.Why can many people see “silver linings〞 to the economic slowdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.55.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,〞says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.〞 Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed SchoolReforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.〞“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,〞 writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.〞 Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized -- going to school and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.〞56.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.57.We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.[A] undervaluing intellect[B] favoring intellectualism[C] supporting school reform[D] suppressing native intelligence58.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________.[A] identical[B] similar[C] complementary[D] opposite59.Emerson, according to the text, is probably ________.[A] a pioneer of education reform[B] an opponent of intellectualism[C] a scholar in favor of intellect[D] an advocate of regular schooling60.What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies power.Part BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. 62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic〞 language, were not always so grateful. 63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. 64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. 65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.61.________62.________63.________64.________65.________Section IV Writing66.Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the drawing,2) interpret its meaning, and3) support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)参考答案Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points)Part A (5 points)1. highlands2. 203. mild4. November5. 22Part B (5 points)6. A (technology) forecaster;7. government agencies;8. (A) meaningful (exercise);9. open to change;10. Trust and cooperation.Part C (10 points)11. [D] 12. [B] 13. [C] 14. [D] 15. [A]16. [C] 17. [B] 18. [A] 19. [A] 20. [C]Section II: Use of English (10 points)21. [C] 22. [D] 23. [A] 24. [D] 25. [A]26. [B] 27. [C] 28. [D] 29. [A] 30. [B]31. [A] 32. [C] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]36. [B] 37. [B] 38. [D] 39. [A] 40. [C]Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points)41. [C] 42. [A] 43. [D] 44. [B] 45. [C]46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [B] 50. [D]51. [D] 52. [A] 53. [B] 54. [A] 55. [C]56. [C] 57. [A] 58. [D] 59. [B] 60. [C]Part B (10 points)61. 希腊人认为, 语言构造与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。
2004年考研英语真题及答案详解(含答案译文词汇讲解)
1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not
sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
14 ， children are likely to have less supervision at home
15 was common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is
thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __17_ causes of offensive acts include
[D] reflect [D] amount
[D] at length [D] essence
13. [A] survived 14.[A] contrarily 15. [A] than 16. [A] system 17. [A] assessable 18. [A] expense 19. [A] incidence 20. [A] provided
2004年考研英语真题与答案详细讲解_(含答案_译文_词汇讲解)
2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Secti on I Use of En glishDirectionsRead the follow ing text. Choose the best word(s) for each nu mbered bla nk andmark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juve nile deli nquency (crimes committed byyoung people) focus either on the in dividual or on society as the major con tribut ingin flue nee. Theories 1 on the in dividual suggest that childre n en gage in crim inal behavior 2 they were not sufficie ntly pen alized for previous misdeeds or that theyhave lear ned crim inal behavior through 3 with others. Theories focus ing on therole of society suggest that children commit crimes in 4 to their failure to rise above their socioec ono mic status, 5 as a reject ion of middle-class values.Most theories of juve nile deli nquency have focused on childre n from disadva ntaged families, 6 the fact that childre n from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate pare ntal con trol. All theories, however,are ten tative and are 8 to criticism.Chan ges in the social structure may in directly 9 juve nile crime rates. For example, cha nges in the economy that 10 to fewer job opport un ities for youth andrising un employme nt 11 make gainful employme nt in creas in gly difficult to obta in.The result ing disc ontent may in 12 lead more youths into crim inal behavior.Families have also 13 cha nges these years. More families con sist of on e-pare nt households or two working parents; 14 , children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was com mon in the traditi onal family 16 . This lack of pare ntal supervisi on is thought to be an in flue nee on juve nile crime rates. Other __17_ causes of offen sive acts in clude frustratio n or failure in school, the in creased __ 18 _ of drugsand alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and child neglect. All thesecon diti ons tend to in crease the probability of a child committi ng a crim inal act, ___ 20 a direct causal relatio nship has not yet bee n established.1. [A] acti ng [B] relyi ng [C] cen teri ng [D] commenting2. [A] before [B] unl ess [C] un til [D] because3. [A] in teracti on [B] assimilatio n [C] cooperati on [D] con sultatio n4. [A] return [B] reply [C] refere nee [D] response5. