托福英语写作讲义
托福综合写作讲义
断言声称：allegation/ claim/ assertion
B. 语言
提示观点，递进： in addition/ furthermore in the same manner another reason is... that brings us to... what I want to talk about is that...
B. 语言
研究调查：(further/ closer/ other) studies/ researches
TOEFL iBT
Integrated Writing
By Joe
考什么
• 1. note taking • 2. summarizing • 3. paraphrasing
Reading & Lecture
1. 驳斥
1.1 L完全反对R中的结论、观点； 1. 2 L指出R中未提及的缺陷、不利之处等； 2. 延续 2.1 L支持R结论、观点； 2. 2 L解释R中的原因、结果等；
B. 语言
驳斥、反对 •refute, disagree with, cast doubt on, challenge, oppose, conflict with, deny the statement of, contradict, differ from, in contrast
B. 语言
Reading 读什么
TOEFL写作讲义-胡旭辉
独立写作讲义（1）对立观点题型。
Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.It has been said, "Not all learning takes place in the classroom." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from personal experience with knowledge gained from classroom instruction. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?引言段思路：阐述背景，明确表明自己支持的观点。
模板：Nowadays it is widely acknowledged that __ has played an essential role in peoples life, (可具体描述该主题的重要性)As a result the question is often raised as to whether___________________ or _______________. To this question, people’s opinions vary, with some claiming that it is much better to ______________and others holding that ________ is a better choice. (背景阐述)Taking into account the major factors involved, I cast my vote for the former/latter opinion, and this essay will explore the reasons for my stance（明确立场）.可以用自己的语言来开头，尤其是背景阐述，可以针对论题进行简单描述。
托福写作基础讲义1
写作高频场景词汇：School and Education1) 作为团队工作work as/ in a team2) 在...的帮助下with the help of3) 穿校服wear a school uniform4) 使用学校设备use the school facilities/ equipment5) 参加...的新生引导课程take an orientation course6) 与小组一起学习study with a group7) 出国留学study abroad8) 与某人分享观点share a idea/ ideas with someone9) 与某人同住一室share a room with sb10) 现实生活经验real life experience11) 优先考虑... put a priority on12) 追求个人兴趣pursue one’s individual interest13) 提倡创造性思维promote/ advocate creative thinking/ critical thinking14) 预防校园暴力prevent school violence15) 参与课堂讨论participate in a class discussion16) 理清思路organize one’s thoughts17) 选修科目optional subjects18) 提供教育机会offer/ provide an educational opportunity19) 在...方面改变make a change in...20) 主修major in21) 住宿舍live in a dormitory/ dorm22) 讲座lectures23) 通过...学习learn by/ via/ through + doing24) 自学learn by myself/ teach myself25) 增加教育预算increase the education budget26) 增加某人的潜力increase one’s potential/ 能力capability27) 有机会... have the opportunity to do sth28) 对...有很大的影响have a strong impact on sth29) 对...有强烈的好奇心have a strong curiosity about30) 进行关于...的讨论have a discussion about31) 有...文凭/学历have a diploma/ certification in32) 有...的选择have a choice of33) 从学校毕业graduate from34) 上私立学校go to a private/ public school35) 经历青春期go through puberty36) 因...给某人奖励give someone a prize37) 取得好成绩get a good grade38) 收到良好的教育get good education39) 获得最新的信息gain/ receive the latest information/ news40) 从...获得知识gain knowledge from41) 组成学习小组form a study group42) 感到来自同龄个人的压力feel peer/ contemporaries pressure43) 面对问题face a problem44) 课外活动extracurricular activities45) 拓展知识expand/ gain/ acquire/ obtain/ get/ accumulate one’s knowled ge46) 获得学分earn a credit47) 培养在...方面的专长develop expertise in...48) 必修科目compulsory subjects49) 职业准备career preparation50) 建学校build/ establish school51) 开始正规教育begin formal education52) 必须...，被要求.... be required/ suppose to do53) 参与户外活动participate/ take part in/ join in/ attend outdoor activities54) 在...方面有能力;能胜任... be competent/ capable in55) 上大学attend college/ university56) 上课attend classes57) 参加夏令营participate/ engage in/ , be/ get involved in a summer camp58) 给某人布置家庭走也assign homework to somebody59) 中学、大学 a primary/ middle/ high school. Secondary school.60) 研究领域 a field of study写作高频场景词汇：Family and Society1) 拜访邻居visit one’s neighborhood2) 使用公共交通工具use public transportation3) 没有做... without doing4) 把某人看作... treat someone as, treat them as competitor5) 青少年犯罪teenager delinquencies/ juvenile delinquency6) 养家support a family, feed one’s family7) 对...表示尊敬show respect to8) 展现领导才能show leadership skills9) 解决问题solve problems10) 使某人想起某事remind sb of something11) 信仰某种宗教believe in a particular religion12) 宣誓对...效忠pledge loyalty to13) 将某人的价值观传递给... pass on one’s values to...14) 参加社区活动participate in community activities15) 做出重要决定make an important decision16) 对...做出贡献make a contribution to17) 住在郊区live in suburban/ suburb areas18) 跟上keep up with19) 记住某事keep sth in mind20) 照看、留心keep an eye on21) 普遍认同it is generally agreed that...22) 改善公共交通improve public transportation23) 有高标准have high standards24) 有...的倾向have a tendency to do25) 有社区意识have a sense of community26) 有...感have a sense of achievement/ fulfillment/ accomplishment; humor; belonging; happiness27) 与...有密切的关系have a close relationship with28) 与...