新托福写作讲义09
托福综合写作讲义
断言声称：allegation/ claim/ assertion
B. 语言
提示观点，递进： in addition/ furthermore in the same manner another reason is... that brings us to... what I want to talk about is that...
B. 语言
研究调查：(further/ closer/ other) studies/ researches
TOEFL iBT
Integrated Writing
By Joe
考什么
• 1. note taking • 2. summarizing • 3. paraphrasing
Reading & Lecture
1. 驳斥
1.1 L完全反对R中的结论、观点； 1. 2 L指出R中未提及的缺陷、不利之处等； 2. 延续 2.1 L支持R结论、观点； 2. 2 L解释R中的原因、结果等；
B. 语言
驳斥、反对 •refute, disagree with, cast doubt on, challenge, oppose, conflict with, deny the statement of, contradict, differ from, in contrast
B. 语言
Reading 读什么
托福-09北美机经
2006年8月12日口语部分第一个问题如何当好父母，好的父母应该具有什么品质第二个问题你认为集体工作好还是单独工作好第三个问题先读一个ANNOUNCEMENT,关于食堂要取消热食而只售冷食，这样的话，1，因为冷食比热食更有营养，2，学生可以因此省钱。
然后听一段学生间的对话，一个女生对学校的这种改变极为不满，并表达了相反的意见。
总结女生的意见但要与所读的ANNOUNCEMEN相结合。
第四个问题关于一篇教授的讲座，他指出人们应该对自己所要做的事情有一个安排，并举列说如果你将来用不到化学，那么现在也没有必要学习化学。
总结其意第五个问题关于广告策略的，有两种方法，第一种就是不停的重复，说的你不得不信，举例是用一辆小车不停的接人放人，大家都说车够宽敞，天天说，结果大家就真觉得车宽敞了。
第二种就是找名人代言，里面举了用一位赛车手代言一部小车，并说这小车好，快，说的大家都认为这个小车其实也快。
听完这段对话，将这两点总结出来并复述。
写作部分2006年10月18日口语：口语里听的部分挺简单的，感觉比delta简单，delta我都记不下来，这次考试都记下来了1. What is a important opportunity in your life. Describe why it is important. （跑题了，光顾地说怎么利用这个机会了。
哭。
）2. do you agree or disagree with the following statement: student should not be allowed tobring cellphone into the class.3. 图书馆把大桌子换成小隔间，一个大兄弟不同意，说没法做group project了，应该增加meeting room，说overcrowd了，现在大桌子正合适，换什么换阿4. 动物之间是怎么知道别人要干什么的，有一个专门的词，忘了，有定义。
雅思托福写作09--lecture
1，Integrated Task 的考试流程
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① Directions（1min） 考试要求被读出, 这个阶段用于调试耳机、调 整音量。 这个部分可以跳过。 ★ 考前要放松心态，但也要集中注意力.
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表示对照的连词： on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, 表示条件的连词： if, unless, in case, on condition,
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综合写作主体部分：常用表达句式
The reading states that…. On the contrary, the lecture contends that… Although it is said in the passage that… The lecture hold the idea that… The passage states that…However, professor offers a different idea about…
Ⅰ 找例子
Ⅱ 找原因
Ⅲ 找结构性连词
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Ⅰ 找例子
★ 例子出现的标志 For example… take… for example… Actually… Typically… Especially Suppose…
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4，Integrated Task 练习
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Reading
• Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves.
托福英语写作讲义
Adapted from J. David Velleman, “The Genesis of Shame” Assignment: Should people make more of an effort to keep
some things private? Plan and write an essay in which you
6
SAT
Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.
Nowadays nothing is private: our culture has become too confessional and self-expressive. People think that to hide one’s thoughts or feelings is to pretend not to have those thoughts or feelings. They assume that honesty requires one to express every inclination and impulse.
7
SSAT
A or D: Honesty is always the
best policy.