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else6. [A] con sideri ng [B] ign ori ng [C] highlighti ng [D] discard ing7. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with8. [A] immu ne [B] resista nt [C] sen sitive [D] subject9. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect10. [A] poi nt [B] lead [C] come [D] amount11. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by con trast [D] at len gth12. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essenee13. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] un dertake n [D] experieneed14.[A] con trarily [B] con seque ntly [C] similarly [D] simulta neously15. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as16. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage17. [A] assessable [B] ide ntifiable [C] n egligible [D] in credible18. [A] expe nse [B] restrictio n [C] allocation [D] availability19. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure [D] popularity20. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] suppos ingSectio n II Readi ng Comprehe nsionPart ADirectio ns:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text bychoosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hun ti ng for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redm on stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Intern et. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site ' s “ pers onal search age nt ” . It ' s an interacsv®rfeafeyerth®b eteriasuch as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is postedin the database. Redm on chose the keywords legal, in tellectual property andWashington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notific ation of an opening. "I struckgold, ” says Redm on, who Emailed his resume to the employer and won a positi on asin-house coun sel for a compa ny.With thousa nds of career-related sites on the Intern et, finding promis ing ope ningscan he time-c onsuming and in efficie nt. Search age nts reduce the n eed for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search age nt worked for Redm on, career experts see drawbacks. Narrow ing your criteria, for example, may work aga inst you:you an swer a questi on you e lim in ate a possibility, ” says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow con cept —what you thi nk youwant to do —then broaden it. “ None of these programs do that, ” says another expert. “ There ' s no career coun seli ng implicit i n all of this. ” In stead, the best strategy is the age nt as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; whe nyou get E- mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. "I would not re age nts for finding everyth ing that i s added to a database that might in terest me, says the author of a job-search ing guide.Some sites desig n their age nts to tempt job hun ters to retur n. When CareerSiteage nt sends out messages to those who have sig ned up for its service, for example, it in cludes only three pote ntial jobs —those it con siders the best matches. There may bemore matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to findthem —and they do. “ On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp in creasesays Seth Peets, vice preside nt of market ing for CareerSite.in o ur traffic,Eve n those who aren ' t hunting for jobs may find search age nts worthwhile. Someuse them to keep a close watch on the dema nd for their li ne of work or gatherin formatio n on compe nsati on to arm themselves whe n n egotiati ng for a raise. Althoughhappily employed, Redm on mai ntai ns his age nt at CareerBuilder. “ You always keepeyes ope n, ” he says. Work ing with a pers onal search age nt means havi ng ano ther set ofeyes look ing out for you.21. How did Redmon find his job?[A] By search ing ope nings in a job database.[B] By posti ng a match ing positi on in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.22. Which of the follow ing can be a disadva ntage of search age nts?[A] Lack of coun seli ng. [B] Limited nu mber of visits.[C] Lower efficie ncy. [D] Fewer successful matches.23. The expressi on“ tip service ” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably.means[A] advisory. [B] compe nsatio n.[C] in teractio n. [D] remin der.24. Why does CareerSite 's age nt offer each job hun ter only three job opti ons?[A] T o focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returni ng visits.[C] T o reserve space for more messages.[D] T o in crease the rate of success.25. Which of the follow ing is true accord ing to the text?[A] Personal search age nts are in dispe nsable to job-h un ters.[B] Some sites keep E-maili ng job seekers to trace their dema nds.[C] Pers onal search age nts are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some age nts stop sending in formati on to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past cen tury, all kinds of un fair ness and discrim in ati on have bee ncondemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism.This, for those as yet un aware of such a disadva ntage, refers to discrim in ati on aga instthose whose sur names begi n with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage overZodiac cars whe n customers thumb through their pho ne directories. Less well known isthe advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo? Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread betwee n the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large nu mber of top people have sur names begi nning with letters betwee n A and K.Thus the America n preside nt and vice-preside nt have sur names start ing with B andC respectively; and 26 of George Bush ' s predegeBs(fEish(eirc lbdd surn amesin the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, sixof the seve n heads of gover nment of the G7 rich coun tries are alphabetically adva ntagedcen tral(Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chr e tierand Koizumi). The world ' thsee top ban kers(Gree nspa n, Duise nberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Alle n, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coin cide nee? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their n ames. So short-sighted Zysma n junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualificati ons, because they get less in dividual atte nti on, as well as less con fide nee in speak ing publicly.The humiliati on con ti nu es. At uni versity graduati on cere moni es, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally hav ing a ZZ Z. Shortlists for job in terviews, electio n ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and atte ndees: all tend to be draw n up alphabetically, and their recipie nts lose in terest as they plough through them.26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked in equality.[B] A type of con spicuous bias.[C] A type of pers onal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrim in ati on.27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, n ames are esse ntial to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysma n.[C] Customers ofte n pay a lot of atte nti on to compa nies ' n ames.[D] Some form of discrim in ati on is too subtle to recog ni ze.28. The 4th paragraph suggests that ________ .[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadva ntaged stude nts ofte n escape from class[C] teachers should pay atte nti on to all of their stude nts[D] stude nts should be seated accord ing to their eyesight29. What does the author mean by “ most people are literally hZZZg'aLines 2-3,Paragraph 5)?[A] They are gett ing impatie nt.[B] They are n oisily doz ing off.[C] They are feeli ng humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.30. Which of the follow ing is true accord ing to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putt ing things alphabetically may lead to uninten ti onal bias.Text 3When it comes to the slow ing economy, Elie n Spero isn't bit ing her n ails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two Iongtime customers sudde nly stopped show ing up. Spero blames the softe ning economy, good econo mic in dicator, ” 'stiqdsayde a service that people can do without whe nthey're concerned about savi ng some dollars. ” So Spero is dow nscali ng, shopp ing atmiddle-brow Dillard's departme nt store n ear her suburba n Clevela nd home, in stead of Neima n Marcus. "I don't know if other clie nts are going to aba ndon me, too,Eve n before Ala n Gree nspa n's admissi on that America's red-hot economy is cooli ng, lots of worki ng folks had already see n sig ns of the slowdow n themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have bee n lagg ing for mon ths as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 perce nt from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they rema in optimistic about the econom y's Ion g-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tighte ning.Con sumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headli nes, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are hold ing steady in most regi ons. InManhattan, “ there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range,predomina ntly fed by Wall Street bonuses, S”ys broker Barbara Corcoran. In SanFran cisco, prices are still rising eve n as fren zied overbidd ing quiets. "Ins offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says Joh n Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep ajob.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheerfor lower interest rates. Employers would n't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market.Many con sumers seem to have bee n in flue need by stock-market swin gs, which in vestorsnow view as a n ecessary in gredie nt to a susta ined boom. Diners might see an upside,too. Gett ing a table at Man hatta n's hot new Ala in Ducasse restaura nt used to beimpossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.31. By “ EllenSpero isn 'bi t ing her nails just yet "(Line 1, Paragraph 1), the authormeans ____ .[A] Spero can hardly maintain her bus in ess.[B] Spero is too much en gaged in her work.[C] Spero has grow n out of her bad habit.[D] Spero is not in a desperate situati on.32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic. [B] Co nfused. [C] Carefree. [D] Pani cked.33. When mentioning “ the $4 million to $10 million range " (Lines 3, Paragraph 3), theauthor is talk ing about ______[A] gold market.[B] real estate.[C] stock excha nge.[D] ven ture in vestme nt.34. Why can many people see “ silver linings ” to the economic slowdown?[A] They would ben efit i n certa in ways.[B] The stock market shows sig ns of recovery.[C] Such a slowdow n usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchas ing power would be enhan ced.35. To which of the follow ing is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horiz on.