1998阅读理解真题译文
毫无疑问，环境主义者要对这些批评做出反应。作为环境研究的先驱者， 斯坦福大学的保罗·埃利希认为，科学的真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、 臭氧层稀薄和工业增长带来的其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。
显然，反科学对不同的人有不同的含义。格罗斯和莱维特主要挑那些质疑
科学客观性的社会学家、哲学家和其他学者的毛病。而萨根则更关注那些相 信鬼怪、上帝造物论和其他与科学世界观相左的人。
1996 对新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体上，从 提倡消灭所有现存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党 人。
工程可能会出现大坝上所有的常见问题。但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独 立，现在他们需要建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。
与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问题很多的纳尔马达大坝。尽 管世界银行的顾问说，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且也会破坏那里的环 境，但世界银行已经这样做了。大坝会给有权有势者带来利益，但这种利益 却没有保障。
98（1）
1998 阅读理解真题译文
在重大技术所创造的东西中很少能像大型水坝这样让人痴迷的。可能正是 因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们治理江河、供我驱策的理想如 此令人痴迷。但让人着迷有时也就使人盲目。有几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大 于利的危险。
建造大坝的教训是：大的未必总是美的。但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大 雄伟的大坝已成为那些力争得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。 埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界的领导地位。土耳其在力 图跻身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。
的确，一些观察者担心反科学这个词会失去意义。“‘反科学’这个词可 以涵盖很多截然不同的东西”，哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德·霍尔顿在其 1993 的着作《科学和反科学》
98（4）
1980 美国人口普查显示出这样一幅图像：随着东北部和中西部人口增长近 乎停止，地区间的竞争越来越激烈了。
以前，科学界如此之强大以致可以对批评者置之不理——但现在不同了。 由于科研经费减少了，科学家出了几本书来抨击“反科学”势力，其中值得注 意的有弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗·R·格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺 曼·莱维特合着的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔·萨根着的《鬼怪世界》。
科学的捍卫者们也在一些会议上表示了他们的担忧。比如，1995 在纽约 举行的“远离科学和理性”会议，以及去 6 月在布法罗附近召开的“信息（迷 信）时代的科学”会议。
98（2）
人们说，不劳就无获。但是，如果有劳却无获又会怎样呢？在美国，无论 你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏的故事。商人们自认为的他们所领导的生产力 革命是否确有其事，这一点更加难以确定。
官方的统计数字却有点不让人乐观。这些数据表明，如果把制造业和服务 业合起来算，1987 以来生产力平均增长 1.2%。这比前 10 的平均增长速度略 快。自 1991 来，生产力每约增长 2%。这比 1978—1987 的平均增长速度高两 倍以上。问题在于，近发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了 这时候就会出现的反弹造成的，因而它不是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势的结论 性证据。正如财政部长罗伯特·鲁宾所说的，生产力发生飞跃的商业传奇与统 计数字所反映的情况之间存在着一种“脱节”。
但大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了尼罗河 洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤，换回来的是这 幺一个疾病滋生的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。
不过，控制水的神话还在继续。本周，在文明的欧洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和 匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端，差点动用了军队。这个大型
对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究 能够有助于解决这些冲突。水利发电，治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝 也是可能的，不一定非要建大坝。但当你相信神话时就很难做到合理或科 学。现在是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训的时候了。我们未必要通过大坝来拯救 自己（dekuan68 注：此句应译为“我们不需要建一座将被拯救的大坝”）。
这其中的一些原因很容易解释。企业重组的新方法——所有那些重新设计 和缩小规模的做法——只是对一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献， 而这种经济的发展还收到许多其他因素的驱动，如设备、机械上的联合投 资，新技术，以及教育和培训上的投资。另外，公司的大部分母锸俏擞 锏接哪康牟灰欢 ǚ 且岣呱Γ 鹤胄碌氖谐』蚋纳撇分柿恳不 嵊型墓 πА?/p
恩更加直率。他把许多重组咨询专家所做的工作视为垃圾——“典型的劳而无 获”。
98（3）
科学与文化的其他方面的关系一直都很紧张。想想看，17 世纪伽利略为 他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教会的审判，还有诗人威廉·布莱克对艾萨克·牛 顿的机械的世界观所发表的尖锐批判。本世纪，（自然）科学与人文科学之间 的分裂更深了。
其他两种解释带有很大的猜测性。一种解释是近来所进行的公司重组也许 并未奏效。另一种则说，即使有所成效，效果也不像人们所设想的那样广 泛。
哈佛学者，快速增长的面包连锁店 Au Bon Pain 的前任总裁莱昂纳多·施莱 辛格说，许多“重组”是粗糙的。他认为很多情况下，企业收益的损失超出了 成本的降低。他的同事迈克·比尔说，太多的公司已用机械的方式进行重组， 在没有充分考虑到长期赢利能力的情况下降低了成本。BBDO 的艾尔·罗森夏
1998考研阅读passage3
1998考研阅读passage3题目内容：阅读理解Passage 3，内容如下：In a country park, an experienced photographer, Bill, noticed a snake and took a picture of it. Later, he shared the photo with his friends, who recognized it as a rare and endangered species.Bill, feeling responsible for the snake's safety, contacted the local authorities and informed them of the photo. They responded promptly and set up a team to investigate the situation. Upon arrival, they found that the snake was indeed a rare species and that it had been relocated to a safe location.Questions:1. What is the main idea of this passage?2. How did Bill become aware of the snake?3. What was the significance of Bill's actions?4. Who recognized the snake as a rare and endangered species?5. How did the local authorities respond to Bill's report?6. Who set up a team to investigate the situation?7. Where was the snake relocated to?回答：1. This passage is about a photographer who noticed a rare and endangered snake in a country park and took a photo of it, which led to his actions to protect the snake and inform authorities.2. Bill became aware of the snake when he noticed it while taking pictures in the country park.3. Bill's actions were significant because he recognized the importance of protecting the snake and took immediate action to contact authorities and ensure its safety.4. His friends recognized the snake as a rare and endangered species.5. The local authorities responded promptly by setting up a team to investigate the situation and ensure the snake's safety.6. The authorities themselves set up a team to investigate the situation.7. The snake was relocated to a safe location, but the specific location is not mentioned in the passage.。
