托福写作讲义
托福综合写作讲义
断言声称：allegation/ claim/ assertion
B. 语言
提示观点，递进： in addition/ furthermore in the same manner another reason is... that brings us to... what I want to talk about is that...
B. 语言
研究调查：(further/ closer/ other) studies/ researches
TOEFL iBT
Integrated Writing
By Joe
考什么
• 1. note taking • 2. summarizing • 3. paraphrasing
Reading & Lecture
1. 驳斥
1.1 L完全反对R中的结论、观点； 1. 2 L指出R中未提及的缺陷、不利之处等； 2. 延续 2.1 L支持R结论、观点； 2. 2 L解释R中的原因、结果等；
B. 语言
驳斥、反对 •refute, disagree with, cast doubt on, challenge, oppose, conflict with, deny the statement of, contradict, differ from, in contrast
B. 语言
Reading 读什么
托福强化写作---学生讲义
托福阅读强化班学生讲义第一章：范文第二章：机经答案第三章：一般功能词汇第四章：特殊背景词汇第一章：范文(1)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only cause of unhealthy eating habits.Many experts have warned us against some diseases caused by unhealthy eating habits, and then some people attribute those inappropriate habits to commercials. Although I concede that advertising is one of the factors accounting for people’s unhealthy eating habits, it’s too exaggerated to say that advertising is the only reason, because there are another two elements that can not be neglected.Admittedly, advertising may be a cause of unhealthy eating habits, for the advertisements of junk foods are often designed quite tempting in order to attract buyers. For example, the commercial of KFC is typically a combination of melodious music, fancy pictures and a slogan of “ We do chicken right”, luring people to purchase the unhealthy food. Howeve r, it is an overstatement to assert that advertising is the only reason since the two following reasons exist.Heavy workload keeps people from having their meals regularly, which is considered as one of unhealthy eating habits. Nowadays, people have to work really hard to survive in the highly competitive society, so they barely have time to sit at the table and have dinners. Take a businessman for example. He may keep working for over 8 hours a day to get all his work done and have no time for lunch. Consequently, he only has one meal a day. It is definitely an unhealthy eating habit, which result from too much business and a long working time.Besides, the so-called junk foods, such as fried chicken, cheese burgers and cola, are indeed more delicious, especially for children. Commonly, fried chicken wings are usually spicy and crispy compared with the blend and mild taste of steamed chicken wings, so it is easy to understand why those junk foods can soon become popular among young children. However, the fried wings, corns and chips are too oily, containing excessive fat and even some poisonous ingredients, all of which do harm to people’s health. So I believe the special taste and flavor explain why people love those unhealthy foods.In sum, it is inappropriate to reckon that advertising is the only cause of unhealthy eating habit because heavy workload and good taste of junk foods are another two reaons. I hope everyone can say no to the junk foods, reduce working hours and enjoy a more healthy life. (384 words)(Written by Liao Xin)(2)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Movies and televisions should always show audience that good people are rewarded and bad people are punished.The booming movie industry now offers us many choices when we stand at the counter of a cinema discussing which movie is worth watching and which is not. Some people argue that no matter how many movies are produced these years, movies should always show audience thatgood people are rewarded and bad people are punished. From my perspective, the disadvantages of stereotyped movies outweigh the only advantage.To begin with, stereotyped movies will decelerate the rate at which the movie industry develops. It is because there is no innovation in designing the plot. Once the audience can easily guess the ending at the beginning of movies, they will soon find those movies boring. For example, a good-looking hero and an ugly villain, who do you think will marry the elegant princess and who will be put into jail finally in those movies? The answer is quite obvious. In this case, people will be reluctant to buy movie tickets and as a result, the whole movie industry may actually suffer.Plots in the stereotyped movies are sometimes contradictory to reality. In the real society, good people may end up living miserably and bad people may not be punished. Life abounds with such examples. An industrious worker may not be paid his wage after working for one year; in contrast, his boss may be awarded Top Entrepreneur by the government. Similarly, the man who sends an old lady seriously injured in a traffic accident to hospital may be wrongly fined. In this circumstance, children are not able to survive in the real world as the stereotyped movies prevent them from deeply knowing it.Admittedly, stereotyped movies may teach children virtues. Children are supposed to stick to be a good man no matter how hard their life might be. However, it is not necessary for all movies to deliver this principle to audience. What's more, the educational value in the stereotyped movies may fade as children grow up and know the brutal reality.As far as I am concerned, it is not advisable for movies to show audience good people are rewarded and bad people are punished at all time, because the two consequences surpass the sole benefit. (365 words)(Written by Liao Xin)(3)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should be rewarded with incomes comparable to those of doctors, lawyers or business leaders. Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.In the literature, teachers are usually described as the gardeners or engineers of human souls. While in the real world, teaching is a profession typically characterized by high turnover rates and difficult recruitment. It is an essential role in a society, but a generally thankless one in terms of financial benefit and status. From my perspective of view, I fully agree with the title statement that teachers should be paid comparable to those of doctors, lawyers or business leaders.First of all, at the different stages of social divisions, the role that a teacher plays is never dispensable. Teachers make all other professions possible. A doctor, a lawyer, or a business leader, whoever you are, you cannot begin your career without school education. It was teachers that imparted us knowledge and cultivated us, in the course of our growth. Again, it is teachers that are commissioned with the significant task of educating our next generation. Thus, there is no doubt that teachers make immense contributions to our society. If people are paid distinctivelyby