新托福写作讲义整理版(庄重)
托福强化写作---学生讲义
托福阅读强化班学生讲义第一章：范文第二章：机经答案第三章：一般功能词汇第四章：特殊背景词汇第一章：范文(1)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only cause of unhealthy eating habits.Many experts have warned us against some diseases caused by unhealthy eating habits, and then some people attribute those inappropriate habits to commercials. Although I concede that advertising is one of the factors accounting for people’s unhealthy eating habits, it’s too exaggerated to say that advertising is the only reason, because there are another two elements that can not be neglected.Admittedly, advertising may be a cause of unhealthy eating habits, for the advertisements of junk foods are often designed quite tempting in order to attract buyers. For example, the commercial of KFC is typically a combination of melodious music, fancy pictures and a slogan of “ We do chicken right”, luring people to purchase the unhealthy food. Howeve r, it is an overstatement to assert that advertising is the only reason since the two following reasons exist.Heavy workload keeps people from having their meals regularly, which is considered as one of unhealthy eating habits. Nowadays, people have to work really hard to survive in the highly competitive society, so they barely have time to sit at the table and have dinners. Take a businessman for example. He may keep working for over 8 hours a day to get all his work done and have no time for lunch. Consequently, he only has one meal a day. It is definitely an unhealthy eating habit, which result from too much business and a long working time.Besides, the so-called junk foods, such as fried chicken, cheese burgers and cola, are indeed more delicious, especially for children. Commonly, fried chicken wings are usually spicy and crispy compared with the blend and mild taste of steamed chicken wings, so it is easy to understand why those junk foods can soon become popular among young children. However, the fried wings, corns and chips are too oily, containing excessive fat and even some poisonous ingredients, all of which do harm to people’s health. So I believe the special taste and flavor explain why people love those unhealthy foods.In sum, it is inappropriate to reckon that advertising is the only cause of unhealthy eating habit because heavy workload and good taste of junk foods are another two reaons. I hope everyone can say no to the junk foods, reduce working hours and enjoy a more healthy life. (384 words)(Written by Liao Xin)(2)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Movies and televisions should always show audience that good people are rewarded and bad people are punished.The booming movie industry now offers us many choices when we stand at the counter of a cinema discussing which movie is worth watching and which is not. Some people argue that no matter how many movies are produced these years, movies should always show audience thatgood people are rewarded and bad people are punished. From my perspective, the disadvantages of stereotyped movies outweigh the only advantage.To begin with, stereotyped movies will decelerate the rate at which the movie industry develops. It is because there is no innovation in designing the plot. Once the audience can easily guess the ending at the beginning of movies, they will soon find those movies boring. For example, a good-looking hero and an ugly villain, who do you think will marry the elegant princess and who will be put into jail finally in those movies? The answer is quite obvious. In this case, people will be reluctant to buy movie tickets and as a result, the whole movie industry may actually suffer.Plots in the stereotyped movies are sometimes contradictory to reality. In the real society, good people may end up living miserably and bad people may not be punished. Life abounds with such examples. An industrious worker may not be paid his wage after working for one year; in contrast, his boss may be awarded Top Entrepreneur by the government. Similarly, the man who sends an old lady seriously injured in a traffic accident to hospital may be wrongly fined. In this circumstance, children are not able to survive in the real world as the stereotyped movies prevent them from deeply knowing it.Admittedly, stereotyped movies may teach children virtues. Children are supposed to stick to be a good man no matter how hard their life might be. However, it is not necessary for all movies to deliver this principle to audience. What's more, the educational value in the stereotyped movies may fade as children grow up and know the brutal reality.As far as I am concerned, it is not advisable for movies to show audience good people are rewarded and bad people are punished at all time, because the two consequences surpass the sole benefit. (365 words)(Written by Liao Xin)(3)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should be rewarded with incomes comparable to those of doctors, lawyers or business leaders. Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.In the literature, teachers are usually described as the gardeners or engineers of human souls. While in the real world, teaching is a profession typically characterized by high turnover rates and difficult recruitment. It is an essential role in a society, but a generally thankless one in terms of financial benefit and status. From my perspective of view, I fully agree with the title statement that teachers should be paid comparable to those of doctors, lawyers or business leaders.First of all, at the different stages of social divisions, the role that a teacher plays is never dispensable. Teachers make all other professions possible. A doctor, a lawyer, or a business leader, whoever you are, you cannot begin your career without school education. It was teachers that imparted us knowledge and cultivated us, in the course of our growth. Again, it is teachers that are commissioned with the significant task of educating our next generation. Thus, there is no doubt that teachers make immense contributions to our society. If people are paid distinctivelyby their contributions to