2011年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2011年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Which sport has the most expenses ______ training equipment, players’personal equipment and uniforms?A．in place ofB．in terms ofC．by means ofD．by way of正确答案：B解析：句子的大意为：就训练设备、运动员的个人装备和服装来说，哪项运动花费最多?A项in place of“代替”；B项in terms of“就……而言，在……方面”；C项bymeans of“凭借……”；D项by way of“用……方法”。
所以B项符合题意。
2．All______is a steady supply of water to the farmland.A．which needsB．that is neededC．the thing is neededD．need正确答案：B解析：句子的大意为：所需要的就是对农田用水的稳定供应。
本句主语为不定代词all，“that is needed”为主语的定语从句。
所以B项符合题意。
3．Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ______obtaining water is not the least.A．for whichB．to whichC．of whichD．in which正确答案：C解析：句子的大意为：住在澳洲中部的沙漠区会面临很多问题，获取水资源还不是最重要的。
which指代前面的problems，of which译为在这些问题当中。
所以C项符合题意。
4．What he said just now had little to do with the question______discussion.A．onB．inC．underD．at正确答案：B解析：句子的大意为：他刚才所说的和正在讨论的问题几乎毫无关联。
in discussion属于固定搭配，表示正在讨论。
所以B项符合题意。
5．Much______ her relief and joy, she heared that her son had come back safe and sound.A．toB．forC．withD．as正确答案：A解析：句子的大意为：令她放松和高兴的是，她听说儿子安然无恙地回来了。
to herrelief and joy与短语to one’s surprise类似，所以A项符合题意。
6．By the time you get to New York, I______for London.A．would be leavingB．am leavingC．have already leftD．shall have left正确答案：D解析：句子的大意为：你到纽约的时候，我已经动身前往伦敦了。
将来完成时表示在未来的那个时候(即你到纽约的时候)我已经动身前往伦敦了。
所以D项符合题意。
7．The fire was finally brought under control, but not______ extensive damage had been caused.A．beforeB．sinceC．afterD．as正确答案：A解析：句子的大意为：火势终于被控制住了，但还是造成了巨大的损失。
not before表示“在这之前”，所以A项符合题意。
8．We hadn’t met for twenty years, but I recognized her______I saw her.A．the momentB．for the momentC．the moment whenD．at the moment when正确答案：A解析：句子的大意为：我们已经20年没见了，但是我一见她就认出了她。
the moment等于as soon as，所以A项符合题意。
9．The______ of finding gold in California attracted a lot of people to settle down there.A．prospectsB．speculationsC．stakesD．provisions正确答案：B解析：句子的大意为：在加州能发现黄金的推测吸引了很多人到那定居。
A 项pros—pect“前途，预期，景色”；B项speculations“推测，投机，思索，投机买卖”；C项stakes“桩，棍子，赌注，火刑，奖金”；D项provisions“规定，条款，准备，供应品”。
所以B项符合题意。
10．At 7 o’clock tomorrow evening, I ______ a walk in the neighbourhood. So you won’t find me at home then.A．shall takeB．will takeC．shall be takingD．am taking正确答案：C解析：句子的大意为：明天早上七点，我会在附近散步，所以那时你在家找不到我。
此句给出了具体的时间点，说的是将来正在进行的动作，所以用将来进行时，C项符合题意。
11．Helen______into the river but that I caught her.A．had fallenB．would fallC．fellD．would have fallen正确答案：D解析：句子的大意为：要不是我抓住海伦，她已经掉进河里了。
本句为虚拟语气，Icaught her是过去的事实，因此前面的“掉进河里”是一个跟过去相反的事实，相当于IfI hadn’t caught her，she would have fallen into the river。
所以D 项符合题意。
12．She ought not______him about the truth, but she did.A．to tellB．tellingC．to have toldD．having told正确答案：C解析：句子的大意为：她不应该告诉他事实，但是她却告诉了。
ought not to havedone—shouldn’t have done本不应该做某事，但实际上做了。
所以C项符合题意。
13．However, at times this balance in nature is______, resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects.A．troubledB．disturbedC．confusedD．puzzled正确答案：B解析：句子的大意为：然而，自然界的这种平衡有时会被打乱，这将造成许多可能无法预料的后果。
A项troubled“麻烦”；B项disturbed“弄乱，打扰，妨碍，使不安”；C项confused“(人)困惑”；D项puzzled“迷惑”。
所以B项符合题意。
14．There has been a great increase in retail sales, ______?A．does thereB．isn’t thereC．hasn’ t thereD．isn’t it正确答案：C解析：句子的大意为：零售业有很大的增长，是吗?hasn’t there与前面的there hasbeen一致。
所以C项符合题意。
15．He soon received promotion, for his superiors realized that he was a man of considerable ______.A．abilityB．futureC．possibilityD．opportunity正确答案：A解析：句子的大意为：他很快得以提升，因为他的上司意识到他是个极有能力的人。
A项ability“能力，才能”，B项future“将来，未来，前途”；C项possibility “可能，可能性”；D项opportunit“机会，时机”。
所以A项符合题意。
16．The neighborhood boys like to play basketball on that______lot.A．validB．vainC．vacantD．vague正确答案：C解析：句子的大意为：附近的男孩爱到那块空地上打篮球。
A项valid“有效的，有充分根据的”；B项vain“无益的，徒然的，自负的”；C项vacant“空的，未被占用的，空虚的”；D项vague“不清楚的，含糊的，茫然的”。
所以C 项符合题意。
17．Each person’s genetic code is unique except______identical twins.A．in case ofB．in the case ofC．the point in caseD．a case of正确答案：B解析：句子的大意为：除了同卵双胞胎以外，每个人的基因密码都是独有的。
in thecase of为固定短语，所以B项符合题意。
18．It is useful to be able to predict the extent______which a price change will affect supply and demand.A．fromB．withC．toD．for正确答案：C解析：句子的大意为：能够预测对供求关系造成影响的价格变化的范围是非常有用的。
在这个从句中which指代了extent，所以这个介词相当于是放在extent 前面，那么在以下的选项中可以和extent连用的，只有C项to了。
19．He hoped the firm would______him to the Paris branch.A．exchangeB．transmitC．transferD．remove正确答案：C解析：句子的大意为：他希望公司能派他去巴黎分部。
A项exchange“交换，交易，兑换”；B项transmit“传输，传播，发射，传达”；C项transfer“调任，使转移”；D项remove“移动，迁移”。
所以C项符合题意。
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[部分视频讲解]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choosethe best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. The man is busyB. The man has trouble breathing.C. The man is out of town on business.D. The man is hiding himself from the woman.【答案】A【解析】录音中男士提到最近在做一个项目，甚至连呼吸的时间也没有，可见他最近很忙。
2011年厦门大学考研真题 阅读及英美文学、语言学基础
机密★厦门大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：814科目名称：阅读及英美文学、语言学基础招生专业：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言考生须知：答题必须使用黑（蓝）色墨水（圆珠）笔；不得直接在试卷（试题纸）或草稿纸上作答；凡未按上述规定作答均不予评阅、判分，后果考生自负。
Part One Reading Comprehension 70 pointsDirections:Each passage below is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all the questions following the passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.Passage 1Bush today insists that he had a great time at Yale and doesn‟t recall any unpleasantness. But somewhere along the way he developed a sizable chip on his shoulder. He would later carp about the “self-righteousness” and “intellectual superiority” of the East Coast liberal establishment that took over institutions like Yale in the 1960s. As early as 1964, he had a run-in with one of the avatars of the new order, the Rev. William Sloane Coffin, the Yale chaplain who had turned on his own Andover-and-Skull-and-Bones past to became a fiery radical, advising students to resist the draft. Bush bitterly recalled Coffin‟s telling him, after his father had lost the 1964 Senate race in Texas to Ralph Yarborough, “I knew your father, and he lost to a better man.” To Bush, Coffin embodied the “heaviness” and “guilt” of the liberal East.At a time when Yale students agonized endlessly over what to do about the draft, Bush does not appear to have talked much about his own choice. To volunteer for Vietnam would have required an act of boldness and outright defiance. Seeking battle was almost unheard of among undergraduates: it was said that more Yale students were dying in motorcycle accidents than in combat in 1969. At the same time, according to his Yale friend Roland Betts. Bush did not want to politically embarrass his father. Bush Jr. took a respectable hut easy way out, joining the Texas National Guard.Determined to make it on his own, Bush did not