《托福写作教程新》课件
03
托福写作练习与提高
写作练习：独立写作
总结词
培养独立思考和表达能力
详细描述
独立写作部分要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇完整的议 论文，就某一话题表达自己的观点和论证。考生需要 通过大量的练习，提高自己的思维速度和表达能力， 培养独立思考和有逻辑地表达观点的能力。
写作练习：综合写作
要点一
总结词
培养阅读理解和信息整合能力
02
托福写作技巧
写作技巧：结构与逻辑
总结词
结构清晰、逻辑严密是托福写作的重要技巧。
详细描述
在托福写作中，考生需要合理安排文章结构，包括开头、主体和结尾。开头部分应简洁明了，提出论点；主体部 分应分为2-3段，每段围绕一个分论点展开，并使用恰当的过渡词或短语保持逻辑连贯；结尾部分应对全文进行 总结，呼应开头。
监考要求
考生必须服从监考人员的指示，不得在考试期间离开考场或与他人交 流。如果需要离开，必须向监考人员报告并得到允许。
THANK YOU
写作技巧：论证方法
总结词
批判性思维在托福写作中至关重要。
详细描述
在托福写作中，考生应具备批判性思维能力，对题目进行分析、判断和评价的能力。考 生在写作过程中应注重分析问题、提出观点、进行评价和反思等环节，通过合理的推理 和判断来增强论证的说服力。同时，考生还应注重论点的独特性和创新性，尽可能从不
同的角度和层面来探讨问题，提出新的观点和见解。
模拟考试部分提供完整的托福写作考试流程，让考生体 验真实的考试环境和压力。通过模拟考试，考生可以更 好地了解自己的应试能力和不足之处，从而有针对性地 制定改进计划。同时，模拟考试的反馈可以帮助考生更 好地了解自己在各个部分的得分情况，为后续的复习和 提升提供指导。
新托福写作PPT课件
petitor=rival, opponent(especially in sports and politics) 12.blame=condemn(if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable) 13.opinon=perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way) 14.fame=prestige(describe those who are admired), reputation 15.build=erect(you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL), establish 16.insult=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid) plain=grumble (complain something in a badtempered way) 18.primary=radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental 19.relieve=alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe) 20.force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to),compel
二、新托福独立写作模板
2009新托福写作机经
2009新托福写作机经第一篇：2009新托福写作机经2009年新托福写作机经ps: 红色的部分是重复以往的，黄色部分是在中国考试的题目，剩余部分是在北美考试的题目。
1月10日（U.S）Improving schools is the most important factor in successful development of country.1月10日(重复2008.12.20&2007.12.1) People should pay to use public transport facilities.1月17日(U.S)The advertising is the main cause of unhealthy eating habits.1月18日It is important for families to regularly eat their meals together.1月23日Young people should try different job before they decide which job or career they will do in the long term.2月14日（U.S）Becoming well-informed must get information from different news sources.2月21日（U.S）Newspapers and magazines are the best way of learning about a foreign country.2月22日The purpose of television should be all educative, not entertain.2月27日（U.S）A job with more vacation time is better than a job with high salary but less vacation time.2月28日Teachers should be paid at least as much as doctors, lawyers or business leaders are paid.3月7日It's better to use own knowledge and experience to solve question, or ask other people for advice？3月14日（重复08.12.13&07.5.18）It is better to spend money on traveling and vacation than to save money for the future.3月21日（U.S）Do you think success is important, or it is more important to remain happy and optimistic when you fail？3月22日（似08.5.10 那题是重视艺术还是竞技体育）Governments should focus more on the preservation of environment rather than economic development.3月28日Do you agree or disagree: teacher should make their social or political views known to students? 3月29日（U.S）（重复07.8.4)In 20 years from now on, students will not use printed books anymore.4月3日The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers' salary.5月9日In order to become a financially responsible adult, people should be taught how to manage money at a early age.5月15日（U.S）Professional athletes such as football players should earn much more money.5月16日(重复07.10.17)University students should learn one more course of the culture of a country rather than their own.5月30日（U.S）Younger school children(ages five to ten)should be required to study art and music in addition to math language, science and history.5月31日（重复07.11.24）People will spend less time on cooking food.6月5日（重复08.6.22）The most effective method of improving