the society, why are teachers not paid as well as doctors, lawyers, or business leaders?When examining the income of school teachers, one frequently cited fact is that teachers have summers off or work fewer hours and therefore deserve to be paid less. In fact, teaching is not an eight-hours-a-day job. Teachers put in tons of unpaid hours, making lesson plans, attending teacher-parent conferences, and helping students after class, etc. In short, teachers deserve to be paid more as the job is much more stressful and demanding.Furthermore, the teacher pay seems to coincide with teacher quality over the long run. Nowadays, though teaching generally requires a bachelor's degree or better, teachers' incomes are usually not considered comparable with other professionals of similar education, and offer little room for advancement or significant bonuses. Consequently, the highly educated people choose to take the well-paid jobs rather than becoming a teacher. In conclusion, to increase teacher pay so as to better the quality of teachers and improve the education system in the long term.To summarize, teachers should be rewarded with incomes comparable to those of doctors, lawyers, and business leaders, because teachers contribute to our society enormously, carry the great responsibility and frequently overwork. Besides, adequate payment for teachers is what a better education system calls for.(Written by Kang Hui)(4)It is more important for students to understand ideas and concepts than to learn facts.Learning is a complicate process, which consists of various aspects. For students, to understand ideas and concepts, or to learn facts, arouses controversy. Is to understand ideas more important than to learn facts? My answer is no. Ideas and facts are equally important aspects of learning.On the one hand, ideas and concepts can render innumerable facts and phenomenon to concise and elegant rules, principles and laws, which are easier to grasp. And ideas and concepts help people to understand the root causes for facts and phenomenon. For example, the Gravity Law helps students to understand the fact that apples fall down from the tree unto the ground. Likewise, the Kepler’s Laws helps students to understand the motions of the planets and the Earth rotating around the Sun. Thus, concept learning plays an essential role during the process of learning for students.On the other hand, facts can help students to validate or debunk ideas and concepts they learned in the classes. Facts are the most abundant direct materials for us to accept. By virtue of knowing various facts, students can have the sense of what they are learning. For instance, fossils of ancient species prove the theory of Evolution. The failure of the Qing Dynasty of China proved that isolation from the outside world would not work. As a consequence, it is facts that help learners to get the first feeling about what they are working on. Als0, it is facts that can prove a student’s knowledge right or wrong.Furthermore, concepts learning are closely related to facts learning, which makes the two aspects of learning hardly isolated. In reality, we usually start learning with recognizing and memorizing facts of different subjects. Only after we have learned enough facts, we are likely to understand the inner concepts. And a deep understanding of ideas is definitely crucial for us to well accept what we have learned. In order to fully master a knowledge point we get from the class, we need understand the ideas of it.In conclusion, it is facts and concepts combined together that contributes to a better understanding of knowledge. Only by attaching equal important to facts learning and concepts learning simultaneously can students benefit from the process of learning to the most extent.(Written by Kang Hui)(5)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should not pay for the public transportation.In this day and age, passengers are charged for their ridings. Since most of the mass transportation facilities are partially owned by the private businesses, the system generally aims at the maximization of profits. I strongly believe that people should pay for the public transportation, including city buses, highways and trains, for the following reasons.Firstly, people should pay for the city buses for better service quality. For one thing, the profits can act as a driven force for the bus companies to improve their service. They tend to increase the number of buses, optimize the driving courses and do well in maintaining the bus to attract more passengers and enlarge the profits. For another, profits will surely intensify the competition between bus companies, which will finally lead to the entire improvement of the bus service system.Secondly, people should pay for the highway system since the government built the highways as investments. If people stop paying for their taking the subway, government may stop building more highways and it will result in the inconvenience and low efficiency of traffic system. For example, the citizens in my hometown have ever been reluctant to pay for the highway. What's more, some illegal long-distance transportation firms which used the highway frequently do not pay for the fees and beat the cashiers in the highway very seriously. Several Months later, the government had to close the highway because they were failed in investments. This phenomenon negatively influenced upon and set back the development of the local economy.Finally, people should pay for the trains. On one hand, there are different classes of train tickets such as hard-seat tickets, sleeper tickets and non-seat tickets. If passengers take it without paying, it will be difficult to reach an agreement among the passengers on the fair distribution of tickets and seats. The more you pay for, the better seat you should keep. Furthermore, it will be a heavy burden for the government to support the train system independently.Admittedly, some people hold the idea that we should not pay for the public transportation forsome reasons. Yet, I insist that we should do that. It is the right for everyone to benefit from the mass transportation, and it is also everyone's responsibility to support it.