相处get along with29) 获得...的支持gain the support of sb/ some organization30) 建立组织set up/ form an organization31) 形成舆论form public opinion/ lead public opinion32) 效仿某人imitate sb; follow in one’s footsteps33) 感到安全feel security34) 感觉被...吸引be attracted to/ feel an attraction to35) 顺便去购物中心drop in at a shopping center36) 为生计做某事do something for a living37) 负担得起... afford to do38) 建立信任build up trust39) 培养社会技能cultivate/ develop social skills40) 从...中获益benefit from41) 建立人脉build social connections/ social circles42) 成为...的居民become a resident of43) 孤立于.... be isolated from44) 需要帮助be in need of help45) 对...友好be hospitable to46) 情感上依附于... be emotionally attached to47) 致力于... be committed to/ commit oneself to/ devote oneself to48) 因...而著名be celebrated for/ be famous for/ be famous as做为。
托福写作讲义_暑假班
托福写作讲义_暑假班新托福写作讲义,4,作文的连贯与衔接“启”,首先,first, firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, to start with, in the beginning,at first,一方面,on the one hand (…on the other hand) For one thing…, for another…一般说来,generally speaking, in general现在,目前,at present, now, currently最近,recently“承”第二/第三,second, secondly / third, thirdly此外,besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more, moreover, in addition to, moreover 而且,also, too例如,for example, for instance, as an example, as another example 即,也就是说,namely, in other words, (In other words, she must give up singing.换言之, 她必须放弃唱歌。
) that is to say, it means that, that is,同样地,in the same way, similarly,用于句首,= likewise后来,from now on, later on, after a few days, after a while, then, 与此同时,meanwhile,此时,by this time1新托福写作讲义不久,soon因此,as a result, consequently, so同样重要,equally important“转”虽然,though, as, although,尽管,nevertheless,后面跟句子,, despite, in spite of ,后面加名词或代词,但是,but, yet,however即使,even though/even if ,后面加从句,相反,on the contrary, conversely ,相反地,颠倒地,, rather than, instead of…另一方面,on the other hand不幸地,unfortunately仍然,still与…不同,unlike“合”因此,hence,as a result, so, for this reason, as a result of总之,in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, briefly最终,eventually, at last,如我所说,as I have said, as has been said于是,accordinglye.g. He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.2新托福写作讲义人家叫他说话简短, 于是他就长话短说了。
罗茗科托福写作讲义
2007年11月25日“There is always a siren, singing the shipwreck. Steering always from each rock, we have been a walking disaster. Just because you feel it, doesn’t mean it’s there.”Walking dictionary 活字典写作原则：重要提前原则。
”Make your sentence longer and longer.”主动> 被动注意形容词和动词的多样化，加强使用副词。
一一不对应原则。
Independent Task – TopicsPreference A or B.Opinion Agree or DisagreeDescription Open QuestionWhat makes a man? (responsible, rational, analytical, critical, informative, chivalrous…)写作步骤：Plan:1. Identify the Question2. Brainstorm3. Positioning4. Create OutlineWrite:Initial the Into-partGenerate body paragraphsGive conclusionProofread:CheckUpgrade怎样想理由？（Brainstorm）SWOT·Strengths·Weakness·Opportunities·ThreatsSTAKEHOLDER·Interests·Perspective·Ideology/mind-set/methodologyLIMITATIOJNS·Time: anytime?·Situation: every situation?·Place: every place?·Exception: no exception at all?2007年12月02日“Chongqing, the city of never Jazz.”2007年12月09日Independent TaskIntroductionAttention device (Grab the attention from the reader) ·Paraphrase the topic (-)·Background understanding (0)·Super Star Opening (+)Theme (Explain your position on the topic clearly) ·From my perspective, …How to develop·Transition to the body paragraphs·I regard analytical & rational as…·Hence, this essay will firstly…Key Note:·3-5 sentences·Do not to into specific example·Do not repeat the topic·Theme>Attention Device>HTDHow to create attention device?·Restate or extend the Question·Describe the background information·Use Story/Scenario·Use adage/quotation/expert opinion·Make shocking Statement·Employ Parallel Rhetorical Questions“He knows no danger.He knows no fear.He knows nothing.”2007年12月16日“You are only just a dream boat, sailing in my head You swim my secret oceans of coral blue and redYour smell is incense burningYour touch is silken yetIt reaches through my skin, moving from within and clutches at my breastBut it is only when I sleep”Independent Tast (开头段写法)When Adam Smiths argued that ”there is an invisible hand above the market”, he was only partly right, in terms of the China market.The students at West Virginia University don’t want you to think they take life too seriously. -------marriage issueWhen Ted Kennedy gazes from the windows from his office in Boston, he can see the harbors’“Golden Stairs” where all eight of his great grandparents first set foot in America. ------US Visa IssuePreviously, for some years, dangerous sports such as extreme sports became prevalent to many people, especially young generations.A