国际商务-安占然-第3章 国际商务环境的理论分析-习题答案
(完整word版)国际投资学第三章国际投资环境课后习题答案(个人总结)
第三章国际投资环境1. 名词解释国际投资环境：影响国际投资的各种自然因素、经济因素、政治因素、社会因素和法律因素相互依赖、相互完善、相互制约所形成的的矛盾统一体。
硬环境:能影响投资的外部物质条件。
软环境:能影响国际直接投资的各种非物质形态的因素。
冷热比较分析法：从政治稳定性、市场机会、经济发展与成就、文化一元化等“热”因素和法令障碍、实质障碍、地理与文化差异等冷因素共7各方面对各国投资环境进行综合比较分析。
2.简述国际直接投资环境的重要性及其决定因素重要性：国际直接投资环境的优劣直接决定了一国对外资吸引力的大小。
决定因素：经济环境是最直接、最基本的因素。
3。
试总结各种国际投资环境评估方法的基本思路和共性基本思路和共性是将总投资环境分解为若干具体指标，然后再综合评判。
4. 案例分析分别运用等级尺度法和要素评价分类法对英国的投资环境进行计分和评价等级尺度法：1.货币稳定性（4—20分）2.近五年通货膨胀率（2—14分）3.资本外调（0-12分）4。
外商股权（0—12分）5.外国企业与本地企业之间的差别待遇和控制（0-12分）6.政治稳定性（0—12分）7.当地资本供应能力（0-10分）8。
给予关税保护的态度（2—8分）要素评价法：I=AE/CF(B+D+G+H)+x 投资环境激励系数（A) 城市规划完善度因子（B）利税因子（C）劳动生产率因子(D）地区基础因子（E）效率因子（F) 市场因子（G) 管理权因子（H）5。
试结合本章专栏3—1和专栏3-3，分析我国改善投资环境的重点和具体措施.改善投资环境的重点是改善软环境和社会因素中的价值观念、教育水平、社会心理与习惯.具体措施是降低贸易壁垒、提高私有财产保护程度、降低企业运行障碍、提高政府清廉程度、提高经济自由程度和提高法律完善程度。
本章小结国际投资环境是指影响国际投资的各种因素相互依赖、相互完善、相互制约所形成的矛盾统一体，国际直接投资环境的优劣直接决定了一国对外资吸引力的大小。
国际商务-安占然-第1章_导论-习题答案
第1章导论导入案例1.企业国际化的路径有没有模式？企业国际化具有一定的模式，包括进出口模式、契约安排模式以及战略投资模式。
第一，进出口模式。
任何企业国际化的第一步都是把自己的产品卖到国外。
此时不仅要适应不同客户的消费偏好，还要适应不同国家法律制度的要求，此时企业所面对的问题大大超过了在国内经营。
第二，到一定阶段，企业还会遇到货币风险以及应对相当复杂的金融交易。
这时，契约安排模式相对于单一的进出口模式来说，可以更好地避免上述风险。
第三，随着国内外环境的变化和发展战略的需要，企业将会从贸易转向对外直接投资(FDI)，从而开始真正现代意义上的、更为复杂的跨国经营活动。
2．三星给中国的企业有什么启示？从三星集团的国际化过程看来，中国的企业国际化道路中主要注意以下几点：1）顺应时代发展，积极参与到全球经济一体化进程当中，将企业的国际化更好地融入到经济一体化大趋势之下。
2）在国际化进程当中，注意自身发展的同时积极引进国外的高新技术产业，进一步提升企业的国际竞争力，同时要处理好“走出去”和“引进来”的关系。
3）在时机成熟的情况下，进一步调整企业发展战略，企业国际化由贸易转向对外直接投资(FDI)，开始真正现代意义上的、更为复杂的跨国经营活动。
4）注重企业国际化运营中的市场营销与产品开发，积极创新，注重品牌的发展和保护，创造有力的品牌竞争力。
5）企业应当注意在国际化进程中所涉及的跨国经营问题。
3．企业跨国经营涉及哪些问题？企业在跨国经营中主要涉及以下问题：1）企业面临的国际商务环境问题。
2）企业进入国际市场的战略选择问题。
3）企业国际化运营中的市场营销与产品开发问题。
4）企业国际化运营中的生产管理问题，其中包括生产地点选择、货源决策、制造与外购(全球制造与供应链)、协调全球生产系统、战略联盟等重要问题。
5）企业国际化运营中的财务管理问题，主要涉及到的问题有会计核算标准的协调、外币财务报表的换算、环境报告、国际税收、转移定价、外汇风险管理等。
《国际商务》课程笔记
《国际商务》课程笔记第一章：国际商务概述一、国际商务的概念1. 定义：国际商务是指个人、企业、政府和其他组织在跨越国界的情况下，进行的商品、服务、技术、资本、劳动力等经济资源的交换和流通活动。
这些活动涉及到不同国家之间的经济交易、合作与竞争。
2. 范畴：国际商务涵盖了国际贸易、国际直接投资、国际间接投资、国际金融市场、国际企业经营管理等多个领域。
二、国际商务的特点1. 跨国界：- 语言差异：国际商务活动需要克服语言障碍，进行有效沟通。
- 文化差异：不同国家的文化背景影响商务行为和交易方式。
- 法律差异：各国的法律体系不同，国际商务活动需遵守相关国家的法律法规。
2. 复杂性：- 政治因素：政治稳定性、国际关系等对国际商务活动产生影响。
- 经济因素：汇率波动、经济周期、市场竞争等影响国际商务的决策。
- 金融因素：国际金融市场波动、资本流动限制等对国际商务活动产生影响。
3. 风险性：- 汇率风险：货币汇率变动可能导致收益或损失。
- 政治风险：政治动荡、政策变动可能影响国际商务活动的顺利进行。
- 市场风险：市场需求变化、竞争格局变动等带来不确定性。
4. 机遇与挑战并存：- 市场机遇：国际市场为企业提供了更广阔的发展空间。
- 竞争挑战：国际市场竞争激烈，企业需不断提升自身竞争力。
三、国际商务的重要性1. 促进经济增长：- 资源配置：国际商务有助于全球资源的优化配置，提高资源使用效率。
- 生产效率：国际竞争促使企业提高生产效率，推动技术进步。
2. 拓展市场空间：- 规模经济：企业通过国际商务活动实现规模经济，降低成本。
- 市场多元化：企业可分散市场风险，提高市场竞争力。
3. 促进技术进步：- 技术引进：国际商务活动有助于企业引进先进技术和管理经验。
- 技术创新：国际市场竞争促使企业加大研发投入，推动技术创新。
4. 提高人民生活水平：- 产品多样化：国际商务丰富了消费者的选择，提高生活品质。
- 价格竞争：国际竞争促使企业提供性价比更高的产品和服务。
国际商务课后习题参考答案定稿版
国际商务课后习题参考答案HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】C h a p t e r1:G l o b a l i z a t i o n1. Describe the shifts in the world economy over the last 30 years. What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in Great Britain? North America? Hong Kong?Answer: The world economy has shifted dramatically over the past 30 years. As late as the 1960s, four stylized facts described the demographics of the global economy. The first was U.S. dominance in the world economy and world trade. The second was U.S. dominance in the world foreign direct investment picture. Related to this, the third fact was the dominance of large, multinational U.S. firms in the international business scene. The fourth was that roughly half of the globe - the centrally planned economies of the Communist world - was off-limits to Western international businesses. All of these demographic facts have changed. Although the U.S. remains the world's dominant economic power, its share of world output and world exports have declined significantly since the 1960s. This trend does not reflect trouble in the U.S. economy, but rather reflects the growing industrialization of developing countries such as China, India, Indonesia, and South Korea. This trend is also reflected in the world foreign direct investment picture. As depicted in Figure 1.2 in the textbook, the share of world output (or the stock of foreign direct investment) generated by developing countries has been on a steady increase since the 1960s, while the share of world outputgenerated by rich industrial countries has been on a steady decline. Shifts in the world economy can also be seen through the shifting power of multinational enterprises. Since the 1960s, there have been two notable trends in the demographics of the multinational enterprise. The first has been the rise of non-U.S. multinationals, particularly Japanese multinationals. The second has been the emergence of a growing number of small and medium-sized multinationals, called mini-multinationals. The fall of Communism in Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union have brought about the final shift in the world economy. Many of the former Communist nations of Europe and Asia seem to share a commitment to democratic politics and free market economies. Similar developments are being observed in Latin America. If these trends continue, the opportunities for international business may be enormous. The implications of these shifts are similar for North America and Britain. The United States and Britain once had the luxury of being the dominant players in the world arena, with little substantive competition from the developing nations of the world. That has changed. Today, U.S. and British manufacturers must compete with competitors from across the world to win orders. The changing demographics of the world economy favor a city like Hong Kong. Hong Kong (which is now under Chinese rule) is well located with easy access to markets in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, and other Asian markets. Hong Kong has a vibrant labor force that can compete on par with the industrialized nations of the world. The declinein the influence of the U.S. and Britain on the global economy provides opportunities for companies in Hong Kong to aggressively pursue export markets.2. "The study of international business is fine if you are going to work in a large multinational enterprise, but it has no relevance for individuals who are going to work in smaller firms." Evaluate this statement.Answer: People who believe in this view, and the firms that they work for, may find that they do not achieve their full potential (at best) and may ultimately fail because of their myopia. As barriers to trade decrease and state of the art technological developments take place throughout the world, new opportunities and threats exist on a worldwide basis. The rise of the mini-multinationals suggests there are global opportunities even for small firms. But staying attuned to international markets is not only important from the perspective of seeking profitable opportunities for small firms; it can also be critical for long-term competitive survival. Firms from other countries may be developing products that, if sold internationally, may wipe out small domestic competitors. Scanning international markets for the best suppliers is also important for small firms, for if a domestic competitor is able to tap into a superior supplier from a foreign country, it may be able to seriously erode a small firm's competitive position before the small firm understands the source of its competitor's competitive advantage and can take appropriate counter actions.3. How have changes in technology contributed to the globalization of markets and of production? Would the globalization of production and markets have been possible without these technological changes?Answer: Changes in technology have contributed to the globalization of markets and of production in a very substantive manner. For instance, improvements in transportation technology have paved the way for companies like Coca-Cola, Levi Strauss, Sony and McDonalds to make their products available worldwide. Similarly, improvements in communications technology have had a major impact. The ability to negotiate across continents has been facilitated by improved communications technology, and the rapidly decreasing cost of communications has lowered the expense of coordinating and controlling a global corporation. Finally, the impact of information technology has been far reaching. Companies can now gain worldwide exposure simply by setting up a homepage on the Internet. This technology was not available just a few short years ago. The globalization of production and markets may have been possible without improvements in technology, but the pace of globalization would have been much slower. The falling cost of technology has made it affordable for many developing nations, which has been instrumental in helping these nations improve their share of world output and world exports. The inclusion of these nations, such as China, India, Thailand, and South Korea, has been instrumental in the globalization of markets and production. In addition, improvements in global transportationand communication have made it relatively easy for business executives from different countries to converse with one another. If these forms of technology, including air-travel, fax capability, e-mail, and overnight delivery of packages were not available, it would be much more difficult for businesses to conduct international trade.4. "Ultimately, the study of international business is no different from the study of domestic business. Thus, there