(Written by Liang Jianshi)(6)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to spend money on traveling and vacation than to save money for the future.In this day and age, there is a heated discussion about the utilization of the money we earned. Some people support the idea of spending money on traveling and vacation, while others believe it is better to save money for the future. As far as I am concerned, the second choice is considerable.First and foremost, the money we saved can be used in an emergency. It is no doubt that we have to face different tough obstacles in our life, so money is of vital significance at that time. Facing diseases or personal financial crisis, we will endure and overcome it by the saving money. Fortunately, an increasing number of people have been accepted this idea. A recent poll conducted by government officials shows that seventy percent of university students would save money preparing for future use rather than spending money on traveling and vacations.In addition, the income for some people is so slender that they cannot afford the money for traveling. Those who do not have high income even worried about the consumption of house rent, food and clothing, so actually they haven’t g ot extra money to travel. My uncle is a case in point. He, who works in a factory, only has a salary of 600RMB per months. It is not difficult to figure out money left after paying the above-mentioned expenses of the family. Never had he spent money on traveling or vacation because of the lack of money.Admittedly, spending money on traveling and vacation has advantages as enjoying the beautiful scenery and releasing stress, and its disadvantages are apparent and unavoidable as well. For instance, I went to the National Park, which is a beautiful natural landscape in our country. When I stepped in that park, I felt the odor of Mother Nature strongly. However, traveling and vacation do costly and toilsome, and we can acquire happiness and relaxation from other kinds of ways without taking so much effort and energy.Base on the factors I mention above, a conclusion could be drawn that I prefer saving money for the future than spending money on traveling and vacation.(Written by Liang Jianshi)(7)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Younger school children (aged five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science and history.Art and music are the greatest cultural inheritances from our ancestors and elites of our times. For children, starting to learn art and music can help them develop their ability better, communicate with others better and enjoy their life better. In this sense, I totally agree with thestatement for a number of reasons.To st art with, as is often pointed that art and music can enhance children’s ability of imagination, concentration and perseverance. Music is an expressive art of sound and the meaning of every musical note has unique profoundness which leaves our children unlimited scope of imagination. They could interpret the music they heard in their own way and that’s why even a baby would move its body to a piece of music. What’s more, in daily exercises, in order to perfect their skill and control every sound, children have to control themselves and attach more attention to the music. That’s where their concentration has been improved. Finally, after years’ unremitting efforts, they may attend some contests and, of course, if they really stick to music and are fond of it, some prizes will be given and more important, they learnt a priceless lesson that perseverance will pay off.Next, art and music can better children’s disposition and temperament. The process of learning art and music can improve the communication among the students and teachers. They may express their emotion freely and establish a special bridge of communication with others. When they play a piece of music or paint a picture skillfully and beautifully, self-achievement and activeness has been built up unconsciously. According to the recent survey made by Chinese Academy of Social Science, many children are becoming better-tempered, warm, generous, willing to help and communicate with others, after starting to learn art and music for a period of time.La st but not least, art and music can heighten children’s life quality and taste. An evaluation of high quality and taste is always given to the art students, who always have a unique perspective towards many issues. The simple reason is that art comes from life and higher than life. Student learning art definitely enjoy the life of higher quality than others. Besides, all masterpieces of famous musicians and painters should be the learning materials for the students. With the influence by those great people, the students’ horizon will be certainly broader.Obviously, all the evidence confirms an undoubted conclusion that children aged from 5 to 10 should start to learn music and art. It will surely benefit their school life and life after.(Written by Sun Wei)(8)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to improve education is to raise teachers’ salaries.How to improve education has always been one of the hottest social issues to be discussed. Some people would say that the best way to promote education is to provide teachers with high salaries, because teachers are of indispensable function in the education. But as for me, I don’t think that it is the best way to achieve the goal of education improvement, for there are still other factors need to be considered.First of all, scientific educational plan is fundamental for education improvement. A reasonable and well-organized plan will optimize the structure of students’ knowledge and ability andcultivate high quality talents with specialty. On the contrary, if the plan is in defective condition, it is almost a mission impossible to shape education superiority and development of talents cannot avoid be influenced. We may point