tell his father that he was applying to Harvard Business School. The “West Point of Capitalism” was not inundated with applicants in the anti-business early 1970s. So Bush got in, despite mediocre grades that kept him out of his first choice of grad schools, the University of Texas Law School. Bush posed as a redneck rebel at Harvard, wearing his National Guard flight jacket and cowboy boots and chewing tobacco as hesat back of the class, spitting into a paper cup. But he showed early signs of the self-discipline that would become more characteristic as time went on. He kept up with the gruelling casework, particularly in a course called Human Organization and Behaviour. Here were formal lessons in organizing and managing people that Bush had only intuited as an Andover cheerleader. He developed his basic approach to leadership at Harvard‟s training ground for future CEOs. The essence was to think Big Picture, don‟t get caught in the details, delegate and decide. Bush whizzes through briefing books today, preferring to listen rather than read, but his friends say he was an ability to cut to the chase. If Bush seems less substantive than a Bill Clinton—or an Al Gore—he can blame a Harvard education.1. Which of the following does the author probably agree?(A) Bush was an activist in anti-Vietnam war when he studied at Yale.(B) Bush liked the self-righteousness atmosphere at Yale.(C) Bush seemed to be politically-different from most college students at that time.(D) Bush was proud of his education at Yale.2. Bush chose to join the Texas National Guard mainly(A) because of his father(B) for the sake of Coffin‟s advice(C) because of his anti-Vietnam War attitude(D) because of the pressure from his Yale classmates3. He entered Harvard Business School instead of the University of Texas Law School because(A) Harvard was his first choice(B) his grades were not high enough(C) he intended to venture into business(D) he liked the intellectual superiority of the liberal establishment at Harvard4. He kept his application to Harvard Business School from his father mainly(A) because he did not trust his father(B) because his father would have thwarted it(C) because an anti-business atmosphere was prevalent in America then(D) because he wanted to be independent and self-reliant5. According to the author, Bush‟s leading style was developed(A) as a heritage from the family(B) during his education at Yale(C) as a result of the political atmosphere when he was young(D) during his learning at HarvardPassage 2The Enlightenment favoured a view of universe structured in binary oppositions, the principle of which is the dichotomy between subject and object. This was an essential division that world enable a systematic and disengaged view of reality and would foster the development of science even though it was also highly stimulated by the latter. Other dualisms, such as that of the individual/society, and the “We/They”dichotomy, based on race or ethnicity, for example, stemmed from the general idea of a necessary division and a controlling/controlled type of relationship between subject and object where “the distance between subject and object, a presupposition of abstraction, is grounded in the distance from the thing itself which the master achieved through the mastered”(Horkmeimer & Adorno, 1972:13). Distance, abstraction and control are key elements in the contact between subject and object.This objectifying attitude of the subject towards the object, which was previously described as instrumental reason, justified human control over nature, which is now very much contested by radical ecologists who view animals, plants and even minerals as subjects (Ferry, 1992). Likewise, it has determined a descriptive type of knowledge about the object of research, either human or non-human. Consequently, a scientific analysis should imply a distant, disengaged, monological, objective and objectifying view of the object by subject.Critical Theory, on the contrary, emphasizes the “rootedness of our cognitive accomplishments” (Habermas, 1994:87). Critical theorists reject both the atomistic concept of the individual and unilateral concentration of power implied in a subject-object interaction and concentrate on the creative and democratic potential of a subject-subject relationship.Although the concept of object disappears from the equation, this is not the only alteration because there is also an essential change in the notion of subject. The concept of a solitary subject which ruled the enlightened way of thinking is definitely overcome by the notion of a social subject, and this is not an idea exclusive to the Frankfurt School but an assumption that underpins contemporary philosophical thought. Habermas identifies four “themes”common to the philosophical movements of this century “in spite of the boundaries between schools” which he designates as “postmetaphysical thinking, the linguistic turn, situating reason, and overcoming logocentrism” (Habermas, 1992:8). The change in the subject is inherent in all these themes which refer to a reconsideration of scientific rationality, to the move from the philosophy of consciousness to the philosophy of language, to the embeddedness of reason in culture and history and finally to the relocation of theory within practice. As Habermas points out, this is an evolution that has been developing throughout the twentieth century. However, Habermas expanded this idea in a particular way which is eventually, more restrictive precisely because it is normative and consensus driven.Bearing in mind the four themes mentioned above, the notion of the “intersubjectively recognized subject”, in Habermas‟ terms challenge, with regard to scientific and social research, the premises of pure, instrumental reason and, consequently, the distance maintained between theory and practice and advocated dialogical and, occasionally, even overlapping positions in subject-subject research. Likewise, as far as language is concerned, the change from the paradigm of subjectivity into the paradigm of intersubjectivity, or from the “paradigm of consciousness” intothe “paradigm of language” as Habermas puts it, implies using language within the framework of “communicative action”. This requires the capacity to establish “interpersonal relations” instead of simply practicing an exercise of subject-centred”reasoning for representational or strategic purposes, that is, aiming at descriptive knowledge or at success-oriented expression or intervention (Habermas. 