2021年托福写作讲义
托福综合写作讲义
断言声称：allegation/ claim/ assertion
B. 语言
提示观点，递进： in addition/ furthermore in the same manner another reason is... that brings us to... what I want to talk about is that...
B. 语言
研究调查：(further/ closer/ other) studies/ researches
TOEFL iBT
Integrated Writing
By Joe
考什么
• 1. note taking • 2. summarizing • 3. paraphrasing
Reading & Lecture
1. 驳斥
1.1 L完全反对R中的结论、观点； 1. 2 L指出R中未提及的缺陷、不利之处等； 2. 延续 2.1 L支持R结论、观点； 2. 2 L解释R中的原因、结果等；
B. 语言
驳斥、反对 •refute, disagree with, cast doubt on, challenge, oppose, conflict with, deny the statement of, contradict, differ from, in contrast
B. 语言
Reading 读什么
TOEFL写作讲义-胡旭辉
独立写作讲义（1）对立观点题型。
Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.It has been said, "Not all learning takes place in the classroom." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from personal experience with knowledge gained from classroom instruction. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?引言段思路：阐述背景，明确表明自己支持的观点。
模板：Nowadays it is widely acknowledged that __ has played an essential role in peoples life, (可具体描述该主题的重要性)As a result the question is often raised as to whether___________________ or _______________. To this question, people’s opinions vary, with some claiming that it is much better to ______________and others holding that ________ is a better choice. (背景阐述)Taking into account the major factors involved, I cast my vote for the former/latter opinion, and this essay will explore the reasons for my stance（明确立场）.可以用自己的语言来开头，尤其是背景阐述，可以针对论题进行简单描述。
托福写作基础讲义1
写作高频场景词汇：School and Education1) 作为团队工作work as/ in a team2) 在...的帮助下with the help of3) 穿校服wear a school uniform4) 使用学校设备use the school facilities/ equipment5) 参加...的新生引导课程take an orientation course6) 与小组一起学习study with a group7) 出国留学study abroad8) 与某人分享观点share a idea/ ideas with someone9) 与某人同住一室share a room with sb10) 现实生活经验real life experience11) 优先考虑... put a priority on12) 追求个人兴趣pursue one’s individual interest13) 提倡创造性思维promote/ advocate creative thinking/ critical thinking14) 预防校园暴力prevent school violence15) 参与课堂讨论participate in a class discussion16) 理清思路organize one’s thoughts17) 选修科目optional subjects18) 提供教育机会offer/ provide an educational opportunity19) 在...方面改变make a change in...20) 主修major in21) 住宿舍live in a dormitory/ dorm22) 讲座lectures23) 通过...学习learn by/ via/ through + doing24) 自学learn by myself/ teach myself25) 增加教育预算increase the education budget26) 增加某人的潜力increase one’s potential/ 能力capability27) 有机会... have the opportunity to do sth28) 对...有很大的影响have a strong impact on sth29) 对...有强烈的好奇心have a strong curiosity about30) 进行关于...的讨论have a discussion about31) 有...文凭/学历have a diploma/ certification in32) 有...的选择have a choice of33) 从学校毕业graduate from34) 上私立学校go to a private/ public school35) 经历青春期go through puberty36) 因...给某人奖励give someone a prize37) 取得好成绩get a good grade38) 收到良好的教育get good education39) 获得最新的信息gain/ receive the latest information/ news40) 从...获得知识gain knowledge from41) 组成学习小组form a study group42) 感到来自同龄个人的压力feel peer/ contemporaries pressure43) 面对问题face a problem44) 课外活动extracurricular activities45) 拓展知识expand/ gain/ acquire/ obtain/ get/ accumulate one’s knowled ge46) 获得学分earn a credit47) 培养在...方面的专长develop expertise in...48) 必修科目compulsory subjects49) 职业准备career preparation50) 建学校build/ establish school51) 开始正规教育begin formal education52) 必须...，被要求.... be required/ suppose to do53) 参与户外活动participate/ take part in/ join in/ attend outdoor activities54) 在...方面有能力;能胜任... be competent/ capable in55) 上大学attend college/ university56) 上课attend classes57) 参加夏令营participate/ engage in/ , be/ get involved in a summer camp58) 给某人布置家庭走也assign homework to somebody59) 中学、大学 a primary/ middle/ high school. Secondary school.60) 研究领域 a field of study写作高频场景词汇：Family and Society1) 拜访邻居visit one’s neighborhood2) 使用公共交通工具use public transportation3) 没有做... without doing4) 把某人看作... treat someone as, treat them as competitor5) 青少年犯罪teenager delinquencies/ juvenile delinquency6) 养家support a family, feed one’s family7) 对...