is no point in having a separate course on international business." Evaluate this statement.Answer: This statement reflects a poor understanding of the unique challenges involved in international business. Managing an international business is different from managing a purely domestic business for at least four reasons. These are: (1) countries are different; (2) the range of problems confronted by a manager in an international business is wider and the problems themselves more complex than those confronted by a manager in a domestic business; (3) an international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed by government intervention in the international trade and investment system; and (4) international transactions involve converting money into different currencies. As a result of these differences, there are ample reasons for studying international business as a specific field of study or discipline.5. How might the Internet and the associated World Wide Web impactinternational business activity and the globalization of the world economy? Answer: According to the text, the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) promise to develop into the information background of tomorrow's global economy. This improved technology will not only make it easier for individuals and companies in different countries to conduct business with one another, but will also further decrease the cost of communications. These improvements will undoubtedly hasten the already rapid pace of globalization. Another distinct attribute of the Internet and the WWW is that they act as an equalizer between large (resource rich) and small (resource poor) firms. For instance, it does not cost any more for a small software firm to gain visibility via the WWW than it does for a large software company like Microsoft. As a result, the WWW helps small companies reach the size of audience that was previously only within the reach of large, resource rich firms.6. If current trends continue, China may emerge as the world's largest economy by 2020. Discuss the possible implications of such a development for(1) The world trading system.(2)The world monetary system.(3)The business strategy of today's European and U.S. based global corporations.(4)Global commodity prices.Answer: The world trading system would clearly be affected by such a development. Currently China enjoys a somewhat privileged status within theWorld Trade Organization as a “developing” country. Such a rise to eminence, however, would clearly force it to become a full and equal member, with all the rights and responsibilities. China would also be in a position to actively affect the terms of trade between many countries. On the monetary front, one would expect that China would have to have fully convertible and trading currency, and it could become one of the “benchmark” currencies of the world. From the perspective of Western global firms, China would represent both a huge market, and potentially the home base of some very capable competitors. Finally, commodity prices would probably fall.7. Read the Country Focus in this chapter on the Ecuadorian rose industry, the answer the following questions:a) How has participation in the international rose trade helped Ecuador’s economy and its people? How has the rise of Ecuador as a center for rose growing benefited consumers in developed nations who purchase the roses? What do the answers to these questions tell you about the benefits of international trade?b) Why do you think that Ecuador’s rose ind ustry only began to take of 20 years ago? Why do you think it has grown so rapidly?c) To what extent can the alleged health problems among workers in Ecuador’s rose industry be laid at the feet of consumers in the developed world and their desire for perfect Valentine’s Day roses?d) Do you think governments in the developed world should place trade sanctions on Ecuador roses if reports of health issues among Ecuadorian rose workers are verified? What else might they do to improve the situation in Ecuador?a) Ecuador is the world’s fourth largest producer of roses. In fact, roses represent the country’s fifth largest export. The industry is vital to Ecuador’s economy, creating tens of thousands of jobs, jobs that pay significantly above the country’s minimum wage. Taxes and revenues from the rose growers have also helped to pave roads, build schools, and construct sophisticated irrigation systems. For Ecuador’s consumers, the success of the industry means bigger, more vibrant flowers than were previously available. Most students will recognize that the conditions in Ecuador give the country a distinct advantage in rose growing, and that