1984:86; 1987b:314).The intersubjectivistic orientation of the subject still differs from the subjectivistic one in that the subject draws her/his self-identification and self-representation from the ways that others identify and represent her/him while in interaction, that is through “intersubjectively recognized self-identification”and “on the basis of the Intersubjective recognition of reciprocal self-representations”(Habermas, 1979:107). The fact that the process of Intersubjective self-identification and self-representation takes place while in interaction is emphasized by Habermas and justifies the dynamic and impermanent nature of the intersubjective subject. Moreover, he notes, there is a “complementary relation between ego and group identity”due precisely to the above-mentioned process that also generates the interconnectedness between the formation of self and group identities since they develop through reciprocal exchange (Habermas, 1979:111)Communication is thus an essential element in the formation of self and group identities because it mediates processes that constitute what Habermas calls the …personal life‟which comprehends …all possible experiences and actions that can be attributed to the individual in his exchange with his social environment‟and that enable the acquisition of knowledge and the transmission of culture within the social system (Habermas, 1979:111). At the same time, language may set limits for a social system which itself represents the “symbolic boundary” and “the horizon of the actions that member reciprocally attribute to themselves internally” (Habermas, 1979:111). Therefore, the linguistically mediated experiences which are both the lifeworld of an individual and the social system with which s/he integrates. More specifically, the scope of possible communicative interactions that are …intersubjectively recognized‟lies within the normative framework of that social system.6. The word “epistemic” mostly approximately means:(A) plagued(B) subject-objective(C) popularized(D) cognitive7. The phrase “the embeddedness of reason in culture and history” can be interpreted as:(A) Culture and history give rise to reason.(B) Culture and history determine what kind of reasoning power you have.(C) The faculty of reasoning can be explained with reference to specific culture and history.8. Which of the following titles is likely to be the title of the book written by Habermas in 1979?(A) Communication and the evolution of society(B) Postmetaphysical thinking(C) The theory of communicative action(D) Toward a rational society9. Which of the following titles do you think best suits this excerpt?(A) Changes in subject-object relations(B) Intersubjective reason(C) The information of self and group identities(D) Habermas and the Frankfurt School10. How many articles and books did the author refer to when he wrote this passage?(A) nine(B) ten(C) eleven(D) sevenPassage 3As I indicated earlier, the analysis of JUDGEMENT is complicated by the need to distinguish between what can be termed …inscribed‟ (or explicit) JUDGEMENT and what we term …token‟ of Judgement (implicit). Under the inscribed/explicit category, the evaluation is explicitly presented by means of a lexical item carrying the JUDGEMENT value, such as, skilfully, corruptly, lazily etc. It is possible, as I have indicated, for JUDGEMENT values to be evoked rather than inscribed by what we call …token‟ of JUDGEMENT. Under these tokens, JUDGEMENT values are triggered by what can be viewed as simply …facts‟, apparently unevaluated descriptions of some event or state of affairs. The point is that these apparently …factual‟ or informational meanings nevertheless have the capacity in the culture to evoke JUDGEMENTAL responses (depending upon the reader‟s social/culture/ideological reading position). Thus a commentary may inscribe a JUDGEMENT value of negative capacity by accusing the government of …incompetence‟ or, alternatively, evoke the same value by means of a token such as …the government did not lay the foundations for long term growth‟. There is, of course, nothing explicitly evaluative about such an observation but it nonetheless has the potential to evoke evaluations of incompetence in readers who share a particular view of economics and the role of government. Similarly, a reporter might explicitly evaluate the behaviour of, for example, a Californian suicide cult as …bizarre‟ or …aberrant‟ or they might evoke such appraisals by means of tokens such as …They referred to themselves as “angles”or …They filled the mansion with computers and cheap plastic furniture‟. Such tokens, of course, assume shared social norms. They rely upon conventionalized connections between actions and evaluations. As such, they are highly subject to reader position—each reader will interpret a text‟stokens of judgement according to their own cultural and ideological positioning. They are also subject to influence by the co-text, and an important strategy in the establishment of interpersonal positioning in a text is to stage inscribed and evoked evaluation in such a way that the reader shares the writer‟s interpretations of the text‟s tokens.In some instances, the ethical evaluation invoked by some …factual‟ description (a token) will have become so naturalized or taken-for-granted in a given cultural situation that it is likely to be regarded as explicit (inscribed) rather than as implicit (evoked).JUDGEMENT. Consider, for example,They ordered a pizza and then shot the deliveryman in the head at a point-blank range.Now the moral evaluation associated with such as action is so firmly established in our culture as to be virtually automatic. Nevertheless, it is still useful to distinguish between token (implicit JUDGEMENT) and inscription (explicit JUDGEMENT) in these contexts. The writer always has the choice between the token, the description couched essentially in experiential or …factual‟ terms (…They shot the man in the head at point-blank range‟) and a description couched in the explicitly evaluative terms of explicit/inscribed Judgement (…They murdered him, heinously, callously and in cold-blood.‟) Since the choice is always available it remains meaningful and significant and should not be overlooked in the analysis, however …automatic‟ the connection between the factual description and the JUDGEMENT value it implies.11. In which of the following fields of study do you think this author is a researched?(A) Text analysis of legal cases(B) Interpersonal semantics(C) Evaluation of texts(D) Media discourse analysis12. What type of text does this passage belong to?(A) A legal interpretation(B) A textbook(C) A research article(D) A workshop presentation13. Which of the following titles do you think best suits this passage?