health care is to reduce environmental problems.6月7日（重复08.8.2 U.S）People will have more leisure time in twenty years.6月12日（U.S）Should university student do part-time job?6月13日（似08.8.9 U.S那题考science class）All university students should be required to take history courses no matter what field they study in.6月21日Technology make people's lives simpler in turn to make people's lives more complicated.6月27日For future career success, is relate well to other people more important than studying hard at school?7月12日（重复07.1.14）Drivers should pay a certain amount of fees so that they can be permitted to drive out in traffic busy time.7月25日Being creative，rather than planning carefully，will come up with best solution to a problem.8月2日（重复08.1.18）People will feel happier when they finish a challenging or difficult work than they finish an easy work.8月8日（重复07.10.28）Teachers should be paid according to how well their students perform.8月22日It is better to achieve high efficiency with more mistakes or lower efficiency with fewer mistakes.9月12日Children should only study or play and don't have to do household chores.9月19日（U.S）Government should more support art museum and music performance than recreational facilities, such as swimming pool or play ground.9月20日People in the past were more friendly than they are now.10月10日（重复08.8.2）People nowadays more easily achieve success than in the past.10月17日（U.S）Movies and televisions should always show audience goodpeople are being rewarded and bad people are being punished.10月24日（重复09.6.12）It is better for parents to encourage their children to take a part-time job.10月25日Visiting museums is the best way to learn about a country.10月31日（U.S）It is often not a good thing to move to a new city or a new country because ofthe lose of old friends.11月1日（重复07.8.17）Getting advice from friends who are older than you is more valuable than getting advice from friends your same age.11月7日（U.S）For successful development of a country, a government should focus its budget more onyoung children 's education rather than on universities.11月8日（重复08.6.21）Good looks and dresses are more important for success than good ideas.11月13日（U.S）It is better to invite more people to hold a big party rather than a small one with fewer close friends and family members.11月21日（U.S）Parents should give money to praise their child for high marks in school.11月22日People buy things not because they need them but because other people have them.12月4日（U.S）People should buy things made in their own country, even if the price of the products is higher than that of the same things made somewhere else.12月5日As for young people, the ability to plan and organize is essential.12月11日（U.S）Parents do not understand their children so well as parents did 50 years ago.12月12日（完全重复前一天北美的）Parents do not understand their children so well as parents did 50 years ago.12月19日（U.S）People would be happier if they had fewer possessions.12月20日The ability to read and write is more important now than in the past.第二篇：托福写作机经的使用方法官方网站：托福写作机经的使用方法在笔者眼中，题目中的问题本不该成为一个问题。
(3)托福写作讲义
TOEFL Independent Writing1.句子扩充：将一个简单句扩充，增加到15,25,35个字。
2.句式变化：3.如何将一个论点展开成一段？多问自己为什么？4.ETS作文评分标准：✓观点鲜明，论点清晰✓文章结构完整、恰当、漂亮（首段+中间三段+尾段）✓论点论证充分（不讲大道理，要examples, reasons, details, 而且数量越多越好）✓句式、词汇变换丰富（长短句、陈述疑问句、简单复杂句变换使用）✓语法、拼写无误✓力戒表意不清，题外罗嗦话5.如何写好TOEFL作文：✓语法正确✓高超的衔接手段✓充足的词汇量✓各种表达手段综合运用的能力✓清晰的逻辑和结构✓高超的笔记能力✓良好的阅读习惯和听力水平6.TOEFL作文的要求：✓3种时态：✓语态：✓语气：✓词汇量：✓阅读训练：✓听力：7.熟悉写作题库8.TOEFL作文的写作原则：✓正式文体✓完成结构✓明确观点✓精彩纷呈✓正式形式✓通顺连贯✓扬长避短9.TOEFL 作文题库题型分类：✓观点选择类：✓比较对比类：✓自主定义类：✓10.TOEFL作文的审题：1)确定题目的类别，确定切入点：【驳论方法一】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论方法二】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论】有时候是可以凭外表判断一个人的；11.TOEFL作文驳论点的写法：TOEFL作文驳论据的写法：12.TOEFL作文论点的写法：13.TOEFL作文论据的写法：(黄金规则二)✓健康安全✓便利✓交流✓习惯与心理✓亲情✓成就感✓环保✓经济✓品格✓科技✓教育TP:15.