teacher sometimes has to be a referee, a coach, and a …The year is marked with many holidays each with its traditional rites and customs.The bride and groom, a guitar-wielding rock vixen and a muscle-rippling dragon-slayer, make an odd couple---so it is hardly surprising that nobody expected their marriage. But on December 2nd the videogame companies behind "guitar Hero" and "World of Warcraft", Activision and Vivendi Games respectively, announced plans for an elaborate merger.As Americans digest the news of another gun atrocity, a mall shooting in Nebraska on December 5th, they cannot be blamed for thinking that guns are in too ready supply. But an article in the latest Economic Journal suggests that the demand for illegal guns, at least, is not met as easily as people might fear.Just as computers used to occupy entire rooms, and were able to make only a few thousand computations a second, so the first DNA-sequencing machines were able to read only about 5000 genetic "letters" a day. Technology changes. Now it is possible for a single machine to sequence a human genome of about 3 billion letters in two months. At this rate, those 5000 letters would take less than ten seconds.In a world where sight and sound seem to reign supreme, all it takes is a cursory glance at the size of the perfume industry to realize that smell matters quite a lot, too.IT is a typical example of the colonization of a new frontier. A few intrepid explorers stake out some new, unexplored territory. Before long the first settlers move in and start to look for ways to make a quick buck. their success attracts more settler, and an unruly bonanza ensues; finally the policemen, lawyers and tax collectors show up. But the territory in question is not a new continent: it is the realm of cyberspace, where two developments suggest that virtual worlds are coming of age. The first is the emergence of commercial uses for virtual environments; the second is the advent of litigation and regulation.Even miracles have their price. When DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1984, it was an extraordinary advance in forensic science. It was also an irresistible temptation to the public authorities to start building databases of their crimina l citizens’' genetic profiles. Regardless of the rights and wrongs of those decisions, these databases have created a need for the mass storage of biological samples."I have not failed. I have just found 10000 ways that won't work." That is how Thomas Edison described his laborious attempts to perfect the incandescent light bulb. Yet an emerging technique for developing inventions knocks even Edison's exhaustive approach into a cocked hat. Evolutionary design, which borrows its ideas from biology, enables a computer to run through tens of millions of variations on an invention until it hits on the best solution to a problem.开篇场景描写：You try to turn off the TV, but you can’t find the remote. Then your cell phone starts ringing, and your alarm clock goes on. Your computer screen flashes a fatal error message; while your electric popcorn popper sends popcorn all over your kitchen, plus a Ding ring of your Microwave and the siren alarm of your water pot. Sounds familiar? If you are like most people you are in an ongoing battle with technology, and unfortunately, technology is winning.He quiets us down with just a stare.Recharge(充电) my batteriesHeaven never seals off all the exits. 天无绝人之路。
TOEFL写作讲义
TOEFL写作讲义（主讲：戴云）第一章总体介绍一、我的赏与罚封赏与晋升：普通教徒---罗汉---金刚---护法---菩萨---佛---高级佛---教主助理---副教主---常务副教主课堂可以获得最高功名为护法考试95及以上为菩萨，100分以上佛，105分以上高级佛，110分以上教主助理，115 分以上副教主，118分以上常务副教主，121分以上教主。
批评与惩戒：Curse---赠送白绫---开除出教二、托福写作圣经要多记笔记：1、可以保证focus on my lecture，不会absent-minded2、保证将来会有复习的clues写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚。
1、写作必须有观点2、要给出一个清楚的观点写作考试不基于考生的真实身份。
托福作文中所有的例子和细节可以是真的，也可以是假的。
写作考试只考察语言水平，不考察思想水平。
举例：建工厂不同意的理由有三：1、造成污染；2、交通堵塞；3、物价上涨写作考试不测试考生的真实想法。
作文不是写想写的，而是写好写的、能写的。
举例：父母是最好的老师，你同意吗？同意的理由：1、how to behave myself；2、value system；3、experience上述理由都不能证明该题目“后天的知识是老师教的，而不是父母教的”存在逻辑错误，将老师与父母并列起来，应该在老师前面加上修饰语“学校的”。
写作是基于表达，而不是基于翻译。
举例：婀娜多姿：beautiful；妩媚动人：lovelyY ou are extremely smart. extremely means very托福考试30分钟最低要写300字，一般要求写400到500字写作内容和语言同等重要。
把内容表达清楚可以拿到高分clarity高于variety，variety高于complexityclarity is the priority观点的层次比观点的数目更重要。
逻辑错误比语法错误更严重。
托福写作讲义