(A) Implicit versus explicit attitudinal positioning(B) Functions of adjectives(C) Evaluation of judgemental expressions(D) Inscriptions and descriptions14. The phrase “JUDGEMENT value” would best be replaced by:(A) Praise(B) Feeling(C) Attitude(D) Ideological reading position15. Which of the following words or phrases best replace the word “token” in this passage?(A) symbolic expression(B) interpersonal position(C) implication(D) simple statementPassage 4In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants‟ subsequent lack of economic mobility in the N orth is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported thems elves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census category roughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South. About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery—blacksmiths, masons, carpenters—which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence.The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries—tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.16. The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source ofinformation in her investigation?(A) United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930(C) The federal census of 1910(D) Advertisements of labor recruiters appearing in southern newspapers after 191017. The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker‟s decision tomigrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT(A) wage levels in northern cities(B) labor recruiters(C) competition from rural workers(D) voting rights in northern states18. It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion” mentioned in line 53 is based onwhich of the following assumptions?(A) People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons.(B) Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as itis financially possible for them to do so.(C) People with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than arethose with urban backgrounds.(D) Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers.19. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) support an alternative to an accepted methodology(B) present evidence that resolves a contradiction(C) introduce a recently discovered source of information(D) challenge a widely accepted explanation20. According to information in the passage, which of the following is a correct sequence ofgroups of workers, from highest paid to lowest paid, in the period between 1910 and 1930?(A) Artisans in the North; artisans in the South; unskilled workers in the North; unskilledworkers in the South(B) Artisans in the North and South; unskilled workers in the North; unskilled workers in theSouth(C) Artisans in the North; unskilled workers in the North; artisans in the South(D) Artisans in the North and South; unskilled urban workers in the North; unskilled ruralworkers in the SouthPassage 5（本文节选于Critical Citizens for an Intercultural World: Foreign Language Education as Cultural Politics一书Chapter TwoPhilosophical Foundations for Critical Cultural Awareness。
厦门大学博士考试英语真题2010年
厦门大学博士考试英语真题2010年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure (总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that ______ the speakers stopped for refreshments. （分数：1.00）A.at largeB.at intervals √C.at caseD.at random解析：at large“自由行动，逍遥自在地”；at intervals“不时，时时”；at case“不紧张，自由自在”；at random“随便，随机的，随意的”。
根据句意和各个选项的意思可知，正确答案是B。
2.When traveling, you are advised to take traveler's checks, which provide a secure ______ to carrying your money in cash.（分数：1.00）A.substituteB.selectionC.preferenceD.alternative √解析：substitute“代替，代替物”；selection“选择”，指从相当数量中进行选择，强调数量多和慎重的判断和鉴别；preference“喜欢，偏爱”，强调选择时个人的偏爱；alternative “两者或两者以上挑一，取舍，抉择”。
根据句意和各个选项的意思可知，正确答案是D。
3.I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a ______ character.（分数：1.00）A.graciousB.suspicious √C.uniqueD.particular解析：gracious“有礼貌的，宽厚的”；suspicious“多疑的，可疑的”；unique“独一无二的，唯一的”；particular“特别的，独有的”。
2011年吉林大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2011年吉林大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．The government allocated a special sum of money in order to reinforce the prosecution of the effective policy.A．practiceB．proceedingC．useD．implementation正确答案：D解析：名词词义辨析。
prosecution意为“实行；起诉”，与选项中的implementation(实行，执行)词义匹配。
故答案为D。
2．The patient’s unusual symptoms confounded even the most experienced doctor of the hospital.A．confusedB．hitC．stimulatedD．confronted正确答案：A解析：动词词义辨析。
confounded意为“使迷惑，使疑惑”，与选项中的confused(使迷惑，使疑惑)为同意表达。
故答案为A。
3．Forests are delicate systems that if disturbed can be permanently destroyed.A．expansiveB．complexC．unusualD．fragile正确答案：D解析：形容词词义辨析。
根据句中destroyed判断，森林是很“脆弱的”，与选项中的fragile(脆弱的，易碎的)为同意表达。
故答案为D。
4．The Charter had been ratified by a majority of the participants who were the ones that asked for its draft.A．challengedB．approvedC．distributedD．attacked正确答案：B解析：动词词义辨析。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编6(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编6(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．It’s a program designed to______ mainly to 16 to 25 year olds.(2014年厦门大学考博试题)A．includeB．appreciateC．appealD．conduct正确答案：C解析：句意为：这是一个为吸引16到25岁年龄段的人而设计的项目。
根据句意，C项appeal“吸引”，其他三项，A项include“包括”、B项appreciate“欣赏”、D项conduct“实施”均不符合句意。
2．In the early 20th century, at the advent of the telephone, it was considered a superfluous instrument which would never be of practical use in the average household.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．appearanceB．popularityC．dominanceD．consolidation正确答案：A解析：本题中，advent的意思是“出现，到来”。
A项“appearance出现”符合题意，如：His sudden appearance surprised her．(他的突然到来使她很惊讶。
)其他三项“popularity普及，流行；dominance优势，统治；consolidation巩固，合并”都不正确。
3．Don’t eat anything that will spoil your______ for dinner.A．appetiteB．tasteC．interestD．appreciation正确答案：A解析：appetite n．食欲，胃口；欲望(如：She ate slowly，without appetite．At the moment he had no appetite for work／reading．)。
2013年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2013年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．______one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.A．OnB．ByC．AtD．Of正确答案：C解析：at one time为固定词组，意义为“曾经”。
句意是，曼彻斯特曾经是世界上最大的纺织厂基地。
所以正确答案是C选项。
2．If you come to Tokyo, I can put you______in an apartment near my company.A．acrossB．downC．outD．up正确答案：D解析：四个选项的意思分别是put across使……被理解；put down放下，镇压；put out熄灭，赶走；put up供给……住宿。
句意是，如果你来东京，可以住在位于我公司附近的一处公寓里。
所以正确答案是D选项。
3．It seems oil______from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A．had leakedB．is leakingC．leakedD．has been leaking正确答案：D解析：现在完成进行时表示在一段时间内持续进行的动作，并对现在产生一定的影响。
句意是，似乎石油从管道泄漏已有一段时间了。
我们将不得不把机器拆开修理。
所以正确答案是D选项。
4．He will agree to do what you require______him.A．ofB．fromC．toD．for正确答案：A解析：四个选项的意思分别是require of sb．要求某人；require sth．from sb．要求某人某事；require to do sth．要求做某事。