their contributions to the society, why are teachers not paid as well as doctors, lawyers, or business leaders?When examining the income of school teachers, one frequently cited fact is that teachers have summers off or work fewer hours and therefore deserve to be paid less. In fact, teaching is not an eight-hours-a-day job. Teachers put in tons of unpaid hours, making lesson plans, attending teacher-parent conferences, and helping students after class, etc. In short, teachers deserve to be paid more as the job is much more stressful and demanding.Furthermore, the teacher pay seems to coincide with teacher quality over the long run. Nowadays, though teaching generally requires a bachelor's degree or better, teachers' incomes are usually not considered comparable with other professionals of similar education, and offer little room for advancement or significant bonuses. Consequently, the highly educated people choose to take the well-paid jobs rather than becoming a teacher. In conclusion, to increase teacher pay so as to better the quality of teachers and improve the education system in the long term.To summarize, teachers should be rewarded with incomes comparable to those of doctors, lawyers, and business leaders, because teachers contribute to our society enormously, carry the great responsibility and frequently overwork. Besides, adequate payment for teachers is what a better education system calls for.(Written by Kang Hui)(4)It is more important for students to understand ideas and concepts than to learn facts.Learning is a complicate process, which consists of various aspects. For students, to understand ideas and concepts, or to learn facts, arouses controversy. Is to understand ideas more important than to learn facts? My answer is no. Ideas and facts are equally important aspects of learning.On the one hand, ideas and concepts can render innumerable facts and phenomenon to concise and elegant rules, principles and laws, which are easier to grasp. And ideas and concepts help people to understand the root causes for facts and phenomenon. For example, the Gravity Law helps students to understand the fact that apples fall down from the tree unto the ground. Likewise, the Kepler’s Laws helps students to understand the motions of the planets and the Earth rotating around the Sun. Thus, concept learning plays an essential role during the process of learning for students.On the other hand, facts can help students to validate or debunk ideas and concepts they learned in the classes. Facts are the most abundant direct materials for us to accept. By virtue of knowing various facts, students can have the sense of what they are learning. For instance, fossils of ancient species prove the theory of Evolution. The failure of the Qing Dynasty of China proved that isolation from the outside world would not work. As a consequence, it is facts that help learners to get the first feeling about what they are working on. Als0, it is facts that can prove a student’s knowledge right or wrong.Furthermore, concepts learning are closely related to facts learning, which makes the two aspects of learning hardly isolated. In reality, we usually start learning with recognizing and memorizing facts of different subjects. Only after we have learned enough facts, we are likely to understand the inner concepts. And a deep understanding of ideas is definitely crucial for us to well accept what we have learned. In order to fully master a knowledge point we get from the class, we need understand the ideas of it.In conclusion, it is facts and concepts combined together that contributes to a better understanding of knowledge. Only by attaching equal important to facts learning and concepts learning simultaneously can students benefit from the process of learning to the most extent.(Written by Kang Hui)(5)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should not pay for the public transportation.In this day and age, passengers are charged for their ridings. Since most of the mass transportation facilities are partially owned by the private businesses, the system generally aims at the maximization of profits. I strongly believe that people should pay for the public transportation, including city buses, highways and trains, for the following reasons.Firstly, people should pay for the city buses for better service quality. For one thing, the profits can act as a driven force for the bus companies to improve their service. They tend to increase the number of buses, optimize the driving courses and do well in maintaining the bus to attract more passengers and enlarge the profits. For another, profits will surely intensify the competition between bus companies, which will finally lead to the entire improvement of the bus service system.Secondly, people should pay for the highway system since the government built the highways as investments. If people stop paying for their taking the subway, government may stop building more highways and it will result in the inconvenience and low efficiency of traffic system. For example, the citizens in my hometown have ever been reluctant to pay for the highway. What's more, some illegal long-distance transportation firms which used the highway frequently do not pay for the fees and beat the cashiers in the highway very seriously. Several Months later, the government had to close the highway because they were failed in investments. This phenomenon negatively influenced upon and set back the development of the local economy.Finally, people should pay for the trains. On one hand, there are different classes of train tickets such as hard-seat tickets, sleeper tickets and non-seat tickets. If passengers take it without paying, it will be difficult to reach an agreement among the passengers on the fair distribution of tickets and seats. The more you pay for, the better seat you should keep. Furthermore, it will be a heavy burden for the government to support the train system independently.Admittedly, some people hold the idea that we should not pay for the public transportation forsome reasons. Yet, I insist that we should do that. It is the right for everyone to benefit from the mass transportation, and it is also everyone's responsibility to support it.