托福写作讲义复习建议敲字和单词量，电脑上听写、写字板里练习写作反复阅读官方指南第五章249-293和321-343分类读185题库，列提纲，落实具体细节，查字典分类写文章，修改到完美，准备机经练习3分钟看一篇短文，做笔记然后重述的能力练习听学术段子，重述能力，建议93篇学术段子练习可以从不计时到计时，量变到质量三角和巴朗的练习一、独立写作评分标准An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:●Ef fective addresses the topic and task●Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplification,and/or details●Displays unity, progression, and coherence●Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.OG 325-343effectively:in a way that produces the intended result or a successful resultorganized:arranged or planned in a particular order or structuredeveloped:to make an idea clearer by explaining it furtherexplanation:a statement,fact or situation that tells you why a reason given for sthunity:the state of looking or being complete in a natural and pleasing wayprogression:the process of developing gradually from one stage to anothercoherence:of different ideas,arguments,sentences to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a wholeconsistent:always behaving in the same way ,or having the same opinions standard评分规则关键的部分1、细节、例子和原因有效上支持了观点、切题2、不要说没有意义的套话和没有观点和主旨的话3、逻辑和结构上的联系并不等于第一第二第三4、宏观和微观上内容统一、逻辑结构渐进连贯5、避免重复的观点6、句子结构的变化、合适的单词选择、允许少量的语法或者拼写错误，前提是这些错误不影响意思的理解7、句子结构的复杂程度、以及词汇的复杂程度一个能力五个误区能力：清楚恰当举例的能力，切题就能写出文章，体现语言运用能力误区：1、没有一定要书面化和地道，托福是为英语是非母语的人设计的，不可能做到，见官方指南5分作文评论289页2、没有说要有观点新颖独特，是语言考试，并不是作文竞赛，在语言上下功夫，而不是在观点上下功夫。
(3)托福写作讲义
TOEFL Independent Writing1.句子扩充：将一个简单句扩充，增加到15,25,35个字。
2.句式变化：3.如何将一个论点展开成一段？多问自己为什么？4.ETS作文评分标准：✓观点鲜明，论点清晰✓文章结构完整、恰当、漂亮〔首段+中间三段+尾段〕✓论点论证充分〔不讲大道理，要examples, reasons, details, 而且数量越多越好〕✓句式、词汇变换丰富〔长短句、陈述疑问句、简单复杂句变换使用〕✓语法、拼写无误✓力戒表意不清，题外罗嗦话5.如何写好TOEFL作文：✓语法正确✓高超的衔接手段✓充足的词汇量✓各种表达手段综合运用的能力✓清晰的逻辑和结构✓高超的笔记能力✓良好的阅读习惯和听力水平6.TOEFL作文的要求：✓3种时态：✓语态：✓语气：✓词汇量：✓阅读训练：✓听力：7.熟悉写作题库8.TOEFL作文的写作原则：✓正式文体✓完成结构✓明确观点✓精彩纷呈✓正式形式✓通顺连贯✓扬长避短9.TOEFL 作文题库题型分类：✓观点选择类：✓比较比照类：✓自主定义类：✓10.TOEFL作文的审题：1)确定题目的类别，确定切入点：【驳论方法一】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论方法二】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论】有时候是可以凭外表判断一个人的；11.TOEFL作文驳论点的写法：TOEFL作文驳论据的写法：12.TOEFL作文论点的写法：13.TOEFL作文论据的写法：(黄金规则二)✓健康安全✓便利✓交流✓习惯与心理✓亲情✓成就感✓环保✓经济✓品格✓科技✓教育TP:15.寻找理由的方法：✓有什么条件可以这样？凭什么✓如果这样有何好处或害处？✓如果不这样有什么好处或害处？✓如果要这样，人们必须怎么办？可行么？✓如果不能这样，人们应该怎么办？PDERCR：TOEFL 文章结构：✓“2-1”A型：✓“2-1”B型：✓折中方案：16.关于TOEFL写作人称问题：17.TOEFL文章的开篇第一段写法：1)背景法：背景+反方观点及理由+过渡+正方观点+作者观点及理由2)实例法：事例+论题+各方观点及理由+作者观点及理由3)实例的三种来源：18.主题句：19.TOEFL作文结尾段的写法：20.TOEFL作文段落的实现：1)例证法2)因果法3)比较法✓整体比较4)分项比较5)分类法6)定义法21.TOEFL作文的衔接手段：1)使用连词和短语2)使用代词3)使用语意粘连22.TOEFL 黄金句型〔黄金规则四〕✓强调句(emphasis)✓The more… the more(more)✓倒装句(reversion)✓比较结构和倍数关系(compare)✓修辞问句〔question〕✓并列结构(parallel)✓虚拟语气〔if〕✓插入语(insertion)23.T OEFL Integrated Writing1.综合写作评分标准：✓Successfully select the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately present this information in relation to the relevant information presented inthe reading✓The response is well organized✓And occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections2.TOEFL综合作文注意事项：✓听力部分的内容是最重要的✓不能表达重复，不清楚或者与文章无关✓听完后要尽最大努力去回忆并补全听力材料内容的笔记，写的越全越好✓只要听力内容丢掉一个key point，最高只能得3分✓只出现在综合阅读材料的专有名词一定不重要；在阅读和演讲材料中都出现的专有名词是重要的✓把注意力放在带来分数的点上，而不是均衡放在所有内容上✓千万不能发表个人的观点✓写作采用一般现在和一般过去时态3.TOEFL综合写作出题方式：✓Points in the lecture contradict, refute, depart from, challenge or cast doubt on points in the reading4.综合写作听力材料内容要点通常包括：〔黄金规则四〕✓主题句✓被重复的语意✓因果、比较、比照、比喻✓定义✓✓强调✓问题及答案✓态度词汇✓转折后的内容✓结论5.综合写作阅读材料的读法：✓不需要做笔记；但是需要把专有名词的首字母提炼出来✓阅读材料里面的客观描述〔如故事情节；历史；史实；发展历程等〕是不可能被驳倒的，所以不是阅读的重点6.综合写作考前训练步骤：✓看阅读听力材料，寻找要点〔3-5篇〕✓真实模考〔5-10篇〕7.综合写作文章框架✓“总-分-总”=“1+3+1”模式✓中间每段都要有阅读观点，演讲观点及二者的关系8.综合写作精彩句型：✓The lecture discuss...which differs from the main idea in the reading that…(首段)✓The professor made the point that…; on the contrary/however, the writer demonstrated a contradictory idea that…✓Contrary to the belief in the reading passage that…, the professor says that…(中)✓The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that…by saying that…〔中〕✓The lecture contradicts the idea in the reading by saying that…(中)✓First of all, the professor, in the listening passage, made the point that… The reading materials, in contrast, held a different view by stating that…✓Another important point shows in the listening material is that…, but the reading material presents a conflicting idea that…✓In terms of …, the listening material contradicts the reading material✓Finally, the professor states that…, which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that…✓In general, the professor discussed the issue of … that the reading viewed in a contrary/different angle. (结尾)9.综合写作材料的指称：✓The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture✓The writer/author/reading material/passage【注意】1、例子一定要specific一个example，一个research2、记得用些ly副词3、用插入语4、长短句结合5、句式变换6、每个例子，就是每段最后一句话必须是总结。
吴俭托福写作讲义3.10