by focusing on the industry, Ecuador has been able to benefit from international trade. Consumers in other countr ies also benefit from Ecuador’s flower exports with better products.b) Ecuador’s rose industry began some 20 years ago, and has been expanding rapidly ever since then. Most students will probably focus advances in technology as a key to the industry’s s uccess. Roses are a very fragile, perishable product. Modern technology enables growers to used refrigerated air transport to get the product to markets around the globe. Without that ability, the growers would be limited to the market immediately surroundingthe country.c) Students will probably be divided on this issue with some students arguing that consumers are to blame for the problems, and others placing the blame on the growers. Students taking the first perspective will probably suggest that most consumers purchase their roses with little consideration for how they are grown. Rather, most consumers simply focus on their beauty and price. Students blaming the growers might argue that growers, because they feel the effect of less-than-perfect roses in the form of smaller profits, will be motivated to find ways to produce ever more perfect flowers. Certainly, the use of pesticides and other products can produce a better crop. In the end, there is probably blame on both sides. If more consumers were aware of the health problems resulting from the improper use of pesticides, they would probably demand some changes. Similarly, if pressure were put on the growers to use pesticides safely, health problems could be reduced.d) Trade sanctions are a tool that is often employed by governments that are making a statement against a specific action or actions. In the case of Ecuador, trade sanctions certainly would be an option, as would publicizing the situation so that more consumers were aware of the conditions. In the end though, it is important to consider the effect of the sanctions or other measures on people like Maria who might lose their livelihood as a result. Chapter 2: National Differences1. Free market economies stimulate greater economic growth, whereas state-directed economies stifle growth! Discuss.Answer: In a market economy, private individuals and corporations are allowed to own property and other assets. This right of ownership provides a powerful incentive for people to work hard, introduce new products, develop better advertising campaigns, invent new products, etc., all in the hopes of accumulating additional personal capital and wealth. In turn, the constant search on the part of individuals and corporation to accumulate wealth enriches the entire economy and creates economic growth. In contrast, in a command economy, private individuals and corporations are not allowed to own substantial quantities of property and other assets. The objective of a command economy is for e veryone to work for “the good of the society.” Although this sounds like a noble ideal, a system that asks individuals to work for the good of society rather than allowing individuals to build personal wealth does not provide a great incentive for people to invent new products, develop better advertising campaigns, find ways to be more efficient, etc. As a result, command economies typically generate less innovation and are less efficient than market economies.2. A democratic political system is an essential condition for sustained economic progress. Discuss.Answer: This question has no clear-cut answer. In the West, we tend to arguethat democracy is good for economic progress. This argument is largely predicted upon the idea that innovation is the engine of economic growth, and a democratic political system encourages rather than stifles innovation. However, there are examples of totalitarian regimes that have fostered a market economy and strong property rights protection and experienced rapid economic growth. The examples include four of the fastest growing economies of the past 30 years – South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong – all of which have grown faster than Western economies. However, while it is possible to argue that democracy is not a necessary precondition for the establishment of a free market economy, it seems evident that subsequent economic growth leads to establishment of democratic regimes. Several of the fastest-growing Asian economies have recently adopted more democratic governments.3. What is the relationship between corruption (i.e., bribe taking by government officials) in a country and economic growth? Is corruption always bad?Answer: Economic evidence suggests that high levels of corruption significantly reduce the economic