(Written by Liang Jianshi)(6)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to spend money on traveling and vacation than to save money for the future.In this day and age, there is a heated discussion about the utilization of the money we earned. Some people support the idea of spending money on traveling and vacation, while others believe it is better to save money for the future. As far as I am concerned, the second choice is considerable.First and foremost, the money we saved can be used in an emergency. It is no doubt that we have to face different tough obstacles in our life, so money is of vital significance at that time. Facing diseases or personal financial crisis, we will endure and overcome it by the saving money. Fortunately, an increasing number of people have been accepted this idea. A recent poll conducted by government officials shows that seventy percent of university students would save money preparing for future use rather than spending money on traveling and vacations.In addition, the income for some people is so slender that they cannot afford the money for traveling. Those who do not have high income even worried about the consumption of house rent, food and clothing, so actually they haven’t g ot extra money to travel. My uncle is a case in point. He, who works in a factory, only has a salary of 600RMB per months. It is not difficult to figure out money left after paying the above-mentioned expenses of the family. Never had he spent money on traveling or vacation because of the lack of money.Admittedly, spending money on traveling and vacation has advantages as enjoying the beautiful scenery and releasing stress, and its disadvantages are apparent and unavoidable as well. For instance, I went to the National Park, which is a beautiful natural landscape in our country. When I stepped in that park, I felt the odor of Mother Nature strongly. However, traveling and vacation do costly and toilsome, and we can acquire happiness and relaxation from other kinds of ways without taking so much effort and energy.Base on the factors I mention above, a conclusion could be drawn that I prefer saving money for the future than spending money on traveling and vacation.(Written by Liang Jianshi)(7)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Younger school children (aged five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science and history.Art and music are the greatest cultural inheritances from our ancestors and elites of our times. For children, starting to learn art and music can help them develop their ability better, communicate with others better and enjoy their life better. In this sense, I totally agree with thestatement for a number of reasons.To st art with, as is often pointed that art and music can enhance children’s ability of imagination, concentration and perseverance. Music is an expressive art of sound and the meaning of every musical note has unique profoundness which leaves our children unlimited scope of imagination. They could interpret the music they heard in their own way and that’s why even a baby would move its body to a piece of music. What’s more, in daily exercises, in order to perfect their skill and control every sound, children have to control themselves and attach more attention to the music. That’s where their concentration has been improved. Finally, after years’ unremitting efforts, they may attend some contests and, of course, if they really stick to music and are fond of it, some prizes will be given and more important, they learnt a priceless lesson that perseverance will pay off.Next, art and music can better children’s disposition and temperament. The process of learning art and music can improve the communication among the students and teachers. They may express their emotion freely and establish a special bridge of communication with others. When they play a piece of music or paint a picture skillfully and beautifully, self-achievement and activeness has been built up unconsciously. According to the recent survey made by Chinese Academy of Social Science, many children are becoming better-tempered, warm, generous, willing to help and communicate with others, after starting to learn art and music for a period of time.La st but not least, art and music can heighten children’s life quality and taste. An evaluation of high quality and taste is always given to the art students, who always have a unique perspective towards many issues. The simple reason is that art comes from life and higher than life. Student learning art definitely enjoy the life of higher quality than others. Besides, all masterpieces of famous musicians and painters should be the learning materials for the students. With the influence by those great people, the students’ horizon will be certainly broader.Obviously, all the evidence confirms an undoubted conclusion that children aged from 5 to 10 should start to learn music and art. It will surely benefit their school life and life after.(Written by Sun Wei)(8)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to improve education is to raise teachers’ salaries.How to improve education has always been one of the hottest social issues to be discussed. Some people would say that the best way to promote education is to provide teachers with high salaries, because teachers are of indispensable function in the education. But as for me, I don’t think that it is the best way to achieve the goal of education improvement, for there are still other factors need to be considered.First of all, scientific educational plan is fundamental for education improvement. A reasonable and well-organized plan will optimize the structure of students’ knowledge and ability andcultivate high quality talents with specialty. On the contrary, if the plan is in defective condition, it is almost a mission impossible to shape education superiority and development of talents cannot avoid be influenced. We may point out a common example of machinery manufacturing. In producing a beautiful machine, a systematic, detailed, and scientific plan of production must be elaborated and delivered carefully. Any flaw, no matter perceivable or not, will result in functional defect, ever worse, uselessness!Moreover, to improve the validity and reality relevance of learning materials that students are using will affect the education enhancement. Teachers, students and teaching contents are basic elements of educational activities and learning materials are the carrier of the contents, main source from which students acquire the knowledge, and basic principle for teachers’ activities. Correspondence among the objective students, the difficulty and the content coverage of the learning materials will work on the result and effectiveness of learning process. Good materials could definitely achieve the anticipated goal, while invalid, outdated materials could never work out. This is supported by a typical instance of English language education. Students are learning the platitude and cliché of last fifty years for spoken English