表示尊敬show respect to8) 展现领导才能show leadership skills9) 解决问题solve problems10) 使某人想起某事remind sb of something11) 信仰某种宗教believe in a particular religion12) 宣誓对...效忠pledge loyalty to13) 将某人的价值观传递给... pass on one’s values to...14) 参加社区活动participate in community activities15) 做出重要决定make an important decision16) 对...做出贡献make a contribution to17) 住在郊区live in suburban/ suburb areas18) 跟上keep up with19) 记住某事keep sth in mind20) 照看、留心keep an eye on21) 普遍认同it is generally agreed that...22) 改善公共交通improve public transportation23) 有高标准have high standards24) 有...的倾向have a tendency to do25) 有社区意识have a sense of community26) 有...感have a sense of achievement/ fulfillment/ accomplishment; humor; belonging; happiness27) 与...有密切的关系have a close relationship with28) 与...相处get along with29) 获得...的支持gain the support of sb/ some organization30) 建立组织set up/ form an organization31) 形成舆论form public opinion/ lead public opinion32) 效仿某人imitate sb; follow in one’s footsteps33) 感到安全feel security34) 感觉被...吸引be attracted to/ feel an attraction to35) 顺便去购物中心drop in at a shopping center36) 为生计做某事do something for a living37) 负担得起... afford to do38) 建立信任build up trust39) 培养社会技能cultivate/ develop social skills40) 从...中获益benefit from41) 建立人脉build social connections/ social circles42) 成为...的居民become a resident of43) 孤立于.... be isolated from44) 需要帮助be in need of help45) 对...友好be hospitable to46) 情感上依附于... be emotionally attached to47) 致力于... be committed to/ commit oneself to/ devote oneself to48) 因...而著名be celebrated for/ be famous for/ be famous as做为。
托福英语写作讲义
Adapted from J. David Velleman, “The Genesis of Shame” Assignment: Should people make more of an effort to keep
some things private? Plan and write an essay in which you
6
SAT
Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.
Nowadays nothing is private: our culture has become too confessional and self-expressive. People think that to hide one’s thoughts or feelings is to pretend not to have those thoughts or feelings. They assume that honesty requires one to express every inclination and impulse.
7
SSAT
A or D: Honesty is always the
best policy.
托福写作讲义_暑假班
托福写作讲义_暑假班新托福写作讲义,4,作文的连贯与衔接“启”,首先,first, firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, to start with, in the beginning,at first,一方面,on the one hand (…on the other hand) For one thing…, for another…一般说来,generally speaking, in general现在,目前,at present, now, currently最近,recently“承”第二/第三,second, secondly / third, thirdly此外,besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more, moreover, in addition to, moreover 而且,also, too例如,for example, for instance, as an example, as another example 即,也就是说,namely, in other words, (In other words, she must give up singing.换言之, 她必须放弃唱歌。
) that is to say, it means that, that is,同样地,in the same way, similarly,用于句首,= likewise后来,from now on, later on, after a few days, after a while, then, 与此同时,meanwhile,此时,by this time1新托福写作讲义不久,soon因此,as a result, consequently, so同样重要,equally important“转”虽然,though, as, although,尽管,nevertheless,后面跟句子,, despite, in spite of ,后面加名词或代词,但是,but, yet,however即使,even though/even if ,后面加从句,相反,on the contrary, conversely ,相反地,颠倒地,, rather than, instead of…另一方面,on the other hand不幸地,unfortunately仍然,still与…不同,unlike“合”因此,hence,as a result, so, for this reason, as a result of总之,in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, briefly最终,eventually, at last,如我所说,as I have said, as has been said于是,accordinglye.g. He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.2新托福写作讲义人家叫他说话简短, 于是他就长话短说了。
托福强化写作讲义
写作提高：1. 中文思维——看到题目有话可说；2. 英文表达——正确恰当把中文思维体现成英文细节，结构，语言细节：清晰恰当的举例或“说明”能力；并不是一定出现for example，论据：why, what, how 结构：正常的逻辑说话顺序不重视语言。
