2019年托福写作：TPO43综合写作阅读题目
2019年托福写作：TPO43综合写作阅读题目
TPO43综合写作题目文本
Agnostids were a group of marine animals that became extinct about 450 million years ago. Agnostid fossils can be found in rocks in many areas around the world. From the
fossil remains, we know that agnostids were primitive arthropods-relatives of modern-day insects. However, the fossil information does not allow paleontologists to determine with certainty what agnostids ate or how they behaved. There are several different theories about how agnostids may have lived.
Free-Swimming Predators
First, the agnostids may have been free-swimming predators that hunted smaller animals. It is known that other types of primitive arthropods were strong swimmers and active predators, so it is reasonable that the agnostids may have lived that way as well And while the agnostids were small, sometimes just six millimeters long, there were plenty of smaller organisms in the ancient ocean for them to prey on.
Seafloor Dwellers
Second, they may have dwelled on the seafloor. Again, there are examples of other types of primitive arthropods living this way, so it is possible that agnostids did too. On the seafloor they would have survived by scavenging dead organisms or by grazing on bacteria.
Parasites
Third, there is the possibility that the agnostids were parasites, living on and feeding off larger organisms. One reason that this seems possible is that there are many species of modern-day arthropods that exist as parasites, such as fleas, ticks, and mites. The agnostids might have lived on primitive fish or even on other, larger arthropods.
TPO43综合写作Directions： You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.
TPO43综合写作Question： Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the
specific theories presented in the reading passage.。
TPO-43 阅读文本和对应题目文本 第2篇
2. The Origin of PetroleumPetroleum is defined as a gaseous, liquid, and semisolid naturally occurring substance that consists chiefly of hydrocarbons (chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen). Petroleum is therefore a term that includes both oil and natural gas. Petroleum is nearly always found in marine sedimentary rocks. In the ocean, microscopic phytoplankton (tiny floating plants) and bacteria (simple, single-celled organisms) are the principal sources of organic matter that is trapped and buried in sediment Most of the organic matter is buried in clay that is slowly converted to a fine-grained sedimentary rock known as shale. During this conversion, organic compounds are transformed to oil and natural gas.■Sampling on the continental shelves and along the base of the continental slopes has shown that fine muds beneath the seafloor contain up to 8 percent organic matter. ■Two additional kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter: oil possesses optical properties known only in hydrocarbons derived from organic matter, and oil contains nitrogen and certain compounds believed to originate only in living matter. ■A complex sequence of chemical reactions is involved in converting the original solid organic matter to oil and gas, and additional chemical changes may occur in the oil and gas even after they have formed. ■It is now well established that petroleum migrates through aquifers and can become trapped in reservoirs. Petroleum migration is analogous to groundwater migration. When oil and gas are squeezed out of the shale in which they originated and enter a body of sandstone or limestone somewhere above, they migrate readily because sandstones (consisting of quartz grains) and limestones (consisting of carbonate minerals) are much more permeable than any shale. The force of molecular attraction between oil and quartz or carbonate minerals is weaker than that between water and quartz or carbonate minerals. Hence, because oil and water do not mix, water remains fastened to the quartz or carbonate grains, while oil occupies the central parts of the larger openings in the porous sandstone or limestone. Because oil is lighter than water, it tends to glide upward past the carbonate- and quartz-held water. In this way, oil becomes segregated from the water; when it encounters a trap, it can form a pool.Most of the petroleum that forms in sediments does not find a suitable trap and eventually makes its way, along with groundwater, to the surface of the sea. It is estimated that no more than 0.1 percent of all the organic matter originally buried in a sediment is eventually trapped in an oil pool. It is not surprising, therefore, that the highest ratio of oil and gas pools to volume of sediment is found in rock no older than 2.5 million years—young enough so that little of the petroleum has leaked away—and that nearly 60 percent of all oil and gas discovered so far has been found in strata that formed in the last 65 million years This does not mean that older rocks produced less petroleum; it simply means that oil in older rocks has had a longer time in which to leak away.How much oil is there in the world? This is an extremely controversial question. Many billions of barrels of oil have already been pumped out of the ground. A