growth rate in a country. By siphoning off profits, corrupt politicians and bureaucrats reduce the returns to business investment, and hence, reduce the incentive that both domestic and foreign businesses have to invest in that country. The lower level of investment that results has a negative impact on economic growth. However, while most studentswill probably agree that corruption is bad, some may point out that the U.S., despite its Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, does allow “grease payments” to expedite or secure the performance of a routine governmental action. According to Congress, “grease payments” while technically bribes are not being used to obtain or maintain business, but rather are simply made to facilitate performance of duties that the recipients are already obligated to perform. 4. The Nobel prize-winning economist Amartya Sen argues that the concept of development should be broadened to include more than just economic development. What other factors does Sen think should be included in an assessment of development? How might adop tion of Sen’s views influence government policy? Do you think Sen is correct that development is about more than just economic development? Explain.Answer: Sen has argued that development be assessed less by material output measures such as GNP per capita, and more by the capabilities and opportunities that people enjoy. Sen suggests that development be seen as a process of expanding real freedoms that people experience, and as such, that development requires the removal of major impediments to freedom. Governments influenced by Sen might ensure that basic health care and education programs are available especially for women. Many students will agree with Sen and the notion that development is not just an economic process, but a political one too, and that to succeed citizens must be given a voice in the important decisions made for the country.5. You are the CEO of a company that has to choose between making a $100 million investment in either Russia or the Czech Republic. Both investments promise the same long-run return, so your choice of which investment to make is driven by considerations of risk. Assess the various risks of doing business in each of these nations. Which investment would you favor and why? Answer: When assessing the risks of investment, one should consider the political, economic, and legal risks of doing business in either Russia or the Czech Republic. At this time (Fall 2002), the risk in Russia would probably be considered higher than the risk in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic has just been accepted as a future member of the EU, and as such gains the benefits and stability offered by the EU. Russia, by contrast, is still many years away from even being in a position to be considered by the EU for membership. Depending upon when you are using the book, this situation could be different. (You also may want to substitute other countries into this question depending on current events and the countries with which you feel your students will be most familiar.)6. Read the Country Focus on India in this chapter and answer the following questions:a. What kind of economic system did India operate during 1947-1990? What kind of system is it moving towards today? What are the impediments to completing this transformation?b. How might widespread public ownership of businesses and extensive government regulations have impacted (i) the efficiency of state and private businesses, and (ii) the rate of new business formation in India during the 1947-1990 time frame? How do you think these factors affected the rate of economic growth in India during this time frame?c. How would privatization, deregulation, and the removal of barriers to foreign direct investment affect the efficiency of business, new business formation, and the rate of economic growth in India during the post-1990 time period?d. India now has pockets of strengths in key high technology industries such as software and pharmaceuticals. Why do you think India is developing strength in these areas? How might success in these industries help to generate growth in other sectors of the Indian economy?e. Given what is now occurring in the Indian economy, do you think that the country represents an attractive target for inward investment by foreign multinationals selling consumer products? Why?Answer:a. The economic system that developed in India after 1947 was a mixed economy characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. In 1991, India’s government embarked on anambitious economic reform program. Much of the industrial licensing system was dismantled, and