语言：讲究用简单的话陈述深刻的道理；不是用复杂的话陈述简单的道理审题：1. 问法：which one, A & D （10-30 sec.）2. 思考什么现象导致出此题目（30-60 sec.）思考方式：1.过去和今天对比；2.以自身为背景; 3. 细化主题词写作：A 开头部分题目背景：1.通过现象 2.引出话题3-5mins 50字主题句（开头）用肯定的语言概括文章将来结构（理由，例子）B 论证部分1 （1）key words和题目相同（尽量保持题目语序）（2）概括此段大意（尽量概括论据）（3）简单准确2 解释1句3 解释2句论据：why / what / how4 解释3句C 结尾部分主题句（结尾）清晰明确递进A & D（含有绝对词）第1段：BI(Back Information)第2段：去掉绝对词（或把绝对词变限定词）肯定第3段：加上绝对词否定第4段：TS (Thesis Statement) + 递进(取决于&不得不)“含绝对词立论文”出题形式A is the most important. & A is more important than B.2. A is important.3. However, B is the same important.4. I disagree that A is the “most” important.(1) It depends on …… whether A or B isthe most important.(2) B is more important than A in that ……A is the best.A is only way.A is better than B.常见绝对词：最高级，唯一性，比较级best —— goodworst —— badalways —— sometime, often, usuallynever —— sometime not消失——减少必然——可能必须——可以● Nowadays, the ability to cooperate is more important than past?（2007-3-4）2. It is undeniable that the ability to cooperate nowadays is extremely important and inevitable.3. However, it is also indisputable that the ability to cooperate in past is genuinelyimportant and imperative.4. Judging from above evidence offered, I can hardly agree that the ability to cooperate nowadays is “more”important than past. From my perspective, since the undeveloped science and technology, the ability to cooperate in past is more important than nowadays.● It is more important for a teacher to help students gain self-confidence than to teach specific knowledge?（2007-3-10）2. It is undeniable that it is extremely important and inevitable to help students gain self-confidence.（错）2. It is undeniable that a teacher to help students gain self-confidence is great important.（错）2. Admittedly, it is magically important and inevitable for a teacher to help students gain self-confidence in order to encouragestudents to face the troubles of study and daily routine easily.3. Nevertheless, it is also typically important and imperative for a teacher to teach students specific knowledge for their extensive essential knowledge to lay the foundation for the favorable career prospect.4. Consequently, I can hardly agree that it is “more”important for a teacher to help students gain self-confidence than to teach specific knowledge. From my perspective, it depends mostly on the study period and personality of the students whether the teacher helps students gain self-confidence or teaches specific knowledge.introvertedextroverted写文章框架的规律：1. 题目语序为“主谓宾”结构，使用it is undeniable / indisputable / unavoidable /incontrovertible that2. 题目语序是it be adj，段首句语序不变，加形容词或副词3. 概括论据：why: in that, for, on account of, for the sake of, in order towhat: , especially4. 递进常用取决于，不要忘了whether, 常见取决于：发展，爱好，年龄，经济，习惯，背景（个性）5. 当对比的A和B是人必经阶段时，用不得不,即程度加深。
2021年托福独立写作文档解析
托福独立写作题目相对而言比较多，针对独立写作部分的备考我们要更多的总结规律，通过总结来节省备考时间。
下面就和大家托福独立写作范文解析,希望能帮助到大家，来欣一下吧。
托福独立写作范文解析如何写好文章Essay TopicWhich one is the most important for teacher of high schoolThe ability to help students plan for their future;The ability to find the students who need help most and help them;Teach students how to learn outside the classroom.就这道题来讲，题型基本结构的选择有两种三项能力都重要，但是第一项最重要;或者，第一项是重要的，而第二项和第三项是不重要的。
其他的文章结构都是这两种的变体。
我们拿第二种结构举例总论点规划未来能力最重要(vs.发现需要帮助的同学&教会自学)主体段1学生最需要规划，而只有老师有能力提供主体段2发现需要帮助的能力不重要，因为学生自己会来找主体段3课外自学不重要，高中生没有课外时间The ability to help student with planning their future isdefinitely themost important capability for high school teachers.To begin with, high school students are in desperate need for guidanceabout their future, and teachers are the only competent candidate to provide it.I know this from my personal experience. When I was in high school, a greatportion of my classmates’ onlygoal is to reach for the minimum requirement forgraduation, and to be able to get an offer from a middle-ranged college in theUS, asall 15-year-old boys are profoundly addicted to either computer games orlove affairs. Because of our immature mind, we had no idea regarding the choiceof universities, or the selection of a future career path. What made mattersworse is that our high school teachers provided us with virtually zero guidanceconcerning our college applications, not because they lack of the intention, butsimply because they know nothing about it. Consequently, the vast majority ofour