厦门大学2011年继续教育试题英语
厦门大学2011年继续教育试题英语《英语1》复习题I. Reading Comprehension:Passage 1In the water around New York City is a very small island called Liberty Island. On Liberty Island there is a very special statue called the Statute of Liberty. It is one of the most famous sights in the world.The Statue of Liberty was a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States. The statue was made by a French sculptor named Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. The inner support system was designed by Gustave Eiffel, the same man who made the famous Eiffel T ower in Paris.Liberty, of course, means freedom, and the Statue of Liberty was given to the United States to celebrate the one-hundredth anniversary of U.S. independence from England. The statue was built in France, taken apart piece by piece and then rebuilt in the United States. It was opened for the public on October 28, 1886.As you might expect, the statue is very big. Visitors can ride an elevator from the ground to the bottom of the statue. If they want to, they can then walk up the 168 steps to reach the head of the statue where they can look out and enjoy the beautiful sight of the city of New York.1. A good title for this selection is _____.A. Famous Sights in the WorldB. Liberty IslandC. The Statue of LibertyD. A Gift from France2. The word “sights” in the first paragraph means ______.A. a small present or giftB. a kind of postcardC. the power of seeingD. something that you can see3. The statue was built in ______.A. FranceB. the United StatesC. EnglandD. Liberty Island4. We may conclude that the elevator does not ______.A. go fast enoughB. cost a lot of moneyC. go to the topD. both A and B5. The man who made the part of the statue that we can see on the outside was ______.A. an unknown architectB. BartholdiC. EiffelD. both B and C(答案：CDACB)Passage 2When an English traveler was to return home from Sweden, he found that he had only enough money left to get a ticket back to E ngland. He decided that as it w as only a two days’ voyage he could get home without eating anything. So he bought a ticket with the little money he had and went on board the ship.He closed his ears to the sound of the lunch bell, and when dinner time came, he refused to go down to the dining room, saying that he did not feel well.The following day he did not get up until breakfast was over, pretending that he had overslept. At lunch time, too, he kept out of the way. By dinner time, however, he was extre mely hungry. “I can’t stand this any longer,” he said to himself. “I must have something to eat.” At the dinner table he ate everything put in front of him. When he was quite satisfied he felt stronger an d called the waiter.“Bring me the bill,” he said t o the waiter.“The bill?” sai d the waiter in surprise.“Yes,” answered the traveler.“There isn’t any bill here,” said the waiter. “On this ship meals are already included in the ticket.”6. When the traveler was going back home, he found that ________.A. he still had enough money to buy the ticket and something to eatB. he had not enough money left for the ticket back to EnglandC. he had more than enough money left to buy a ticket back to EnglandD. the money he had with him was enough only for a ticket back to England7.He decided to eat nothing during the voyage because _________.A. the voyage was not very longB. he used to have a meal every other dayC. he had no money leftD. he had some food with him8.Which of the following statements is true?A. He didn’t feel well on the first day of the voyage.B. He overslept the following day.C. He didn’t have lunch on the ship.D. He had only one lunch on the ship.9.By dinner time the next day, the traveler _________.A. was too weak to stand on his feetB. could not bear it any longerC. felt stronger than everD. was quite satisfied with what he had achieved10.When the traveler asked for the bill, the waiter was surprised because _________.A. the traveler spent too much money on the foodB. the traveler was a stranger to the waiterC. the traveler’s voice was too loudD. meals were free of charge on that ship(答案：DCCBD)Passage 3Different as they are, advertisements are alike in one important way. They have the same purpose, to get people to buy something.In the days of the cave men there was no advertising. There was no need for it. But as soon as people began to make things to sell, advertising was found to be useful. The businessmen of ancient Egypt employed "criers" to walk through the streets shouting or singing about the things they wanted to sell. Newsboys still "cry" their papers now.In the Middle Ages businessmen hung picture signboards over their shop door showing what they had to sell. A large picture of a shoe above a shop door meant that it was a shoemaker's shop. It suggested buying shoes or having old ones mended.As more things were made to be sold, advertising grew. Today advertising is one of the biggest businesses. A great many people work at the advertisement. Every year billions of dollars are spent on advertising.Advertising helps sell more things to more people. This in turn makes it possible to produce more things to sell. Sometimes it even helps make things cost less. Radios, for example, used to cost much more than they do because they were turned out slowly and expensively by hand. But advertising made more people want radios. When producers began making them by the thousands, they found quicker and cheaper ways of doing the job.11. Advertising is almost all made ___________.A. by people who sell thingsB. by people who buy thingsC. by employed "criers"D. by ancient Egyptians12. All advertisements are the same in that ___________.A. they are of the same colorB. they help sell thingsC. they are made on televisionD. they often look alike13. It is not mentioned in the passage that__________.A. advertising can be in both spoken and written formsB. advertising on TV is much preferredC. the cave men did not make any advertisementD. advertising today employs many "criers"14. Radios used to cost much more than they do today because_____________.A. people did not advertiseB. no one wanted to buy themC. they were made slowly by handD. they were made quickly by machines15. Advertising which is one of the biggest businesses probably began __________.A. in the days of the cave menB. in the Middle AgesC. in the modern timeD. when there were things to sell(答案：ABBCD)II. Vocabulary and Structure1. She is a ______ woman who is certain of her ideas and actions.A. significantB. awareC. confident√D. intense2. —That man alone over there — who is he?