[B] Tighte n the belt, the sin gle remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ven tures, the more cha nces.Text 4America ns today don't place a very high value on in tellect. Our heroes are athletes, en terta in ers, and en trepre neurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult tofind.“ Schoolshave always been in a socie ty where practical is more important thanintellectual, ” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “ Schools could be a counterbalancRavitch's latest book. Left Back: A Cen tury of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. En couragi ng kids to reject the life of the mind leavesthem vuln erable to exploitati on and con trol. Without the ability to thi nk critically, todefe nd their ideas and un dersta nd the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “ We willsecond- rate country. We will have a less civil society. ”"In tellect is rese nted as a form of power or privilege, ” writes historia n and pre Richard Hofstadter in An ti-i ntellectualism in America n Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have drivenus to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, com mon sen se, and n ative intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emers on and other Tran sce nden talist philosophers thought schooli ngand rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “ We are shut uschools and college recitati on rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing. H'uc M ebe Twa Fif Bi exemplifiedAmerican anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —going to school andlearning to read —so he can preserve his inn ate good ness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligenee, a quality wereluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind.In tellige nee seeks to grasp, man ipulate, re-order, and adjust, while in tellect exam in es,ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.School remai ns a place where in tellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our coun try'seducati onal system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and milita ntly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least in tellectual promise. ”36. What do America n pare nts expect their childre n to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking in depe nden tly.[B] Profound kno wledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The con fide nce in in tellectual pursuits.37. We can lear n from the text that America ns have a history of _____ .[A] un derval uing in tellect.[B] favoring intellectualism.[C] support ing school reform.[D] suppress ing n ative in tellige nce.38. The views of Raviteh and Emers on on schooli ng are ____ .[A] ide ntical. [B] similar. [C] compleme ntary. [D] opposite.39. Emers on, accord ing to the text, is probably ______ .[A] a pion eer of educati on reform.[B] an opp onent of in tellectualism.[C] a scholar in favor of in tellect.[D] an advocate of regular schooli ng.40. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is sec ond to in tellige nee.[B] It evolves from com mon sen se.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It un derlies powerPart BDirections:Read the followi ng text carefully and the n tran slate the un derl ined segme nts into Chi nese. Your tran slation should be writte n clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 poi nts)The relation of Ianguage and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (41) The Greeks assumed that the structure of Ian guage had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse Ian guages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of Ianguages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native Ianguages of North and South America during the first half of the twen tieth cen tury. (42) We are obliged to them because some of these Ianguages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their n ative Ian guages. Other li nguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from“ exoticIan guage, were not always so grateful. (43) The newly described Ian guages were often so______ strik in gly differe nt from the well studied Ian guages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricat ing their data. Native America nIan guages are in deed differe nt, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code duri ng World War II to send secret messages.Sapir 'pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American IndianIan guages. (44) Being in terested in the relati on ship of lang uage and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of Ian guage determ ines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain conceptsand not others in a give n Ian guage, the speakers of that Ian guage thi nk along one trackand not along ano ther. (45) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism ___________which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patter ns in a Ian guage can produce far-reach ing con seque nces for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,but this term is somewhat in appropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasizedthe diversity of Ianguages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion oflin guistic determ ini sm.Section III Writi ng46. Directio nsStudy the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which youshould1. describe the draw ing ,2. in terpret its meaning, and3. support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 poi nts)答案解析Secti on I Use of En glish1. 完形填空翻译：许多研究青少年犯罪（即低龄人群犯罪）的理论要么强调个人要么强调社会是导致犯罪的主要因素。