parents had to hire an outside agency that specializes in the collegeapplication process which costs tons of money. Later we realized that this is anutter mistake, for what they did was simplygiving us the timeline of theapplication process, translating our personal statements and recommendationletters from Chinese into English, and finally mailing out all our materials tothe US. All of these simple tasks could be performed by ourselves, and thesemisfortunes surely could have been avoided if we had the luckto meet morecompetent teachers, with the ability to warn students and their parents aboutthe black-hearted agencies and lay out lucid plans for students’ future.The capability to find the students who need assistance most and help them,on the other hand, is not that imperative. The reason for this is quite simple,since high school students would come to teachers voluntarily if they are inserious trouble. In other words, many times students don’t want to be botheredb y a teacher who treats them like a baby-sitter. As for the “help” part, Ifirmly hold the faith that all teachers are already equipped with thewillingness to solve student’s problem gladly, using their prehistoric powers,no matter how difficult the situation can be. So the willingness to helpstudents should be the minimum standard to be qualified as a teacher.Similarly, the skill to teach students how to learn outside the classroomis completely unnecessary. For one, most high school students have no timeoutside their classrooms at all, as all their spare time is already occupied bycram school or by extracurricular activities. Even in the rare circumstance thatsome students may have free time, parents could always play the part of theirinstructor on how to self-study.本篇文章在结构的处理上，做到了清晰、简单。
TOEFL写作讲义
TOEFL写作讲义（主讲：戴云）第一章总体介绍一、我的赏与罚封赏与晋升：普通教徒---罗汉---金刚---护法---菩萨---佛---高级佛---教主助理---副教主---常务副教主课堂可以获得最高功名为护法考试95及以上为菩萨，100分以上佛，105分以上高级佛，110分以上教主助理，115 分以上副教主，118分以上常务副教主，121分以上教主。
批评与惩戒：Curse---赠送白绫---开除出教二、托福写作圣经要多记笔记：1、可以保证focus on my lecture，不会absent-minded2、保证将来会有复习的clues写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚。
1、写作必须有观点2、要给出一个清楚的观点写作考试不基于考生的真实身份。
托福作文中所有的例子和细节可以是真的，也可以是假的。
写作考试只考察语言水平，不考察思想水平。
举例：建工厂不同意的理由有三：1、造成污染；2、交通堵塞；3、物价上涨写作考试不测试考生的真实想法。
作文不是写想写的，而是写好写的、能写的。
举例：父母是最好的老师，你同意吗？同意的理由：1、how to behave myself；2、value system；3、experience上述理由都不能证明该题目“后天的知识是老师教的，而不是父母教的”存在逻辑错误，将老师与父母并列起来，应该在老师前面加上修饰语“学校的”。
写作是基于表达，而不是基于翻译。
举例：婀娜多姿：beautiful；妩媚动人：lovelyY ou are extremely smart. extremely means very托福考试30分钟最低要写300字，一般要求写400到500字写作内容和语言同等重要。
把内容表达清楚可以拿到高分clarity高于variety，variety高于complexityclarity is the priority观点的层次比观点的数目更重要。
逻辑错误比语法错误更严重。
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复习建议敲字和单词量，电脑上听写、写字板里练习写作重复阅读官方指南第五章249-293和321-343分类读185题库，列提纲，贯彻详细细节，查字典分类写文章，修改到完美，准备机经练习3分钟看一篇短文，做笔记然后重述能力练习听学术段子，重述能力，建议93篇学术段子练习可以从不计时到计时，量变到质量三角和巴朗练习一、独立写作评分原则An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:●Effective ad dresses the topic and task●Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplification,and/or details●Displays unity，progression，and coherence●Displays consistent facility in the use of language，demonstrating syntactic variety，appropriate word choice，and idiomaticity，though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.OG 325-343effectively:in a way that produces the intended result or a successful resultorganized:arranged or planned in a particular order or structuredeveloped:to make an idea clearer by explaining it furtherexplanation:a statement,fact or situation that tells you why a reason given for sthunity:the state of looking or being complete in a natural and pleasing wayprogression:the process of developing gradually from one stage to anothercoherence:of different ideas,arguments,sentences to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a wholeconsistent:always behaving in the same way ,or having the same opinions standard评分规则核心某些1、细节、例子和因素有效上支持了观点、切题2、不要说没故意义套话和没有观点和主旨话3、逻辑和构造上联系并不等于第一第二第三4、宏观和微观上内容统一、逻辑构造渐进连贯5、避免重复观点6、句子构造变化、适当单词选取、容许少量语法或者拼写错误，前提是这些错误不影响意思理解7、句子构造复杂限度、以及词汇复杂限度一种能力五个误区能力：清晰恰当举例能力，切题就能写出文章，体现语言运用能力误区：1、没有一定要书面化和地道，托福是为英语是非母语人设计，不也许做到，见官方指南5分作文评论289页2、没有说要有观点新颖独特，是语言考试，并不是作文竞赛，在语言上下功夫，而不是在观点上下功夫。