— ____________.A. He is a studentB. He is Doctor T ook √C. A driver, I supposeD. He's drunk3. — Hi, is Mary there, please?— __________.A. Hold on. I’ll get her√B. No, she isn’t hereC. Yes, she live hereD. Yes, what do you want4. The boss refused to give any _______ on the fact that hisworkers were out of jobs.A. responseB. comment√C. answerD. reply5. The story he is telling is so ________ that some of the listeners begin to ask him to stop.A. pleasantB. horrible√C. healthyD. exciting6. People working in the government should not _________________ business affairs that might change their political judgment.A. engage in√B. hope forC. choose betweenD. pick on7. Robin thought that the best _______ to learning a foreign language is the study of the spoken language.A. methodB. wayC. meansD. approach √8. It is very difficult for the time being to ________ how much money is needed.A. accountB. assumeC. rangesD. estimate √9. —“Merry Christmas and Happy New Year to you!”—“________.”A. Thank you, the same to you √B. I hope soC. I wish soD. I’m glad to hear that10. Good managing of a company ________ great efforts.A. calls on√B. calls outC. calls inD. calls at11. It was in China ________ Dr. Bethune gave his life to the cause of the revolution.A. that √B. whereC. in whichD. at which12. The young professor ______ himself as an international leader in the field of mathematics.A. established√B. builtC. foundedD. found13 --- I believe we've met somewhere before.--- No, _______________.A. it isn't the sameB. it can't be rightC. I don't think so √D. I’d rather not14. — Would you like to have dinner with us this evening?— ___________.A. OK, but I have to go to a meeting nowB. No, I can’tC. Sorry, but this evening I have to go to the airport to meet my parents√D. I don't know15. — Excuse me, but can you tell me the way to the airport?— ____________.A. Don’t ask thatB. Sorry, I’m a stranger here√C. No, I can’t say thatD. No, you’re driving too fast16. He ran ________ no one could catch him.A. so fast asB. very fast thatC. that fast soD. so fast that √17. _______ coming of the Space Age, a new area has been added to the study of the planets.A. WhileB. It is theC. When theD. With the √18. To be frank, I' d rather you ________ in the case.A. will not be involvedB. not involvedC. not to be involvedD. were not involved √19. After a long period of regular exercise, I now ____________ much less than I used to.A. weigh√B. likeC. growD. increase20. If you think that the illness might be serious you should not ______ going to the doctor.A. put off √B. hold backC. put awayD. hold up21. Our neighbour said that if we made more noise he would ________________ us to the police.A. inform ofB. complain about √C. report toD. care for22. On our trip out of the country we visited ______ in England.A. relationshipB. relationsC. relatives √D. personnel23. Most people have no real idea how to change to healthy food, and Maureen was no ________.A. foundationB. possibilityC. exception√D. ignorance24. The teacher praised and rewarded the good ________ of his students in class.A. statusB. behaviour √C. functionD. signal25. The book offers some advice about how to make a good ________ at job interviews.A. attitudeB. appearanceC. effectD. impression √26. --- Do you mind telling me where you’re from?---___________.A. Certainly. I’m from LondonB. Sure. I was born in LondonC. Not really, you can do itD. Certainly not. I’m from London √27. He could be ________ about everything else in the world, but not about Manet, his loving child.A. visualB. critical√C. favoriteD. essential28. ________ else goes, I won't.A. WhoB. WhomC. Whoever√D. He who29. We also use other forms of communication ________ we may be aware or unaware.A. to whichB. of which√C. whichD. that30 Listening, speaking, reading, and then writing _______ the basic order in language learning.A. assistsB. constitutes√C. establishesD. founds31. ________ 25 years ago next month, the club is holding a party for past and present members.A. FormingB. Being ing formedC. Formed √D. To form32. The train was ________ slow I was almost two hours late.A. so√B. suchC. veryD. that33. A man walked in off the street and fell flat ________ his face, unconscious.A. forB. on √C. againstD. in34. She ______________ him to help her to find answers to her problems.A. learned fromB. came intoC. leaned on√D. looked at35. They had to examine the dead tiger before they had a _______ answer as to who killed it.A. positive√B. seniorC. virtualD. vital36. Few of the students understand why language is _______ to human beings.A. awareB. unique√C. absoluteD. continual37. He always knew what time it was, as if by ________.A. instinct√B. imaginationC. reactionD. reality38. The ________ she is in is whether to get married and live her own life or to stay at home supporting the family.A. troubleB. problemC. choiceD. dilemma √39. When you're in Paris you can't help being ________ of the way the streets are kept clean.A. effectiveB. relaxedC. conscious√D. obvious40. Twenty years ago it was common to see people _________________ from hunger on the streets in that poor nation, butclearly the situation has improved greatly since then.A. callingB. preventingC. resultingD. collapsing √41. If you want to know the train timetable, please ______ at the booking office.A. acquireB. inquire √C. requestD. require42. With the job ________, he went to see a film with his colleagues.A. done √B. doingC. to doD. do43. We must ________ our attention on the question of reducing our cost.A. payB. focus √C. absorbD. promote44. — Good morning, sir. May I help you?— ____________.A. No, I don’t buy anything.B. No, I don’t need your helpC. Yes, I need some sugar√D. Oh, no. That’s OK45. What a ________ smell! Open the window and air the room.A. disgusting√B. pleasingC. powerfulD. disturbing46. He thought that _______.A. the effort doing the job was not worthB. the effort was not worth in doing the jobC. it was not worth the effort doing the job √D. it was not worth the effort by doing the jobIII. ClozeDo you know what color an orange is? Is it orange? Not always. Some oranges are green. They can be green in color even if they are 1 and ready to eat. An orange that is orange in color is ___2 __ that has been grown in cool air. Some people who live in very warm places have never seen an orange.Oranges can be eaten in many __3 __. Some people eat them with sugar. Others put salt on them. Lots of people eat them __4____.Some people _5 _ an orange in their hands to eat it. Some people use _6_ to help them peel (剥皮) and eat an orange. Many people use a spoon. Some people made a ___7 __ hole in one end of an orange and _8__ the juice. Oranges are often squeezed (挤出)to