in some countries. With those materials, the students could hardly perform effective communication, not to mention improve their language education in these places.However, we cannot deny the fact that the improvement of education is conditioned by teachers. The teachers are the playing the dominant roles in the teaching and they are hold the guiding position in the purpose, contents, process, methodology, pattern and means of instructions. Quality of education therefore, is inseparable with that of teachers. After all, the fact that an accomplished disciple owes his accomplishment to his great teacher is inarguable. So, providing them with incentive of higher salaries will arouse teachers’ enthusiasm and then achi eve the goal of education improvement to some extent.From what has been discussed above, we could safely draw the conclusion that many factors need to be considered and many methods can also be taken to improve education. Raising teachers’ salaries is on e of the available options, but not the best one.(Written by Sun Wei)(9) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing sports teaches people lessons about the life.Nowadays, a large group of people are crazy about doing sports with other zealous fellows. They always keep themselves occupied with all kinds of sports instead of lying in sofa, watching soap operas. I am a loyal advocator to this passionate life style. While possessing a good health, beneficial classes of life are extra gains of doing sports.Doing sports constantly can steel people’s willpower and teach them the lesson of persevering in everyday life no matter how tough the situations are. For instance, Lionel Messi, my favorite football player, no one could believe that he was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency and we almost miss a superstar! However, his persistence and intense love for football kept himgoing on without hesitation and nothing could stop him from becoming an excellent player. Ultimately, the sporting director of Barcelona had been made aware of his talent and led him to a superiorly shining life. Now he has received FIFA World Player of the Year nomination in 2009 at the age of 21. This incident gives me a full understanding of the fact that how unbelievable results sports may bring to people.In addition, sports guide people to respect rivals regardless of the results. Also, no matter how strong you are and maybe your opponent has no chance to win at all, respecting opponents still remains its essential place. In 2010 Africa FIFA World Cup, when North Korea which at the bottom of the ranking list encountered Brazil, which ranks No.1 in the world. Brazil showed the characteristic of a world-class team. They tried hard as their competitors were equally strong as them and spoke highly of North Korea’s presentation after the game. In sum, sports really enable people to own the quality of respecting opponents, which makes it unique compared to other things.Another vital class we can learn is accepting defeats or victories, it is a fundamental part of competition and it is unavoidable for each participant. That is just the most appealing part of sports. Team members should not blame their partners for anything as long as he puts all his heart into it. Facing failure calmly and embracing success modestly are the experiences of life that sports give us.Considering all the analysis above, we safely come to the conclusion that doing sports indeed benefit us a lot in varied ways. I insist that in the future a large range of people will participate in sports and obtain knowledge of life.(Written by Wang Pingfei)(10)Do agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people should take different kinds of jobs before they take a career in a long term.Generally, many young people take several different kinds of jobs when they first step into the society. However, some people argue that whether it is necessary to take numerous jobs before they take a career in a long time. Nevertheless, from my perspective, they should take various jobs before pursuing the long-term employment in order to find out their interests and potential, gain more knowledge as well as experience, and make more friends.Firstly, taking several jobs enables the young people to discover their real passion and potential. After the students have graduated from college, some of them have no clue about what career they should choose. However, only by trying numerous kinds of occupations can they figure out which field they will be interested in and do well. My uncle first worked as an accountant in a small company after he obtained his college degree. However, he soon realized the work was too dull for him. Then he changed his career to a HR manager in a national bank. Yet, he was totally overwhelmed by the heavy work load as well as the competitive working environment. He quitted his job and became a mathematics teacher in a high school. To his surprise, he eventually found out his passion in teaching the students and decided to take teacher as his long-termcareer. Therefore, young people should experience a variety of jobs to identify the job that most suits them.Secondly, young people can learn various sorts of skills and gain valuable experience which is useful for the whole career development. It is an undeniable fact that by taking several new jobs, people have to adapt to the new environment. In this way, they can learn many practical knowledge and techniques. For instance, if a young man changes his job and steps into another career, he has to get accustomed to this new place. By communicating with his colleagues, he can gradually improve his social skills. Spontaneously, he will have a quick adaptation to the environment.As far as I am concerned, taking various jobs make it possible for the young people to discover their interests and potential. They can also obtain valuable experience and knowledge that may be beneficial to their long-term career. Considering all the analysis above, we may safely come to the conclusion that young people should take different kinds of jobs before they identify and pursue their lifetime career.