3、举例说理一定要有代表性和广泛可理解性，原则是不懂得这件事情人看了也能明白例子和观点联系。
4、不要用自己不擅长句型、写法、语法。
5、辨证想法是好，但如果不是题目直接规定你比较两者，最多在开头或者结尾提到，作为思路比较危险。
如何选取最佳理由：办法：头脑风暴：注意与对立面考虑才不会离题prons and cons：任何理由都可以辩证用原则：理由不能太直白，应当是值得解释，可以跳跃思维理由里面不要包括太过抽象词，这样限制了你下面思路，好像说什么都是重复说完理由应当立即有一堆例子可以想出来1.不切题理由167.which should your school choose to buy computer or booksTo invest on computer is better choice. For 4 long years in college. I have no access to computersbecause the university has been always running out funds. I have suffered a lot during my job seeking sessions when i was frequently asked to improve my computer skills. It is certainly a good idea that the money invested into a university library be used to buy computers.1.we can afford much more books than just few computers with the same amount of money.2.we are able to study with the book whenever and wherever I want,instead of waiting in a line for the access of computer.3.unlike the infromation getting from the internet,the theory in the books are profound and well-proved.2.改写原题前提理由注意假想例子限度：101.doing home work by hand or prefer using machine由于本人很不幸，先天性残疾、没手，也曾努力用脚来写，却着实痛苦。
自从练习用脚打字以来，进步神速，字打特别工整，谁又懂得我是用脚还是用手，因此打字好。
1.doing home work by machine2.fast and neat in case we need more than one copy3.search infro on line multitask4.convenient email and discuss on line3.道德水平太高或者太低Money is everything ,without money you can do nothing.money makes the mare go.To work for money is not my original intention，i have to do so because as the only bread winner，i am responsible to suppoort my family. i could not imagine that i simply work for my own interest，while leaving my family starving.Recently i typed several threat letters and mailed out.Clearly a handwritten letter can be easily used as evidence against me in the court，while a typed letter is very hard to be attached to a certain person.People should not work for money but should try to make more contribution to this world.4.政治上敏感理由可以和美军作战，给美帝国主义以致命打击，给中华人民共和国人出一口气。
5.重复理由Computer can help you find the information you need more efficiently.Computer may serve you a lot of time when you seek information in the library.万能理由：与事物关于：效率、以便、经济、耐久、安全、空间与人关于：健康、乐趣、成就、性格、情感、交流、经验、她人角度：工作、学习、家庭生活中关系：情谊、爱情、家庭103. the most important charatieristic to be sucessfule in lifepeople willing to make friend with people with sense of respondibilityresponsible people always will be approved by your boss in your careerresponsible is the essential characteristic in a happy family时间：小学、中学、大学4.indirect experience and direct experience,which source is more imoprtant,why?throughout the different stage of life，from primary school to university to adulthood，experience teaches us many skill we need for life.利益方：个人、集体、国家社会58.businesses should do anything they can to make a profit do you agreemy goal is to make money，however，i can't forget that there are more important things in life than earning a profit. i must consider the customer I serve，the people I work with，and the community I live in.话题扩展1：关于情谊62.110.111.117.173.15.93.18.22.46.179.103.已考过题目：5.26 Do you agree or disagree?Letting a friend make a mistake is better than saying or doing something which will destroy the friendship.参见185题库173题8.12 Do you agree or disagree?It is more important to keep old friends that it is to make new friends?参见185题库111、117题1.5批准不批准：一种聪颖朋友比一种幽默朋友重要话题扩展2:关于新建筑影响5.16.25.26.30.113.关于居住都市和地方关于变化和增进6.165.52.24关于乡村或都市9.20.关于一种地方或其她地方31.92.105.university dormitories and apartment in the community144.Would you prefer to live in a traditional house or in a more modern apartment building?139.What do you consider to be the most important room in a house?and why?话题扩展3:科技题133.13.36.37.70.73.81.84.87.88.104.159.178.必要写题目3、36、733题目分析：核心词是更简朴准备食物、生活方式提高当代烹饪办法使得食物味道鲜美，样式更加丰富。