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1998年part5
Part FiveScattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from earth other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures（cracks）; in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability（inconstancy）.17. The author believes that _____ .A）the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interiorB）the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be trueC）the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directionsD）the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart18. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that _____ .A）the two continents are still moving in opposite directionsB）they have been found to share certain geological featuresC）the African plates has been stable for 30 million yearsD）over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe19. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining _____ .A）the structure of the African plates B）the revival of dead volcanoesC）the mobility of the continents D）the formation of new oceans20. The passage is mainly about _____ .A）the features of volcanic activitiesB）the importance of the theory about drifting platesC）the significance of hot spots in geophysical studiesD）the process of the formation of volcanoesUnit 5 （1998）Part 5重点词汇：1. interior （内部的；内部）←inter+ior，inter“在⾥⾯”，-ior后缀, n.2. milestone （⾥程碑）←mile+stone。
1998年翻译真题精解
本句的主干是：主句It was…that + for引导的原因状语从句。主句是强调句it was…that…被强调的部分the farthest是后面句子的状语，可以理解为scientists had been able to look the farthest into the past。For引导的原因状语从句是一个系表结构，what they were seeing是从句的中的主语，后面that引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的名词the patterns and structures。
核心词汇：
cosmic inflation 宇宙膨胀说；scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的结论；respected ideas 公认的观点；elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理学；convinced 被说服，相信；for the better part of a decade 七八年来。
参考译文：
假如那些小热点看上去同预想的一致，那就意味着又一科学观点的胜利，这种观点即一种完美的大爆炸论，也称宇宙膨胀理论。
测试点：条件句翻译；同位语的翻译；特殊名词短语的翻译
75．Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
考研英语黄皮书四篇阅读真题词汇汇总1998年卷
黄皮书真题词汇1998年text10806 creation n 创造物、作品imagination n 想象at the mercy of 任由某人、某事物摆布或控制（文：受……支配）flood n 洪水drought n 干旱force…to do sth 迫使……做……bidding n 命令、吩咐do one’s bidding 按某人的意愿，听从某人的吩咐fascinating a 令人着迷的fascinated a 着迷的threaten v 预示（危险）、可能来临do more harm than good 弊大于利lesson n 经验、教训can/could help (doing)sth/that 防止、避免某事物can/could not help (doing)sth/that 不能防止、不能避免某事become a symbol of 成为……的象征assert oneself 坚持自己的主张、保持坚定leadership n 领导权cement v 加强、巩固bid n （做、获得、实现某物）的努力as intended 按照预期deprive v 剥夺fertile a 肥沃的in return for 作为对……的回报(翻译：换来的是……) reservior n 水库disease n 恶疾、疾病myth n 神话persist v 继续存在in the heart of 在……的中心civilized a 文明的stop just short of 差一点就send in the troops 派遣军队contention n 争辩complex n 建筑物independence n 独立meanwhile ad 与此同时go-ahead n 批准、许可wrong-headed a 执迷不悟的、固执错误的even though 尽管advisor n 顾问cause hardship for…为……带来灾难the powerless 无权利的人environmental destruction 环境破坏far from 几乎相反、远非guarantee v 保证scientific study 科学研究impact n 影响resolve the conflict 解决冲突hydroelectric power 水力发电flood control 治理洪水irrigation n 灌溉monster a 巨大的、庞大的It is time that…该是……的时候了1998年text20807不劳而获no gain without pain(no pain,no gains)tale n 讲述、叙述revival n 复苏、恢复establish v 证实、确定the productivity revolution 生产力革命preside over 掌管、领导某事物=be in charge offor real 真正的、确实的the official statistics 官方数据mildly ad 轻微地manufacturing n 制造业lump…together 把……合在一起考虑somewhat ad 稍微、有点during the previous decade 在过去十年里acceleration n 加速、加快rebound n （经济的）反弹at this point 在这个时间点上business circle 商业周期conclusive a 令人信服的、确凿的underlying a 潜在的、隐含的the treasury secretary 财政部长disjunction n 分离the mass of 大量、许多anecdote n 传闻、趣事a leap in productivity 生产力的飞跃增长the picture n 状况、情形、形势organize v 组织、安排workplace n 工作场所re-engineering n 重新规划downsizing n 缩小规模contribution n 贡献、促成作用overall a 总体的、全面的be driven by 受……的驱使joint investment in…在……上的共同投资equipment n 设备profitable a 可盈利的switch