lot of additional oil has been located by drilling but is still waiting to be pumped out Possibly a great deal more oil remains to be found by drilling. Unlike coal, the volume of which can be accurately estimated, the volume of undiscovered oil can only be guessed at. Guesses involve the use of accumulated experience from a century of drilling. Knowing how much oil has been found in an intensively drilled area, such as eastern Texas, experts make estimates of probable volumes in other regionswhere rock types and structures are similar to those in eastern Texas. Using this approach and considering all the sedimentary basins of the world, experts estimate that somewhere between 1,500 and 3,000 billion barrels of oil will eventually be discovered.1.According to paragraph 1, petroleum is formed in which of the following ways?O Bacteria and tiny plants undergo a change while they are buried in clay.O Carbon and hydrogen combine to form shale.O Ocean rocks are converted into organic compounds.O Oil and gas rise to the surface of sediment and are trapped in rocks.2.The word "trapped" in the passage is closest in meaning toO hiddenO destroyedO caughtO found3. All of the following are cited in paragraph 2 as evidence that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter EXCEPTO the amount of organic matter found in layers of mud below the seafloorO the chemical changes that occur in oil and natural gas after they have formedO the optical properties of oilO the fact that oil contains nitrogen and other compounds believed to be of organic origin4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the change of solid organic material into oil and gas?O It is more likely to occur along the base of continental slopes than on the continental shelves.O It only takes place in areas where the seafloor contains at least 8 percent organic matter.O It is a process that can be reversed through chemical changes that occur after the oil and gas have formed. O It involves a complicated series of chemical reactions.5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O When oil and gas are squeezed out of the rock in which they originated, it is probably because the layer of rock above them is much more permeable than shale.O Sandstones, which are made of quartz grains, and limestones, which are made of carbonate minerals, can hold much more oil and gas than any shale can.O When they are squeezed from the shale in which they were formed, oil and gas move easily into the much more permeable layers of sandstone or limestone above.O Oil and gas are squeezed out of sandstones, consisting of quartz grains, and migrate readily into limestones, which consist of carbonate minerals and are much more permeable.6. Why does the author include the information that "The force of molecular attraction between oil and quartz or carbonate minerals is weaker than that between water and quartz or carbonateminerals."?O To help explain why petroleum behaves differently from water in bodies of sandstone and limestoneO To illustrate why petroleum migrates more rapidly through sandstone than it does through limestoneO To help explain how water and petroleum can mix in certain aquifersO To account for the different molecular structures of oil and water7. The word "encounters" in the passage is closest in meaning toO meetsO formsO escapesO avoids8. The word "suitable" in the passage is closest in meaning toO noticeableO permanentO protectedO appropriate9. According to paragraph 4, what happens to most of the petroleum that forms in sediments?O It remains in underground pools.O It is buried under organic matter.O It rises to the surface of the ocean.O It combines with the minerals found in groundwater.10. Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about future petroleum discoveries? O Less petroleum will be found than in the past because the ratio of petroleum pools to volume of sediment will decrease.O Most of the petroleum will come from rocks that are less than 65 million years old.O Petroleum that has leaked away from older rocks will be the source of most new discoveries.O More petroleum will become available because the amount of trapped organic matter will increase.11. The phrase "is an extremely controversial question" in the passage is closest in meaning toO is a question of great importanceO is a question causing strong disagreementO is a question that has existed for a long timeO is a question composed of many related parts12. According to paragraph 5, eastern Texas is an example of a geologic region whereO oil is located but has not yet been pumped outO experts accurately predicted the rock types and structures found thereO the volume of oil can only be guessed atO intensive oil exploration has occurred over a long time13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Because such muds are a major source of petroleum, scientists believe that petroleum originated as living organisms.