(Written by Wang Pingfei)(11) Do you agree or disagree: Newspapers and magazines are the best way of learning about a foreign country.In order to have a comparative edge in this globalized society, people today have to equip themselves with the latest news about other nations. To achieve this goal, some people put forward that the best way to grasp the information is to read newspapers and magazines. Personally, I disagree. Newspapers and magazines are born with limitations and other forms of media can play equally effective, if not more, role in it.First, neither newspapers nor magazines provide people with a thorough understanding of the complex culture of a new country. Due to the limited pages or space, it is impossible to illustrate the complexity of a culture to the readers in a number of lines. What readers get from news reports or pictures of the newspapers is always superficial and subje ct to the authors’ personal judgment. On the other hand, the classic books have withstanded the examination of time and can facilitate the readers’ learning. If you want to truly understand the West, for example, the newspapers and magazines may tell you what happened there, and the classic books like Holy Bible will tell you why it happened. Thus the attempt to truly understand a foreign country by the instant information of newspapers and magazines is due to fail.Moreover, the real experience in a new country may benefit people more than just reading newspapers and magazines. Although some magazines today embrace vivid pictures and even DVDs to better display a new nation, the readers are still both mentally and physically kept away from the strange place. It is because readers are just led by authors and they do not have the opportunity to explore in person. Many people have the experience that when traveling, what they finally find in the destinations differs dramatically from what they have read from the traveling magazines. Hence, without an exploration in person, the newspapers and magazines are。
TOEFL写作讲义-胡旭辉
独立写作讲义（1）对立观点题型。
Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.It has been said, "Not all learning takes place in the classroom." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from personal experience with knowledge gained from classroom instruction. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?引言段思路：阐述背景，明确表明自己支持的观点。
模板：Nowadays it is widely acknowledged that __ has played an essential role in peoples life, (可具体描述该主题的重要性)As a result the question is often raised as to whether___________________ or _______________. To this question, people’s opinions vary, with some claiming that it is much better to ______________and others holding that ________ is a better choice. (背景阐述)Taking into account the major factors involved, I cast my vote for the former/latter opinion, and this essay will explore the reasons for my stance（明确立场）.可以用自己的语言来开头，尤其是背景阐述，可以针对论题进行简单描述。
托福写作基础讲义1
写作高频场景词汇：School and Education1) 作为团队工作work as/ in a team2) 在...的帮助下with the help of3) 穿校服wear a school uniform4) 使用学校设备use the school facilities/ equipment5) 参加...的新生引导课程take an orientation course6) 与小组一起学习study with a group7) 出国留学study abroad8) 与某人分享观点share a idea/ ideas with someone9) 与某人同住一室share a room with sb10) 现实生活经验real life experience11) 优先考虑... put a priority on12) 追求个人兴趣pursue one’s individual interest13) 提倡创造性思维promote/ advocate creative thinking/ critical thinking14) 预防校园暴力prevent school violence15) 参与课堂讨论participate in a class discussion16) 理清思路organize one’s thoughts17) 选修科目optional subjects18) 提供教育机会offer/ provide an educational opportunity19) 在...方面改变make a change in...20) 主修major in21) 住宿舍live in a dormitory/ dorm22) 讲座lectures23) 通过...学习learn by/ via/ through + doing24) 自学learn by myself/ teach myself25) 增加教育预算increase the education budget26) 增加某人的潜力increase one’s potential/ 能力capability27) 有机会... have the opportunity to do sth28) 对...有很大的影响have a strong impact on sth29) 对...有强烈的好奇心have a strong curiosity about30) 进行关于...的讨论have a discussion about31) 有...文凭/学历have a diploma/ certification in32) 有...的选择have a choice of33) 从学校毕业graduate from34) 上私立学校go to a private/ public school35) 经历青春期go through puberty36) 因...给某人奖励give someone a prize37) 取得好成绩get a good grade38) 收到良好的教育get good education39) 获得最新的信息gain/ receive the latest information/ news40) 从...获得知识gain knowledge from41) 组成学习小组form a study group42) 感到来自同龄个人的压力feel peer/ contemporaries pressure43) 面对问题face a problem44) 课外活动extracurricular activities45) 拓展知识expand/ gain/ acquire/ obtain/ get/ accumulate one’s knowled ge46) 获得学分earn a credit47) 培养在...方面的专长develop expertise in...48) 必修科目compulsory subjects49) 职业准备career preparation50) 建学校build/ establish school51) 开始正规教育begin formal education52) 必须...，被要求.... be required/ suppose to do53) 参与户外活动participate/ take part in/ join in/ attend outdoor activities54) 在...方面有能力;能胜任... be competent/ capable in55) 上大学attend college/ university56) 上课attend classes57) 参加夏令营participate/ engage in/ , be/ get involved in a summer camp58) 给某人布置家庭走也assign homework to somebody59) 中学、大学 a primary/ middle/ high school. Secondary school.60) 研究领域 a field of study写作高频场景词汇：Family and Society1) 拜访邻居visit one’s neighborhood2) 使用公共交通工具use public transportation3) 没有做... without doing4) 把某人看作... treat someone as, treat them as competitor5) 青少年犯罪teenager delinquencies/ juvenile delinquency6) 养家support a family, feed one’s family7) 对...表示尊敬show respect to8) 展现领导才能show leadership skills9) 解决问题solve problems10) 使某人想起某事remind sb of something11) 信仰某种宗教believe in a particular religion12) 宣誓对...效忠pledge loyalty to13) 将某人的价值观传递给... pass on one’s values to...14) 参加社区活动participate in community activities15) 做出重要决定make an important decision16) 对...做出贡献make a contribution to17) 住在郊区live in suburban/ suburb areas18) 跟上keep up with19) 记住某事keep sth in mind20) 照看、留心keep an eye on21) 普遍认同it is generally agreed that...22) 改善公共交通improve public transportation23) 有高标准have high standards24) 有...的倾向have a tendency to do25) 有社区意识have a sense of community26) 有...感have a sense of achievement/ fulfillment/ accomplishment; humor; belonging; happiness27) 与...有密切的关系have a close relationship with28) 与...相处get along with29) 获得...的支持gain the support of sb/ some organization30) 建立组织set up/ form an organization31) 形成舆论form public opinion/ lead public opinion32) 效仿某人imitate sb; follow in one’s footsteps33) 感到安全feel security34) 感觉被...吸引be attracted to/ feel an attraction to35) 顺便去购物中心drop in at a shopping center36) 为生计做某事do something for a living37) 负担得起... afford to do38) 建立信任build up trust39) 培养社会技能cultivate/ develop social skills40) 从...中获益benefit from41) 建立人脉build social connections/ social circles42) 成为...的居民become a resident of43) 孤立于.... be isolated from44) 需要帮助be in need of help45) 对...友好be hospitable to46) 情感上依附于... be emotionally attached to47) 致力于... be committed to/ commit oneself to/ devote oneself to48) 因...而著名be celebrated for/ be famous for/ be famous as做为。
托福英语写作讲义
Adapted from J. David Velleman, “The Genesis of Shame” Assignment: Should people make more of an effort to keep
some things private? Plan and write an essay in which you
6
SAT
Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.