to…转向……improve quality 提高质量matter v 要紧，有重大影响matter to 对……来说很重要matter just as much 具有同等重要性（有同样的功效）speculative a 猜想的business restructuring 企业重组ineptly ad 缺乏技巧地、无能地、拙劣地spread widely 广泛传播suppose v 猜想、以为former a 以前的chief executive 董事长chain n 连锁店bakery n 面包店crude a 粗糙的the loss of revenue 收入损失the reductions in cost 费用降低far too many 太多的apply v 应用mechanistic a 机械的in a …fashion 以……方式chop out 减小、缩减give sufficient thought to 充分考虑long-term profitability 长期盈利能力blunt a 率直的、直言不讳的dismisss v 不予考虑、对……不屑一顾consultant n 顾问rubbish n 垃圾ambulance chasing 劳而无获in many cases 在很多情况下a few cases 有几次1998年text30808 uneasy a 不和谐的、矛盾的have a…relationship with…与……有……关系trial n 审判rebelling belief 反叛性的信仰harsh remarks against 针对……的激烈言论humanities n 人文学科if anything 如果还有什么的话deepen v 加深the scientific community 科学界afford v 承担得起（后果）ignore v 忽略、忽视critic n 批评家funding n 资金decline v 减小、下降notably ad 显著地、值得注意地superstition n 迷信biologist n 生物学家mathematician n 数学家defender n 拥护者concern n 担忧in the age of 在……的时代assemble v 集合、聚集…means different things to different people 对……的理解因人而异primarily ad 主要地、首要地find fault with 批评、找茬sociology n 社会学家objectivity n 客观性believe in 相信ghost n 鬼魂phenomenon n 现象contradict v 反驳、同……相矛盾（文：违背）survey n 调查reveal v 透露、泄露tag n 标签be attached to 贴在……上advocate v 提倡elimination n 消除republican n 共和党人dispute v 对……提出质疑、对……表示异议manifesto n 声明、宣言scorn v 轻蔑、蔑视long v 期望pre-technological a 技术革命前的environmentalist n 环保主义者uncontrolled a 未加控制的industrial growth 工业发展essay n 文章inevitably ad 不可避免地pioneer n 先行者、开拓者the evidence supporting 支持……的证据global warming 全球变暖ozone layer 臭氧层fear v 担心in danger of 有……的危险meaningless a 无意义的have…in common 在……上有共同点annoy v 使恼怒enlightened a 开明的、有知识的、有见识的voice v 表达1998年text40809 regional a 地区的standstill n 静止、停滞implication n 可能的影响（或作用、结果）in years ahead 今后的一些年（文：今后）enthrone v 使登基、即位densely ad 稠密地、密集地the most densely populated region 人口最稠密的地区for the first time in the history 史无前例第一次head counting 人口调查altogether ad 总共、一共numerically ad 在数字上地record v 记录in a decade 在十年里gain n 增加the Depression 美国大萧条时期migrate v 迁移in large numbers 以更大的数量prevail v 盛行belt n 地区、地带drop out of 不再属于（文：跌出去）attribute v 把……归因于census n 人口普查nonstop a 不停的wave n 涌动的人（或物）immigrant n 移民play a role 发挥作用crops of 成批的（a crop of）baby boom 婴儿潮的一代reach one’s child bearing year 达到生育年龄demographer n 人口统计学家continuing a 持续的be joined by 伴随着related a 相关的the most rapid growth rate 最快的增长率respectively ad 分别、各自square mile 平方英里the flight from 逃离overcrowdedness n 过于拥挤bearable climates 宜人的气候nowhere ad 哪里都不dramatize v 戏剧性地表现、夸张the search for spacious living 寻找广阔的生活空间in the Far West 在最西部escape v 逃脱、避开smog n 烟雾plague n 灾害、祸害urbanization n 城市化considerably ad 相当多（大或重要）（文：大大）indeed ad 的确1998年text50810 around the globe 在地球上isolated a 单独的、个别的geologist n 地质学家unlike prep 与……不同volcano n 火山at the boundaries of 在……的边界drift v 漂流make up 形成、构成、组成某物leave trails of…遗留下……的痕迹milestone n 重要事件、里程碑passage n 推移（时间等的）the passage of ……的推移move away from each other 彼此分离inject v 注入sea floor 海底complementary a 互补的、补充的coastline n 海岸线、海岸轮廓geological a 地质学的span v 穿越、贯穿reminder n 提醒人的事物continent n 大陆the relative motion 相对运动plate n 板块construct v 编制、绘制with respect to 关于、至于interior n 内部determine v 查明、测定move in opposite direstions 朝相反的方向运动stationary a 静止的、固定的drift away from 从……漂移开anchor v 固定measuring insrument 测量仪器resolve the question 解决问题it appears that 看起来是……，似乎……a frame of reference 参照标准、准则have an important influence on 对……有重要影响geophysical a 地质物理学的propel v 驱使、迫使rest over 停留在……上dome n 圆顶形物、穹形物formation n 形成just as 正像mutability n 易变性inconstancy n 反复无常it now appears 现在看来。
1998年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案
之1998年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案1998年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案一、阅读理解第1题：A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don’t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not so beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers-a piece of paper relating an individual’s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.1. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a manager ________.A) a person’s property or debts do not matter muchB) a person’s outward appearance is not a critical qual ificationC) women should always dress fashionablyD) women should not only be attractive but also high minded2. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that ________.A) people do not realize the importance of looking one’s bestB) women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid wellC) good looking women aspire to managerial positionsD) attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not3. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individuals on certain attributes ________.A) they observe the principle that beauty is only skin deepB) they do not usually act according to the views they supportC) they give ordinary looking persons the lowest ratingsD) they tend to base their judgment on the individual’s accomplishments4. “Good looks cut both ways for women” (Line 1, Para. 5) means that ________.A) attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsB) good looking women always get the best of everythingC) being attractive is not always an advantage for womenD) attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women in managerial positions5. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world ________.A) handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive women areB) physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite wellC) physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually get along quite wellD) good looks are important for women as they are for men1小题>、【正确答案】：B2小题>、【正确答案】：D3小题>、【正确答案】：B4小题>、【正确答案】：C5小题>、【正确答案】：A【参考解析】：无第2题：Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap food for our own population, the factory farmin g industry also argues that “hungry nations are benefiting from advances made by the poultry (家禽) industry”. In fact, rather than helping the fight against malnutrition (营养不良) in “hungry nations,” the spread of factory farming has, inevitably aggravated th e problem.Large scale intensive meat and poultry production is a waste of food resources.This is because more protein has to be fed to animals in the form of vegetable matter than can ever be recovered in the form of meat. Much of the food value is lost in the animal’s process of digestion and cell replacement. Neither, in the ca se of chicken, can one eat feathers, blood, feet or head. In all, only about 44% of the live animal fits to be eaten as meat.This means one has to feed approximately 9—10 times as much food value to the animal than one can consume from the carcass. As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis, grain is the food of life.Nevertheless, the huge increase in poultry production throughout Asia and Africa continues. Normally British or US firms are involved. For instance, an American based multinational company has this year announced its involvement in projects in several African countries. Britain’s largest suppliers chickens, Ro ss Breeders, are also involved in projects all over the world.Because such trade is good for exports, Western governments encourage it. In 1979, a firmin Bangladesh called Phoenix Poultry received a grant to set up a unit of 6,000 chickens and 18,000 laying hens. This almost doubled the number of poultry kept in the country all at once.But Bangladesh lacks capital, energy and food and has large numbers of unemployed. Such chicken raising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential famine relief protein food. At present, one of Bangladesh’s main imports is food grains, because the country is unable to grow enough food to feed its population. On what then can they possibly feed the chicken?1. In this passage the author argues that ________.A) efficiency must be raised in the poultry industryB) raising poultry can provide more protein than growing grainC) factory farming will do more harm than good to developing countriesD) hungry nations may benefit from the development of the poultry industry2. According to the author, in factory, vegetable food ________.A) is easy for chickens to digestB) is insufficient for the needs of poultryC) is fully utilised in meat and egg productionD) is inefficiently converted into meat and eggs3. Western governments encourage the poultry industry in Asia because they regard it as an effective way to ________.A) boost their own exportsB) alleviate malnutrition in Asian countriesC) create job opportunities in Asian countriesD) promote the exports of Asian countries4. The word “carcass” (Line 2, Para. 3) most probably means “________”.A) vegetables preserved for future useB) the dead body of an animal ready to be cut into meatC) expensive food that consumers can hardly affordD) meat canned for future consumption5 What the last paragraph tells us is the author’s ________.A) detailed analysis of the ways of raising poultry in BangladeshB) great appreciation of the development of poultry industry in BangladeshC) critical view on the development of the poultry industry in BangladeshD) practical suggestion for the improvement of the poultry industry in Bangladesh1小题>、【正确答案】：C2小题>、【正确答案】：D3小题>、【正确答案】：A4小题>、【正确答案】：B5小题>、【正确答案】：C【参考解析】：无第3题：We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other more causes.Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva (唾液) slows. Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit evil smelling gases, the worst of which is hydrogen sulfide (硫化物).Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions. Oxygen rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfur producing bacteria gain the upper hand, producing classic “morning breath”.Alcohol hunger, too much talking, breathing through the mouth during exercise anything that dr ies the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though it’s not understood why. Some people’s breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview.Saliva flow gradually slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad breath trouble than younger people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.For most of us, the simple, dry mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning breath.Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad breath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria respon sible for bad breath. The trouble is, they don’t necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus (粘液). If the mouthwash contains alcohol-as most do-it can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.1. The phrase “emanate from” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “________”.A) thrive onB) account forC) originate fromD) descend from2. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?A) Tooth trouble.B) Sulfur rich food.C) Too much exercise.D) Mental strain.3. According to the passage, alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because ________.A) it keeps offending bacteria from reproducingB) its smell adds to bad breathC) it kills some helpful bacteriaD) it affects the normal flow of saliva4. Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because ________.A) they can’t mask the bad odor long enoughB) they can’t get to all the off ending bacteriaC) their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worseD) they can’t cover the thick layers of mucus5. We can infer from this passage that ________.A) offensive breath can’t easily be curedB) elderly people are less offended by bad breathC) heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breathD) offensive breath is less affected by alcohol1小题>、【正确答案】：C2小题>、【正确答案】：D3小题>、【正确答案】：D4小题>、【正确答案】：B5小题>、【正确答案】：A【参考解析】：无第4题：“Welcome to the U.S.A.! Major Credit cards accepted!”By the millions they are coming no longer the tired, the poor, the wretched mass longing for a better living. These are the wealthy. “We don’t have a budget,” says a biologist from Brazil, as she walks with two companions through New York C ity’s South Street. “We just use our credit cards.”The U.S. has long been one of the world’s most popular tourist destinations, but this year has been exceptional. First there was the World Cup, which drew thousands from every corner of the globe; then came the weakening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies. Now the U.S., still the world’s superpower, can also claim to be the world’s bargain basement (廉价商品部). Nobody undersells America these days on just about everything, from consumer electronics to fashion clothes to tennis rackets. Bottom retail prices-anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia-have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994. That’s up from $74 billion the year befo re.True, not everyone comes just for brains. There remains an undeniable fascination in the rest of the world with all things American, nourished by Hollywood films and U.S. television series. But shopping the U.S.A. is proving irresistible. Every week thousands arrive with empty suitcases ready to be filled; some even rent an additional hotel room to hold their purchases. The buying binge (无节制) has become as important as watching Old Faithful Fountains erupt in Yellowstone Park or sunbathing on a beach in Florida.The U.S. has come at last to appreciate what other countries learned long ago: the pouring in of foreign tourists may not always be convenient, but is does put money in the bank. And with a trade deficit at about $130 billion and growing for the past 12 months, the U.S. needs all the deposits it can get. Compared with American tourists abroad, visitors to the U.S. stay longer and spend more money