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXTPetroleum, which includes both oil and natural gas, can be a gaseous, liquid, or semisolid substance.Answer ChoicesPetroleum comes from organic matter that has undergone a complex series of chemical changes under the seafloor.Although most of the petroleum formed leaks away into the ocean, some migrates from shale to sandstone or limestone, and is caught in pools.Porous rocks made of quartz or carbonate minerals are particularly likely to house oil pools because of their strong molecular attraction with oil.Petroleum forms best when organic matter is evenly distributed over a large area and does not exceed 8 percent of the material in the clay.More than 60 percent of the petroleum discovered so far has been found in rocks that are less than two-and-a-half million years old.It is difficult to estimate the total amount of petroleum in the world, but experts believe that 1,500-3,000 billion barrels will eventually be discovered.。
托福TPO43口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO43口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO43口语Task3阅读文本： University Makes Changes to Orientation Program Madison University is making a change to the orientation program for first-year students. In the past, as part of orientation, new, incoming students could go on a two-day hiking and camping trip together with other incoming students on the weekend before classes begin. In order to encourage more students to take advantage of the opportunity to get to know one another in an informal setting, the university will now offer a choice of activities: students will be able to either go hiking or participate in organized group games on campus. Additionally, these activities will last one day only, not two, a change many students had requested. 托福TPO43口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the article. Man：Interesting, isn't it? I wish they'd made this change two years ago, when we got here. This program is gonna be much more attractive this way, to lots more people. Woman：Why? Man：Well, it's a question of choice. See, not everyone likes the same things. The way it used to be...if, like, you didn't like sleeping in a tent, well, you just didn't participate. Lots of people didn't. Woman：That's true. I didn't go on the camping trip my first year. Hiking and camping isn't my thing. But you know, I did feel I missed out on something. Man：Right. Plus, the other reason this is going to work is that you don't have to give up your whole weekend anymore. There are other things people need to do the first few days, you know, like, buy their books, set up their rooms, prepare for the first day of classes, that kind of thing. The big time commitment used to get in the way. 托福TPO43口语Task3题目： The man expresses his opinion about the change described in the article. Briefly summarize the change. Then state his opinion about the change and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO43口语Task3满分范文： The orientation program for first-year students will be change into a one- day only trip or campus event. And the man holds a positive view towards the announcement. The first reasons he feels that not everyone likes to do the same things. Many students just missed out the orientation program since they didn’t like it. The orientation program should be involved with multiple activities. Second, the man proposes this change can save the whole weekend for the incoming students. It is better for those who need to prepare for the first few days. Therefore, he agrees with that opinion. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO43口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
2019-托福阅读历年真题文章人物类题材-范文word版 (2页)
2019-托福阅读历年真题文章人物类题材-范文word版
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托福阅读历年真题文章人物类题材
托福阅读理解的题型可划分为十大类别，其题材也是丰富多彩的，天文地理、人物历史等等。
把同一类型的文章放在一起练习，比较容易找到做题的感觉，加强熟练度。
新东方托福老师庄子为大家细分了历年考题，考生们既可分类练习，也可找出自己的薄弱之出重点突破。
托福阅读理解的题材篇（一）人物，（二）美国历史，（三）自然科学：
（一）人物：
文学家，艺术家，尤其是歌唱家，舞蹈家的女性（ETS重女轻男，阴盛阳衰）
编号考题年月职业性别姓名
1. 81/11 小说家女 EDITH WHARTON
2. 82/1 护士女 GLARA LOUIS
3. 82/8 天文艺术男 LUCIEN RUDAUX
4. 82/11 新闻摄影女 M.B.WHITE
5. 85/5 政治家男马丁路德·金
6. 85/11 文学家女 C.F.WOOLSON
7. 86/3 女权主义女 F.D.ROOSEVELT夫人
8. 87/8 雕塑家女 M.ESCOBAR
9. 87/12 印第安人女 ELLA GARSSO
10. 89/1 P1 小说家男 ROBERT HERRICK
11. 89/8 P11 歌唱家女 ELLA FITZGERALD
12. 89/10P20 芭蕾舞女 AGNES DE MILLE。
托福TPO阅读43原文+答案+题目
小编给小托儿们带来了托福TPO43阅读原文+答案，希望备考TPO真题的同学一定要认真的看题、做题，多研究积累才能实现自我提升，预祝各位考生都取得理想的成绩。
The Empire of Alexander the GreatIn 334 B.C. Alexander the Great took his Greek armies to the east and inonly a few years completed his creation of an empire out of much of southwestAsia In the new empire, barriers to trade and the movement of peoples wereremoved; markets were put in touch with one another. In the next generationthousands of Greek traders and artisans would enter this wider world to seektheir fortunes. Alexander’s actions had several important consequences for theregion occupied by the empire.The first of these was the expansion of Greek civilization throughout theMiddle East. Greek became the great international language. Towns and citieswere established not only as garrisons (military posts) but as centers for thediffusion of Greek language, literature, and thought, particularly throughlibraries, as at Antioch (in modern Turkey) and the most