托福写作讲义Teaching Plan (10)第一次课⏹托福写作考试整体介绍⏹作文理论Briefing⏹学习目的及课堂安排第二次课⏹词法：30组托福经典词汇⏹语法：20组常犯语法错误⏹改错练习第三次课⏹独立写作综述⏹Beginning Paragraph的写法第四次课⏹Topic Sentence的写法⏹How to develop sentence (1)第五次课⏹Supporting Ideas的写法第六次课⏹解题思路的扩展与总结⏹佳句赏析第七次课⏹让步式的写法⏹How to develop sentence (2)第八次课⏹结尾段的写法⏹写作流程总结及思路培养第九次课⏹综合写作综述⏹综合写作阅读及听力技巧⏹综合写作文章结构⏹综合写作模板使用第十次课⏹综合写作练习⏹托福写作最新考题分析⏹新托福考场备考策略及全攻略第一次课课程安排⏹托福写作考试整体介绍⏹作文理论Briefing⏹学习目的及课堂安排◆托福作文考试简介50分钟/2篇作文（综合写作、独立写作）☐综合写作（150字）5种关系（_____________________________________）☐独立写作（350字）3种出题方式3种基本话题◆作文理论Briefing作文考试目标☐☐☐☐1._____________________________________________✓✓✓✓✓✓2.______________________________________________✓说明文（两段式）✓议论文（三种传统理论）☐传统段☐对称式☐让步式本课堂的学习内容1、2、3、4、第二次课课程安排⏹词法：30组托福经典词汇⏹语法：20组常犯语法错误⏹改错练习雅思四大话题－30组经典词组和句子1.action/activityThe police took immediate _______when they realized the situation was getting out of hand. Economic________ stagnated as the recession took hold.2.advice/adviseCan you________ me on the best course of action to take?He offered me some excellent ____________3.affect/effectCuts in spending will have a serious_______ on the National Health Service.The strikes will seriously_______ train services.4.appreciable/appreciativeThere is an_______ difference between slaughter and murder.She was very_______ of our efforts to help.5.assumption/presumptionThey raised taxes on the_______ that it would help control spending.It’s sheer_____ for the government to suggest things have improved since they came to power.6.avoid/preventRapid government reforms managed to_______ a revolution taking place.He’s always trying to_______ taking a decision if he can help it.7.besides/besideThe office is just_______ the railway station._______ their regular daytime job, many people do extra work in the evening.8.briefly/shortly_______ before the conflict began, the army pulled down the border post.The minister spoke _______ about the need for political reform.9.channel/canalThe television________ received a formal complaint about the program.The Suez________ was built in the second half of the nineteenth century.10.conscientious/conscious_________ workers always take their work seriously.Most people are__________ of the need to protect the environment.11.continual/continuousA_________ trade embargo has badly affected the economic infrastructure.The computer has given us___________ problems ever since we installed it.12.control/inspectEnvironmental health officers regularly________ kitchens and other food preparation areas. The government plans to_________ the price of meat to make sure it doesn’t go up too much.13.criticism/objectionsThey didn’t raise any_________ when we insisted on inspecting the figures.The government’s plan was met wi th severe _________.14.damage/injury/harmIt was a severe __________ which needed immediate hospital treatment.A lot of____________ was caused to buildings along the coast during the storm.There is no _________ in working out the details right now.15.during/for/whileShops were closed _________ the duration of the conflict.______the transition from a dictatorship to democracy, the country experienced severe strikes. The bomb went off_________ the president was making his speech.16.however/moreoverThe plan was good in theory. ________, in practice it was extremely difficult to implement. The plan was excellent. ____, it was clear from the beginning that it was going to be a success.17.inconsiderate/inconsiderableAn ______________ amount of money was wasted._________ behavior makes life unpleasant for everybody.18.intolerable/intolerantI consider his behavior to be quite ______________The government is _____________ of other political parties.19.job/workEverybody has the right to a decent __________________ with good pay.Following the recession, many people are still looking for _________________y(s)/lie(s)The city of Guito ___________ near the equator.The manager made it clear he intended to _____________ down some strict rules.21.look at /watchWe must ___the situation in Lugumba carefully, and be prepared to act if violence flares again. We need to ____________ the problem carefully and if there is anything we can do about it. 22.permission/permitI’m afraid can’t__________ photography in here.They received _________ to attend the sessions as long as they didn’t interrupt.23.possibility/chanceThere is always the ___________ that the government will reverse its decision.If we act now, we have a good _____________ of finding a cure for the disease.24.practice / practiceIt’s important to _____________your English whenever possible.You need more ___________ before you take the exam.25.priceless/worthless_______ paintings by artists like Van Gogh should not be in the hands of private collectors. At inflation spiraled out of control, paper money suddenly became___________26.principal/principleThe____________ of the college is an ardent non-smoker.The country’s ________________ products are paper and wood.Not many people are familiar with the ____________ of nuclear physics.27.process/processionThe________ made its way down the avenue.Applying for a visa can be a long and frustrating______________28.raise/riseAs prices ___________ , demand usually drops.In response to the current oil shortage, most airlines plan to _____________ their fares.29.respectable/respectfulThe delegates listened in________ silence as the chairman spoke.They want to bring up their children in an area which is considered to be ____________30.treat/cureHospitals are so understaffed that they find it impossible to ___ patients with minor injures. They were unable to_____________ the disease, and hundreds died as a result.1. There be结构错误表达：There have many people believe that computers are useful.