Nowadays nothing is private: our culture has become too confessional and self-expressive. People think that to hide one’s thoughts or feelings is to pretend not to have those thoughts or feelings. They assume that honesty requires one to express every inclination and impulse.
7
SSAT
A or D: Honesty is always the
best policy.
托福写作冲刺课程电子讲义
托福写作冲刺课程大纲一、独立写作二、综合写作独立写作考试形式一、考试时间：30分钟二、话题作文三、字数要求：300以上（400左右）题型分类一一、利弊类二、事实类利弊类一、标志词：should, …is better than…, …is more important than …, which would you prefer二、答题角度：该不该，好或坏三、同意与否：今天应该下雨吗？四、Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students should play sports everyday.事实类一、标志词：无二、与利弊类题目非此即彼三、答题角度：是不是，存不存在四、同意与否：今天下雨了吗？五、Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students now play sports everyday.分类意义一、避免跑题二、快速构思避免跑题一、经典错误：把事实题当做利弊题二、几个容易跑偏的题举例1、A or D? Advertisements are exaggerated.2、A or D? People now pay too much attention on their dressing and looking.3、A or D? Young people now are less dependent on their parents than they were in the past.快速构思一、利弊类：“万金由”二、事实类：“万金由”/拆分举例利弊类解题思路一、找出多个受益方与受损方二、“万金由”找出多个受益方与受损方一、对谁好？对谁不好？二、举例1、A or D? Parents should help their children do homework.2、A or D? Universities should offer students better job preparation before they start working.3、A or D? Working three days a week with longer hours is better than working five days a week with shorter hours.“万金由”一、起到提示思路作用的万能理由二、“便”“健”“安”“情”“成”“品”“环”“学”便利(convenience)一、节省时间(save time, not time-consuming)二、时间灵活(time is flexible)三、就近解决(short distance)四、提前完成(keep the schedule ahead)健康(health)一、充分休息(enough rest)二、营养均衡(balanced nutrition)三、体育锻炼(body exercise, sports)四、远离疾病(away from diseases)安全(safety)一、食品安全(food safety)二、人身安全(body safety)三、财产安全(property safety)四、生活稳定(stability, sustainability)情感(affection, love, feeling)一、亲情(family love, family accord)二、友情(friendship)三、爱情(love)四、人际关系/社会圈子(interpersonal relationship, social circle)成功(success)一、成就感(a sense of achievement)二、荣誉感(a sense of honor)三、自信(self-confidence)四、尊敬(respect)品格(virtue)一、诚实(honesty)二、勤奋(diligence)三、独立(independence)四、体贴(considerateness)五、团队精神(team spirit)六、坚韧不拔(persistence, tenacity)环保(environment protection)一、环境污染(environment pollution)二、全球变暖(global warming)三、滥砍滥发/植树造林(deforestation, afforestation)学习(learning)一、必修科目(compulsory course)二、选修科目(optional course)三、在线课程(on-line course)利弊类解题举例1、父母应该帮助孩子做作业吗？2、学校应该给毕业生更多就业指导吗？3、花钱旅游还是为了未来存钱？4、高薪离家远还是低薪离家近？5、高中应该要求所有学生都学习经济学吗？事实类一、“万金由”二、拆分举例“万金由”解事实类举例1、住大城市比住农村能够更好地照顾家庭成员吗？2、孩子现在比过去更独立于父母吗？3、运动员收入过高吗？拆分举例一、对题目中已有的关键名词进行拆分二、合理拆分到具体类别分别讨论拆分举例解题示范1、住大城市比住农村能够更好地照顾家庭成员吗？2、运动员收入过高吗？3、20年后学生还会使用打印书籍吗？抽象题目的拆分举例1、观察动物能够了解人性吗？2、人们工作是为了钱还是为了社会地位？3、现在社会中最严重的问题会在我们有生之年解决吗？4、人们过分关注衣着和长相了吗？5、人们穿衣服是为了美观吗？利弊类与事实类的解题总结一、“万金由”与拆分举例都适用；二、“万金由”提示观点，拆分举例细化讨论范围；三、理清思路，避免跑题。
托福写作讲义_暑假班
托福写作讲义_暑假班新托福写作讲义,4,作文的连贯与衔接“启”,首先,first, firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, to start with, in the beginning,at first,一方面,on the one hand (…on the other hand) For one thing…, for another…一般说来,generally speaking, in general现在,目前,at present, now, currently最近,recently“承”第二/第三,second, secondly / third, thirdly此外,besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more, moreover, in addition to, moreover 而且,also, too例如,for example, for instance, as an example, as another example 即,也就是说,namely, in other words, (In other words, she must give up singing.换言之, 她必须放弃唱歌。