北服服装设计学原理基础理论试题(B卷)及答案
服装设计学原理基础理论试题（B卷）班级姓名分数一、填空题（20%）1 .长期以来，服装的实用功能不断提高，其御寒防暑、庇护身体的作用早已成为一般的功能。
现代服装的物质实用功能研究正朝着更高的目标发展，比如___________功能的研究、___________方面的舒适方便、___________方面的利润回报、___________方面的回收分解等等。
2 . 1790年，英国首先发明了世界上第一台先打洞、后穿线、缝制皮鞋用的_____________手摇缝纫机；1841年，法国人发明了_____________的链式线迹缝纫机；1862年，美国的布鲁克斯兄弟创造了_____________，从而为现代服装的批量化、规格化生产奠定了基础。
3 .服装本身属于有形的商品，它至少包括五个特征：质量水平、_________、___________、___________以及包装。
4 .对于现代人而言，服装不仅仅是一种_____________的满足，而且更重要的是_____________的需求，服装是高度发展的人类文明中的重要部分。
无论是古代还是现代，任何一款服装都要受到__________、__________、___________、___________、___________等社会因素的影响。
5 .工艺美术运动是英国19世纪下半叶的一场设计运动，代表人物有创始人、实践家_____________和思想奠基人、艺术理论家_____________。
6、20世纪初，法国高级时装业开启了以设计师左右时尚的历史，其代表人物是来自英国的设计师_____________，他被誉为_____________。
7 .中国的服装业已经步入_____________的阶段，通过对外模仿和经验借鉴，快速成长的国内服装品牌迫切需要独立思考的设计研发。
8.本世纪初，第一个在女装上去掉紧身胸衣的设计师是_____________，二次世界大战后，推出"新样式"的服装设计师是迪奥，1964年英国年轻设计师_____________发表了"超短裙"这一革命性的举动。
2004年考研真题及答案解析
2004考研英语真题答案解析Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For questions 1 - 5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Geography of BelgiumThree main regions coastal plaincentral plateau1Highest altitude of the coastal plain m 2Climate near the sea humid3Particularly rainy months of the years April4Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13 ℃High ℃ 5听力原文Belgium has three main geographic regions: the coastal plain, the central plateau and the highlands. The coastal plain extends inlands 16 to 48 kilometers on the northwest. Along the north sea is a lowlying area consisting mainly of sandy hills and sections of lands reclaimed from the sea. The coastal p lain’s elevation ranges from sea level to 20 metres.The central plateau is a gently rolling, slightly elevated area, irrigated by many waterways and containing a number of wide, fertile valleys with a rich soil. The highlands, a densely-wooded plateau, averaging 460 metres in elevation, extends across southeastern Belgium and into northeastern France. Located here is the highest peak in Belgium with an elevation of 694 meters.The climate near the sea is humid and mild. Farther inland, a marked increase in the range of temperature occurs. In the highlands, hot summers alternate with cold winters. Heavy rains are confined almost exclusively to the highlands. Fog and rain are common, and April and November are particularly rainy months. In Brussels, the average temperatures range from zero to 5 degrees Centigrade in January and from 13 to 22 degrees Centigrade in July. Along the coast, the average range is 1 degree to 5 degrees Centigrade in January and 14 to 20 degrees Centigrade in July.解题指导：预览指导语及表格，以便对录音材料的内容大概了解，同时也是为了有针对性地听录音，捕捉每个空格的答案信息。
2004考研数四真题及解析
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学四试题一、填空题：本题共6小题，每小题4分，共24分，请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上. (1) 若0sin lim(cos )5x x xx b e a→-=-，则a =，b =.(2) 设1ln arctan 22+-=x xxe e e y ，则1x dy dx ==.(3) 设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≥-<≤-=21,12121,)(2x x xe x f x ，则212(1)f x dx -=⎰.(4) 设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=100001010A ，AP P B 1-=，其中P 为三阶可逆矩阵, 则200422B A -=．(5) 设()33⨯=ij a A 是实正交矩阵，且111=a ，Tb )0,0,1(=，则线性方程组b Ax =的解是．(6) 设随机变量X 服从参数为λ的指数分布, 则=>}{DX X P .二、选择题：本题共8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内. (7) 函数2)2)(1()2sin(||)(---=x x x x x x f 在下列哪个区间内有界( ) (A) (-1 , 0).(B) (0 , 1).(C) (1 , 2).(D) (2 , 3).(8) 设f (x )在(,)-∞+∞内有定义，且a x f x =∞→)(lim ，⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=≠=0,00,)1()(x x x f x g ，则( )(A)0x =必是()g x 的第一类间断点. (B) 0x =必是()g x 的第二类间断点. (C) 0x =必是()g x 的连续点.(D) ()g x 在点0x =处的连续性与a 的取值有关.(9) 设()(1)f x x x =-, 则 ( )(A) 0x =是()f x 的极值点, 但(0,0)不是曲线()y f x =的拐点. (B) 0x =不是()f x 的极值点, 但(0,0)是曲线()y f x =的拐点. (C) 0x =是()f x 的极值点, 且(0,0)是曲线()y f x =的拐点. (D) 0x =不是()f x 的极值点, (0,0)也不是曲线()y f x =的拐点.(10) 设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<-=>=0,10,00,1)(x x x x f ，⎰=x dt t f x F 0)()(，则 ( )(A) ()F x 在0x =点不连续.(B) ()F x 在(,)-∞+∞内连续，但在0x =点不可导. (C) ()F x 在(,)-∞+∞内可导，且满足)()(x f x F ='.(D) ()F x 在(,)-∞+∞内可导，但不一定满足)()(x f x F ='.(11) 设)(x f '在[,]a b 上连续，且0)(,0)(<'>'b f a f ，则下列结论中错误的是( )(A) 至少存在一点0(,)x a b ∈，使得)(0x f >()f a . (B) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得)(0x f > ()f b . (C) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得0)(0='x f .(D) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得)(0x f = 0.(12) 设n 阶矩阵A 与B 等价, 则必有( )(A) 当)0(||≠=a a A 时, a B =||. (B) 当)0(||≠=a a A 时, a B -=||. (C) 当0||≠A 时, 0||=B . (D) 当0||=A 时, 0||=B .(13) 设随机变量X 服从正态分布)1,0(N , 对给定的)1,0(∈α, 数αu 满足αu X P α=>}{,若αx X P =<}|{|, 则x 等于( ) (A) 2αu . (B) 21αu-. (C) 21αu -. (D) αu -1.(14) 设随机变量)1(,,,21>n X X X n 独立同分布，且其方差为.02>σ 令∑==ni i X n Y 11，则( )(A) Cov(.),21nY X σ= (B) 21),(σ=Y X Cov .(C) 212)(σn n Y X D +=+. (D) 211)(σnn Y X D +=-.三、解答题：15－23小题，共94分.请将解答写在答题纸指定的位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤. (15) (本题满分8分)求)cos sin 1(lim 2220xxx x -→. (16) (本题满分8分)求⎰⎰++Dd y y x σ)(22，其中D 是由圆422=+y x和1)1(22=++y x 所围成的平面区域(如图).(17) (本题满分8分)设(,)f u v f (u , v )具有连续偏导数，且满足(,)(,)u v f u v f u v uv ''+=. 求),()(2x x f e x y x -=所满足的一阶微分方程，并求其通解. (18) (本题满分9分) 设某商品的需求函数为1005Q P =-，其中价格(0,20)P ∈，Q 为需求量. (I) 求需求量对价格的弹性d E (d E > 0)；(II) 推导)1(d E Q dPdR-=(其中R 为收益)，并用弹性d E 说明价格在何范围内变化时， 降低价格反而使收益增加.