正确表达：2. 情态动词（情态动词必须加一个动词原形）错误表达：We should be take some effective measures.正确表达：3. 不一致不一致包括主谓不一致，也包括数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等错误表达：When one have money, he can do what he want to.正确表达：4. 时态问题错误表达：Some people argued that women should join the army.正确表达：5. 语态问题错误表达：Some people think that old buildings should preserve.正确表达：6. 悬垂修饰语错误表达：To solve this problem, proper measures should be taken.正确表达：错误表达：Serving in the army, self-respect and confidence can be cultivated.正确表达：7. 词性使用错误表达：Nobody can negative the importance of education.正确表达：8. 介词短语加了句号错误表达：With the development of society. People begin to realize the importance of education.正确表达：9. 句子不完整错误表达：The question whether the internet is a blessing or a curse.正确表达：10. 固定词组的搭配错误表达：There is a great deal of violence shown in media to the purpose of making people relaxed.正确表达：11. 指代不清指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致错误表达：However, the internet also has their disadvantages.正确表达：12. such as和for example的区别错误表达：Computers enjoy a host of merits for example high speed, easy accessibility and great efficiency.正确表达：错误表达：Studying with teachers is beneficial. Such as, we can acquire both useful knowledge and practical skills.正确表达：13. 逗号隔开了两个完整的句子错误表达：The human race has entered a marvelous age, the world is developing at an amazing rate.正确表达：14. 用词不当是指在特定的句子中如何适当的选用词语的问题，我们在作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是错误表达：The use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also gives rise to pollution.正确表达：15. 不连贯不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不通顺错误表达：As I see it, water shortage, it is the most pressing problem of the earth.正确表达：16. 名词单复数使用错误错误表达：Living in this information-explosion society, we can obtain an increasing number of informations. 正确表达：17. 正式原则一般不能出现缩写形式错误表达：As is known to all, we can’t do without advertisement.正确表达：特例：18. 大小写的错误每句开头第一个字母都得大写错误表达：as we all know, life is hope and hope is life.正确表达：19. 从句引导词错误错误表达：As is widely-accepted, that there are many people which fail to take into account the fact that the diversity of species is the greatest charm in the world.正确表达：20. 介词使用不当错误表达：There is no yet absolute agreement in the question whether schools are of no use in the Computer Age.正确表达：错误表达：On a nutshell, we can conclude that media will still exert positive impacts on the societal development.正确表达：Correction Exercises1.The invention of computers makes people live more comfortable and convenient.2.Don’t put hand in pocket.3.Many traffic accidents occurred is the result of careless.st night was too cold.5.By comparison, nuclear energy has some distinctive advantages, such as it is very clean and cheap.6.Some people claim that fast food will instead of traditional food.7.Despite he is very diligent at study, he still cannot pass the TOEFL test.8.I finished homework and went out of dormitory for a drink.9.Though the Internet has many benefits, but it also has some drawbacks.10.If you are convenient, please give me a hand.11.In the past, the price of milk was so expensive that few people could hardly afford it.12.I forgot my watch at home.13.Smoking is harmful to your body.14.Under his help, we past the IELTS test.15.The two types of designs exist difference.16.The true fact is he never offers help to others.17.There are many people plan to study abroad.18.Keep pets are very popular among people live in big city.19.If let alone at home, many old people are very dangerous.20.The society should pay more attention to the problems of education, poverty and disease; however, theyseldom do so.21.Today is very hot, I stay home.22.When talking to the interviewer, my heart was beating very fast.23.He gave the rose to the lovely lady that he had bought for his wife.parison with the performance of Linda, Kent’s performance is far from perfect.25.The big noise makes me can’t sleep well.26.My suggestion is more attention should be attached to the issue of youth drug abuse.27.The price of milk is more expensive than rice.28.The amount of bikes will declines in ten years.29.Smoking is harmful to one’s body. On the