寻找理由的方法：✓有什么条件可以这样？凭什么✓如果这样有何好处或坏处？✓如果不这样有什么好处或坏处？✓如果要这样，人们必须怎么办？可行么？✓如果不能这样，人们应该怎么办？PDERCR：TOEFL 文章结构：✓“2-1”A型：✓“2-1”B型：✓折中方案：16.关于TOEFL写作人称问题：17.TOEFL文章的开篇第一段写法：1)背景法：背景+反方观点及理由+过渡+正方观点+作者观点及理由2)实例法：事例+论题+各方观点及理由+作者观点及理由3)实例的三种来源：18.主题句：19.TOEFL作文结尾段的写法：20.TOEFL作文段落的实现：1)例证法2)因果法3)比较法✓整体比较4)分项比较5)分类法6)定义法21.TOEFL作文的衔接手段：1)使用连词和短语2)使用代词3)使用语意粘连22.TOEFL 黄金句型（黄金规则四）✓强调句(emphasis)✓The more… the more(more)✓倒装句(reversion)✓比较结构和倍数关系(compare)✓修辞问句（question）✓并列结构(parallel)✓虚拟语气（if）✓插入语(insertion)23.T OEFL Integrated Writing1.综合写作评分标准：✓Successfully select the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately present this information in relation to the relevant information presented inthe reading✓The response is well organized✓And occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections2.TOEFL综合作文注意事项：✓听力部分的内容是最重要的✓不能表达重复，不清楚或者与文章无关✓听完后要尽最大努力去回忆并补全听力材料内容的笔记，写的越全越好✓只要听力内容丢掉一个key point，最高只能得3分✓只出现在综合阅读材料的专有名词一定不重要；在阅读和演讲材料中都出现的专有名词是重要的✓把注意力放在带来分数的点上，而不是均衡放在所有内容上✓千万不能发表个人的观点✓写作采用一般现在和一般过去时态3.TOEFL综合写作出题方式：✓Points in the lecture contradict, refute, depart from, challenge or cast doubt on points in the reading4.综合写作听力材料内容要点通常包括：（黄金规则四）✓主题句✓被重复的语意✓因果、比较、对比、比喻✓定义✓带有倾向性和变化的n./adj./adv./v.等✓强调✓问题及答案✓态度词汇✓转折后的内容✓结论5.综合写作阅读材料的读法：✓不需要做笔记；但是需要把专有名词的首字母提炼出来✓阅读材料里面的客观描述（如故事情节；历史；史实；发展历程等）是不可能被驳倒的，所以不是阅读的重点6.综合写作考前训练步骤：✓看阅读听力材料，寻找要点（3-5篇）✓真实模考（5-10篇）7.综合写作文章框架✓“总-分-总”=“1+3+1”模式✓中间每段都要有阅读观点，演讲观点及二者的关系8.综合写作精彩句型：✓The lecture discuss...which differs from the main idea in the reading that…(首段)✓The professor made the point that…; on the contrary/however, the writer demonstrated a contradictory idea that…✓Contrary to the belief in the reading passage that…, the professor says that…(中)✓The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that…by saying that…（中）✓The lecture contradicts the idea in the reading by saying that…(中)✓First of all, the professor, in the listening passage, made the point that… The reading materials, in contrast, held a different view by stating that…✓Another important point shows in the listening material is that…, but the reading material presents a conflicting idea that…✓In terms of …, the listening material contradicts the reading material✓Finally, the professor states that…, which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that…✓In general, the professor discussed the issue of … that the reading viewed in a contrary/different angle. (结尾)9.综合写作材料的指称：✓The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture✓The writer/author/reading material/passage【注意】1、例子一定要specific一个example，一个research2、记得用些ly副词3、用插入语4、长短句结合5、句式变换6、每个例子，就是每段最后一句话必须是总结。
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新托福写作讲义09年暑假第一课时新托福考试流程报名-缴费-考试流程和界面-成绩-大学录取分数线第二课时新托福考试备考观点1 攻克托福考试最有效的捷径是听写观点2 托福考试全面复习的同时重点放在单词和听力上观点3口语和写作部分是很容易得分的第三课时新托福独立写作评分标准第三课时新托福独立写作中文构思和文章结构第四课时新托福独立写作开头部分例子——提炼——中文思维模板——中文练习——英文模板——英文练习——英文模板变换开头类型1：特训234同意不同意：明智的父母比优秀的老师对我们教益更多明智的父母教会我们许多生活的哲理，例如高尚的价值观、与不同的人融洽相处的方法以及理解她对他人的责任。
优秀的老师则教会我们怎样为将来的工作做好准备和实现梦想所需要的技能。
老师和父母在我们的成长中起着同样重要的作用，是他们使我们对未来有了一种敏锐的洞察力。
所以，我反对明智的父母比优秀的老师对我们教益更多的观点。
提炼类型1：用例子解释或定义关键词1+用例子或定义解释关键词2+所以，表明观点开头类型1举例：图书馆还是体育设施图书馆的资源是大学生获取知识、培养自学能力最主要的方式之一。
而体育设施能够使大学生强身健体、舒缓压力、娱乐身心。
我不否认体育锻炼对于学生成长的重要影响。
但作为大学投资的决定，学校应该把更多的钱投资于图书馆而不是体育设施。
开头类型1举例：事实还是概念事实是发生在我们周围事情，往往形象生动并且容易让人理解，而概念是事实的总结和抽象，能够概括一系列符合规律的事实。
因此据我来看，在学习的过程中间，概念和事实的学习对于学生来说有着不同的作用。
开头类型2：特训236 同意不同意在社区周围建立一家折扣店折扣店的出现成为我们社区关注的焦点。
当一家企业决定在购物区开折扣店时，一些人游行表示反对，而另一些人觉得在这种商店购物很方便。
我喜欢附近有一所大型折扣店，但我也能理解在同一条街开小商店的朋友为什么不喜欢这种竞争对手。
换句话说，我支持新商店，因为它位置便利、价格低廉。
提炼类型2：关键词背景+论题重复+表明观点开头类型2举例：经济发展和环境保护经济发展和环境保护逐渐成为全球政府共同关注的两大议题。
政府在制定国家发展策略的时候，一些人主张优先发展经济，而另一些人认为人们的首要任务是保护环境。