(19) (本题满分9分)设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>≤=-0,0,)(22x ex e x F x x ，S 表示夹在x 轴与曲线()y F x =之间的面积. 对任何0t >，)(1t S 表示矩形t x t -≤≤，0()y F x ≤≤的面积. 求(I) ()S t = S -)(1t S 的表达式； (II) ()S t 的最小值.(20) (本题满分13分)设线性方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+++++=+++=+++,14)4()2(3,022,0432143214321x x μx λx x x x x x x μx λx 已知T)1,1,1,1(--是该方程组的一个解，试求(I) 方程组的全部解，并用对应的齐次线性方程组的基础解系表示全部解； (II) 该方程组满足32x x =的全部解． (21) (本题满分13分)设三阶实对称矩阵A 的秩为2，621==λλ是A 的二重特征值．若Tα)0,1,1(1=,T α)1,1,2(2=, T α)3,2,1(3--=, 都是A 的属于特征值6的特征向量．(I) 求A 的另一特征值和对应的特征向量； (II) 求矩阵A ．(22) (本题满分13分)设A ,B 为两个随机事件,且41)(=A P , 31)|(=AB P , 21)|(=B A P , 令 ⎩⎨⎧=不发生，，发生，A A X 0,1 ⎩⎨⎧=.0,1不发生，发生，B B Y 求：(I) 二维随机变量),(Y X 的概率分布;(II) X 与Y 的相关系数 XY ρ; (III) 22Y X Z +=的概率分布.(23) (本题满分13分)设随机变量X 在区间)1,0(内服从均匀分布，在)10(<<=x x X 的条件下，随机变量Y 在区间),0(x 上服从均匀分布，求(I) 随机变量X 和Y 的联合概率密度；(II) Y 的概率密度； (III) 概率}1{>+Y X P ．2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学四试题解析一、填空题(1)【答案】1,4a b ==-【详解】本题属于已知极限求参数的反问题. 方法1：根据结论：)()(limx g x f ＝A ，(1) 若()0g x →，则()0f x →；(2) 若()0f x →，且0A ≠，则()0g x →因为5)(c o s s i nlim0=--→b x a e x x x ，且0)(c o s s i n l i m 0=-⋅→b x x x ，所以0)(lim 0=-→a e x x (否则根据上述结论(2)给极限是0，而不是5)，由 0l i m ()l i m l i m 10xx x x x e a e a a →→→-=-=-=得a = 1.极限化00sin lim(cos )lim (cos )151x x x x xx b x b b e x→→- -=-=-等价无穷小，得b = -4.因此，a = 1，b = -4.方法2：由极限与无穷小的关系，有sin (cos )5x xx b e aα-=+-，其中0lim 0x α→=，解出 (5)(cos )sin ,5x e x b xa αα+--=+上式两端求极限，000(5)(cos )sin (cos )sin limlim lim 10155x x x x x e x b x x b xa e ααα→→→+---==-=-=++ 把a = 1代入，再求b ，(5)(1)cos sin x e b x xα+-=-，两端同时对0x →取极限，得0(5)(1)lim(cos )sin x x e b x xα→+-=-000(5)(1)(5)limcos lim 1lim 15sin x x x x e x x x xαα→→→+-+=-=-=-4=- 因此，a = 1，b = -4.(2)【答案】211e e -+. 【详解】因为()()()2222111ln ln 12ln 1ln 1222x xx x e e x e x e ⎡⎤⎡⎤=-+=-+=-+⎣⎦⎣⎦ 由 1ln arctan 22+-=x x xe e e y ，得 )1ln(21arctan 2++-=x xe x e y ，所以 222222222()1()1211112112111x x x x x xx x x x x xe e e e e e y e e e e e e '''=-+=-+=-+++++++，所以22222221111111111x x x x x x dye e e e e dxe e e e e ==⎛⎫-=-+=-+= ⎪+++++⎝⎭.(3)【答案】12- 【详解】方法1：作积分变换，令1x t -=，则11:2:122x t →⇒-→ 所以211122(1)()f x dx f t dt --=⎰⎰＝1121122()(1)f t dt dt -+-⎰⎰22211112222111122221111(1)(1)2222xx xxe dx dx e dx e ---=+-=--=-⎰⎰⎰11022=-=.(也可直接推出212120x xe dx -=⎰，因为21212x xe dx -⎰积分区间对称，被积函数是关于x 是奇函数，则积分值为零) 方法2：先写出的(1)f x -表达式()()21111,122(1)11,12x x e x f x x -⎧--≤-<⎪⎪-=⎨⎪- -≥⎪⎩即：2(1)13(1),22(1)31,2x x e x f x x -⎧-≤<⎪⎪-=⎨⎪-≥⎪⎩所以2322(1)2131222(1)(1)(1)x f x dx x edx dx --=-+-⎰⎰⎰2233(1)2(1)2211221311(1)22222x x e d x e --⎛⎫=---=- ⎪⎝⎭⎰11441111()02222e e =--=-=-.(4)【答案】⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-100030003【详解】因为2A 010010100100001001--⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪⎪= ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪--⎝⎭⎝⎭100010001-⎛⎫ ⎪=- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，为对角阵，故有422100100()010*********A A E --⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪⎪==--= ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭所以 211B P APP AP --=11()P A PP AP --=12,,P A P -=200412004B P A P -=()50114P A P -=11P EP P P --==E =所以 200422B A -1002010001E -⎛⎫ ⎪=-- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭300030001⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭.(5)【答案】T)0,0,1( 【详解】方法1：设12132122233132331a a A a a a a a a ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦，是正交矩阵，故的每个行(列)向量都是单位向量 所以有 22121311a a ++=，22213111a a ++=，得121321310,0.a a a a ====故 2223323310000A a a a a ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦，又由正交矩阵的定义T AA E =知A 是可逆矩阵，且1TA A -=. 则b Ax =，有唯一解.1x A b -=T A b =2232233310011000000a a a a ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦方法2：同方法1，求得111=a 的正交阵为2223323310000A a a a a ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦A 是正交阵，由正交矩阵的性质可知，11A =-或不等于零，故A 22231122233233323310(1)0a a a a a a a a +==-222332330a a a a =≠，即有222332330a a a a ≠，则原方程b Ax =为1222233322333100x a x a x a x a x =⎧⎪+=⎨⎪+=⎩ 解得1231,0x x x ===，即方程组有唯一解. (其中，由222332330a a a a ≠及齐次线性方程组0Ax =只有零解的充要条件是0A ≠，可知，方程组22223332233300a x a x a x a x +=⎧⎨+=⎩ 只有零解，故230x x ==. 进而1222233322333100x a x a x a x a x =⎧⎪+=⎨⎪+=⎩的解为1231,0x x x ===.)(6) 【答案】e1 【详解】本题应记住常见指数分布等的期望与方差的数字特征，而不应在考试时再去推算. 指数分布的概率密度为,0()00x e x f x x λλ-⎧>⎪=⎨≤⎪⎩若若，其方差21λ=DX .于是，由一维概率计算公式，{}()bX aP a X b f x dx ≤≤=⎰，有}{DX X P >=dx e X P x ⎰+∞-=>λλλλ1}1{=11xe eλλ+∞--=二、选择题 (7)【答案】(A) 【详解】方法1：如果()f x 在(,)a b 内连续，且极限)(lim x f a x +→与)(lim x f b x -→存在，则函数()f x 在(,)a b 内有界.当x ≠ 0 , 1 , 2时()f x 连续，而2211sin(2)sin(12)sin 3lim ()lim (1)(2)(11)(12)18x x x x f x x x x ++→-→------===-------，22sin(2)sin(02)sin 2lim ()lim (1)(2)(01)(02)4x x x x f x x x x --→→----===-----， 220sin(2)sin(02)sin 2lim ()lim (1)(2)(01)(02)4x x x x f x x x x ++→→--===----，22111sin(2)sin(12)lim ()limlim (1)(2)(1)(12)x x x x x f x x x x x →→→--===∞----，222222sin(2)sin(2)1lim ()limlim lim (1)(2)(2)2x x x x x x x f x x x x x x →→→→--====∞----， 所以，函数f (x )在(-1 , 0)内有界，故选(A).方法2：因为0lim ()x f x -→存在，根据函数极限的局部有界性，所以存在0δ>，在区间[,0)δ-上()f x 有界，又如果函数f (x )在闭区间[a , b ]上连续，则f (x )在闭区间[a , b ]上有界，根据题设()f x 在[1,]δ--上连续，故()f x 在区间上有界，所以()f x 在区间(1,0)-上有界，选(A).(8)【答案】 (D) 【详解】考查极限)(lim 0x g x →是否存在，如果存在，是否等于g (0)，通过换元xu 1=， 可将极限)(lim 0x g x →转化为)(lim x f x ∞→.因为 011lim ()lim ()lim ()x x u g x f u f u x x→→→∞= = = a ，又(0)0g =，所以， 当0a =时，)0()(lim 0g x g x =→，即()g x 在点0x =处连续，当0a ≠时，)0()(lim 0g x g x ≠→，即0x =是()g x 的第一类间断点，因此，()g x 在点0x =处的连续性与a 的取值有关，故选(D).(9) 【答案】C【详解】由于是选择题，可以用图形法解决，也可用分析法讨论.