out a common example of machinery manufacturing. In producing a beautiful machine, a systematic, detailed, and scientific plan of production must be elaborated and delivered carefully. Any flaw, no matter perceivable or not, will result in functional defect, ever worse, uselessness!Moreover, to improve the validity and reality relevance of learning materials that students are using will affect the education enhancement. Teachers, students and teaching contents are basic elements of educational activities and learning materials are the carrier of the contents, main source from which students acquire the knowledge, and basic principle for teachers’ activities. Correspondence among the objective students, the difficulty and the content coverage of the learning materials will work on the result and effectiveness of learning process. Good materials could definitely achieve the anticipated goal, while invalid, outdated materials could never work out. This is supported by a typical instance of English language education. Students are learning the platitude and cliché of last fifty years for spoken English in some countries. With those materials, the students could hardly perform effective communication, not to mention improve their language education in these places.However, we cannot deny the fact that the improvement of education is conditioned by teachers. The teachers are the playing the dominant roles in the teaching and they are hold the guiding position in the purpose, contents, process, methodology, pattern and means of instructions. Quality of education therefore, is inseparable with that of teachers. After all, the fact that an accomplished disciple owes his accomplishment to his great teacher is inarguable. So, providing them with incentive of higher salaries will arouse teachers’ enthusiasm and then achi eve the goal of education improvement to some extent.From what has been discussed above, we could safely draw the conclusion that many factors need to be considered and many methods can also be taken to improve education. Raising teachers’ salaries is on e of the available options, but not the best one.(Written by Sun Wei)(9) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing sports teaches people lessons about the life.Nowadays, a large group of people are crazy about doing sports with other zealous fellows. They always keep themselves occupied with all kinds of sports instead of lying in sofa, watching soap operas. I am a loyal advocator to this passionate life style. While possessing a good health, beneficial classes of life are extra gains of doing sports.Doing sports constantly can steel people’s willpower and teach them the lesson of persevering in everyday life no matter how tough the situations are. For instance, Lionel Messi, my favorite football player, no one could believe that he was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency and we almost miss a superstar! However, his persistence and intense love for football kept himgoing on without hesitation and nothing could stop him from becoming an excellent player. Ultimately, the sporting director of Barcelona had been made aware of his talent and led him to a superiorly shining life. Now he has received FIFA World Player of the Year nomination in 2009 at the age of 21. This incident gives me a full understanding of the fact that how unbelievable results sports may bring to people.In addition, sports guide people to respect rivals regardless of the results. Also, no matter how strong you are and maybe your opponent has no chance to win at all, respecting opponents still remains its essential place. In 2010 Africa FIFA World Cup, when North Korea which at the bottom of the ranking list encountered Brazil, which ranks No.1 in the world. Brazil showed the characteristic of a world-class team. They tried hard as their competitors were equally strong as them and spoke highly of North Korea’s presentation after the game. In sum, sports really enable people to own the quality of respecting opponents, which makes it unique compared to other things.Another vital class we can learn is accepting defeats or victories, it is a fundamental part of competition and it is unavoidable for each participant. That is just the most appealing part of sports. Team members should not blame their partners for anything as long as he puts all his heart into it. Facing failure calmly and embracing success modestly are the experiences of life that sports give us.Considering all the analysis above, we safely come to the conclusion that doing sports indeed benefit us a lot in varied ways. I insist that in the future a large range of people will participate in sports and obtain knowledge of life.(Written by Wang Pingfei)(10)Do agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people should take different kinds of jobs before they take a career in a long term.Generally, many young people take several different kinds of jobs when they first step into the society. However, some people argue that whether it is necessary to take numerous jobs before they take a career in a long time. Nevertheless, from my perspective, they should take various jobs before pursuing the long-term employment in order to find out their interests and potential, gain more knowledge as well as experience, and make more friends.Firstly, taking several jobs enables the young people to discover their real passion and potential. After the students have graduated from college, some of them have no clue about what career they should choose. However, only by trying numerous kinds of occupations can they figure out which field they will be interested in and do well. My uncle first worked as an accountant in a small company after he obtained his college degree. However, he soon realized the work was too dull for him. Then he changed his career to a HR manager in a national bank. Yet, he was totally overwhelmed by the heavy work load as well as the competitive working environment. He quitted his job and became a mathematics teacher in a high school. To his surprise, he eventually found