尽管自然环境是经济发展的基础，为其发展提供了土地和能源，但我认为，只有经济的高速发展，我们才有可能更好的从根本上解决保护环境的问题。
economic development and environmental protection are two most concerned issues of the global government, the two issues will effect the well being of all the nation and society and will decide the destiny of all the man kind. T o provide a viable solution, we have to consider this dilemma from a broad and long term perspective. As the basis of the economic development, the natural environment feed the society with arable land and energy, but in my point of view, only a fully developed economy can we resolve the environment problem fundamentally.开头类型2举例：同意不同意低分学挑战大的学科日益竞争激烈的人才市场上，用人单位把大学生的在校成绩和所学科目作为考核人才素质的重要指标。
大学生对于选择课程都十分慎重，有些人认为即使最后没能取得高分也应该去挑战难度较大的学科，而我则持反对意见，我认为这样做不但学不到知识，还会打击自己的信心甚至影响未来的深造和就业。
开头练习：1、别人做决定而不是自己做决定2、高分鼓励学生学习面对困难和取舍，人们需要勇敢的做出自己的判断，有些人认为应该求助那些比自己经验更加丰富的人，他们可以更加冷静客观的做出决定。
另一些坚持自己做决定会学到更多的东西。
我认为让别人代替自己做决定是一种逃避责任的做法，而且别人的决定也可能不适合你。
考试的成绩是从一定程度上反映了学生阶段性学习的情况。
尽管获得高分可以建立学生学习的信心，但也可能引起学生盲目的骄傲，如果考试的设置过于简单，考试就不能起到查漏补缺，帮助学生巩固学习为下一阶段学习作准备的作用。
因此，我反对高分会鼓励学生学习的观点。
提炼类型1：用例子解释或定义关键词1+用例子或定义解释关键词2+所以，表明观点提炼类型2：关键词背景+论题重复+表明观点解释关键词的句型：关键词使我们怎么样enables us to do如果没有关键词我们就不能怎么样It becomes totally impossible for people to do without在关键词的帮助下我们可以怎么样with the...of，we are able to可以使我们怎么样的就是关键词What gives people the ability to do is我们怎么样的原因就是关键词as a result of举例：科学可以使我们学到更多的知识。
(1)The development of science and technology enables people to acquire knowledge dramatically easily.(2)It becomes totally impossible for people to gain knowledge in a remarkably easy way without progressing science and technology.(3)With the improvement of science and technology, people are empowered to accumulate knowledge at amazing ease.(4)What gives people the ability to obtain knowledge easily is the growth of science and technology.(5)Knowledge accumulation becomes strikingly easy for people as a result of the development of science and technology.关键词背景的句型：越来越多人认识到关键词的重要性(1)More and more people realize/come to know the importance of protecting the environment/ the environmental protection.(2)The significance of the environmental protection has been clearly understood by an increasing number of people.(3)There are an increasing number of people who come to know / become aware of the necessity of the environmental protection.(4)The number of people who come to know how vital it is to protect the environment is enormously/dramatically/remarkably increasing.(5)The significance of the environmental protection is increasingly recognized.(6)People in increasing numbers come to know the importance of the environmental protection.论题重复的和表达观点的句型：许多人毫无疑问觉得A优于B，同时其他人对于问题持非常不同的看法，个人而言，我什么立场many people do not doubt that A is superior to B, while others think quite differently on the issue personally, I stand on the side of...when it come to topic/asked about topic/faced with/inquired about/topic is mentioned/we discuss topic/, most people tend to believe/the vast majority people would support that/hold the opinion that/take the position that/stick to the idea that/, but/while/however/whereas/in contrast/,others regard/ consider/prefer/see/deem/assert/advocate/allege thatas far as i am concern/ from my point view(1)I do not think it is a good idea to build a factory in our community.(2)I oppose building a factory in our community.(3)From my point of view, building a factory in our community is totally stupid/harmful.(4)In my opinion, the plan/idea to set up a factory in our community is far from being wise/ sagacious.(5)As far as I see, the idea of building a factory in our community is anything but good/right/admirable/wonderful.(6)I believe the last thing we should do is founding a factory in our community.练习翻译：开头举例：电视是比书更有效的学习方式电视拥有生动的画面和音效作为获得知识的工具越来越受到大家欢迎。