make orange juice to drink.Not all oranges __9__ as food or drink. There is one country _10_ people cut oranges in half and use them to scrub the floor.1. A. ripe B. big C. heavy D. soft2. A. the one B. one C. all D. each3. A. colors B. parts C. ways D. sides4. A. whole B. full C. all D. plain5. A. hold B. seize C. grasp D. catch6. A. knife and fork B. a knife and fork C. knife or fork D. a knife and a fork7. A. big B. deep C. small D. thorough8. A. bring out B. break out C. spit out D. suck out9. A. end up B. complete C. are finished D. use up10. A. which B. where C. there D. in that(答案：ABCDA BCDAB)What should we do to stay healthy? One important rule is to exercise 1 _. The Fang family tries to exercise every day. Lee Fang ___2___ exercise in the morning because he must be at his job at exactly seven o'clock. But he runs every evening. He would rather run than watch TV. He walks a lot, __3___. He walks to school every day, and after school he 4____ different sports with his friends. Lee Fang goes to a yoga class ____5____.But it wasn't ___6___ this way. Last year Mr. and Mrs. Fang used to ____7___ everywhere, even to the drugstore two blocks away. They thought they had to use the car all the time. They wouldn't walk.The Fangs all ___8___ better now. And they believe you mustn't be lazy. You ___9___ exercise every day. But you should ___ 10___ to get in shape and stay in shape.1. A. often B. sometimes C. late D. later2. A. may not B. can not C. would not D. should not3. A. either B. also C. too D. again4. A. watches B. plays C. loves D. practices5. A. in two weeks B. for two weeks C. after two weeks D. twice a week6. A. always B. seldom C. usually D. sometimes7. A. ride B. drive C. fly D. walk8. A. had B. make C. feel D. feel like9. A. needn't B. don't C. won't have to D. mustn’t10. A. try B. want C. wish D. hope(答案：ABCBD ABCAA)IV. Translate the following sentences from Chinese into English:1. “一见钟情”或”瞬间成恨”常视为不成熟的标记。
厦门大学考博英语-8
厦门大学考博英语-8(总分：105.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.The "formal learning" refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom, regardless of whether such learning is ______ by conservative or progressive ideologies.（分数：0.50）A.securedB.attainedC.manifestrmed √解析：[解析] D选项：informed的意思为“提供资料(或情报、消息等)”，如：He informed his staff that he Was going to Europe on business．(他告诉职员他要到欧洲出差。
)句意：“正规的学习”是指所有的学习都在课堂上进行，不论知识传授者的思想意识是保守还是进步。
故选D。
其他三项意思分别是：secured使安全，(使)获得；attained实现，得到；manifest清楚表示，显露。
2.The fire was finally brought under control, but not ______ extensive damage had been caused. （分数：0.50）A.before √B.sinceC.afterD.as解析：[解析] 句子的大意为：火势终于被控制住了，但还是造成了巨大的损失。
not before表示“在这之前”，所以A项符合题意。
3.Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in preference to others to ______ the food supply.（分数：0.50）A.enhance √B.curbC.disruptD.heighten解析：[解析] enhance提高，促进，夸张，宣扬。
2011英语一真题(后附答案详解)
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exercise precious to health.”But 1 some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 ,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.6 ,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughter apparently accomplishes the7 ,studies dating back to the 1930's indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also 14 tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile–or with their lips，which would produce a（n）17 expression.Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown,19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around 20,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has described him as a man who iscapable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly different,more vibrant organization.”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving“to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition was“very much my decision,”McGee says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on whatkind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn’t alone.In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are,but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27.According to Paragraph 2,senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached”(Line 3,Paragraph 4)most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs:Where to Go? [B]CEOs:All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net [D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional“paid”media–such as television commercials and print advertisements–still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media,such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses.But in some cases,one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media–for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,has created Baby Center,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income,the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media:an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,other stakeholders,or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks,for instance,are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case,the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestratedsocial-media response campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create“earned”media when they are[A]obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B]inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C]eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D]enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A]a safe business environment.[B]random competition.[C]strong user traffic.[D]flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A]invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B]can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C]may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D]deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A]responding effectively to hijacked media.[B]persuading customers into boycotting products.[C]cooperating with supportive consumers.[D]taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?[A]Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B]Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C]Dominance of hijacked media.[D]Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful,provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter–nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptive–and newly single–mom Sandra Bullock,as well as theusual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news.Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation,is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you supportkitten-killing?It doesn’t seem quite fair,then,to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids,but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course,the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic,especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.No shock there,considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on;yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it,raising a kid on their“own”(read:with round-the-clock help)is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small,subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience,in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting“the Rachel”might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied withtheir life.39.According to Paragraph 4,the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)[A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities.You can,Mr Menand points out,became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four.But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years.Not surprisingly,up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B]His concern is mainly with the humanities:Literature,languages,philosophy and so on.These are disciplines that are going out of style:22%of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2%in history and 4%in English.However,many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses.But most find it difficult to agree on what a“general education”should look like.At Harvard,Mr Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C]Equally unsurprisingly,only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school.There are simply too few posts.This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs.But fewer students want to studyhumanities subjects:English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later.Fewer students requires fewer teachers.So,at the end of a decade of theses-writing,many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D]One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate,taught in different schools.Many students experience both varieties.Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law,medicine or business,future doctors and lawyers must study anon-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E]Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation,top American universities have professionalised the professor.The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process:federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990,but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll.Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career:as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one.But the key idea behind professionalisation,argues Mr Menand,is that“the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge,but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F]The key to reforming higher education,concludes Mr Menand,is to alter the way in which“the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise,academics will continue to think dangerously alike,increasingly detached from the societies which they study,investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry,at least in some fields,may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens,Mr Menand dose not say.[G]The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas:Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree.They may then decide to go elsewhere.For something curious has been happening in American Universities,and Louis Menand,aprofessor of English at Harvard University,captured it skillfully.G→41.→42.→E→43.→44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)With its theme that“Mind is the master weaver,”creating our inner character and outer circumstances,the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneousnature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter,we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless;this allows us to think one way and act another.However,Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind,and(47)while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone,in reality we are continually faced with a question:“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire,Allen concluded:“We do not attract what we want,but what weare.”Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement;you don’t“get”success but become it.There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that“Circumstances do not make a person,they reveal him.”(48)This seems a justification for neglect of those in need,and a rationalization of exploitation,of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This,however,would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument.Each set of circumstances,however bad,offers a unique opportunity for growth.If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people,then humanity would never haveprogressed.In fat,(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we fel that we have been“wronged”then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from oure situation.Nevertheless,as any biographer knows,a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.(50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us;where before we were experts in the array of limitations,now we become authorities of what is possible.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1)recommend one of your favorite movies and2)give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the er“LI MING”instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it’s intended meaning,and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)答案解析Section I Use of English1.【答案】[C]【解析】语义逻辑题。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编26(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编26(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．We are going to ______ our house by building another room on to it.A．developB．enlargeC．spreadD．stretch正确答案：B解析：enlarge vt．扩大；放大。
develop v. 发展；成长，发育；开发，研制；逐渐显现出。
spread v.摊开，伸开；散布，传播。
stretch v.拉长，延，伸。
2．My students found the book ______: it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.(2006年财政部财政研究所考博试题)A．enlighteningB．confusingC．distractingD．amusing正确答案：A解析：enlightened意为“令人受启发的，启迪人的”；confusing意为“令人迷惑的”。
distracting意为“使人分散注意力的”；amusing意为“有趣的，令人发笑的”。
所以正确答案选A。
3．We must______that the experiment is controlled as rigidly as possible.A．assureB．secureC．ensureD．issue正确答案：C解析：ensure vt.保证，担保。
4．It is true that Matviyenko’s heading of the campaign would ______ certain staffing shuffles in the leadership, and now only a few members of the company were in the know. (2004年厦门大学考博试题)A．concurB．convokeC．entailD．alternate正确答案：C解析：本题空格处是说Matviyenko领导这场战役将会需要一定的人员变动。