out his passion in teaching the students and decided to take teacher as his long-termcareer. Therefore, young people should experience a variety of jobs to identify the job that most suits them.Secondly, young people can learn various sorts of skills and gain valuable experience which is useful for the whole career development. It is an undeniable fact that by taking several new jobs, people have to adapt to the new environment. In this way, they can learn many practical knowledge and techniques. For instance, if a young man changes his job and steps into another career, he has to get accustomed to this new place. By communicating with his colleagues, he can gradually improve his social skills. Spontaneously, he will have a quick adaptation to the environment.As far as I am concerned, taking various jobs make it possible for the young people to discover their interests and potential. They can also obtain valuable experience and knowledge that may be beneficial to their long-term career. Considering all the analysis above, we may safely come to the conclusion that young people should take different kinds of jobs before they identify and pursue their lifetime career.(Written by Wang Pingfei)(11) Do you agree or disagree: Newspapers and magazines are the best way of learning about a foreign country.In order to have a comparative edge in this globalized society, people today have to equip themselves with the latest news about other nations. To achieve this goal, some people put forward that the best way to grasp the information is to read newspapers and magazines. Personally, I disagree. Newspapers and magazines are born with limitations and other forms of media can play equally effective, if not more, role in it.First, neither newspapers nor magazines provide people with a thorough understanding of the complex culture of a new country. Due to the limited pages or space, it is impossible to illustrate the complexity of a culture to the readers in a number of lines. What readers get from news reports or pictures of the newspapers is always superficial and subje ct to the authors’ personal judgment. On the other hand, the classic books have withstanded the examination of time and can facilitate the readers’ learning. If you want to truly understand the West, for example, the newspapers and magazines may tell you what happened there, and the classic books like Holy Bible will tell you why it happened. Thus the attempt to truly understand a foreign country by the instant information of newspapers and magazines is due to fail.Moreover, the real experience in a new country may benefit people more than just reading newspapers and magazines. Although some magazines today embrace vivid pictures and even DVDs to better display a new nation, the readers are still both mentally and physically kept away from the strange place. It is because readers are just led by authors and they do not have the opportunity to explore in person. Many people have the experience that when traveling, what they finally find in the destinations differs dramatically from what they have read from the traveling magazines. Hence, without an exploration in person, the newspapers and magazines are。
托福英语写作讲义
Adapted from J. David Velleman, “The Genesis of Shame” Assignment: Should people make more of an effort to keep
some things private? Plan and write an essay in which you
6
SAT
Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.
Nowadays nothing is private: our culture has become too confessional and self-expressive. People think that to hide one’s thoughts or feelings is to pretend not to have those thoughts or feelings. They assume that honesty requires one to express every inclination and impulse.
7
SSAT
A or D: Honesty is always the
best policy.
托福写作讲义_暑假班
托福写作讲义_暑假班新托福写作讲义,4,作文的连贯与衔接“启”,首先,first, firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, to start with, in the beginning,at first,一方面,on the one hand (…on the other hand) For one thing…, for another…一般说来,generally speaking, in general现在,目前,at present, now, currently最近,recently“承”第二/第三,second, secondly / third, thirdly此外,besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more, moreover, in addition to, moreover 而且,also, too例如,for example, for instance, as an example, as another example 即,也就是说,namely, in other words, (In other words, she must give up singing.换言之, 她必须放弃唱歌。
) that is to say, it means that, that is,同样地,in the same way, similarly,用于句首,= likewise后来,from now on, later on, after a few days, after a while, then, 与此同时,meanwhile,此时,by this time1新托福写作讲义不久,soon因此,as a result, consequently, so同样重要,equally important“转”虽然,though, as, although,尽管,nevertheless,后面跟句子,, despite, in spite of ,后面加名词或代词,但是,but, yet,however即使,even though/even if ,后面加从句,相反,on the contrary, conversely ,相反地,颠倒地,, rather than, instead of…另一方面,on the other hand不幸地,unfortunately仍然,still与…不同,unlike“合”因此,hence,as a result, so, for this reason, as a result of总之,in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, briefly最终,eventually, at last,如我所说,as I have said, as has been said于是,accordinglye.g. He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.2新托福写作讲义人家叫他说话简短, 于是他就长话短说了。
托福强化写作讲义
写作提高：1. 中文思维——看到题目有话可说；2. 英文表达——正确恰当把中文思维体现成英文细节，结构，语言细节：清晰恰当的举例或“说明”能力；并不是一定出现for example，论据：why, what, how 结构：正常的逻辑说话顺序不重视语言。