方法1：由于是选择题，可以用图形法解决, 令()(1)x x x ϕ=-，则211()24x x ϕ⎛⎫=-- ⎪⎝⎭，是以直线12x =为对称轴，顶点坐标为11,24⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭，开口向上的一条抛物线，与x 轴相交的两点坐标为()()0,0,1,0，()()y f x x ϕ==的图形如图.点0x =是极小值点；又在点(0,0)左侧邻近曲线是凹的，右侧邻近曲线是凸的，所以点(0,0)是拐点，选C.方法2：写出()y f x =的分段表达式： ()f x =(1),10(1),01x x x x x x ---<≤⎧⎨-<<⎩,从而()f x '=12,1012,01x x x x -+-<<⎧⎨-<<⎩, ()f x ''=2,102,01x x -<<⎧⎨-<<⎩,()0lim ()lim 1210x x f x x ++→→'=-=>，所以01x <<时，()f x 单调增， ()00lim ()lim 1210x x f x x --→→'=-+=-<，所以10x -<≤时，()f x 单调减， 所以0x =为极小值点.当10x -<<时, ()20f x ''=>，()f x 为凹函数； 当10x >>时,()20f x ''=-<，()f x 为凸函数, 于是(0,0)为拐点.(10)【答案】 (B)【详解】先求分段函数()f x 的变限积分⎰=xdt t f x F 0)()(，再讨论函数()F x 的连续性与可导性即可.方法1：关于具有跳跃间断点的函数的变限积分，有下述定理：设()f x 在[,]a b 上除点(),c a b ∈ 外连续，且x c =为()f x 的跳跃间断点，又设()()xcF x f t dt =⎰，则(1)()F x 在[],a b 上必连续；(2))()(x f x F ='，当[],x a b ∈ ，但x c ≠；(3)()F c '必不存在，并且()(),()()F c f c F c f c +-+-''= =直接利用上述结论，这里的0c =，即可得出选项(B)正确. 方法2：当0x <时，x dt x F x-=-=⎰0)1()(；当0x >时，x dt x F x==⎰01)(，当0x =时，(0)0F =. 即()F x x =，显然，()F x 在(,)-∞+∞内连续，排除选项(A)，又0(0)lim 10x x F x ++→-'==-，0(0)lim 10x x F x --→--'==--，所以在0x =点不可导. 故选 (B).(11)【答案】(D) 【详解】利用介值定理与极限的保号性可得到三个正确的选项，或应用举例法找出错误选项. 方法1：举例说明(D)是错误的. 例：2()4,11f x x x =--≤≤，11(1)220,(1)220x x f x f x =-=''-=-=>=-=-<.但在[1,1]-上()30f x ≥>.方法2：证明(A)、(B)、(C)正确.由已知)(x f '在[,]a b 上连续，且0)(,0)(<'>'b f a f ，则由介值定理，至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得0)(0='x f ，所以选项(C)正确；另外，由导数的定义0)()(lim)(>--='+→ax a f x f a f a x ，根据极限的保号性，至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈使得0)()(00>--ax a f x f ，即)()(0a f x f >，所以选项(A)正确.同理，()()()lim 0x bf b f x f b b x-→-'=<-，根据极限的保号性，至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈使得)()(0b f x f >. 所以选项(B)正确，故选(D).(12)【答案】(D ) 【详解】方法1：矩阵等价的充分必要条件：矩阵A 与B 等价⇔A ,B 是同型矩阵且有相同的秩,故由A 与B 等价，知A 与B 有相同的秩.因此，当0||=A 时, n A r <)(, 则有n B r <)(, 即0||=B , 故选(D).方法2：矩阵等价的充分必要条件：A 与B 等价⇔存在可逆,P Q ，使得PAQ B =. 两边取行列式，由矩阵乘积的行列式等于行列式的积，得PAQ P A Q B ==. ,P Q 可逆，由矩阵A 可逆的充分必要条件：0A ≠，故00P Q ≠≠，但不知具体数值.由P A Q B =，知0A ≠时，B 不能确定.但0A =有0B =.故应选(D).方法3：由经过若干次初等变换变为矩阵的初等变换对矩阵的行列式的影响有：(1)A 中某两行(列)互换得B ，则B A =-. (2)A 中某行(列)乘(0)k k ≠得B ，则B k A =. (3)A 中某行倍加到另一行得B ，则B A =.又由A 与B 等价，由矩阵等价的定义：矩阵A 经有限次初等变换变成矩阵B ，则称A 与B 等价，知.B k A =±故当0A ≠时，0B k A =±≠，虽仍不等于0，但数值大、小、正负要改变，但0||=A ，则0B =，故有结论：初等变换后，矩阵的行列式的值要改变，但不改变行列式值的非零性，即若0||=A 0B ⇒=，若0A ≠0B ⇒≠.故应选(D).(13) 【答案】(C)【详解】利用正态分布概率密度函数图形的对称性，对任何0x >有{}{}{}12P X x P X x P X x >=<-=>. 或直接利用图形求解. 方法1：由标准正态分布概率密度函数的对称性知，αα=-<}{u X P ，于是}{2}{}{}{}{11x X P x X P x X P x X P x X P ≥=-≤+≥=≥=<-=-α即有 21}{α-=≥x X P ，可见根据分位点的定义有21α-=u x ，故应选(C). 方法2：图一 图二}u αα=如图一所示题设条件.图二显示中间阴影部分面积α，{}P X x α<=.两端各余面积12α-，所以12{}P X u αα-<=，答案应选(C).(14)【答案】A.【详解】由于随机变量)1(,,,21>n X X X n 独立同分布，所以必有：2, (,)0, i j i jCov X X i j σ⎧==⎨≠⎩又 222111()n n ni i i i ii i i D a X a D X aσ===⎛⎫== ⎪⎝⎭∑∑∑下面求1(,)Cov X Y 和1()D X Y +.而11,ni i Y X n ==∑故本题的关键是将Y 中的1X 分离出来，再用独立性来计算.对于选项(A)：1111112111(,)(,)(,)(,)n n i i i i Cov X Y Cov X X Cov X X Cov X X n n n ====+∑∑11DX n =21nσ=所以(A)对，(B)不对.为了熟悉这类问题的快速、正确计算. 可以看本题(C),(D)选项. 因为X 与Y 独立时，有()()()D X Y D X D Y ±=+. 所以，这两个选项的方差也可直接计算得到：22211222111(1)1()()n n n n D X Y D X X X n nn n nσσ++-+=+++=+ =222233σσn n n n n +=+， 222222111)1()111()(σσn n n n X n X n X n n D Y X D n -+-=----=- =.222222σσn n nn n -=- 所以本题选 (A)三、解答题(15)【详解】求“∞-∞”型极限的首要步骤是通分，或者同乘、除以某一式以化简.22201cos lim()sin x x x x →- 通分222220sin cos lim sin x x x x x x →-sin x x 等价22240sin cos lim x x x x x →- 22401sin 24lim x x x x →-=洛()22041sin 24lim x x x x→'⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭'3012sin 42lim 4x x x x →-= 洛()0312sin 42lim 4x x x x →'⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭'201cos 4lim 6x x x →-=2202sin 2lim 6x x x →=sin 22x x 等2202(2)lim 6x x x →43=.(16)【详解】利用对称性与极坐标计算.方法1：令}1)1(|),{(},4|),{(222221≤++=≤+=y x y x D y x y x D ，根据二重积分的极坐标变换：()()12{(,)|,D x y r r r αθβθθ=≤≤≤≤()()()()21,cos ,sin r r Df x y d f r r rdr βθαθσθθ=⎰⎰⎰⎰1D σ化为极坐标：221{(,)|4}{(,)|02,0D x y x y x y θπ=+≤=≤≤所以1D σ20d πθ=⎰⎰2220d r dr πθ=⎰⎰；2D σ化为极坐标：2223{(,)|(1)1}{(,)|,02cos }22D x y x y x y r ππθθ=++≤=≤≤≤≤-所以2D σ32cos 22d πθπθ-=⎰⎰32cos 222d r dr πθπθ-=⎰⎰所以⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰+-+=+21222222D D Dd y x d y x d y x σσσ⎰⎰⎰⎰--=θπππθθcos 20223220220dr r d dr r d 22cos 33322020033r rd d θπππθθ-=-⎰⎰332288cos 233d ππθπθ-=⋅-⎰()32228821sin sin 33d πππθθ=⋅+-⎰332288sin 2sin 333ππθπθ⎛⎫=⋅+- ⎪⎝⎭16822333π⎛⎫=+-+ ⎪⎝⎭)23(916932316-=-=ππ 区域D 关于x 轴对称，Dyd σ⎰⎰中被积函数y 为y 的奇函数，根据区域对称性与被积函数的奇偶性：设(),f x y 在有界闭区域D 上连续，若D 关于x 轴对称，(),f x y 对y 为奇函数，则(),0Df x y d σ=⎰⎰，所以0=⎰⎰Dyd σ所以)Dy d σ⎰⎰DDyd σσ=+⎰⎰16(32)9π=-. 方法2：)Dy d σ+⎰⎰DDyd σσ=+⎰⎰D 20σ=+⎰⎰上半极坐标变换22222002cos 22[]d r dr d r dr πππθθθ-+⎰⎰⎰⎰2233202cos 2[]233r rd ππθπθ-=⋅+⎰32888cos 2333d πππθθ⎛⎫=++ ⎪⎝⎭⎰()2288161sin sin 333d ππππθθ=++-⎰ 321616sin sin 333πππθθ⎛⎫=+- ⎪⎝⎭16(32)9π=-.(17)【详解】求复合函数的偏导数，求一阶线性微分方程的解 方法1：由2()(,)xy x ef x x -=，两边对x 求导有，222122(,)(,)(,)x x x y e f x x e f x x e f x x ---'''=-++()22122(,)(,)(,)x x e f x x e f x x f x x --''=-++()2122(,)(,)x y e f x x f x x -''=-++已知uv v u f v u f v u='+'),(),(，即12(,)(,)f u v f u v uv ''+=，则212(,)(,)f x x f x x x ''+=. 因此，()y x 满足下述一阶微分方程为 x e x y y 222-=+'.由一阶线性微分方程()()dyP x y Q x dx+=通解公式：()()()()P x dx P x dx f x e C Q x e dx -⎛⎫⎰⎰=+ ⎪⎝⎭⎰ 这里()()222,x P x Q x x e -= =，代入上式得：2222()dx dxx y e x e e dx C --⎰⎰=+⎰2222()x x x e x e e dx C --=+⎰22()xex dx C -=+⎰323xx eC -⎛⎫=+ ⎪⎝⎭(C 为任意常数). 方法2：由2()(,)xy x ef x x -=有 2(,)()xf x x ey x = (1)已知(,)f u v 满足 (,)(,)u v f u v f u v uv ''+= (2)这是一个偏微分方程，当,u x v x ==时(2)式变为212(,)(,)f x x f x x x ''+=2(,)df x x x dx= 以(1)代入，有 22(())xe y x x '=，即2222()()xxe y x e y x x '+=， 化简得 22()2()xy x y x x e -'+=，由通解公式得x dxx dx e C x C dx e e x e y 232222)31()(---+=+⎰⎰=⎰(C 为任意常数).