famous of all, atAlexandria in Egypt, which would be the finest in the world for the nextthousand years.Second, this internationalism spelled the end of the classical Greekcity-state——the unit of government in ancient Greece——and everything it stoodfor. Most city-states had been quite small in terms of citizenry, and this wasconsidered to be a good thing. The focus of life was the agora, the openmarketplace where assemblies could be held and where issues of the day, as wellas more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationshipbetween law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals inperson. The philosopher Plato (428-348 B.C.) felt that the ideal city-state should have about 5,000 citizens, because to the Greeks it was important that everyone in the community should know each other. In decision making, the whole body of citizens together would have the necessary knowledge in order generally to reach the right decision, even though the individual might not be particularly qualified to decide. The philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), who lived at a time when the city-state system was declining, believed that a political entity of 100,000 simply would not be able to govern itself.This implied that the city-state was based on the idea that citizens werenot specialists but had multiple interests and talents——each a so-calledjack-of-all-trades who could engage in many areas of life and politics. It implied a respect for the wholeness of life and a consequent dislike of specialization. ■ It implied economic and military self-sufficiency. ■ But with the development of trade and commerce in Alexander’s empire came the growth of cities; it was no longer possible to be a jack-of-all-trades. ■ One now had to specialize, and with specialization came professionalism. ■ There were getting to be too many persons to know, an easily observable community of interests was being replaced by a multiplicity of interests. The city-state was simply too "small-time."Third, Greek philosophy was opened up to the philosophy and religion of the East At the peak of the Greek city-state, religion played an important part. Its gods—such as Zeus, father of the gods, and his wife Hera—were thought of very much as being like human beings but with superhuman abilities. Their worship was linked to the rituals connected with one’s progress through life—birth,。
2019年托福写作：TPO40综合写作阅读题目
2019年托福写作：TPO40综合写作阅读题目TPO40综合写作题目文本Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitablethat maintaining a human presence there would be impossibleFirst, atmospher ic pressure at Venus’ surface is atleast 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth’s surface This means that a force of 100 kilograms is pressing down on every square centimeter of surface All spacecraft that have landed on Venus have been crushed by this extreme pressure within an hour of landing. Almost anything humans might land on Venus would be crushed as well.Second, as far as we know, there are no reservoirs of water on Venus' surface, and the planet s atmosphere, made up mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfuric acid, contains hardly any oxygen or water vapor Water and oxygen would therefore probably have to be supplied to Venus from Earth. The idea of ensuring a regular supply of water and oxygen from Earth is impractical in the extreme and would probably defeat the purpose of establishing a permanent station on Venus.Third, very little sunlight reaches the planet s surface. About 60 percent of the sunlight that hits Venus is reflected back into space by the thick clouds that fill the atmosphere, which means that only 40 percent of the sunlight can get through the clouds Below these clouds is a dense layer of carbon dioxide, which blocks even more light, so very littlelight reaches the surface. The lack of light would prevent the use of solar power cells, so humans could not get electricity to power their machines and equipment.TPO40综合写作DirectionsYou have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.Essay TopicSummarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how the proposal discu。
2019年托福写作：TPO42综合写作阅读题目.doc
2019 年托福写作： TPO42 综合写作阅读题目TPO42综合写作题目文本Integrated WritingGlass is a favored building material for modern architecture, yet it is also very dangerous for wild birds. Because they often cannot distinguish between glass andopen air, millions of birds are harmed every year when they tryto fly through glass windows. There are, however, several solutions that responsible businesses can use to preventinjuries to birds.One-Way GlassOne solution is to replace the regular, clear glass withone-way glass that is transparent in only one direction. The occupants of the building can see out, but birds and others cannot see in. If birds cannot see through a window, theywill understand that the glass forms a solid barrier and willnot try to fly through it.Colorful DesignsA second solution is to paint colorful lines or other designs on regular window glass. For example, a window could have a design of thin stripes painted over the glass. People would stillbe