语言：讲究用简单的话陈述深刻的道理；不是用复杂的话陈述简单的道理审题：1. 问法：which one, A & D （10-30 sec.）2. 思考什么现象导致出此题目（30-60 sec.）思考方式：1.过去和今天对比；2.以自身为背景; 3. 细化主题词写作：A 开头部分题目背景：1.通过现象 2.引出话题3-5mins 50字主题句（开头）用肯定的语言概括文章将来结构（理由，例子）B 论证部分1 （1）key words和题目相同（尽量保持题目语序）（2）概括此段大意（尽量概括论据）（3）简单准确2 解释1句3 解释2句论据：why / what / how4 解释3句C 结尾部分主题句（结尾）清晰明确递进A & D（含有绝对词）第1段：BI(Back Information)第2段：去掉绝对词（或把绝对词变限定词）肯定第3段：加上绝对词否定第4段：TS (Thesis Statement) + 递进(取决于&不得不)“含绝对词立论文”出题形式A is the most important. & A is more important than B.2. A is important.3. However, B is the same important.4. I disagree that A is the “most” important.(1) It depends on …… whether A or B isthe most important.(2) B is more important than A in that ……A is the best.A is only way.A is better than B.常见绝对词：最高级，唯一性，比较级best —— goodworst —— badalways —— sometime, often, usuallynever —— sometime not消失——减少必然——可能必须——可以● Nowadays, the ability to cooperate is more important than past?（2007-3-4）2. It is undeniable that the ability to cooperate nowadays is extremely important and inevitable.3. However, it is also indisputable that the ability to cooperate in past is genuinelyimportant and imperative.4. Judging from above evidence offered, I can hardly agree that the ability to cooperate nowadays is “more”important than past. From my perspective, since the undeveloped science and technology, the ability to cooperate in past is more important than nowadays.● It is more important for a teacher to help students gain self-confidence than to teach specific knowledge?（2007-3-10）2. It is undeniable that it is extremely important and inevitable to help students gain self-confidence.（错）2. It is undeniable that a teacher to help students gain self-confidence is great important.（错）2. Admittedly, it is magically important and inevitable for a teacher to help students gain self-confidence in order to encouragestudents to face the troubles of study and daily routine easily.3. Nevertheless, it is also typically important and imperative for a teacher to teach students specific knowledge for their extensive essential knowledge to lay the foundation for the favorable career prospect.4. Consequently, I can hardly agree that it is “more”important for a teacher to help students gain self-confidence than to teach specific knowledge. From my perspective, it depends mostly on the study period and personality of the students whether the teacher helps students gain self-confidence or teaches specific knowledge.introvertedextroverted写文章框架的规律：1. 题目语序为“主谓宾”结构，使用it is undeniable / indisputable / unavoidable /incontrovertible that2. 题目语序是it be adj，段首句语序不变，加形容词或副词3. 概括论据：why: in that, for, on account of, for the sake of, in order towhat: , especially4. 递进常用取决于，不要忘了whether, 常见取决于：发展，爱好，年龄，经济，习惯，背景（个性）5. 当对比的A和B是人必经阶段时，用不得不,即程度加深。
托福写作讲义
（一）综合写作All the more 尤其At best 充其量姑且Hold water （理论、计划等）证明正确合理，说得通，（容器）不漏水;言之有理综合写作（1+3）综合写作流1、Direction(1min)2、Reading(3min)——230-300 words academic articles3、Listening(2min)——the topic is same as reading4、Writing(20min)——200-220 words best综合写作要求：1、topic: academic2、不能写自己的观点3、写阅读和听力之间的联系（OPPOSE 三驳三）驳斥的种类：（1）优点被驳斥（2）缺点被驳斥（3）证据被驳斥应试攻略：（1）找例子：typically, suppose, for example, take..example, especially, actually, in fact （2）找原因：since, because, the reason why, due to, thank to, owing to（3）找结构性连词：a)“结果”: so, therefore, hence, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a resultb)“让步”和”转折”：in contrast, on the contrast, nevertheless, still, yet阅读要义读完一句，用简洁中英文或符号记下大意重点关注两类词：（1）文中反复出现的词（2）实义动词听力要义（1）阅读中出现过的词（2）听具有知己意义的词（实义动词、形容词）写作要义（1+3）1、开头段：写一段表明Reading 和Lecture 的联系（1）综合写作话题（2）阅读中心论点（3）听力中心论点2、主体部分：写三段（1）每段一对一的阐述（2）每段结构：过渡性连词（首先，其次，再次）句群1：阅读的分论点+阅读的细节句群2：听力的分论点+听力的细节开头段框架:The reading and listening materials have a conflict of opinions about……The writers believe that ………...which is contradicted by the following lecture.（1）Conflict——>debate/argument/discussion/dispute/controversy（2）About——>concerning/regarding/as to/with regards to/pertaining to（3）Believe——>consider/deem/advocate/insist（4）Contradicted——>disagree/oppose/refute/retort每段框架表达句（1）The reading states that…….On the contrary, the lecture points out that….（2）Although it is said in the passage that…..The lecture holds the view point that…..（3）The passage maintains that…..However, professor offers a different idea about….（4）The writer contends that……..while the speaker views this issue from an oppo site angle.According to her/him…..（5）The author asserts that….Nevertheless, the speaker oppose this claim by saying that……（6）The passage argues that…..By contrast, in accordance with the speaker, the writer’s view does not hold water.综合写作框架：The reading and listening materials have a debate of opinions concerning that……The writers support that ………...which is opposed by the following lecture.First of all, the reading maintains that………However, the lecture points out that……Secondly, although it is said in the passage that ………., the speaker holds the view that……. Finally, the author asserts that ………..By contrast, in accordance with the speaker, the writer’s view does not hold water.综合写作注意点：1、阅读材料的论点和细节的关键信息都要写！2、重点写听力的内容（越多越好）3、要更加注意整体篇章的把握，不要过于注重细小的错误。
《托福写作教程新》课件
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托福写作练习与提高
写作练习：独立写作
总结词
培养独立思考和表达能力
详细描述
独立写作部分要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇完整的议 论文，就某一话题表达自己的观点和论证。考生需要 通过大量的练习，提高自己的思维速度和表达能力， 培养独立思考和有逻辑地表达观点的能力。
写作练习：综合写作
要点一
总结词
培养阅读理解和信息整合能力
02
托福写作技巧
写作技巧：结构与逻辑
总结词
结构清晰、逻辑严密是托福写作的重要技巧。
详细描述
在托福写作中，考生需要合理安排文章结构，包括开头、主体和结尾。开头部分应简洁明了，提出论点；主体部 分应分为2-3段，每段围绕一个分论点展开，并使用恰当的过渡词或短语保持逻辑连贯；结尾部分应对全文进行 总结，呼应开头。
监考要求
考生必须服从监考人员的指示，不得在考试期间离开考场或与他人交 流。如果需要离开，必须向监考人员报告并得到允许。
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写作技巧：论证方法
总结词
批判性思维在托福写作中至关重要。
详细描述
在托福写作中，考生应具备批判性思维能力，对题目进行分析、判断和评价的能力。考 生在写作过程中应注重分析问题、提出观点、进行评价和反思等环节，通过合理的推理 和判断来增强论证的说服力。同时，考生还应注重论点的独特性和创新性，尽可能从不
同的角度和层面来探讨问题，提出新的观点和见解。
模拟考试部分提供完整的托福写作考试流程，让考生体 验真实的考试环境和压力。通过模拟考试，考生可以更 好地了解自己的应试能力和不足之处，从而有针对性地 制定改进计划。同时，模拟考试的反馈可以帮助考生更 好地了解自己在各个部分的得分情况，为后续的复习和 提升提供指导。
托福写作讲义
托福写作讲义复习建议敲字和单词量，电脑上听写、写字板里练习写作反复阅读官方指南第五章249-293和321-343分类读185题库，列提纲，落实具体细节，查字典分类写文章，修改到完美，准备机经练习3分钟看一篇短文，做笔记然后重述的能力练习听学术段子，重述能力，建议93篇学术段子练习可以从不计时到计时，量变到质量三角和巴朗的练习一、独立写作评分标准An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:●Ef fective addresses the topic and task●Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplification,and/or details●Displays unity, progression, and coherence●Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.OG 325-343effectively:in a way that produces the intended result or a successful resultorganized:arranged or planned in a particular order or structuredeveloped:to make an idea clearer by explaining it furtherexplanation:a statement,fact or situation that tells you why a reason given for sthunity:the state of looking or being complete in a natural and pleasing wayprogression:the process of developing gradually from one stage to anothercoherence:of different ideas,arguments,sentences to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a wholeconsistent:always behaving in the same way ,or having the same opinions standard评分规则关键的部分1、细节、例子和原因有效上支持了观点、切题2、不要说没有意义的套话和没有观点和主旨的话3、逻辑和结构上的联系并不等于第一第二第三4、宏观和微观上内容统一、逻辑结构渐进连贯5、避免重复的观点6、句子结构的变化、合适的单词选择、允许少量的语法或者拼写错误，前提是这些错误不影响意思的理解7、句子结构的复杂程度、以及词汇的复杂程度一个能力五个误区能力：清楚恰当举例的能力，切题就能写出文章，体现语言运用能力误区：1、没有一定要书面化和地道，托福是为英语是非母语的人设计的，不可能做到，见官方指南5分作文评论289页2、没有说要有观点新颖独特，是语言考试，并不是作文竞赛，在语言上下功夫，而不是在观点上下功夫。