(18)【详解】(I) 由于需求量对价格的弹性d E > 0，所以dPdQQ P E d =1005Q P =-()10051005P P P '--20P P -=-(0,20)P ∈ 20P P -； (II) 由R PQ =，得dR dP ()d PQ dP =dQ Q P dP =+(1)P dQ Q Q dP =+(1)20P Q P-=+-(1)d Q E =-要说明在什么范围内收益随价格降低反而增加，即收益为价格的减函数，0<dPdR，即证(1)01d d Q E E -<⇒>，换算成P 为120PP>-，解之得：10P >，又已知(0,20)P ∈，所以2010P >>，此时收益随价格降低反而增加.(19)【详解】当0x >时，0x -<，所以()()22()x x F x ee F x ---===，同理：当0x <时，0x ->，所以()()22()x x F x ee F x ---===，所以()y F x =是关于y 轴对称的偶函数.又2lim ()lim 0xx x F x e-→+∞→+∞==，2lim ()lim 0x x x F x e →-∞→-∞==，所以x 轴与曲线()y F x =围成一无界区域，面积S 可用广义积分表示.()y F x =图形如下：(I) ()S F x dx +∞-∞=⎰()F x 偶函数202xe dx +∞-⎰20(2)x e d x +∞-=--⎰201x e +∞-=-=)(1t S 表示矩形t x t -≤≤，0()y F x ≤≤的面积，所以t te t S 212)(-=，因此 21()()12tS t S S t te -=-=-，(0,)t ∈+∞.(II) 由于t e t t S 2)21(2)(---='，令()0S t '=，得()S t 的唯一驻点为21=t ， 又 ()S t ''()22(12)t t e -'=--222448ttt ee t e ---=+-28(1)t t e -=-，04)21(>=''eS ， 所以 eS 11)21(-= 为极小值，它也是最小值.(20)【详解】已知T)1,1,1,1(--是该方程组的一个解，故可将T)1,1,1,1(--代入方程组，有110,21120,3(2)(4)41,λμλμ-+-=⎧⎪-++=⎨⎪-+++-=⎩解得μλ=．代入原方程，并对方程组的增广矩阵A 施以初等行变换, 得1102112032441A λλλλ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪++⎝⎭1101(-2),(-3)0121200230224211λλλλλλ⎛⎫ ⎪-- ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭行乘分别加到，行 110110(-1)0121200013113013110121200λλλλλλλλ⎛⎫⎛⎫⨯ ⎪ ⎪-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭⎝⎭2行2，3行加到行互换1102(21)013113002(21)2121λλλλλλ⎛⎫⨯- ⎪⎪ ⎪---⎝⎭行加到行 ()I 当21≠λ时，有 A 3(21)λ÷-行 1100131100211λλ⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，故43)()(<==A r A r .定理：设A 是m n ⨯矩阵，方程组Ax b =，则，(1)有唯一解()()r A r A n ⇔==；(2)有无穷多解()()r A r A n ⇔=<；(3)无解：()1()r A r A ⇔+=，故方程组有无穷多解.所以，该方程组有无穷多解，对应的齐次线性方程组同解方程组为1234234343020x x x x x x x x x λλ+++=⎧⎪++=⎨⎪+=⎩ 由于此方程组的系数矩阵的秩为3，则基础解系的个数为43n r -=-=1，故有1个自由未知量.选2x 为自由未知量，取21x =-，得方程组的基础解系为Tη)2,1,1,2(--=，取非齐次方程的一个特解为0(1,0,0,1)Tξ=-，故方程组的全部解为0k ηξ+(k 为任意常数)．当21=λ时，有 11110220131100000A ⎛⎫ ⎪⎪→ ⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭， 可知，42)()(<==A r A r ，所以该方程组有无穷多解，对应的齐次线性方程组的同解方程组为12342341102230x x x x x x x ⎧+++=⎪⎨⎪++=⎩ 则基础解系的个数为42n r -=-=2，故有2个自由未知量.选34,x x 为自由未知量，将两组值：(1,0),(0,2)代入，得方程组的基础解系为Tη)0,1,3,1(1-=，Tη)2,0,2,1(2--=，取非齐次方程的一个特解为0(1,0,0,1)Tξ=-，故方程组的全部解为0112212(1,0,0,1)(1,3,1,0)(1,2,0,2)T T T k k k k ξξηη=++=-+-+--(21,k k 为任意常数)．()II 当21≠λ时，方程组的通解为 0(1,0,0,1)(2,1,1,2)(21,,,21)T T T k k k k k k ξξη=+=-+--=---+若32x x =，即k k =-得0k =，故原方程组满足条件32x x =的全部解为(1,0,0,1)T-. 当21=λ时，方程组的通解为 0112212(1,0,0,1)(1,3,1,0)(1,2,0,2)T T T k k k k ξξηη=++=-+-+--=121212(1,32,,21)Tk k k k k k ----+若32x x =，即 12132k k k --=，得212k k =-，代入通解，得满足条件32x x =的全部解为1(3,1,14)(1,0,0,1)T Tk -+-(21)【分析】由矩阵A 的秩为2, 立即可得A 的另一特征值为0. 再由实对称矩阵不同特征值所对应的特征向量正交可得相应的特征向量, 此时矩阵A 也立即可得.【详解】()I A 的秩为2，于是0||=A ，所以|0|0E A A ⋅-==，因此A 的另一特征值03=λ．特征值的性质：若i λ是矩阵A 的k 重特征值，则矩阵A 属于的线性无关的特征向量的个数不超过k 个又621==λλ是A 的二重特征值，故A 的属于特征值6的线性无关的特征向量个数2≤. 因此123,,ααα必线性相关.由题设知T α)0,1,1(1=，T α)1,1,2(2=为A 的属于特征值6的线性无关的两个特征向量.定理：实对称矩阵对应与不同特征值的特征向量是正交的.设03=λ所对应的特征向量为Tx x x α),,(321=,所以，01=ααT，02=ααT，即⎩⎨⎧=++=+,02,032121x x x x x则基础解系的个数为32n r -=-=1，故有1个自由未知量. 选2x 为自由未知量，取21x =得方程组的基础解系为Tα)1,1,1(-=，故A 的属于特征值03=λ全部特征向量为T k αk )1,1,1(-= (k 为任意不为零的常数)．()II 令矩阵),,(21αααP =，求1P -121100111010011001-⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭1211001(1)2012110011001-⎛⎫ ⎪⨯--- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭行加到行 12110012012110003111-⎛⎫ ⎪-- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭行加到行1211000121100011/31/31/3-⎛⎫ ⎪÷-- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭3行31211000101/31/32/30011/31/31/3-⎛⎫ ⎪⨯--- ⎪⎪-⎝⎭3行(-2)+2行10001120101/31/32/30011/31/31/3-⎛⎫ ⎪⨯--- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭3行，2行依次加到1行，1000112(1)0101/31/32/30011/31/31/3-⎛⎫ ⎪⨯-- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭行则 1P -=011112333111333⎛⎫ ⎪- ⎪ ⎪- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭，⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-0661AP P ，所以 1066-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=P P A ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=3131313231311100661********⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=422242224．(22)【分析】本题尽管难度不大，但考察的知识点很多，综合性较强.通过随机事件定义随机变量或通过随机变量定义随机事件，可以比较好地将概率论的知识前后连贯起来，这种命题方式值得注意。
2004年考研英语真题及答案详解_(含答案_译文_词汇讲解)
2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。
Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points）Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people）focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through3 with others。
Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status，5 as a rejection of middle—class values。
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families，_ 6 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however，are tentative and are 8 to criticism。
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北京服装学院
2004年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目:中外服装史
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中国服装史
1.骨针和纺轮分别在中国历史上何时出现?它们的出现有何意义?(10)
2.中国历史上汉民族传统服装的门襟是左衽还是右衽?中国历史上的服装流行色彩与五行说关系甚密，请说出五色或哪朝祟尚何色?以下服装:“裤褶”、“比甲”、“半臂”、“辫线袄”、“缺襟袍”分别流行于哪个历史时期?简述各服装特点或图示。
(15)
3.简述唐代各时期服装的风格特点。
(15)
4.《史记.六国表》记载:“赵武灵王十九年，初胡服。
”《史记》记载了中国服装史上的一-次什么事件?有什么历史意义? (15)
5. 简述旗袍(含旗袍的历史、现况等)的审美价值。
(20)
西方服装史
6. 20世纪女装发展的历史脉络。
(10分)
7.文艺复兴服装在西方服装历史中的地位和作用。
(10分)
8.古希腊服装与古典主义服装的区别是什么。
(10分)
9. 20世纪60年代“青年文化”在当代服装流行中的作用。
(20 分)
10. 简述当代世界服装流行中的几个特点。
(25分)。