able to see through the openings in the design where thereis no paint, while birds would see the stripesand thus avoid trying to fly through the glass. Architectscan be encouraged to include colorful painted patterns onglass as part of the general design of buildings.Magnetic FieldThe third solution is to create an artificial magneticfield to guide birds away from buildings. Humans use aninstrument called a magnetic compass to determinedirections —either north, south, east, or west. Bird researchhas shown that birds have a natural ability to sense Earth’s magnetic fields; this ability works just like a compass, andit helps birds navigate in the right direction when they fly.A building in a bird flight path can be equipped withpowerful electromagnets that emit magnetic signals that steerbirds in a direction away from the building.DirectionsTPO42综合写作You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response.Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of yourwriting and on how well your response presents the points in thelecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically,an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.Essay TopicTPO42综合写作Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure toexplain how they cast doubt on the specific solutionsproposed in the reading passage.You must finish your answer in 20 minutes。
2019年托福写作：TPO42综合写作阅读题目
2019年托福写作：TPO42综合写作阅读题目TPO42综合写作题目文本Integrated WritingGlass is a favored building material for modern architecture, yet it is also very dangerous for wild birds. Because they often cannot distinguish between glass and open air, millions of birds are harmed every year when they try to fly through glass windows. There are, however, several solutions that responsible businesses can use to prevent injuries to birds.One-Way GlassOne solution is to replace the regular, clear glass with one-way glass that is transparent in only one direction. The occupants of the building can see out, but birds and others cannot see in. If birds cannot see through a window, theywill understand that the glass forms a solid barrier and will not try to fly through it.Colorful DesignsA second solution is to paint colorful lines or other designs on regular window glass. For example, a window could have a design of thin stripes painted over the glass. People would still be able to see through the openings in the design where there is no paint, while birds would see the stripes and thus avoid trying to fly through the glass. Architects can be encouraged to include colorful painted patterns on glass as part of the general design of buildings.Magnetic FieldThe third solution is to create an artificial magnetic field to guide birds away from buildings. Humans use an instrument called a magnetic compass to determine directions—either north, south, east, or west. Bird research has shown that birds have a natural ability to sense Earth’s magnetic fields; this ability works just like a compass, and it helps birds navigate in the right direction when they fly.A building in a bird flight path can be equipped with powerful electromagnets that emit magnetic signals that steer birds in a direction away from the building.TPO42综合写作DirectionsYou have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.TPO42综合写作Essay TopicSummarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific solutions proposed in the reading passage.You must finish your answer in 20 minutes。
TPO 43 Reading 3 解析
Passage 3Q 1正确答案：A解析：原文意思是，当洋流接近赤道时，向西移动的信风就会导致营养丰富的沿岸冷水从深处上升到更浅的水域。
approach意为“接近”，同nears意思相同。
其他三项分别意为“穿过”、“沿……移动”和“离开”，与上下文语境不符。
Q 2正确答案：B解析：B是对nutrient-rich cold water along the coast to rise from deeper depths to more shallow ones的同义复现。
其余三项均是对本段中细节信息胡乱嫁接形成的干扰项。
Q 3正确答案：C解析：A对应该段最后一句的内容。
B对应该段第4句的内容。
C是针对该段第2句设置的干扰项，文中并未提及El Nifio season期间coastal fish是怎么获得养料的。
D对应该段第1句的内容。
Q 4正确答案：B解析：原文的意思是，在过去的几十年里，厄尔尼诺这个术语是用于描述这些极其强烈的发作期，而不是每年都会发作的。
该句的exceptionally意为“极其，非常”，和unusually意思相同。
其他三项分别意为“明显地”、“相对地”和“偶然地”，与原文单词的词义不符。
Q 5正确答案：C解析：本段主要讲述了厄尔尼诺对海水温度的影响，C是对第2句In these situations, water temperatures are raised not just along the coast, but for thousands of kilometers offshore.的同义转述。
A是针对最后一句中的the equatorial Pacific设置的干扰项。
A是针对第1句设置的干扰项。
D与倒数第二句的内容During the past 60 years, at least ten El Nifios have been observed.不符。
Q 6正确答案：B解析：原文意思是，他注意到东太平洋气压上升经常伴随着西太平洋气压的下降，反之亦然。
托福TPO43综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO43综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO43综合写作阅读原文文本： Agnostids were a group of marine animals that became extinct about 450 million years ago. Agnostid fossils can be found in rocks in many areas around the world. From the fossil remains, we know that agnostids were primitive arthropods-relatives of modern-day insects. However, the fossil information does not allow paleontologists to determine with certainty what agnostids ate or how they behaved. There are several different theories about how agnostids may have lived. Free-Swimming Predators First, the agnostids may have been free-swimming predators that hunted smaller animals. It is known that other types of primitive arthropods were strong swimmers and active