) that is to say, it means that, that is,同样地,in the same way, similarly,用于句首,= likewise后来,from now on, later on, after a few days, after a while, then, 与此同时,meanwhile,此时,by this time1新托福写作讲义不久,soon因此,as a result, consequently, so同样重要,equally important“转”虽然,though, as, although,尽管,nevertheless,后面跟句子,, despite, in spite of ,后面加名词或代词,但是,but, yet,however即使,even though/even if ,后面加从句,相反,on the contrary, conversely ,相反地,颠倒地,, rather than, instead of…另一方面,on the other hand不幸地,unfortunately仍然,still与…不同,unlike“合”因此,hence,as a result, so, for this reason, as a result of总之,in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, briefly最终,eventually, at last,如我所说,as I have said, as has been said于是,accordinglye.g. He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.2新托福写作讲义人家叫他说话简短, 于是他就长话短说了。
托福独立写作讲义2文章结构
一．开头段落——分析论题法& 引人入胜法二．主体段落1. 整体结构——三段式& 两段式Ⅰ主题句（topic sentence）根据下列主题写出主题句Topic:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Business should do anything they can to make a profit. →I disagree!The most important thing that business need to realize is that they have to give priority to the rights of the customers.Equally important, the benefits of the employees must be respected.Business ought to pay careful attention to the quality of nature environment.Ⅱ支持性细节★常规事例法：Topic1:Some famous athletes and entertainers earn millions of dollars every year.Do you think they deserve that high salary?In the first place, famous entertainers or athletes are more talented than common people. Their high incomes are rewards for their talents. We may take Yao Ming, a Chinese NBA superstar, for example. It was reported that Yao made nearly 20 million dollars in 2006. Why could Yao get such a high salary?It is because Yao has huge talents. With a height of 2.26 meters, Yao is considered one of the most powerful centre forwards of the NBA. That is to say, he is the best player and he deserves the best salary.还想进一步拓展段落▲总结原因：Why + (问题) …The reason why…▲总结结果：Consequently, Therefore, As a result,Topic2：2008.2.24 同2006.10.29Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Renewable resources of energy (sun, wind, water) will soon replace resources of fossil fuels (gas, oil and coal).▲可再生能源能否在不久之后替代化石燃料？中心论点：同意：会替代！因为：替代，有利于人类生存和发展。
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写作讲义梁坚实新东方梁坚实I、xdf/liangjianshi一、Introduction综合写作:客观题——情景再现听听力时努力记笔记,听懂且能记下来,否则不得分字数要求:Integrated Writing :200-300Independent Writing:求>400,越多越好,一般写够500以上都就是good 如果只写够最低值,得不了高分打字速度:30min400字以上格式:如何分段:缩行式空行式不要又缩又空标点符号后要空格,前面不空如何用TPO作文:综合写作:33道题——全部复习材料(1-10,22-27,其余模考),练能力独立写作:33道题一道不要做,做机经。
讲得30道题必须会写。
二、综合写作（1）听力永远反驳阅读(2)阅读与听力得文章结构(一总三分)阅读听力总观点总观点分论点一分论点一解释例子+细节细节分论点二分论点二分论点三分论点三Tips:对应性反驳,三三对应,逐条反驳分论点=要点(4)综合写作行文构架(共四段):阅读主要说。
(阅读总观点)。
听力主要说。
(听力总观点)。
听力反驳了阅读; 阅读认为。
(阅读分论点一)。
听力认为。
(听力分论点一)。
那就是因为。
(听力分论点一后得细节)。
听力反驳了阅读;阅读认为。
(阅读分论点二)。
听力认为。
(听力分论点二)。
那就是因为。
(听力分论点二后得细节)。
听力反驳了阅读;阅读认为。
(阅读分论点三)。
听力认为。
(听力分论点三)。
那就是因为。
(听力分论点三后得细节)。
听力反驳了阅读;综合写作不需要标题,不要写结尾补充:[1]阅读主旨句通常为第一段最后一句话。
[2]阅读中论点为主观想法时,可以直接加not反推听力论点;阅读中论点为客观事实时,听力认为阅读中论点不充分。
[3]阅读主旨句概括文章将来结构时,论点常为主观想法,直接+not[4]当阅读中一个论点有多个论证方式时,至少有一种论证方式为主观想法,听力只反驳主观想法[5]听完后先不要动笔写,回忆一下听得与读得就是否能对得上关于行文框架得几点说明:A、综合写作2,3,4段每段必须包含3部分:阅读材料要点;听力材料得要点与细节;两者关系——反驳B、阅读得细节不重要,可以不写,一般不写。
如果写阅读细节得话,则需要归纳改写阅读得核心细节,最忌讳大段照抄阅读原文C、阅读分论点得位置:段首或者段尾(占80%);不明确(能归纳)。
如出现在段首或者段尾,同义改写:分论点比较短得,同义词稍稍改写个别词即可;分论点比较长得,归纳一下。
有三种改写方式:同义词改写(everyday=daily),同根词改写(necessary=necessity),全新表达方式D、听力材料无论就是分论点还就是细节用原词原句最准确,不需要改写,把原文都记下来就是一个理想状态,如果达不到得话自己去归纳,归纳必须遵照听力原文,不允许发挥。