(3)托福写作讲义
TOEFL Independent Writing1.句子扩充：将一个简单句扩充，增加到15,25,35个字。
2.句式变化：3.如何将一个论点展开成一段？多问自己为什么？4.ETS作文评分标准：✓观点鲜明，论点清晰✓文章结构完整、恰当、漂亮〔首段+中间三段+尾段〕✓论点论证充分〔不讲大道理，要examples, reasons, details, 而且数量越多越好〕✓句式、词汇变换丰富〔长短句、陈述疑问句、简单复杂句变换使用〕✓语法、拼写无误✓力戒表意不清，题外罗嗦话5.如何写好TOEFL作文：✓语法正确✓高超的衔接手段✓充足的词汇量✓各种表达手段综合运用的能力✓清晰的逻辑和结构✓高超的笔记能力✓良好的阅读习惯和听力水平6.TOEFL作文的要求：✓3种时态：✓语态：✓语气：✓词汇量：✓阅读训练：✓听力：7.熟悉写作题库8.TOEFL作文的写作原则：✓正式文体✓完成结构✓明确观点✓精彩纷呈✓正式形式✓通顺连贯✓扬长避短9.TOEFL 作文题库题型分类：✓观点选择类：✓比较比照类：✓自主定义类：✓10.TOEFL作文的审题：1)确定题目的类别，确定切入点：【驳论方法一】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论方法二】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论】有时候是可以凭外表判断一个人的；11.TOEFL作文驳论点的写法：TOEFL作文驳论据的写法：12.TOEFL作文论点的写法：13.TOEFL作文论据的写法：(黄金规则二)✓健康安全✓便利✓交流✓习惯与心理✓亲情✓成就感✓环保✓经济✓品格✓科技✓教育TP:15.寻找理由的方法：✓有什么条件可以这样？凭什么✓如果这样有何好处或害处？✓如果不这样有什么好处或害处？✓如果要这样，人们必须怎么办？可行么？✓如果不能这样，人们应该怎么办？PDERCR：TOEFL 文章结构：✓“2-1”A型：✓“2-1”B型：✓折中方案：16.关于TOEFL写作人称问题：17.TOEFL文章的开篇第一段写法：1)背景法：背景+反方观点及理由+过渡+正方观点+作者观点及理由2)实例法：事例+论题+各方观点及理由+作者观点及理由3)实例的三种来源：18.主题句：19.TOEFL作文结尾段的写法：20.TOEFL作文段落的实现：1)例证法2)因果法3)比较法✓整体比较4)分项比较5)分类法6)定义法21.TOEFL作文的衔接手段：1)使用连词和短语2)使用代词3)使用语意粘连22.TOEFL 黄金句型〔黄金规则四〕✓强调句(emphasis)✓The more… the more(more)✓倒装句(reversion)✓比较结构和倍数关系(compare)✓修辞问句〔question〕✓并列结构(parallel)✓虚拟语气〔if〕✓插入语(insertion)23.T OEFL Integrated Writing1.综合写作评分标准：✓Successfully select the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately present this information in relation to the relevant information presented inthe reading✓The response is well organized✓And occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections2.TOEFL综合作文注意事项：✓听力部分的内容是最重要的✓不能表达重复，不清楚或者与文章无关✓听完后要尽最大努力去回忆并补全听力材料内容的笔记，写的越全越好✓只要听力内容丢掉一个key point，最高只能得3分✓只出现在综合阅读材料的专有名词一定不重要；在阅读和演讲材料中都出现的专有名词是重要的✓把注意力放在带来分数的点上，而不是均衡放在所有内容上✓千万不能发表个人的观点✓写作采用一般现在和一般过去时态3.TOEFL综合写作出题方式：✓Points in the lecture contradict, refute, depart from, challenge or cast doubt on points in the reading4.综合写作听力材料内容要点通常包括：〔黄金规则四〕✓主题句✓被重复的语意✓因果、比较、比照、比喻✓定义✓✓强调✓问题及答案✓态度词汇✓转折后的内容✓结论5.综合写作阅读材料的读法：✓不需要做笔记；但是需要把专有名词的首字母提炼出来✓阅读材料里面的客观描述〔如故事情节；历史；史实；发展历程等〕是不可能被驳倒的，所以不是阅读的重点6.综合写作考前训练步骤：✓看阅读听力材料，寻找要点〔3-5篇〕✓真实模考〔5-10篇〕7.综合写作文章框架✓“总-分-总”=“1+3+1”模式✓中间每段都要有阅读观点，演讲观点及二者的关系8.综合写作精彩句型：✓The lecture discuss...which differs from the main idea in the reading that…(首段)✓The professor made the point that…; on the contrary/however, the writer demonstrated a contradictory idea that…✓Contrary to the belief in the reading passage that…, the professor says that…(中)✓The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that…by saying that…〔中〕✓The lecture contradicts the idea in the reading by saying that…(中)✓First of all, the professor, in the listening passage, made the point that… The reading materials, in contrast, held a different view by stating that…✓Another important point shows in the listening material is that…, but the reading material presents a conflicting idea that…✓In terms of …, the listening material contradicts the reading material✓Finally, the professor states that…, which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that…✓In general, the professor discussed the issue of … that the reading viewed in a contrary/different angle. (结尾)9.综合写作材料的指称：✓The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture✓The writer/author/reading material/passage【注意】1、例子一定要specific一个example，一个research2、记得用些ly副词3、用插入语4、长短句结合5、句式变换6、每个例子，就是每段最后一句话必须是总结。
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新东方·北京2008年7月庄重整理：Sketch K＆Tina（思琦＆萌萌）2008年7月28日第一讲一．托福写作的评分系统官方指南按分数档次进行微调评判：一分钟内浏览给分数档次根据闪点+- 1分必须给评分者短时间内最好的印象不能在关键的地方犯恶心的错误关键：各段首句，文章末句及具有强结论的句子恶心：主谓不一致时态问题名词单复数印象极为关键：紧扣题目，紧扣要求二．如何取悦评卷人1 必须有清晰的整体脉络2 必须有自然的段间衔接3 经典的用词用句经典用词用句的锻造：用词：动词核心动词的动词的使用是写作能力的标志e.g,: eat ---consume英语写作表达的美在于用不同的单词表达相同的含义e.g.:show ---display --- demonstrate近义词的积累英语中“好”的词有：Good / okPerfect / glorious / terrific / fantasticSuperb用句：It 作形式主语或形式宾语e.g. : It is easy to learn Englishthere be倒装、虚拟、强调名人名言（不要使用c-e）（千万不要乱编）***said + 直接引用———不用***believed + 自由表述 -----用可用人物: Kant& Nietzsche 只用于道德和爱心之类的话题三．文化差异对应试写作产生的影响1 必须有清晰的结构观点鲜明的开头紧扣主题的结尾由主题句引导的衔接自然的中间段落引导：主题句一定要在该段首句2 必须要有统一的中心3 自然的衔接（衔接为其生命）中文：意合语言英文：形合语言逻辑关系的显性化逻辑关键词衔接方法：1 重复词：概括重复直接重复和齐头重复2 序数词：first…second…3 关联词：并列 and 转折 but让步 although 递进 in addition因果 becausee.g. Because of having rain ,he developed a high fever , and thus has tosleep at home .his absence resulted in the reduction of his pay.4 转折和让步之间的差别让步好于转折 democracy 民主e.g. they are poor---they suffer from povertyThey are hungry---they struggle against starvation------they suffer form poverty ,struggling against starvation左手：遣词造句的上升右手：思维方式的改变e.g: 我们不会把所有秘密告诉其他人we don’t tell others all the secretswe don’t let others know all the secretswe hide some secrets from otherseveryone has privacy四．平时训练写作的方法境界：手中有文章心中有文章出口成章手中无文章心中有文章手中无文章心中无文章妙笔生花《新东方英语中学版》1 阅读 I will think about it 没戏She mothers me 她像母亲一样关心我My sands sneak swiftly 时光飞逝（借喻、拟人、押头韵）2 背诵背单词---坚持背文章---新概念三、四册 TOEFL100句3 看电影阿甘正传 20遍狮子王 20遍Friends 10季 2遍4 观察生活Love is playing every game as if it were the last oneTo the world ,maybe you are just one person ,but to someone who loves you,you are the world.第二讲：官指P217-P221四类题型：1 agree & disagree (观点类)2 A or B (观点类)3 compare and contrast 社会现象阐释类4 persuasive essay 社会现象阐释类观点类文章：There is no consensus among people as to …such an argument : (main idea)Some people 认为认为：Think / believe / consider / argueHold / claim / emphasize /maintianI believeSome people maintian …while others may not agree“我个人认为”From my personal angle aloneAgree with 客观同意 side with 主观偏袒The former / latter point coincides with mineFor one thing …/for another …/what is more …On one hand …/on one other hand…/moreover …Therefore ,I can take it for granted that…Take sth for granted…“不言而喻”总结：From what has been discussed above we may resonably draw a conclusion that …(原因) 喊口号：（结句）1 倒装句 only …can we…e.g. only in this way can we have a bringht future2 虚拟语气 It is high time that + 一般过去“真是到了。