several areas once closed to the private sector were opened. In addition, investment by foreign companies was welcomed, and plans to start privatizing state-owned businesses were announced. India has posted impressive gains since 1991, however there are still impediments to further transformation. Attempts to reduce import tariffs have been stalled by political opposition from employers, employees, and politicians. Moreover, the privatization program has been slowed thanks to actions taken by the Supreme Court. Finally, extreme poverty continues to plague the country.b. The mixed economy that developed in India after 1947 was characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. This system not only constrained the growth of the private sector, but it also consequently limited the effects of competition that typically promote efficiency and productivity in a free market system. The system even limited the actions of private companies, requiring them to get government approval for routine business activities. Production quotas and high import tariffs also stunted the development of a healthy private sector, as did restrictive labor laws that made it difficult to fire employees. Foreign exchange restrictions, limitations on foreign investment, controls on land use, and managed prices further exacerbated the situation. It would appear that India’s rate of economic growth was negatively affected during this time frame. By 1994, India’s economy was still smaller than Belgium’sdespite having a large population. Both GDP and literacy rates were very low, and some 40 percent of the population lived in poverty.c. In 1991, India’s government embarked on an ambitious economic reform program. So far, the response to the program has been impressive. The economy expanded at an annual rate of about 6.3 percent from 1994 to 2004. Foreign investment is up from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. Certain sectors of the economy including information technology and pharmaceuticals have done particularly well. Still, problems persist. Actions taken by the government continue to limit efficiency gains for private companies and the country’s high rate of poverty is still a major problem.d. India’s gains in information technology and pharmaceuticals are impressive. The country has emerged as a vibrant global center for software development, and India’s pharmaceutical companies have taken a strong global position by selling low cost generic versions of drugs that have come of patent in the developed world. As these industries continue to prosper, other sectors of the economy should also see the benefit of spillover effects.e. Foreign investment is up in India. In fact, foreign investment rose from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. However, whether India is an attractive destination for foreign multinationals selling consumer products remains to be seen. Certainly, the large population will serve to attractsome companies, but the fact that some 40 percent of the population is living in abject poverty will scare other companies away. Moreover, it is still not easy to run a company in India thanks to laws limiting everything from who can be fired to who can which products.Chapter 3: Differences in Culture1. Outline why the culture of a country influences the costs of doing business in that country. Illustrate your answer with examples.Answer: Since in a sense the entire chapter is about this question, there can be numerous reasons and examples of how culture influences the costs of doing business. Several are highlighted in the following sentences, but there could be numerous others. When there are simply different norms between how individuals from different countries interact, the costs of doing business rise as people grapple with unfamiliar ways of doing business. For example, while in the US we may get down to business first, and then get to know each other socially later, in many South American countries it is important develop a good social relationship before trying to discuss business issues. Different class structures and social mobility also raise the costs of doing business, for if there are inhibitions against working with people from different classes, then the efficiency with which information can flow may be limited and the cost of running a business increased. A country's religion can also affect the costs of business, as religious values can affectattitudes towards work, entrepreneurship, honesty, fairness, and social responsibility. In Hindu societies where the pursuit of material well-being can be viewed as making spiritual well being less likely, worker productivity may be lower than