E、核心思想就是“替换”,表现用词用语得多样性,避免重复Reading material,the author, the writer、F、得分得不就是模板,就是填得空综合写作重要句型:1.The lecture discusses、、、, which differs from the main idea in the reading that、、、2.The professor makes the point that、、、、 The reading, in contrast, holdsa different view that、、、3.An important point shown in the reading material is that、、、, but the listening presents a conflicting idea that、、、4. The professor states that、、、, which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that、、、5.The professor discusses that problem of、、、 , and the reading views ina contrary (different) angle that、、、6.The professor makes the point that、、、On the contrary (in contrast), the writer demonstrates an idea that、、、模板:The reading material discusses、、、, which differs from the main idea in the listening that、、、An important point shown in the reading material is that、、、, but the listening presents a conflicting idea that、、、The writer makes the point that、、、、 The lecture, in contrast, holds a different view that、、、The author states that、、、, which challenges the standpoint made by the professor who says that、、、综合写作笔记要点:笔记不求完美,符号记笔记,中英文结合,首字母缩写。
笔记就是练出来得,形成个性化笔记。
每个听力段落至少听10遍,练习记笔记。
记完笔记后练习复述。
独立写作一、写作流程2分钟审题题型分类(9种,价值判断、现象证明及其她)解题方法(万金油、拆分举例)文章结构论证方法开头主体段落(主题句+解释+例子+细节+结论)结尾2分钟检查二、托福作文观点得要求由于托福作文题目都就是可争论性得话题,所以同意或者反对,选A或者选B都就是可以得;观点得选取不需要完美得逻辑,只要自圆其说即可;观点也不需要思想深度,也不需要创新;---------------------------永远写好写得,自己能写得。
尽量不要涉及到政治、宗教等问题。
三、文章结构四或者五段都可。
开头结尾独立成段,中间可以写2-3段都可以。
字数分配开头 50词结尾 30词即开头+结尾大约100词中间写3段,每段100词,100词不容易出现语言重复,所以五段比四段(每段150词)好时间分配开头 3分钟结尾2分钟中间每段100词 7分钟每段150词 10分钟四、论证结构绝对论证:所有得观点指向一个方向五段:A A+ A+ A+/B- A四段:A A+ A+ A让步论证:一定要写五段;让一小步五段:A A+ A+ A- A五、开头(观点明确)1、三部分内容:引言(重要性/影响/趋势)论题(同义改写题目)观点2、句型(1)第一句话重要性 Importance、、、play an essential role in、、、、、、be of equal importance to、、、、、、be considered to be important means/role to、、、影响 Influence、、、had a widespread/positive/negative impact on、、、趋势 PrevalenceThere is a general trend that、、、There is a mon practice that、、、(2)第二句话论题(同义改写题目:同义词;同根词;全新表达方式)、、、 Is a controversial topic、、、、is under fierce discussion、However, people have conflicting/differing opinions about whether、、、(3)第三句话:观点Eg:1.Agree or disagree: Technology makes people’s lives more plicated、Technology has had tremendous impact on every aspect of modern life、However, whether technology made our lives more plex or not is a controversial topic、 From my perspective, I believe technology has made our lives more convenient、2、Many people have a close relationship with their pets、 These people treat their birds, cats, o r other animals as members of their family、 In your opinion, are such relationships good?Pets are an integral/ess ential part of the modern life、 However, people are having differing opinions about whether it is beneficial to have a close relationship with them、I believe such a relationship brings benefits to people in various ways despite some potential harms、(典型让步) 3.People should not pay for public transportation、试写:Public transportation plays an essential role in our modern daily life、 However, whether people should pay for using public transportation or not is a controversial topic、 From my perspective, people should not pay for public transportation、范例:There is a general trend that the situation of traffic jams and air pollution has been progressively serious、 Wether public transportation should be made free is under fierce discussion、 I believe the plan should be implemented、六、中间段落得写法结构:主题句+解释+例子+细节+结论1.主题句:前置于段首,陈述句。