one hand, it can cause lung cancer. On the other hand, it canincrease the chances of having a miscarriage if a woman is pregnant.30.The reason why people choose to live in cities is because the city life is more convenient and colorful.31.People think develop space research will spend a huge number of money.32.Now people go abroad becomes very easy.puter is a useful tool for student to learn English.34.Raising pets are good for old people and child.35.Pet like dog and cat accompany them.36.Keep pet in big city is not allowed.37.There are many medical reports reveal that keeping pet can prevent heart disease and help patient to feelcomfortably.38.Keep a pet would affect familial relationship.39.It arises a public debate as to whether we humans should carry out experiments on animals.40.Pursuit of fashion spends much money and waste much time.41.However, others people suggest that college students do the part-time job is quite beneficial.42.Young people live and study by themselves is of great significance to their future career.43.On the whole, computer games have both advantages and disadvantages. But fairly speaking, everyonehas to admit that its disadvantages far overweight it’s advantages.44.I find myself difficult to work and study there due to my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior.45.I am very difficult to write essays in English.46.When one is over 70 years old, he is very dangerous if left alone at home.47.I hope this letter would draw your attention and look into the case.st year saw a rapid raise in the volume of output.49.A small thief entered into my room and my room was stolen last night.50.I would like a single room to live and study.51.I am sorry for my abrupt departure that day, for I received a telephone that day asking me to return backhome immediately.52.I and my sister like pets very much. Therefore we are strongly against the ban on pet-raising.53.They maybe very busy so that they can not spare some time for their aged parents.54.The curve rose upward sharply in the past few days.55.After three days’ meeting, we draw a final conclusion that Tom is a dishonest man.第三次课课程安排⏹独立写作综述⏹Beginning Paragraph的写法Beginning Paragraph三大要素：（__________________________________________）Sample 1: When asked about the ongoing uproar involving the increasing divorce rate, most people say the affair involves a purely private matter. But many other people regard this as a side effect of the drop of social moral standards. I personally think the latter can hold water. The explanation for this problem involves interrelated factors, such as family and social instability, lack of proper guidance as well as juvenile delinquency.Sample 2: When it comes to the increasing use of motor vehicles in the cities, some people think that use should be limited. Others argue that the opposite is true. As for me, there is probably some truth to both arguments, but emission controls must be instituted regardless of the number of vehicles. My argument stems from the fact that our living environment is deteriorating at an alarming rate, that the global warming is becoming a serious threat to the human beings, and that the pollution is creating a side effect on the economy.Sample 3: There is a general debate nowadays about the problem of itinerant workers. Those who object to the rising migrant population argue that increasing numbers lead to rising crime rates and harm social stability. But people who favor the influx of the cheap labor force, on the other hand, maintain that migrants are needed to support the massive urban infrastructure construction.Question 1: (107) Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.Question 2: (56) A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or toimprove the public facilities. Which do you think the company should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.（5分范例）It might not be very difficult to discover an obvious phenomenon that more and more college graduates encounter difficulties in finalizing a job nowadays, which, one way or another, brings forth certain doubts as well as discussions over the issue, giving rise to different points of views from distinctive levels of people. As far as I am concerned, the knowledge that has been acquired in schools can’t very well match the r equirements of this fast-developing and competitive world. (78)家庭作业：(70) Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answers.A好坏宏观宏观微观微观第四次课课程安排⏹Topic Sentence的写法⏹How to develop sentence (1)Topic Sentences主题句写作5步走：1、2、3、4、5、三个过程：今天的重点是:Sample 1: (107) Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.1、确认关键词2、思维两分三种不同出题方式的思维两分图形。
新东方托福强化班讲义之写作部分(李笑来)