的时候了”3 名人名言 As an old saying goes….另一种开头：For most of the time ,we are always on the arduous journey in seeking ,for the answer of this question .My answer is yes/ no ,simple yet candid.另一种结尾：环境类：The environment should be of the people ,by the people and for the people.环境应该是民治、民有、民享的父母和子女的关系：Love your parents in time ,for we can never reply from paradiseThere is a fault called miss.阐释类文章：1 提纲比较随意2 与前一种文体之间有千丝万缕的联系举 / 说 / 谈 / 论 / 提举例子/说原因/ 谈感受 / 论影响 / 提建议举例子：1 注意举例子词单举：for instanceFor exampleA case in point选举：for example … and …also …even…2 注意逻辑关系词：举例要有顺序说原因：A number of factors contribute /give rise to such a phenomenon .For one thing …/ for another .. / what is more ..Therefore ,all these reasons lead to the phenomenon .论影响：The influence of … has become more obvious at the moment .提建议：There is no immediate solution to such a problem ,but the following suggestion might be helpful. 阐释类文章的万能开头：Because the rapid development of modern society … has been brought into focus recently.记叙性段落写作“记叙事件：1 必须有深刻的中心内涵春游登山Teamwork : together everyoneAchieve moreConquer2 副词的恰当使用UnfortunatelyLeisurely : 怡然自得Suddenly3 必须要有6大要素时间、地点，人物、事件起因、经过、结果4 时态问题：一般采用一般过去式，若有插叙采用过去完成时5 把握详略与中心主题相关则详写，否则略写“曾几何时”：there was a time when we know nothing about the world“现在某时”：there is a time when“有时候、有时候、我会相信一切有尽头”：There are times when I can take it for granted that everything will come to the end “往事如烟”：the past has turn into ash“尘归尘，土归土” : Dust to dust , ash to ash记叙事物：1 抓住事物的本质Air conditioner /love /roommateyou go your way ,and I go mine2 抓住描写的顺序Friendship is a relationship which involves sincerity mutual trust and self-sacrifice 顺序：时间、空间、逻辑记叙人物：1 抓住选材，即选材一定要好103题/staring from failure人物：爱迪生勾践2 要能引起共鸣3 要能说明问题PS : why me ,why choose阐述自己对生命的态度第三讲1 定语从句与同位语从句的差别定语从句对名词起修饰作用同位语从句对名词起解释说明的作用定语从句去掉引导词必缺少一部分同位语是完整的部分易出现同位语的词：Report ,idea , new , belief , fact , dream 即抽象名词易出现同位语重组句子：1 主句：they were not taken seriously2 reports came into London zoo3 a wild tiger had been spotted forty-five miles south of London每天寻找三个长难句拆开，七天后组合（新概念三册、新TOFEL真题阅读）2 句子的拆分联系3 feel obliged to 感到不得不做sth用have to 标志 ----最熟悉的陌生人（用熟悉的英文标注生词）4 “，for ”的使用方法：表达因果关系最经典的方法5 分词做后置定语：把定语从句变为现在分词作后置定语主动---现在分时，被动---过去分时Prove 代替 am ,is ,areA trail of 一串串 a trail of beautiful story6 情诗：（五种让步）无论你去哪里 whenever you go无论你做什么 whatever you do无论你爱的是谁 whoever you love无论你何时归来 whenever you come back无论那时你多老多丑 however old and ugly you are我都会在此等待 I will be right here waiting for you7 a number of = many =a lot ofSb be fully convinced that = be suree.g : 记者们听说孙燕姿要去北京Journalists hear that sun will come to BJThey set out to obtain the new保留作者意图的句子作为主句Hearing that sun will come to BJ, journaliists set out to obtain the newsHearing the news that sun will come to BJ ,journalists set out to obtain it .（同位语）更深层次的应对方法：我的boss 要求我去会客户，我立刻去做1 My boss asked me to visit a customer . I immediately left my office to do that.2 My boss instructed me to visit a customer . I immediately set out to do that .3 Instructed to visit a customer ,I immediately set out to do that .The editor was getting impatientlost his patiencewas running out of his patiencecould not wait a secondFail to:英文中的否定很少.用not ，一般采用1 no + 名词2 nothing3 fail to女人常常被美丽的衣服所吸引e.g.: women are usually attracted by beautiful clothesBeautiful clothes always catch women’s eyesBeautiful clothes fascinate womenBeautiful clothes never fail to fascinate womenSth never fail to fascinate human beings可作为开头Affectionate 柔情似水Passionate 激情的Reasonable 理性的我们对猫的生活不是很了解e.g. :To cat’s life ,we have nothingwe don’t know much about a cat’s lifewe know little about a cat’s lifeLittle do we know about a catA cat’s life to us is a mysteryLearn to = get used to 习惯于We have learned to …Remain suspicious of…对…保持怀疑Never remain suspicious of …坚信Some people never remain suspicious of the point that there is true love in the world（同位）One of the things that fascinate us most about cats is the popular belief that they have nine lives that1 为定语从句 that2 为同位语网络是很重要的People never remain suspicious of that point that the internet never fail to be importantInternet , a way of communication , play an important role in societyPeople without internet are like flowers without sunshine.第四讲1 形式主语 & 形式宾语2 方法：虚拟语气If I am you ,I will stay hereIf I was you ,I would stay hereIf I were you , I would stay hereIf I could have a dinner with him I wouldIf you told me earlier ,I would not do thatIf you had told we earlier ,I would not have done that虚拟语气的词汇：Wishe.g. Mr zhuang wishes his GF were beautygonna = going to wanna = want toa glass of water互文现象The days would all be empty . The nights would seem so long .“白天晚上都那么无聊空虚”The sky is blue and my heart is clam.“天空与我的心一样湛蓝而宁静”I have a dream that one day + 从句我有这样的梦想有朝一日情态动词Must –may—might might 最好I might have been in love before but it never felt this strong“此情可待成追忆，只是当时已惘然”Hold me now , touch me nowTouch 的用法We should read this book and never touch bad book.比较级的用法1 否定 + 比较级 = 最高级No one is more beautiful than you .2 It is more than I could afford3 I love you more than I can say万能句式**will lead a way for us like a guiding star带着职业的敏感去观察生活被动句：1 喧宾夺主2 分 be 得分---寻找谓语动词的过去分词Be –所有时态的变化均体现在be 动词上得--- 得到被动句经典：Love for the sake of being loved is human . Love for the sake of loving is angelic .“因为被爱而去爱是人性的彰显，因为爱所以爱是神性的光辉”倒装句：1 强调2 承上启下3 制造悬念e.g : 任何广告都不使我们感到惊讶The advertisement can not surprise us any moreRarely can the advertisement surprise us any moree.g. A small city does not fascinate people as much as a big city ---hardlye.g:A new factory would contaminate our communitySeldom can a new factory be established without contaminating our community .e.g. We sat on the cliffs by the sea ,watching the sunset.On the cliffs by the sea we sat , watching the sunset .I came to Beijing for the simple reason that I love youSuch is human nature ,that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the…of becoming…Such is love ,that falling in love proves easy but remain in it proves difficult这就是爱相爱容易相处难。