predators, so it is reasonable that the agnostids may have lived that way as well. And while the agnostids were small, sometimes just six millimeters long, there were plenty of smaller organisms in the ancient ocean for them to prey on. Seafloor Dwellers Second, they may have dwelled on the seafloor. Again, there are examples of other types of primitive arthropods living this way, so it is possible that agnostids did too. On the seafloor they would have survived by scavenging dead organisms or by grazing on bacteria. Parasites Third, there is the possibility that the agnostids were parasites, living on and feeding off larger organisms. One reason that this seems possible is that there are many species of modern-day arthropods that exist as parasites, such as fleas, ticks, and mites. The agnostids might have lived on primitive fish or even on other, larger arthropods. 托福TPO43综合写作听力原文文本： Professor Unfortunately, each of the three theories about how agnostids lived has a serious weakness. First, we know that other types of arthropods swam in the open ocean, hunting their prey. However, all of those arthropods had large, well- developed eyes, vision is one of the best ways for a predator to track its prey. But agnostids had tiny, poorly developed eyes, and were sometimes completely blind. This seems to rule out the idea that they were predators. If they did chase after prey, they would have had some other special sensory organ to help them find prey. But there's no evidence of this in the fossil record. Second, it seems unlikely that agnostids lived on the seafloor. Animals that are seafloor dwellers typically don't have the ability to move very fast or very far. They move slowly across the seafloor and stay in localized areas rather than spreading to new areas. So typically we find each seafloor-dweller species occupying a small geographic area where it had originated and nowhere else. However, many agnostids species inhabited multiple geographic areas spread across large distances. Thissuggests that agnostids were able to move from one area to another pretty fast.The ability to move easily across large distances would be highly unusual for seafloor-dwellers. Finally, the parasite theory. Well, one thing that's typical of parasites is that their populations are not very large. Parasite populations have to stay within certain limits. Because if there were too many parasites, they would kill off the host organisms they live on. But we're pretty sure that the populations of many agnostids were in fact very large. We can tell because for many species we've been able to find vast amounts of fossilized individuals. So the great size of agnostid populations seems to rule out the theory that they were parasites. 托福TPO43综合写作满分范文： The reading mainly presents that there are three theories about how agnostids may have survived. However, the listening challenges what are stated in the passage by providing three strong evidences. Firstly, in the reading, it is said that the agnostids may have been free-swimming predators that feed on smaller animals since other types of primitive arthropods were strong swimmers and active predators. In contrast, the listening holds an opposed view that the eyes of agnostids are too small, and there is no evidence of fossil record of their special sensory organs to catch up prey. Secondly, the passage asserts that agnostids may have inhabited on the seafloor. However, the professor also maintains an opposite opinion that many agnostids species dwelled on multiple geographic areas. Because seafloor dwellers move slowly across the seafloor and remain living in localized areas. Finally, the author of reading passage believes that many species of modern-day arthropods exist as parasites. On the other hand, the lecturer disagrees it with the point that the populations of parasites are not very large. Since too many parasites would kill off the host organisms they live on. However, the populations of many agnostids were in fact very large. Under this circumstance, the third theories made by the reading passage is unconvincing. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO43综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
TPO 43 Reading 1 解析
Passage 1Q 1正确答案：B解析：第1段倒数第二句指出，大量的希腊商人和能工巧匠来到亚历山大所创建的帝国来淘金。
B是对这句话的同义转述。
A是对movement和southwest Asia的胡乱嫁接，且原文并未提及resettlement 的相关信息。
C与第2句内容相反。
D中的choose military careers在原文中没有涉及。
Q 2正确答案：B解析：第2段前两句指出，希腊文化和希腊语得到快速发展，可见diffusion的意义应与expansion（扩大，扩张）相呼应，四个选项中，adoption意为“收养；采用”，spread意为“传播，扩散”，teaching意为“教”，learning意为“学习”，符合条件的只有spread。
Q 3正确答案：C解析：第2段主要讲罗马文明的传播，很多城镇和城市的建设不仅仅为了军事，更是为了文化的传播。
这里特别通过两个图书馆来强调罗马文化传播的源头，故选C。
A中的before it spread to the west在文中未提及。
B中的explain why it was important在文中未提及。
D的内容在文中完全未提及。
Q 4正确答案：C解析：A中的key individuals与原文不符。
B中的philosophical discussions和some individuals questioned the value of a life在文中未提及。
C是对原文句子的同义转述。
D是对原句内容的胡乱嫁接，原句要表达的意思是The focus of individuals was the agora，而fundamental topics是人们在agora上要讨论的内容。
Q 5正确答案：D解析：原文第4句提到，Plato认为，city-state的理想状态是只有约5千人，人们彼此了解并且一起作出决定。
D是原文信息的复现。
其余三项中的ruling body，most qualified individual和citizens with the most knowledge均与原文信息不符。