in nations with other religious beliefs. Finally, a country's education system can have important implications for the costs of business. In countries where workers receive excellent training and are highly literate, the need for specific worker training programs are decreased and the hiring of additional employees is facilitated.2. Do you think business practices in an Islamic country are likely to differ from business practices in the United States? If so, how?Answer: A number of aspects of the cultural differences between an Islamic country and the USA will cause business practices to differ. The role women can take, appropriate etiquette (including simple things like not passing papers with the left hand), holidays, and wining and dining all differ from in the USA. But beyond these, the underlying philosophy and role of business differs from in the USA. Since Muslims are stewards of property for God, rather than owners, they are more likely to use their resources carefully and may be less likely to give up or sell something to a person who may not practice the same stewardship. The importance of fairness to all parties in relations means that over-aggressiveness in self-interest may not be well received, and breaking an agreement, even if technically/legally permissible may be viewed as very inappropriate. Finally, the prohibitions on interestpayments in some Islamic countries means that the wording of the terms of an agreement must be done carefully so that "fair profits" are not construed as being "interest payments."3. What are the implications for international business of differences in the dominant religion of a country?Answer: Differences in the dominant religion of a country affect relationships, attitudes toward business, and overall economic development. Firstly, differences in religion require inter-cultural sensitivity. This sensitivity requires things like simply knowing the religious holidays, accepting that some unexpected things may happen "because of Allah's will," or understanding how interpersonal relationships may be different between "believers" and "non-believers." (Hence non-believers may be treated differently.) Secondly, religious beliefs can significantly affect a countries attitude toward business, work, and entrepreneurship. In one country successfully beating a competitor may be considered a great achievement while in another it may be thought of as showing a lack of compassion and disruptive to the society and persons involved, both attitudes that may be derived from underlying religious beliefs. Likewise, hard work may be either rewarded positively or viewed as something of secondary importance to spiritual peace and harmony. Thirdly, different dominant religions may affect the overall competitiveness and potential for economic growth of a nation, and hence attractiveness of a country for international business.。
(NEW)希尔《国际商务》(第11版)课后习题详解
目 录第Ⅰ篇 引言和概论第1章 全球化第Ⅱ篇 国家差异第2章 政治、经济和法律体系中的国家差异第3章 经济发展中的国家差异第4章 文化差异第5章 伦理、企业社会责任和可持续发展第Ⅲ篇 全球贸易与投资环境第6章 国际贸易理论第7章 政府政策与国际贸易第8章 国际直接投资第9章 区域经济一体化第Ⅳ篇 全球货币制度第10章 外汇市场第11章 国际货币体系第12章 全球资本市场第Ⅴ篇 国际企业的战略与组织结构第13章 国际企业的战略第14章 国际企业的组织第15章 进入战略和战略联盟第Ⅵ篇 国际商务运营第16章 出口、进口和对等贸易第17章 全球生产与供应链管理第18章 全球营销与研发第19章 全球人力资源管理第20章 国际企业的会计和财务第Ⅰ篇 引言和概论第1章 全球化1描述在过去30年中世界经济所发生的转变。
这些转变对总部设在英国、北美、中国香港的国际企业各意味着什么？答：（1）过去30年中世界经济所发生的转变在过去30年中，全球经济发生了巨大变化。
20世纪60年代，世界经济的格局可用四个事实来描述：第一是美国在世界经济和世界贸易中起主导作用；第二是美国支配了当时的世界对外直接投资；第三是在国际商务舞台上，美国的大型多国企业占统治地位；第四是地球上大约一半的计划经济国家对西方国际企业的排斥。
在过去30年中，这四个事实都已发生了变化或正在迅速地发生变化：①美国虽仍是世界上最强大的工业国，但在相对规模上较20世纪60年代下降了许多。
日本、泰国、马来西亚、中国台湾和韩国，它们的世界产出份额显著增加。
②各国在对外直接投资总存量中所占的份额的趋势是：发展中国家的份额在稳步增长，而发达国家的份额在逐渐下降。
③多国企业的性质也在变化。
多国企业的统计构成中出现了两个值得注意的趋势：一是非美国的多国公司的增加，尤其是日本的多国企业；二是小型多国公司的增长。
④许多东欧国家和拉美国家进行民主政治改革，实行自由市场经济，为国际企业提供了巨大的出口与投资机会。
《国际商务》第3章 国际商务的国别制度环境
类似地，1776年通过的《美国独立宣言》宣称人生而平等，其中的“人 ”不包括妇女、奴隶、华人，以及穷人。
人民的治理在这样一个情境下的实际意义就是少数成年男性的治理。
政治制度的形式：民主与专制
善政仍然是实现善治的关键。 但善治不局限于善政，更着眼于整个社会的好治理，是公共利
益的最大化，而不是政府利益或某个集团利益的最大化。
政治制度的实质：善治与恶治
法国学者玛丽—克劳德·斯莫茨（Marie-Claude Smouts）提 出，善治的构成有以下四个要素：
公民安全得到保障，法律得到尊重，特别是这一切都须通过司 法独立、亦即法治来实现；
政治制度的实质：善治与恶治
善政（good government），或称良政。
与善政、良政相对的是恶政（bad government）、劣政。
自从有了国家及其政府以后，善政始终是公民对于政府 的期望和理想，这一点古今中外概莫能外。善政的内容 一般都包括以下几个要素：
严明的法度、 清廉的官员、 很高的行政效率、 良好的行政服务。
卡尔·波普尔在《开放社会及其敌人》（The Open Society and Its Enemies，1945）与《历史决定论的贫困》（The Poverty of Historicism，1957）两本书中，把极权主义与“开放社会”（自 由民主）作为相对词，对极权主义做出批评。
政治制度的形式：民主与专制
集体主义
内涵
指集体目标优先于个人目标，个体特性由其所属的集体特性所决定的 一种价值观。
整个社会的需求通常被认为比个人自由重要得多
第三章国际商务环境分析一
2、外汇管制
东道国为促进国际收支的平衡， 可能会制定某种政策对境内所有企业 的外汇收支加以控制。
具体措施包括：一切外汇收入均须 以官价结售给该国的中央银行，一切 外汇支出均须得到国家外汇管制机构 的批准；外国投资者所能汇出的利润 或资本数额有一定的限制。
目前，大多数国家采用注册在先原 则。我国商标法也采用这一原则。
3．有关知识产权保护的国际协定
（1）1883年在法国巴黎签订的《保护工业产 权 巴黎公约》。
（2）1973年在维也纳订立的《商标注册条约》 （3）世界知识产权组织1975年签订的《专利