今天是作文,最令我意外的就是作文老师居然是传说中的李笑来.他首先提醒我们,没有经过充分准备的考生千万别进考场,如果参加了考试的,确定自己肯定拿不到自己理想的分数的.请在考试最后记得cancel 掉自己的考试成绩,因为ETS的评分是按照平均水平来的,如果你confirm了你的成绩,在无形中就提高了别人的成绩.一. 1,评分标准要one by one的仔细研读.这个我也觉得很重要,他花了好长时间分析了评分标准,我觉得这个直接影响你的写作思路和方向.大家要抓住评分标准里面的关键词.更重要的是,在评分过程中,是一个找宝的过程,他给我们看了一篇1分—2分的作文.这篇作文貌似组织良好,但是里面隐藏着许多逻辑错误.2,Sample response from ETS and the readers comments.后者更加重要,要抓住comments里关键词3,关于展开论点.OG,P259—260 要很好的展开论点,运用恰当清晰的解释,例证和细节.评分人员会评估考生的作文是否切题,文章中的细节,事例,理由在多大程度上支持论点.不要光为了增加文章字数而死记硬背一些冗长的首,末段.二. 1,在综合写作部分,要快速阅读给出段子的首句,第一段要读前两句,尽量笔记下关键词.2,关注名词概念.主要靠平时积累三.在阅读部分如何作笔记:1,用缩写代替名词概念2,用符号代替逻辑关系四.不要在以下四方面浪费时间:1,不要在意美英之间的差异.2,不要在意口语和书面语之间的差异3,不必在意任何文化差异. ,例如同性恋问题,185中不涉及文化问题.4,不必在意语言是否地道,只写acceptable writing English. 他的意思就是,以我们大家现在的水平是不可能写的出地道的英文,写出能让人接受的正规格式的英文就足够了.五.Step by step1,列大纲,落实具体细节.根据心理学,人类思考并不一定依赖语言,所以列大纲并不一定要用美国人思维方式,记得一定要用中文列大纲.并且大纲内容一定要平实朴素无修饰.(在写作过程中如果遇到不会写的专有名词时,可用拼音代替,在后面用一句话来解释一下即可)2,永不轻言放弃.在遇到不会表达的地方可用同位语解释.3,具体具体再具体.这一点在口语中也有提到.一定要具体到具体的时间地点.可把大纲扩充成分,也可变强调句.老美就爱这个,没办法.所以一定要具体具体再具体.六.排比句的技巧:1,公整对照.2,句法大同,词汇小异3,遵循二分法七.3A1,Start anyway 好的文字是改出来的,而不是倒出来的.所以一定要逼自己动手写下去.2,Continu anyway 直到最后,不管用多长时间一定要坚持写到底.3,Close anyway 给自己一个期限.不能无限制的写下去而又写不完.在思想上给自己一个约束.TIPS:1,IBT的写作是要求说明性,说理性文字,而非散文和诗歌2,特定的文章用特定的阅读方法.3,快速阅读并不是快速移动你的眼睛.4,考前至少背5篇有代表性的范文.5,在平时练习的时候遇到生词一定要记录到自己的笔记本上.定期反复复习6,要具有清楚的,恰当的举例说明能力.平时可以用中文练习.在语言上尽量简洁,朴素,有效.7,第一次练习写作的时候借助一切可以借助的手段,用心写,不必限时.长此以往,写作文的时间会越来越短的.8,关注李笑来的个人网站9,郑渊洁的Blog.5th Feb Writing独立测试部分一简单说明文第一部分1段 Background information**Thesis statement第二部分2-3段 Supporting例平均寿命1段上世纪本世纪增长了20岁主题句Among various factors that have made people live long are A,B,C.2 段 A 食物条件改善A is very important factor……(what / why /how)粗粮-细粮肥肉-精肉牛奶Water from river of well…..now from tap water……Mineral water such as soft drink…..利用googleB 医疗技术Equally important is B(形容词提前体现句法的多样性并且equally 是上下文紧密连接)C 社会稳定Match A and B is another essential factor C.**写主题句的建议1 尽量不要使用只抽象名词主题句好结论句没必要写2 尽量暗示文章将来结构3 主题句应该值得解释，值得证明4 使用绝对词应该慎重（经常问Is this always true?）但不是段首句时，可放宽标准二对比对照第一部分1段Background information第二部分2段Compare and contrast第三部分1段Thesis statement (A>B)例P.7 (4) 说服重于表达列出A,B的缺点和优点然后A>B第一部分Some people assert that B is better than A. However, I want to reason that A is in fact better than B.第二部分第一种方法第二种方法A的优点1，2，3，A缺点1 A的优点1，2，3，B优点1B的缺点1，2，3, B优点1 B的缺点1，2，3, A 缺点1第三部分A>B**说服的原则1 不要站在人家对立面上2 不要告诉他结论，你要让他想结论3 不要盲目追求标新立异三立论文第一部分1段Background information第二部分2段-3段Supporting第三部分1段Rebuttal—驳证(可放在任何地方)第四部分1段Thesis statement例保护濒临灭绝动物很多人的立场是反对保护濒临灭绝动物我的立场是反对盲目地保护濒临灭绝的动物。
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Adapted from J. David Velleman, “The Genesis of Shame” Assignment: Should people make more of an effort to keep
some things private? Plan and write an essay in which you
6
SAT
Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.
Nowadays nothing is private: our culture has become too confessional and self-expressive. People think that to hide one’s thoughts or feelings is to pretend not to have those thoughts or feelings. They assume that honesty requires one to express every inclination and impulse.
7
SSAT
A or D: Honesty is always the
best policy.
8
TOFEL
独立写作部分大于等于独立口语第二题
9
关于词汇
8000 的词汇量是你的底线。 到外文书店去找一本美国著名的周刊《Times》，你不必
买，在书店里就地翻看下即可，找一篇UNITED STATES 栏目下的文章阅读。如果，你读的感觉是“非常”顺畅， 你的词汇量已高达12000。“非常”的定义就是你用停顿 下来思考文章所表达的意思。如果，你读的感觉是“很” 顺畅，你的词汇量在8000-10000上下，属于这个范围的 同学，你读这本周刊里的Global investing栏目就会感到 非常顺畅。如果，你读的感觉是“似懂非懂”，你的词汇 量在5000-7000。如果，你读的感觉是头晕，那你的词汇 量不足5000。
10
Alex wrapped all the savory ingredients around a succulent piece of lettuce and after taking a bite, he said: this'd be a kind of culinary perfection.
13
5）A is to B what the foundation is to a skyscraper \water is to fish.
6）A is essential/significant/ crucial/critical /vital to B. 7）The importance of A to B can never be exaggerated\denied\ ignored.
5
GRE
As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—when one considers all the potential uses of such money.
托福写作
什么是写作？ 我可不吃你那一套 I will not eat your that tao? I will not accept your opinion. I cannot share your stance. I cannot back you up. Bolstering your idea is the last thing I
want to do.
写作就是“用自己的语言完成固定思维表达的过 程。”
托福写作需要大家有漂亮的句子去装点门面。
3
谁动了我的琴弦唤我到窗前？ Who, by touching my strings, summoned me to
the window? Who, + doing sth., + verb + object. 考虑到隐私安全因素，我们不会选择在宾馆过夜 Considering the privacy security, people will not
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1.用多种方法表达同一句意.
例如: A 对 B很重要. 1）A is important to B. 2）A plays an important
role\part in B. 3）A is of importance to B. 4）B cannot live\develop\grow\ survive without A.
be pleasing to spend the night at inn. Who, considering the privacy security, will be
pleasing to spend the 按难度排列 PS>GRE >GMAT>SAT> SSAT>TOFEL
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2. 扩充句子.
将一个简单句进行扩充,增
加至15字, 25字, 35字, 尽量使用
不同的语法结构,如同位语,插入语,