at each stop; an average of 12.2 night and $1624 a traveller versus the American s’ four nights and $298.1. From what the Brazilian biologist says, we know that tourists like her ________.A) are reluctant to carry cash with themB) simply don’t care how much they spendC) are not good at planning their expenditureD) often spend more money than they can afford2. The reason why 1994 was exceptional is that ________.A) it saw an unusually large number of tourists to the U.S.B) it witnessed a drop in the number of tourists to the U.S.C) tourism was hardly affected by the weakening of the U.S. dollar that yearD) tourists came to the U.S. for sightseeing rather than for bargains that year3. By saying “nobody undersells America” (Line 4, Para. 3), the author means that ________.A) no other country underestimates the competitiveness of American productsB) nobody expects the Americans to cut the prices of their commoditiesC) nobody restrains the selling of American goodsD) no other country sells at a lower price that America4. Why does the author assert that all things American are fascinating to foreigners?A) Because they have gained much publicity through the American media.B) Because they represent the world’s latest fashions.C) Because they embody the most sophisticated technology.D) Because they are available at all tourist destinations.5. From the passage we can conclude that the U.S. has come to realize ________.A) the weakening if the U.S. dollar can result in trade deficitsB) the lower the retail prices, the greater the profitsC) tourism can make great contributions to its economyD) visitors to the U.S. are wealthier than U.S. tourists abroad1小题>、【正确答案】：B2小题>、【正确答案】：A3小题>、【正确答案】：D4小题>、【正确答案】：A5小题>、【正确答案】：C【参考解析】：无。
考研英语1998阅读真题解析
考研英语阅读真题解析（1998）Text 1核心词汇capture［5kAptFE］v./n.捕获,俘虏;夺得,攻占（capt+ure动词后缀→抓住毛病→逮捕）cement［si5ment］n.水泥;胶泥,胶接剂v.胶合;巩固,加强civilize［5sivilaiz］v.使文明,开化（civil市民→文明+ize动词后缀→文明化）complex［5kCmpleks］a.复杂的；综合的；联合体（com共同+plex重叠→全部重叠→复杂的）conflict［5kCnflikt9 kEn5flikt］n.战争;冲突(con共同+flict打击→共同打→冲突)deprive［di5praiv］vt.剥夺,夺去,使丧失（de去掉+prive→从个人身边拿走→剥夺），priv词根“个人的”（如private→priv+ate→私人的），使某物离开个人→剥夺drought［draut］n.旱灾,干旱go ahead n.批准，允许hydroelectric［5haidrEi5lektrik］a.水电的(hydro水+electric电→发电的)imagination［i9mAdVi5neiFEn］n.想象（力）；空想，幻觉；想象出来的事物（imagin想象+ation→想象）irrigation［9iri5geiFEn］n.灌溉；冲洗;水利mercy［5mE:si］n.仁慈,怜悯,宽恕myth［miW］n.神话;神话（总称）；想像的、虚构或不可能存在的事物、人persist［pE:5sist］v.（in）坚持,持续（per始终，完全＋sist→始终站着→坚持到底）proper［5prCpE］a.适合的;合乎体统的;固有的;有礼貌的resolve［ri5zClv］v.决心;（使）分解,溶解;决议n.解决;决心（困难）（re再+solve→再松开→解决）。
同根词：dissolve（v.溶解；解散）←dis+solvespill［spil］v.溢出,溅出n.摔下,跌下symbol［5simbEl］n.（符号；象征）即sym+bol，sym 共同，bol看作ball，“共同喜欢球类运动”→这是现代人的“象征”wrong headed a. 执迷不悟的难句剖析难句1：Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.［分析］此句是一个强调句型，基本结构是“it is... that...”，强调部分的关键词是suffering，这个词就是后面that引导的从句的主语，句子的主干是“Suffering makes the ideal so fascinating”。
98年英语考研阅读问题和选项翻译
1.The third sentence of paragraph 1 impliesthat.1.第一段第三句的隐含意义是。
[A] people would be happy if they shut theireyes to reality[A] 人们如果无视现实就会感到快乐[B] the blind could be happier than thesighted[B] 盲人比有眼睛的人更幸福[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things [C] 过于兴奋的人容易忽视极为重要的事情[D] fascination makes people lose theireyesight[D] 兴奋使人丧失视力2.paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to. 2.第五段的词语"the powerless"很可能是指。
[A] areas short of electricity [A] 缺电的地区[B] dams without power stations [B] 没有建发电站的大坝[C] poor countries around India [C] 印度周边的穷国[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area [D] 纳尔马达河大坝周围的平民百姓3.What is the myth concerning giant dams? 3.关于大型水坝的神话是什么？[A] They bring in more fertile soil. [A] 它们带来更肥沃的土地。
[B] They help defend the country. [B] 它们有助于国防。
[C] They strengthen international ties.[C] 它们加强国际关系。
翻译真题及参考答案
翻译真题及参考答案翻译真题及参考答案1998年英语专八考试翻译真题及参考答案1998年E-C:I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader. American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. They do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. And Americans do swing from aggressive over phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminent — e. g. in painting and music —they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent. How many English paintings try to look as though they were done in Paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an “English tradition” after all.To speak of American literature, then, is not to assert(断言、声称)that it is completely unlike that of Europe. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step(同步). At any given moment(在任何时候) the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. Ideas have crossed the Atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. When I refer to American habit, thoughts, etc., I intend some sort of qualification(限制、限定、资格) to precede(领先、超前) the word, for frequently the difference between America and Europe (especially England) will be one of degree(唯一只是在程度上), sometimes only of a small degree. The amount of divergence(分歧、差异) is a subtle (微妙的)affair, liable(有可能的) to perplex the Englishman when he looks at America. He is looking at a country which in important senses (重要的感觉)grew out of his own, which in several ways still resembles his own —and which is yet a foreign country. There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship(亲缘关系) yields to a sudden alienation(疏远关系), as when we hail(打招呼) a person across the street, only to discover from his blank(没有表情的) response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend.参考译文(翻译第二段)：因此，我们在说“美国”文学，并不表明我们认为美国文学与欧洲文学截然不同。
考研英语一真题手译阅读1998-Text4
1998-1Text41-Emerging from the1980census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development-and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead-has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether,the US population rose in the1970s by23.2million people-numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade.Even so,that gain adds up to only11.4percent,lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II,and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states-Florida,Texas and California-together had nearly10million more people in1980 than a decade earlier.Except for Florida and Texas,the top10in rate of growth is composed of Western states with7.5million people-about9per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do1980census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.There,California added3.7million to its population in the1970s,more than any other state.In that decade,however,large numbers also migrated from California,mostly to other parts of the West.Often they chose-and still are choosing-somewhat colder climates such as Oregon,Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog,crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result,California’s growth rate dropped during the1970s,to18.5percent-little more than two thirds the1960s’growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the1980census provided,America in1970s________.[A]enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B]witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C]underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D]brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that________.[A]it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B]it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C]it reveals the Americans’new pursuit of spacious living[D]it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s“baby boom”25.We can see from the available statistics that________.[A]California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B]the top10states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C]cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D]Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26.The word“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)most probably means________.[A]people in favor of the trend of democracy[B]advocates of migration between states[C]scientists engaged in the study of population[D]conservatives clinging to old patterns of life。
98年考研英语真题解析
1998年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. A2. B3. D4. A5. D6. D7. A8.B9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. C 12. D 13.D 14. CPassage 215.A 16.B 17.B 18.APassage 319.C 20.D 21.A 22.APassage 423.B 24.C 25.D 26.CPassage 527.B 28.B 29.C 30.CPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
32.巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位不可缺少的。
33.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器，正在越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
34.假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
35.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上看来似乎可信的结论。
许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。
Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.见分析试题精解Section I Cloze Test一、文章总体分析本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。
第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
二、试题具体解析1.[A] admitted承认[B] believed相信，认为[C] claimed声称[D] predicted预言[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+ 动词词义辨析。