合作条约》 （4）关贸总协定的乌拉圭回合谈判中达成了
4、政府对外资的态度
政府对外资的态度通常反映在政府 对外资的政策上，包括政府对外资进入 领域与股权的规定，对外资的优惠措施， 以及对外资生产经营活动的干预程度等。
二、政治风险及其防范
1、政治风险的含义与特点 所谓“政治风险”，是指由于各
种政治因素使东道国的经营环境发生 了超过某种程度的变化，对企业的国 际经营带来不利影响的可能性。
二、各国有关法律规定
有关法规实质上在某种程度上反映了当地政 府的贸易和产业政策，将直接影响企业国际经营 方式的选择和经营战略的制定。因此，跨国公司 应该熟悉以下法规。 1、商贸政策与法规——国际商法 2．关于外商投资的法律规定——投资法 3、环境保护限制——环保法 4、关于劳资关系的立法——劳工法
政治风险分为以下几种类型
1、没收、征用和国有化 ——没收，是指东道国政府根据自己的主 权，采用强制措施无偿地把外资企业或外 资在合资企业中的股份收归国有。 ——征用，是指东道国政府在将外国企业 在该国的投资收归国有时以某种方式给予 一定的补偿。
国际商务环境分析_上海对外经贸大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
国际商务环境分析_上海对外经贸大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.经济自由度越_____，个体拥有越多的自由来决定自身的工作、生产、消费、储蓄、投资等。
参考答案:高2._____是根据国际商务环境中的各种因素，列出开展海外经营的主要阻碍因素。
参考答案:障碍分析法3.国际战略兼具跨国战略、多国战略与全球化战略的优势。
参考答案:错误4.合约性避险策略是公司利用金融市场上的金融工具进行保值避险活动。
参考答案:正确5.国际投资环境是各种自然因素、政治环境、经济环境和社会环境等环境的总和。
参考答案:正确6.新贸易理论是基于垂直专业化和异质性企业视角。
参考答案:错误7.跨国企业在东道国聘用或解雇员工时，仅需考虑自己的实际经营需求即可，不需要考虑东道国的法律环境。
参考答案:错误8.持有全球中心主义的跨国公司可能在决策上过于循规蹈矩，缺乏创新性。
参考答案:错误9.国家通常修改税法调整结构以及改变货币政策又可能会产生系统性政治风险。
参考答案:错误10.经济发展的绩效和潜力可以通过评估经济的可持续发展能力以及稳定性来完善有关分析。
参考答案:正确11.当出现合同纠纷时，跨国可以通过______来解决，可以执行此职能的一家著名机构是______。
参考答案:国际商会下属的国际仲裁庭_仲裁12.根据冷热国对比法，一般来说，企业进入国外市场时应选择热因素较多而冷因素较少的国家。
参考答案:正确13.跨国公司管理海外子公司的方式主要可以分为：（）参考答案:多中心主义_民族中心主义_全球中心主义14.东道国限制国际直接投资的措施有：（）参考答案:境外投资审批制度_限制出资比例_限制投资本金和利润汇出_限制投资领域15.市场经济的特征有：（）参考答案:消费者可以自由选择_以价格机制配置资源16.常见的政治风险有哪些类型：（）参考答案:灾难性政治风险_系统性政治风险_程序性政治风险_分配性政治风险17.属于可以影响商务的行为惯例有：（）参考答案:关系偏好_工作激励_冒险行为_信息与任务处理18.国家之间签订的给予成员国一定优惠的经济和政治协议，主要有_____、_____、______等三种形式。
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第3章国际商务环境的理论分析
导入案例
1.上述案例说明了商务活动会受到哪些环境因素的影响？
上述案例说明了商务活动会受到东道国的法律环境因素、文化差异因素的影响。
2. 该案例给大家什么启示？
这个案例告诉我们企业在进行商务活动时，在不同的国家所要面临的环境不同，其中包括经济、政治和法律、文化、区域经济一体化组织以及国际货币体系等因素。
因此，企业应深入研究各个国家环境的差异，并针对这些不同作出战略调整，以达到企业发展的目标。
二、简答题
1.试简述影响经济环境的因素。
经济环境是指企业从事国际商务活动所面临的国际经济状况及其发展趋势，影响经济环境的因素主要包括（1）经济制度。
它是指国家的统治阶级为了反映在社会中占统治地位的生产关系的发展要求，建立、维护和发展有利于其政治统治的经济秩序，是确认或创设的各种有关经济问题的规则和措施的总称。
经济制度可以分为市场经济、指令性经济和混合经济三种类型，不同的经济制度会对经济环境产生不同的影响；（2）经济发展水平。
经济发展包括三层含义：第一，经济量的增长,即一个国家或或地区的产品和劳务的增加；第二，经济结构的改进和优化，即一个国家或地区的技术结构、产业结构、收入分配结构、消费结构以及人口结构等经济结构的变化；第三，经济质量的改善和提高，即一个国家和地区经济效益的提高、经济稳定程度、卫生健康状况的改善、自然环境和生态平衡以及政治、文化和人的现代化进程。
经济发展阶段不同，居民的收入不同，顾客对产品的需求也不一样，进而对一国的经济环境产生影响。
2. 试简述政治与法律制度差异对国际商务活动的影响。
政治环境是指由政府与政党体制、政府政策、民族主义以及政治风险等因素构成的，对企业的国际商务活动带来影响的外部政治形势。
它包括3方面内容：本国政治环境、东道国政治环境以及国际政治环境。
法律环境是指国际或地区政府所颁布的各项法规、法令和条例
等，它是企业经营活动的准则，企业只有依法进行各种经营活动，才能受到国家法律的有效保护。
国际商务环境其他因素往往是通过法律形式最终表现出来的。
各国政治法律制度的差异对企业进行国际商务活动产生巨大的影响：第一，政治风险，由于一国的政治环境因素的显著变化，对企业的利润及其他目的产生了负面影响。
政治风险主要包括政变、战争、政府违约以及上文提到的国有化政策；第二，法律风险，从广义上讲，就是指外国企业的商业行为与东道国所颁布的法律法规有相抵触的风险，可能会产生外部合规风险。
从狭义上讲，主要关注企业所签署的各类合同、承诺等法律文件的有效性和可执行能力。
3. 结合案例，分析企业进行国家商务活动如何处理与东道国政府的关系。
首先，企业在国际商务活动中，要考虑东道国政局变动和社会稳定情况可能造成的影响。
其影响主要表现在该国家政府所制定的政策方面，诸如人口政策、能源政策、物价政策、财政政策、货币政策等。
例如，东道国政府可能会调高油价进而影响汽车的购买力，也可能会通过征收产品税使得汽车售价提高而影响其购买力。
其次，企业应该注重东道国政府推行的各种相关政策，企业的商务战略应与东道国政府实施的政策相一致。
例如，东道国政府高度强调可持续发展以及环境保护，并且推出了一系列政策，那么企业就应针对这些具体措施改进企业的战略，适应东道国的政策环境。
最后，企业要遵守东道国对所有企业以及对国外企业制定的法律法规。
例如，在芬兰、中国、挪威、法国、新西兰等国家禁止播放香烟广告，那么企业就应通过其他方式来推广产品。
4．你认为跨国经营面对国际商务环境还应包括哪些内容？它们分别是怎么对跨国经营产生影响的？
国际商务环境还包括：第一，自然地理环境，包括东道国的气候、地形、区位、自然资源等都影响到国际商务活动。
例如，不可能将冰箱卖给北极的爱斯基摩人；第二，东道国的社会基础设施，即投资环境中的所谓的“硬件”部分，包括交通运输、通讯和商业设施、能源供应等内容。
社会基础设施的水平是企业关注的重要的外部物质条件，直接影响企业在当地的经营活动能否顺利进行。
第三，东道国的科学技术水平，包括产品创新能力、技术应用能力以及民间和政府研发费用的流向。
案例分析
1. 中石油收购哈萨克斯坦石油公司时所面临的国际商务环境。
首先，收购公司的具体情况。
哈萨克斯坦PK石油公司是一家总部在加拿大的石油商，总资产12.69亿美元，是当地第二大外国石油生产商，也是最大的石油商成品油供货商，其油气田炼厂等资产全部在哈萨克斯坦境内，日产油量约15万桶，年原油生产能力超700万吨，已证实和可能的原油储存量共有5.5亿桶，PK公司在哈萨克斯坦拥有12个油田的权益、６个区块的勘探许可证，具有较大的勘探潜力。
其次，中石油的收购涉及到东道国的法律环境。
中石油需要通过资产所在国——哈萨克斯坦政府的审查，而哈萨克斯坦上议院和总统相继批准了允许政府阻止外资控制该国油气资源的法案。
最后，中石油面临其他国家企业的竞争。
俄罗斯卢克石油公司以与哈石油共同拥有合资企业、因而具有优先收购权为名，要求地方法院阻止这起交易。
2. 中石油在收购中取得成功的原因。
原因包括：第一，中石油对所要收购的公司的全面调查和了解；第二，中石油面对东道国的法律风险及时作出反应，通过两国政府积极协调，并强调收购后对东道国经济方面所产生的积极作用；第三，面对竞争对手，积极采取措施应对。
3. 中石油收购成功的意义。
历时两个多月，经历一波三折的中国石油天然气集团公司收购哈萨克斯坦ＰＫ石油公司案在10月27日宣告完成，为这起迄今为止中国企业最大的海外并购画上圆满的句号。
这次成功收购哈萨克斯坦ＰＫ石油公司，在实现中国能源来源和供应通道多样化上都具有标志性的意义。
中石油通过发挥其资金、技术和管理优势，以及在哈油气合作积累的宝贵经验，加强勘探，提升作业水平，ＰＫ石油公司所属油田的生产规模将会得到进一步扩大，并为于2005年年底竣工的中哈原油管道提供稳定可靠的油源。
同时，通过增加在哈萨克斯坦油气领域的投资、加快ＰＫ项目发展，将为保障哈当地油品安全供应、扩大哈油气生产规模、促进哈萨克斯坦经济发展起到积极的作用。
中石油成功收购ＰＫ石油公司，积累了宝贵的大型跨国兼并、收购的成功经验，标志着中石油国际化发展战略迈出了新的步伐，也标志着中国和哈萨克斯坦油气合作进入新的发展阶段。
4. 中国企业海外收购应注意的政治风险和法律风险。
对于中国企业海外收购的的法律风险主要在于以下几点：第一，海外收购的监管，这涉及到外国法律风险、公司治理风险、国有企业双重属性带来的政治、法律风险；第二，与其他公司的竞争，这涉及合同管理、知识产权、市场波动的风险；第三，其他方面，如企业的日常作业风险、违反当地劳动法、环境法的潜在风险等。
即使收购方案中标，并获得政府
的批准，收购方也往往承担大部分的法律风险。
因为收购股份意味着收购方将全盘收购目标公司的全部资产和债务。
收购方必须查明收购对象确实拥有有关资产的全部法律权利，并且不存在没有披露的风险或责任。
要特别关注涉及到环保法、劳动法、知识产权、诉讼、经营许可等法律风险问题。
收购完成并非意味着大功告成，巨大的风险还潜在于收购后的经营中。
中国公司已经认识到收购行动所面临的政治和法律风险，但是，在日后经营过程中，对持续强化后续投资、建立符合国际标准的内部、外部法律事务管理体制和队伍的重要性，认识似乎还不够充分。
事实上，中国企业可能面临着规范化、制度化的企业文化消失的风险。
如果高级管理层对制度、规范的极端重要性没有给予高度重视和反复强调，现有的内部合规制度便可能会形同虚设，面临的政治和法律风险越来越大。